Volume 1 Issue 6
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL NEWSPAPER
“You’re going to reach the top with us.” 15 January 2004
Happy Monkey New Year C
tury B.C.E. Leghinese end has it that New Year the Emperor is the main holiH u a n g d i day of the invented the calyear for more endar in 2637 than one quarB.C.E. ter of the world's popuThe Chinese call a t i o n . endar is based Although the on exact astroPeople's nomical obserRepublic of vations of the China uses longitude of the the Gregorian sun and the calendar for phases of the civil purposes, moon. This a special Chimeans that prinnese calenciples of moddar is used for ern science determining have had an festivals. Variimpact on the ous Chinese Chinese calencommunities dar. around the world also use Two oracle bones this calendar. What Does Shang Dynasty in China (c. 1800 - 1200 BCE) The beginnings of the Chinese Year the Chinese calendar can be Look Like? traced back to the 14th cenZAMAN NEWSPAPER Zaman, Publisher Zulfi Erken, Editor -in-Chief Murat Tutumlu, Editor at Large Oum Vantharith, writer Malik Ates, writer Zaman International School Newspaper dedicated to educating students and training journalists. Published 2 times a month in Zaman International School. Copyright 2003 by the Zaman International School. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced in print or electronically without the consent of The Zaman International School.
The Chinese calendar - like the Hebrew - is a combined solar/lunar calendar in that it strives to have its years coincide with the tropical year and its months coincide with the synodic months. It is not surprising that a few similarities exist between the Chinese and the Hebrew calendar: An ordinary year has 12 months, a leap year has 13 months. An ordinary year has 353, 354, or 355 days, a leap year has 383, 384, or 385 days. When determining what a Chinese year looks like, one must make a number of astronomical calculations: First, determine the dates for the new moons. Here, a new
moon is the completely "black" moon (that is, when the moon is in conjunction with the sun), not the first visible crescent used in the Islamic and Hebrew calendars. The date of a new moon is the first day of a new month. All the astronomical calcula-
tions are carried out for the meridian 120 degrees east of Greenwich. This roughly corresponds to the east coast of China.
What Years Are Leap Years? Leap years have 13 months. To determine if a year is a leap year, calculate the number of new moons between the 11th month in one year (i.e., the month containing the Winter Solstice) and the 11th month in the following year. If there are 13 new moons from the start of the 11th month in the first year
to the start of the 11th month in the second year, a leap month must be inserted. How Does One Count Years? Unlike most other calendars, the Chinese calendar does not count years in an infinite
sequence. Instead years have names that are repeated every 60 years. Within each 60-year cycle, each year is assigned name consisting of two components: The first component is a Celestial Stemm. These words have no English equivalent: The second component is a Terrestrial Branch. The names of the corresponding animals in the zodiac cycle of 12 animals are given in parentheses. 1. zi (rat) 2. chou (ox) 3. yin (tiger) Continued page 2
15 January 2004
ZAMAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL NEWSPAPER
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AND ALSO 4. mao (hare, rabbit) 5. chen (dragon) 6. si (snake) 7. wu (horse) 8. wei (sheep) 9. shen (monkey) 10. you (rooster) 11. xu (dog) 12. hai (pig) It is customary to number the 60-year cycles since 2637 B.C.E., when the calendar was supposedly invented. In that year the first 60-year cycle started. The following are dates for Chinese/Lunar New Year's day: 4702 Monkey January 22, 2004 4703 Rooster February 9, 2005 4704 Dog January 29, 2006 4705 Boar February 18, 2007 4706 Rat February 7, 2008 4707 Ox January 26, 2009 4708 Tiger February 10, 2010 What about the year 2033?
be a leap month after the 1st month in 2262 (in fact, it should have happened in 1651, but they got the calculations wrong!) and there will be a leap month after the 12th month in 3358. Superstitions of Chinese New Year House Cleaning The entire house should be cleaned before New Year's Day. On New Year's Eve, all brooms, brushes, dusters, dust pans and other cleaning equipment are put away. Sweeping or dusting should not be done on New Year's Day for fear that good fortune will be swept away. After New Year's Day, the floors may be swept. Beginning at the door, the dust and rubbish are swept to the middle of the parlor, then placed in the corners and not taken or thrown out until the fifth day. At no time should the rubbish in the corners be trampled upon. In sweeping, there is a superstition that if you sweep the dirt out over the threshold, you will sweep one of the family away. Also, to sweep the dust and dirt out of your house by the front entrance is to sweep away the good fortune of the family; it must always be swept inwards and then carried out, then no harm will follow. All dirt and rubbish must be taken out the back door. Bringing In the New Year and Expelling the Old
In the early 1990s, Chinese astronomers discovered that there was an error in the Chinese calendar for 2033. The traditional calendar claimed that the leap month would follow the 7th month, while in fact it comes after the 11th month. It is very unusual that the 11th month has a leap month, in fact it hasn't happened since the calendar reform in 1645 (before 1645, all months had the same probability for having a leap month). But many Chinese astronomers still claim that there will never be a leap month after the 12th and 1st month. In addition, there will
Shooting off firecrackers on New Year's Eve is the Chinese way of sending out the old year and welcoming in the New Year. On the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve, every door in the house, and even windows, have to be open to allow the old year to go out.
Best of The Best Results of first term are announced. Some students got more than their expectations and some got less. As ZIS newspaper team we wish good luck to all students at second term.
We are pleased to publish the best of the best students who got the top ten degrees in our school. They studied hard and they deserved to be the best. Congratulations.
15 January 2004
ZAMAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL NEWSPAPER
3
EDUCATION
So You Want to Be a Better Writer? 10 Ways to Boost Your Writing 1. Write Often Give yourself a boost with regular writing practices like journal writing, taking notes on your reading, and freewriting (writing quickly for 10 minutes, without stopping to think about grammar, spelling, or organization). 2. Experiment Experiment to expand your
range and abilities. Try writing for many different purposes and audiences -- try stories, memoirs, letters to the editor, and more. 3. Have Fun with Writing Play with words, use your imagination, and tune your ear for language that tickles you. Look for pleasing words and phrases that jump out when you read them, and use them in your writing. And keep your eyes and ears peeled -- ideas and inspiration for writing are lurking everywhere.
4. Get Feedback Don't be shy about passing your writing around -- it's good experience to get feedback from friends, family, and writers you respect.
If writer's block is making it hard to get started, try brainstorming, clustering, looking for ideas in your journal or writer's notebook, or imitating the first lines of your favorite novels.
5. Read! "Read like a wolf eats!" as writer Gary Paulsen says. Read like a writer! Try to imagine why and how the author did something in a certain way and think
8. Write What You Know There's no need to make each piece your life's history, but do find your topics, descriptions, dialogue, and ideas in your own life's experiences.
about the techniques you use in your own writing. Use your favorite writers as models for writing practice. 6. Write Outside of English Class Use writing to find out what you know, not just in English class, but also in other subjects and in ordinary life. The funny thing about writing is that it actually helps you think! Whether it's a math problem or a magazine article, writing about it can help you think it through and make connections. 7. Learn the Tricks of the Trade
9. Revise and Edit Work first on developing and drafting y o u r i d e a s. Revise, revise, revise! Then edit for correct grammar and spelling. Try this technique used by professional editors: Don't search for every type of error at once -use separate readings of y o u r d o c ument to find and correct different types fo errors. Your close attention to revising and editing will make your writing clearer to your audience. 10. Start a Writing Folder Save your writings in a writing folder or notebook and occasionally take time to review and reflect. Ask yourself what you like about a piece, what you don't like, and what you would like to change. Your writing notebook will help you choose areas that you still want to work on, and will be a rich source for new ideas.
Actually if a writer needs a dictionary he should not write. He should have read the dictionary at least three times from beginning to end and then have loaned it to someone who needs it. There are only certain words which are valid and similes (bring me my dictionary) are like defective ammunition (the lowest thing I can think of at this time). Hemingway, Ernest 1898-1961, American Writer
Challenging Problems English: What creature is hidden in the sequence of letters below? You must use each letter exactly once, and there is a pattern. IYIFHSGNLF ***
Mathematics Tweedledum and Tweedledee look alike, but Tweedledum lies on Monday, Tuesday, and W e d n e s d a y, w h e r e a s Tweedledee lies on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. They both tell the truth on Sunday. You come upon the two of them, and they make the following statements. Determine who is who, and what day it is. A: I will lie tomorrow. B: I lied yesterday, ***
Science: If you threw a switch in Phnom Penh, how long would it take the current to reach Kampongsom? *** Answers of previous issue. English: The correct answer is dead. *** Mathematics: Donald is the youngest *** Science: They will never be covered since the boat rises on the tide *** You can give your answers with in 7 days. Rewards goes to ; English: Peang Saryvithiea Science: No correct answer Maths: Vantheara Oum Note: there is no correct answer from girl school till now we want to see names of different people.
15 January 2004
ZAMAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL NEWSPAPER
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SCIENCE
How The Things Work
Question and Answer
I
s it true that humans only use 10 or 20 per cent of their brains? British neurologist John Lorber had studied some ver y unusual young patients. All were of normal, or greater than normal, intelligence and had been sent to him because of minor neurological problems. Otherwise they did not stand out in any way, either socially or educationally. Astonishingly, CAT scans revealed that their brains had been compressed into a thin slab by the slow build-up of fluid inside the cerebral ventricles, a condition known as hydrocephalus. One individual in particular had
gained a first-class degree in mathematics although the average thickness of his grey matter was claimed to be only 1 millimetre, rather than the usual 45 millimetres. These findings may well have reinforced the myth that we only use 10 per cent of our brains. But what they really show is that the developing brain is very adaptable and that when a neurological problem develops slowly in a young person, one part of the brain may compensate for losses elsewhere. Recent neurobiological research reinforces the view that particular functions are not rigidly restricted to particular
areas. If you learn to play the violin, for example, the area of brain tissue devoted to controlling the hand will expand. And even adults suffering from damage to the brain as a result of a stroke may partially recover as new parts of the brain take over. That the brain can compensate for injury does not, however, imply that large parts of the brain are normally "spare" or unused. On the other hand, even though we may all be using all of our neural tissue, that doesn't mean that we aren't all capable of doing more things. It's always astounding that among groups of physicists at an international centre such as
CERN, for example, some are capable of speaking only one language (the Americans) while others may have found room in their brains for four languages (the Swiss), but all are equally good at physics-unless CERN has evidence to the contrary
15 January 2004
ZAMAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL NEWSPAPER
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CULTURE
A-
E P H E S U S
ccording to the old legends, Ephesus was founded by the female warriors known as the Amazons.
The name of the city is thought to have been derived from "APASAS", the name of a city in the "KINGDOM OF ARZAWA" meaning the "city of the Mother Goddess". Ephesus was inhabited from the end of the Bronze Age onwards, but changed its location several times in the course of its long history in accordance with habits and requirements. Carians and Lelegians are to be have been among the city's first inhabitants. Ionian migrations are said to have begun in around 1200 B.C. According to legend, the city was founded for the second time by Androclus, the son of Codrus, king of Athens, on the shore at the point where the CAYSTER empties into the sea, a loca-
tion to which they had been guided by a fish and a wild boar on the advice of the
soothsayers. Ephesus remained under Persian rule until the arrival of Alexander the Great in 334 B.C., when it entered upon a fifty year period of peace and tranquillity. Lysimachus, who had been one of the twelve generals of Alexander the Great and became ruler of the region on Alexander's death, decided to embark upon the development of the city, which he called Arsineia after his wife Arsinoe. He constructed a new harbour and built defence walls on the slopes of the Panayýr and Bülbül Mts., moving the whole city 2.5 km to the south-west. Realising, however, that the Ephesians were unwilling to leave their old city, he had the whole sewage system
blocked up during a great storm, making the houses uninhabitable and forcing the inhabitants to move. In 281 B.C. the city was re-founded under the old name of Ephesus and became one of the most important of the commercial ports in the Mediterranean.
delta formed by the alluvium carried down by the river over thousands of years. By the late Byzantine era the channel had been so silted up as to be no longer usable. The sea gradually receded farther and farther, while the marshy lands around the harbour gave rise to a number of diseases, such as malaria. The new outlook that had arisen with the spread of Christianity led to the gradual abandonment of all buildings bearing witness to the existence of polytheistic cults and the construction in their place of Christian churches. In the year 431 the third Ecumenical council took place in Ephesus.
From the 1st century onwards, Ephesus was visited by Christian disciples attempting to spread the Christian belief in a single God and thus forced to seek refuge from Roman persecution. From written sources we learn that St Paul remained in the city for three years from 65 to 68, and that it was here that he preached his famous sermons calling upon the hearers to embrace the faith in. one God. He taught that God had no need of a house made with
Emperor Theodosius convoked another council in Ephesus in 449, which came to be known as the "robber council". From
human hands and that he was present in all places at all times. The situation of the city, which had given it its privileged geographical position, was also the cause of its decline and fall. The prosperity of the city had been based on its possession of a sheltered natural harbour, but by the Roman period ships reached the harbour to the west of Mt Pion 1.5 km from the Temple of Artemis through a very narrow and difficult channel. The cause of this was the Meander (Cayster) River, which emptied into the Aegean a little to the west of the city of Ephesus, where it created a
the 6th century onwards the Church of St John was an important place of pilgrimage, and Justinian took measures to protect it by having.the whole hill on which it stood surrounded by defence walls. Shortly afterwards, the Church of the Virgin and other places of worship were destroyed and pillaged in Arab raids. In the 7th century the city was transferred to the site now occupied by the town of Selçuk and during the Byzantine era Ephesus grew up around the summit of Mt Ayasuluð. The city enjoyed its last years of prosperity under the Selçuk Emirate of the Aydýnoðullarý. During the Middle Ages the city ceased to function as a port.
15 January 2004
ZAMAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL NEWSPAPER
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ENTERTAINMENT First Day of The School
Classmates
Mother: How was your first day at school ? Son: It was all right except for some man called "Teacher" who kept spoiling all our fun !
How do bees get to school ? By school buzz ! What is the first thing a little snake learns in school? Hiss tory.
We have one classmate who is really a dimwit. His mother once bought him some Silly Putty to play with and it outsmarted him.
I'm not going back to school ever again Why ever not ? The teacher doesn't know a thing, all she does is ask questions !
What is the first thing a little gorilla learns in school? The Ape B C's.
One guy in our class is smarter than Einstein. Of course, so am I, but he's smarter than Einstein when he was alive.
What do little astronauts get when they do their homework? Gold stars.
Ali came home from his first day at school. "Nothing exciting happened," he told his mother, "except the teacher didn't know how to spell cat, so I told her."
Why did the little vampires stay up all night? They were studying for a blood test.
What are you going to be when you get out of school ? An old man !
TEACHER: Name four members of the cat family. PUPIL: Mother, father, sister and brother.
Mother: What did you learn in school today? Son: How to write. Mother: What did you write? Son: I don't know. They haven't taught us how to read yet! Mother: What was the first thing you learned in class ? Daughter: How to talk without moving my lips ! Teacher: What's big and yellow and comes in the morning to brighten a mother's day ? Pupil: The school bus ! What's yellow, has wheels and lies on its back ? A dead school bus !
TEACHER: Name six wild animals. PUPIL: Two lions and four tigers. TEACHER: How old were you on your last birthday? STUDENT: Seven. TEACHER: How old will you be on your next birthday? STUDENT: Nine. TEACHER: That's impossible. STUDENT: No, it isn't, teacher. I'm eight today. TEACHER: Fred, go to the map and find North America. FRED: Here it is! TEACHER: Correct. Now, class, who discovered America? CLASS: Fred!
I'm very smart in school. I have a photographic memory. That means any time I want to know anything, I drop my brain off at Fotomat and it takes a week to ten days to get it back .. . . It usually comes back blurry. A classmate of mine is so smart, he knows the answer to every question the teacher asks. He raises his hand so often in class that his underarms are sunburned. We have a kid in our class who's so smart, he's got more brains in his little finger than I have in my entire family. One kid in our class gets in a fight every day after school. He says it helps keep him out of trouble. We have a really mean kid in our school. He goes to "Rambo" movies and roots for the ammunition.
I know one kid who has to bring her parents to school so often, they have a better attendance record than she has. I knew one kid who was always being kept after school. When they finally let him go home, he forgot where he lived. One buddy of mine was always being kept after school. He spent so much time at school, they delivered his mail there. One kid in class drew a picture of our teacher on the blackboard. It got her in serious trouble because it looked just like him. I had one classmate who was always in trouble. He got one day when he didn't have to stay after school. He went to his house and said, "Mom and Dad, I'm home." They said, "That's nice, but who are you?� One buddy of mine was kept after school so often, when his family moved to a new town, it took him three months to find out. One of my buddies has been kept after school so much, the only time he sees the outside world is during fire drills. ***
15 January 2004
ZAMAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL NEWSPAPER
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ENTERTAINMENT
Solar System
CALLISTO CHARON COMET EARTH GANYMEDE IDA JUPITER
MARS MERCURY MIMAS MOON NEPTUNE NEREID
OBERON PHOBOS PHOEBE PLUTO PROTEUS RHEA
SATURN SUN TITANIA TRITON URANUS VENUS
15 January 2004
ZAMAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL NEWSPAPER
8
SPORT
Do We Know The Rules of Football? Law 14 - Penalty Kick
Law 13 - Free Kick
F
ree-kicks shall be classified under two headings: "direct" (from which a goal can be scored direct against the offending side), and "indirect" (from which a goal cannot be scored unless the ball has been played or touched by a player other than the kicker before passing through the goal). When a player is taking a direct or an IFK inside his own penaltyarea, all of the opposing players shall be at least ten yards (9.15m) from the ball and shall remain outside the penaltyarea until the ball has been kicked out of the area. The ball shall be in play immediately it has traveled the distance of its own circumference and is beyond the penalty-area. The
goalkeeper shall not receive the ball into his hands, in order that he may thereafter kick it into play. If the ball is not kicked direct into play, beyond the penalty-area, the kick shall be retaken. When a player is taking a direct or an IFK outside his own penalty-area, all of the opposing players shall be at least ten yards from the ball, until it is in play, unless they are standing o n t h e i r o w n g o a l - l i n e, between the goal-posts. The ball shall be in play when it has traveled the distance of its own circumference. If a player of the opposing side encroaches into the penaltyarea, or within ten yards of the
ball, as the case may be, before a free-kick is taken, the referee shall delay the taking of the kick, until the Law is complied with. The ball must be stationary when a free-kick is taken, and the kicker shall not play the ball a second time, until it has been touched or played by another player. Notwithstanding any other reference in these Laws to the point from which a free-kick is to be taken: ! Any free-kick awarded to the defending team, within its own goal-area, may be taken from any point within the goal-area. ! Any IFK awarded to the attacking team within its opponent's goal-area shall be taken from the part of the goal-area
line which runs parallel to the goal-line, at the point nearest where the offense was committed.
Punishment: If the kicker, after taking the free-kick, plays the ball a second time before it has been touched or played by another player, an IFK shall be taken by a player of the opposing team from the spot where the infringement occurred, unless the offense is committed by a player in his opponent's goalarea, in which case, the freekick shall be taken from any point within the goal-area.
A
PK shall be taken from the penalty-mark and, when it is being taken, all players with the exception of the player tak-
nullified if, before passing between the posts and under the cross-bar, the ball touches either or both of the goal-posts,
ing the kick, properly identified, and the opposing goalkeeper, shall be within the field of play but outside the penalty-area, and at least 10 yards from the penalty-mark. The opposing goal-keeper must stand (without moving his feet) on his own goal-line, between the goalposts, until the ball is kicked. The player taking the kick must kick the ball forward; he shall not play the ball a second time until it has been touched or played by another player. The ball shall be deemed in play directly it is kicked, i.e. when it has traveled the distance of its circumference. A goal may be scored directly from a PK. When a PK is being taken during the normal course of play, or when time has been extended at half-time or fulltime to allow a PK to be taken or retaken, a goal shall not be
or the cross-bar, or the goalkeeper, or any combination of these agencies, providing that no other infringement has occurred.
Punishment: For any infringement of this Law: ! By the defending team, the kick shall be retaken if a goal has not resulted. ! By the attacking team other than by the player taking the kick, if a goal is scored it shall be disallowed and the kick retaken. ! By the player taking the PK, committed after the ball is in play, a player of the opposing team shall take an IFK from the spot where the infringement occurred, subject to the overriding conditions imposed in Law 13.
In order to excel, you must be completely dedicated to your chosen sport. You must also be prepared to work hard and be willing to accept destructive criticism. Without 100 percent dedication, you won't be able to do this. Mays, Willie 1931-, American Baseball Player