2013 Herbarist 79

board of directors

Debbie Boutelier

9$&0-<&5+

Susan Liechty

F-.&!9$&0-<&5+

Sue Edmundson ;&.$&+#$'

Linda Lange

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Pat Greathead J&5+$#/!"&?=&$0*-H!(&/&%#+&

Bonnie Porterfield :$&#+!1#6&0!"&?=&$0*-H!(&/&%#+&

Cindy Meier

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Dava Stravinsky

L2$+*&#0+!"&?=&$0*-H!(&/&%#+&

Gloria Hunter ;2)+*!J&5+$#/!"&?=&$0*-H!(&/&%#+&

Rae McKimm ;2)+*&#0+!"&?=&$0*-H!(&/&%#+&

Karen Mahshi & Peggy Rados >&0+!"&?=&$0*-H!J2 (&/&%#+&0

Elizabeth Kennel 32+#5'!8!E2$+-.)/+)$&!J*#-$

Karen O’Brien (&M&/2H?&5+!J*#-$

Priscilla Jones N<).#+-25!J*#-$

Gloria McClure "&?=&$0*-H!J*#-$

Linda Lain L2?-5#+-5%!J*#-$I!9#0+!9$&0-<&5+

Jackie Johnson 9)=/-.#+-250!J*#-$

Susan Wittig Albert E252$#$'!9$&0-<&5+

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THREATENS

U.S. Gardens

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ative American Smudging Herbs:

Michele!Meyers

Like!many!cultures!throughout!the!world,! Native!North!American!tribes!have!historically! burned!plants!as!offerings!for!sacred!connection!and! purification.!Today!this!practice!is!known!as! smudging!or!“smoking”!by!Native!Americans! (McCampbell!2002).!Smudging!is!the!process!of! igniting!plant!material!and!allowing!it!to!smolder!and!

release!smoke!(Pennacchio,!Jefferson!and!Havens! 2010.).!Outside!of!Native!American!tradition!the!term! is!most!commonly!associated!with!smoky!fires!used! to!repel!insects!and!protect!plants!from!frost!(Caduto! 2007;!Abate!1999).!For!Native!North!Americans,! however,!smudging!was!much!more!than!a!simple! physical!process.!It!was!a!way!to!shift!consciousness,! consecrate!and!connect!with!the!spirit!world! (Alexander!2009;!Buhner2006; McCampbell!2002).!! Smoke!was!used!to!purify!ceremonial!tools!and! people.!Rising!to!the!heavens,!it!brought!prayers!and! intentions!to!“Spirit!Beings”!and!“ancestors”!in!the!

“Sky!World”!(McCampbell!2002)!and!was!an!offering! to!the!Creator!(Black!Elk 1989).!!

Smudging!took!place!at!the!beginning!of! many!Native!American!ceremonies!and!rituals.!A! dried!herb!was!lit,!prayers!were!offered,!and!smoke! was!fanned!over!participants!and!objects,!often!with! a!feather!(McCampbell!2002).!Depending!on!the! culture! and!the!herb,!it!may!have!been!lit!as!a!bundle! or!braid!and!extinguished!in!a!shell!or!bowl,!or! crumbled!and!placed!directly!on!a!fire!or!hot!stone (McCampbell!2002).!!Many!of!the!herbs!used!for! ceremonial!smudging!had!a!special!place!in!Native! American!culture!and!were!considered!sacred.!! According!to!Iroquois!Oswego!tradition,!herbs!used! for!medicine!and!ritual!were!thought!to!have!grown! from!the!bones!of!Thought!Woman,! the!earthly! manifestation!of!Grandmother!Spider,!who!was!the! first!woman!and!mother!of!creation!(McCampbell! 2002)

Sacred Ceremonial Plants

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Sweetgrass

(Anthoxanthum*nitens,!formerly!Hierochloe*odorata)

Many!Native!American!tribes!used! Anthoxanthum+nitens!extensively!in!ceremony!and! ritual!as!an!herb!for!purification!and!connection!with! benevolent!spirits.!The!Plains!Indians!believed!that! sweetgrass!“once!lived!in!the!sky”!and!was!sent!down! to!earth!by!the!Sun!Chief!with!a! Blackfoot!maiden! (English!1982). It!was!carried!in!the!personal! medicine!bundle,!a!collection!of!objects!that!linked! the!bearer!to!the!spirit!world,!and!was!believed!to! grow!“only!in!sacred!places”!(English!1982).

!Also!called!vanilla!grass!or!holy!grass,!the! sweet!vanilla like!fragrance!of!sweetgrass!comes! from!the!presence!of!coumarin!(English!1982;! Morgan!and!Weedon!1990).!In!his!book,! The+Sacred+ Pipe,!legendary! Oglala!Sioux!holy!man!Black!Elk! recounts!an! Inipi!purification!right:!“We!shall!burn! the!sweetgrass!as!an!offering!to! Wakan Tanka,!and! the!fragrance!of!this!will!spread!throughout!heaven! and!earth;!it!will!make!the!four leggeds,!the!wingeds,! the!star!peoples!of!the!heavens,!and!all!things!as! relatives…”!(Black!Elk!1989).!

The!Blackfoot,!Kiowa,!Cheyenne,!Menominee,! Montana!Indians,!Dakota,!Omaha,!Pawnee,!Ponca,! and!Winnebago!all!burned!sweetgrass!during! ceremonies!(Moerman!!2003),!!and!sweetgrass! smoke!was!used!for!purification!and!blessing!during! the!Sun!Dance!(Black!Elk! 1989;!Brown!2007).! The! Cheyenne!used!it!to!paint!pipes!for!the!Sacred!Arrow! ceremony!and!Sun!Dance!(Moerman!2003).!The! Blackfoot!placed!sweetgrass!inside!ceremonial! headdresses!and!around!Horn!Society!staffs!and!used!

sweetgrass!for!purification!following!childbirth.!! Women!bathed! in!sweetgrass scented!water!and! were!purified!in!the!smoke!34!days!after!giving!birth,! before!returning!to!their!husbands!(English!1982).

Sweetgrass!was!essential!in!the!Yuwipi!pipe! ritual.!The!dried!plant!was!lit!and!passed!sun wise! (clockwise)!so!participants!could!purify!themselves! with!the!smoke.!When!burned!in!the!center!of!the! gathered!participants!“everything!is!purified!with! sweet!grass!smoke,!and!the!pipes!especially!are!made! sacred”!(Brown!2007).!The!sacred!pipe!used!in!the! Yuwipi!ritual!was!also! sometimes!lit!with!a! sweetgrass!braid!(Paper!2007).!

SAGE

The!sage! used!historically!by! Native!North!

Americans!was!not! the!common!garden! sage,!Salvia+ officinalis,!but!was!any!of!several!native!species!from! the!genera!Salvia!and!Artemisia.+Those!with!the!most!

P-<&/'!<2.)?&5+&<!)0&!#$&!I)(&2*-*"+()*/&%("(" !#5<! I)(&2*-*"+#./$0*'*"%" !#5<Q!+2!#!/&00&$!&O+&5+Q!>"#0*"+ ",*"%",!

Artemisia tridentata

",-.!/0.(,&1/2+

3)$5-5%!0#%&=$)0*!#+!+*&!=&%-55-5%!2B! .&$&?25-&0!./&#$&<!#5<!H)$-B-&<!#5'!5&%#+-M&!&5&$%',! D*&!0#%&=$)0*!H/#5+!#5<!-+0!#$2?#+-.!.2?H2)5<0!#$&! #5+-?-.$2=-#/Q!P*-.*!0)HH2$+0!-+0!)0&!#0!#!Y/-+&$#/!#5<! $-+)#/Z!H)$-B'-5%!#%&5+!W"22$&!U[a[X,!D*& ;*)0P#H! #5<!J#*)-//#!=)$5&<!+*&!/&#M&0!#5<!0+&?0!+2!H$2<).&! #!0?26&!-5+&5<&<!+2!B)?-%#+&!*2?&0!#5<!P#$<!2BB! %&$?0!#0!P&//!#0!+2!H)$-B'!#5<!<-0-5B&.+!0P&#+!/2<%&0! W"2&$?#5!STTgX, D*&!>#0*2&!-5./)<&<! I5+()*/&%("(" -5!+*&!?&<-.-5&!?#5f0!.20+)?&Q!#5<!L&M#<#!+$-=&0! P2$&!?2..#0-50!?#<&!P-+*!0#%&=$)0*!<)$-5%!+*&!;)5! (#5.&!W")$H*&'!U[[TX,!

Artemisia ludoviciana

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;?-+*Q!E)$25!E,!U[gg,!N+*52=2+#5'!2B!+*&!42$&0+!92+#P#+2?-!R5<-#50,!9.##&(*%+$@+(8&+;.3#*'+7.-&.2+$@+(8&+!*(1+$@+ 7*#A".?&&5!c!WUXn!U UgT,!*++HnIIPPP,0P0=?,.2?IN+*52=2+#5'q2Bq92+#P#+2?-,H<BQ!W#..&00&<!@)5&!kQ!STUSX, V5-+&<!9/#5+!;#M&$0,!STUg,!*++HnIIPPP,)5-+&<H/#5+0#M&$0,2$%IQ!W#..&00&<!"#'!gUQ!STUgX, Bibliography

J2/&Q!@#5&!C5##H&5,!L#+)$&f0!?&<-.-5&!.*&0+,! E8&+B&)3")*-(,!cc!WSTUUXn!S] gT, 420+&$Q!;+&M&5!#5<!@#?&0!A,!()6&,!!I+@*&#/+=.*/&+($+2&/*'*%"#+,#"%(-+"%/+8&)3-+$ @+&"-(&)%+"%/+'&%()"#+L$)(8+I2&)*'" 320+25nE2)%*+25!"-BB/-5Q!STTT, E&#+*&$/'Q!A5#!L&m,!B&"#*%=+;#"%(-C+I+7&/*'*%"#+W.*/&+($+L"(*0&+L$)(8+I2&)*'"%+;#"%(-+"%/+B&)3-,!L&P!^2$6n1'250! 9$&00Q!U[[a,

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The Herb Society of America

Essential Facts for Elderberry

Sambucus spp.

Common Name: Elderberry, Elder

Family: Adoxaceae

History

Elderberry has a long and fascinating history and has been used by virtually every human culture. Geo rey Grigson states that the plants were probably deposited in Europe, Asia, and North America by retreating glaciers by 9,000 B.C.E. Seeds from elderberry found in Neolithic pole-dwellings in Switzerland suggest that the plant was in cultivation by about 2000 B.C.E.

e genus name Sambucus (from the Greek) was selected by Carolus Linnaeus, and the plant was described by eophrastis in Historia Plantarum. By the time of Pliny the Elder (77 C.E.) the medicinal properties were well known. Dioscorides, Gerard, and Culpeper included Sambucus in herbal writings, and, in 1644, Martin Blockwich wrote e Anatomie of the Elder, a book which is devoted to medicinal uses. Today, researchers are exploring the chemical bases for the medicinal bene ts of elderberry (see Dr. James Duke’s database, HSA website or library).

Latin Name: Sambucus nigra (European Elder), Sambucus canadensis (American Elder)

Growth: A multi-stemmed shrub or small tree, potentially 30 feet tall

Hardiness: Hardy from zones 3-9, depending on species. May survive in colder regions with protection

Light: Semi-shade to full sun

Soil: Prefers rich soil

Water: Moist, well-drained soil

Use: Culinary; medicinal; cosmetic; ornamental; economic [Caution – Use owers or ripe berries (cooked) only – remove all stems because they are toxic. e leaves, stems, branches, seeds, unripe berries and roots all contain a toxic cyanide-producing glycoside.]

Propagation: Best grown from root divisions or cuttings. Can be grown (with di culty) from seed.

e common name “Elder” comes from an Anglo-Saxon word – aeld or ellarn – which refers to re. e pith from inside the stem is easily removed to create a hollow tube through which air could be blown to fan a re.

Description

Elder can be described as a rhizomatous, multi-stemmed shrub or small tree with a light gray to brown-colored bark. e dark green to deep purple-colored leaves have an unpleasant smell which is thought to act as an insect repellant. e owers are creamcolored and appear in at clusters. e individual orets open randomly in a ower structure called a cymose corymb. e black fruits (berries) also mature randomly. Only the nutrient-rich owers or ripe berries (after cooking) should be consumed. While many chemical constituents have been identi ed, some of the common nutrients include vitamin C, vitamin A, avonoids, beta-carotene, iron, and potassium.

While the information in this fact sheet

pertains to primarily S. nigra and S. canadensis, it must be noted that there are numerous other species. ose of particular interest to gardeners include S. cerulea (Blue Elderberry), a smaller, slowergrowing ornamental; S. ebulus (European Dwarf Elderberry), a plant with very robust rhizomes from which arise usually unbranched and non-woody stems which reach 2 to 6 ft. in height and form large colonies; S. racemosa (Red Elderberry), a more cold tolerant species often selected as an ornamental because of its red berries and dense, erosion-preventing, root systems.

Culture and Propagation

Plant elderberry along the edge of the garden because of its potentially large size. It prefers rich soil that is moist, but well drained. Light preference is either semi-shade or full sun. Elderberry grows in many habitats. In natural settings it can be found growing along the edge of wooded areas, along stream banks, or in meadows that receive a generous supply of moisture.

Propagate elderberry from hardwood cuttings

American Elder

taken in the fall or from softwood cuttings started in the spring.

It is best to sow the ripe berries in a cold frame and let nature take its course. If the berries (with tiny seeds inside) are dried before planting, they must be strati ed and soaked to increase the probability of growth.

Remember to always grow cultivars from cuttings. Using seed may not produce the same plant.

Uses

Culinary:

e owers are commonly used to make fritters by dipping the ower tops in batter and frying them until they turn golden brown. Topped with avorful syrup, they are a wonderful treat. Elder owers can also be made into a cordial, sparkling wine, or tea. e berries can be harvested and made into juice by simmering them in water and then straining o the juice. e juice that results can be made into syrup by adding sugar, into wine, or a delicious cordial. e berries can also be made into candy, jams, jellies, chutneys, or pies.

Medicinal:

Historically, elderberry was known as “the medicine chest of the country people” (Ettmueller) and was used to cure just about anything! Modern research suggests that elderberry has diuretic and immune system-stimulating properties and is anti-in ammatory and antiviral. Extracts from elderberries stimulate antibody production and may prove bene cial in the treatment of patients with compromised immune systems. Because elderberry is antiviral it may serve as a prophylactic agent against viruses. Preliminary studies show that elderberry extracts have neutralized the West Nile virus. e berries have also proved e ective in treating viral infections such as the u, herpes, and shingles. e diaphoretic nature of the ower is bene cial in reducing fever.

Cosmetic:

Elder ower water was applied to the skin to remove freckles and keep the complexion fair. e Romans created a hair dye made from the dark juice of the berries.

Ornamental:

Landscape designers and gardeners have become fascinated with the cultivars of elderberry. ere are well over 50 cultivars (suitable for a variety of zones) from which selections can be made to enhance the landscape.

Economic:

Historically, the ne-grained wood, which polishes easily, was used to make combs, skewers for butchers, pegs for shoemakers, needles for weaving, musical instruments, and toys.

Parts of the elder plant (with appropriate mordants) can be used in the manufacture of dye for textiles. Colors can range from black (roots), to green (leaves), to purple or violet (berries).

Harvesting

Harvest elderberry flowers in early spring and berries from late summer into early fall (depending on growth zone). Pick only the ripe purpleto-black berries. Unripe berries are toxic and so are the red stems on the berries. Be sure to remove the stems before heating and processing the berries. Both flowers and berries can be used fresh or dried.

Bibliography

Brobst, J. E. (Ed.). (2013). e Herb Society of America essential guide to elderberry. Kirtland, OH: e Herb Society of America.

Foster, S. & R. L. Johnson. (2006). National Geographic desk reference to nature’s medicine (pp. 150–151). Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.

Gladstar, R. (2012). Medicinal herbs, a beginner’s guide (pp. 134–135). North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing.

Grieve, M. (1970). A modern herbal (originally published 1931) (Vol. 1, pp. 265-278). Mineoloa, N.Y.: Dover Publications.

Grigson, G. (1959). A herbal of all sorts (pp. 25–26). London: Phoenix House.

Elderberry Blossom

Red Elderberry

The Life Cycle of Elderberry

Pat Kenny

A Graphic Representation of Major Growth Stages of Elderberry

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A Hidden Piece of History

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

Phyllis G. Sidorsky

$%&'()*+,!-.*++/0!1*(2!+,*!3456! !3458!9*:)!;<=&*+/! <>!?@*:&=(!A:*B&C*D+2!&B!(!1<B*@(:/!E&:=%*!(DC! F<%C*D!;(G*!@*@)*:H!;,*!I(B!(I(:C*C!+,*!9*%*D!C*! E<DI(/!J&++%*!K*C(%!<>!9<D<:!&D!3454H!L+!I(B!CM:&DG! ,*:!A:*B&C*D=/!+,(+!=<DB+:M=+&<D!<>!+,*!N(+&<D(%! 9*:)!F(:C*D!)*G(DH!?CC&+&<D(%%/2!.*++/!I(B!(! ><MDC*:!(DC!+,*!>&:B+!=,(&:@(D!<>!+,*!O<+<@(=!PD&+H

onarda fistulosa

A Native Herb For Your Garden

Barbara Williams

There%are%two%important%reasons%for% adding% Monarda'fistulosa%L.%(Lamiaceae)% (wild%bergamot)%to%your%garden.%First%of%all,%it% was%named%a%Promising%Plant%for%the%year% 2012.%The%Promising%Plants%Committee%of%The% Herb%Society%of%America%(HSA)%encourages% members%to%grow%plants%from%a%list%that%they% develop%annually%and%to%evaluate%them,% reporting%their%successes%and%challenges%to% headquarters.%These%reports%add%to%the%data% available%and%make%possible%a%continuing% effort%to%educate%our%members%about%the% plants%we%love%to%grow.%Ten%plants%were% chosen%for%this%program%in%2012,%including% M.' fistulosa%L..

Secondly,% HSA%designated%wild% bergamot%as%the%Notable%Native%Herb%for%the% year%2013.%% The%Native%Plant%Conservation% Committee,%through%its%Greenbridges% program,%encourages%society%members%to%join% a%community%of%environmentally%aware%herb% gardeners%who%research,%explore%and%share% their%experience%with%others%who%are% concerned%for%the%health%of%America’s%native% herbs.%

The%National%Herb%Garden%at%the% National%Arboretum%in%Washington%D.C.% demonstrates%the%growth%of%Monarda'fistulosa

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<+&D0(<$64$;+&9$*$D&&,"$3*5-E$ C25$52-95$*+-$1&?-+-,$D02/$ *+&9*2018$,--47"$,0?0,-,$7-*?-5 D/01/$*+-$507?-+ <+*"$0($1&7&+8$ 5&;2$*(,$?-7?-2"$0($2-A26+-E$ C(50<(0;01*(2$"-77&D$;7&D-+5$ &116+$0($59*77$17652-+58$(-*+7"$ /0,,-($3"$2/-$7&(<$7-*?-5E$ .&+9D&&,$05$*($*22+*120?-$5/+63$ *(,$*$;*?&+02-$;&+$47*(20(<$0($ /-+3$ <*+,-(58$-54-10*77"$&(-5$D02/$*$507?-+$ 2/-9-E

!022-+$4+&4-+20-58$4+-5-(2$2&$ 5&9-$,-<+--$0($*77$*+2-9050*58$*+-$ 1*65-,$ 3"$2/-$1/-901*7$2/6T&(-8$D/01/$<0?-5$2/-9$ 2/-0+$3+*10(<$*+&9*$*(,$9-,010(*7$?*76-E$>/05$

I/&2&# X+052-(*$K*,:-?01/

chemical$ is$so$powerful$that$preparations$ made$with$it,$including$the$drink$absinthe,$ can$be$fatal.$Based$on$my$own$experience$ growing$wormwood$and$working$among$ the$ plants,$just$brushing$by$their$ leaves$or$being$ near$where$they$are$drying$can$produce$a$ severe$headache$and$the$sensation$of$a$bitter$ taste.$ As$with$other$potentially$ poisonous$ plants, wormwood$ in$small$quantities$ has$a$ history$of$being$beneficial.$It$has$been$used$as$ a$vermifuge$(to$kill$or$ expel$intestinal$ worms);$to$relieve$indigestion,$ heartburn$and$ fevers;$regularize$menstrual$periods;$assuage$ rheumatism;$as$a$tonic$for$the$liver$and$ gallbladder.$When$infused$in$brandy,$it$is$ purported$to$be$a$remedy$for$gout$(Phillips$ and$Foy$1990).

$Common$ wormwood,%Artemisia% absinthium,$fits$the$biblical$reference$to$a$ plant$that$represents$ the$bitter$poison$of$ doubt,$ but$since$ it$is$ of$European$origin,$we$ must$look$for$biblical$wormwood$ in$ the$land$ of$the$Bible.

$White$wormwood,$ A.%sieberi,$is$ native$to$the$Middle$East$and$is$the$most$ common$of$several$wormwood$species$ that$grow$in$ Israel.$It$is$a$dwarf$shrub$ about$sixteen$inches$tall,$heavily$ branched$from$its$base,$ and$ covered$ with$hairy$gray,$finely$cut$leaves$that$ are$shed$at$the$end$of$the$winter$and$ replaced$by$very$ small,$scale like$ summer$leaves$to$withstand$very$dry$

conditions.$White$wormwood$covers$vast$ areas$of$dry,$rocky$land$in$the$Negev$desert.$ In$a$good$rainy$year,$sunMrose,$ Helianthemum% vesicarium,$a$dwarf$silvery$shrub$that$grows$ among$white$wormwood,$produces$flowers$ ranging$in$colors$from$shades$of$pink$to$ white.$The$combination of$these$two$plants,$ as$far$as$the$eye$can$see,$is$striking.$It$looks$as$ if$it$was$conceived$as$a$garden$planting,$ rather$than$ what$it$is:$ a$wild$vista$ in$barren,$ rocky$desert$ground.$It$was$this$scene$that$ inspired$my$interest$in$silver$plants$and$their$ garden$possibilities.

But$does$white$wormwood$fit$the$ definition$of$an$extremely$bitter,$poisonous$ plant?$Its$uses$in$local$folk$medicine$do$not$ support$this$interpretation.$White$ wormwood’s$ fresh$winter$

Photo:$Katerinalin

leaves$and$stems$are$boiled$in$water$with$ sugar$to$produce$a$ pleasant$ drink.$ Commentators$ who$are$well$acquainted$with$ the$tea regard it$ as$a$ tasty$ digestive$(Danin$ 1983).$I$discovered$this$for$myself$ while hiking$in$the$Negev$when$kibbutzniks$from$all$ parts$of$Israel$gathered$its$winter$leaves.$This$ tea$is$nothing$like$an$infusion$of$ A.% absinthium,$with$which$I$am$also$familiar.$In$ Israel,$according$to$local$folk$uses,$white$ wormwood$is$also$used$ in$preparations$ to$ alleviate$nervousness$and$as$a$vermifuge (Palevich$and$Yaniv$2000).$

deserts$in$the$Sinai,$Arabia,$Jordan,$Egypt$and$ Libya$ where$it$has$a$long$history$of$medicinal$ use.$In$Bedouin$desert$folk$medicine$it$is$used$ in$similar$ways$to$those$of$ A.%absinthium:$to$ relieve$stomach aches,$constipation,$ intestinal$worms,$ and$to$strengthen$ appetite.$ Dr.$ Elaine$

A$better$candidate$for$biblical$ wormwood$is$the$less$common$but$very$

bitter$ Artemisia%judaica,$Judean$wormwood.$ Short$and$shrubby,$the$plant$is$densely$ covered$in$light reflecting$hairs$that$give$it$a$ silvery gray$appearance$and$protect$it$from$ drying$out$in$hot$desert$conditions.$In$Israel$it$ grows$in$the$southern$Negev,$the$Arava$ Valley$and$Eilat.$It$is$also$found$in$extreme$

Solowey,$ Director$of$the$Center$$$for Sustainable$Agriculture$at$the$ Arava$Institute$ in$the$Southern$Negev,$grows$this$wormwood$ as$a$crop.$She$reports$that$it$is$used$at$ Hadassash$Hospital$as$an$anti parasitic$by the$ Natural$Medicines’$Research$Center$and$is$ being$researched$for$use$against$infectious$ diseases.$She$says$that$in$alternativemedicine,$ Judean$wormwood$is$used$to$treat$arthritis,$ rheumatism$and$leishmaniasis$(a disease$ transmitted$by$the$sand$fly,$common$in$desert$ areas).$ As$with$the$European$wormwood,$an$ overdose$could$be$fatal.

The$traditional$rendering$of$ rosh%ve la’%anah$as$“gall$and$wormwood”$has$passed$ into$the$English$language$as$something$very$ disagreeable,$a$deep$bitterness$of$the$spirit.$ Gall$is$also$called$“bile.”$ $It$ is$the$bitter$ greenish$fluid$contained$in$a$sac$on$the$liver$ of$most$vertebrates and$aids$digestion.$ As$ most$people$in$the$past$would$know$from$ experience,$if$even$a$little$bit$of$ bile$spills$ onto$the$carcass$in$the$process$of$butchering,$

it$taints$the$meat.$Trappers$and$American$ Indians$are$said$to$have$spiced$up$their$food$ with$a$little$bile$(Devoto$1947),$but$if$ consumed$in$sufficient$quantity,$it$could$be$ toxic.

Is$“gall”$biblical$ rosh?$ Rosh$in$the$ Bible,$however,$is$usually$associated$with$a$ poisonous$plant,$as$in$“a$stock$sprouting$ rosh”$ and$“Justice$degenerates$into$ rosh,$breaking$ out$on$the$furrows$of$the$fields”$(Hosea$10:4).

In$virtually$every$reference$to$ rosh meaning$“poison”$it$is$spelled$the$same$as$ rosh$meaning$“head”$as$in$Rosh$Hashana,$

“head$of$the$year”:$resh aleph shin.$The$ exception$is,$ “Their$grapes$are$the$ grapes$of$ rosh”$(Deuteronomy$32:32),$where$ rosh$is$ spelled$rosh vav shin,$ especially$meaning$ “poison.”$Commentators$have$taken$this$as$a$ clue$to$the$identity$of$a particular$poisonous$ plant$or$a$group$of$them$with$head like flowers$or$seed$heads.$

Several$candidates$for$ rosh$have$been$ advanced,$most$prominently$poison$hemlock$ (Conium%maculatum).$Known$in$Hebrew$as$ rosh%akod,$or$simply$ rosh,$the$Latin$genus$ name$of$poison$hemlock$is$from$the$Greek$ konas,$“to$whirl$about,”$from$the$vertigo$ and$death$that$follow$eating$any$part$of$ the$plant.$ It$ is$native$to$Europe$and$to$ many$other$parts$of$the$world,$including$ Asia$and$the$Mediterranean$region,$and$is$ naturalized$in$many$other$areas.$In$Israel$ this$plant$grows$along$roadsides,$ on$refuse$ dumps,$and$at$neglected$sites$in$most$parts$of$ the$country$except$desert.$It$is$a$member$of$ the$Umbelliferae$family$whose$flowers$form$a$ characteristic$ umbrella like$head$(the$origin$ of$the$Latin$genus$name),$as$in$parsley,$fennel,$ parsnip,$and$carrot.$Poison$hemlock$reaches$ three$to$ six$feet$in$height,$has$a$fetid$odor,$ and$often$densely$covers$large$patches$of$ ground$wherever$ conditions$are$favorable.$ Leaves$are$large,$finely$cut,$and$feathery,$ tapering$as$they$grow$up$the$plant.$Small$ clustered$white$flowers$in$rounded$umbels$or$ heads$are$held$on$radiating$branches$on$

46+47-M54&22-,$/&77&D$52-95$2/*2$<+&D$;+&9$ *$7&(<8$D/02-$2*4+&&2E$'77$4*+258$-54-10*77"$025$

5--,5$*(,$+&&258$1&(2*0($2/-$4&D-+;67$*7H*7&0,$ 1&(00(-8$*$90(62-$W6*(202"$&;$D/01/$1*($1*65-$ ,-*2/$2/+&6</$4*+*7"505$&;$2/-$+-540+*2&+"$ 5"52-9E$.0,-7"$H(&D($2/+&6</&62$2/-$ *(10-(2$D&+7,$D/-+-$02$D*5$*,90(052-+-,$2&$ 1+090(*758$*11&+,0(<$2&$)+--H$2+*,020&($02$D*5$ /-97&1H$-A2+*12$D/01/$]&1+*2-5$1/&5-$*5$/05$ ,-*2/$4&20&($0($fOO$!F@$UI/077045$*(,$d&"$

POOeVE

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(-+?&65$54*5958$1+*9458$-407-45"8$*(,$ D/&&40(<$1&6</$ UI/077045$*(,$d&"$POOeVE$C($ `&+2/$';+01*$*$4+-4*+*20&($05$65-,$*<*0(52$ /*+,-(0(<$ &;$2/-$*+2-+0-58$1&(?6750&(58$*(,$2&$ *77-?0*2-$0(5-12$520(<5$*5$D-77$*5$2/-$4*0(5$&;$ 1*(1-+$UI*7-?01/$*(,$g*(0?$NeeeVE$

5D-770(<58$*(,$4*0(5$0($2/-$ T&0(25E

$C($9-,0-?*7$209-5$/-97&1H$D*5$65-,$D02/$*$ 90A26+-$&;$/-+35$2&$1+-*2-$*($*(-52/-201$ 4+-4*+*20&(8$*(,$7*2-+$*5$*($*(20,&2-$2&$ 52+"1/(0(-$4&05&(0(<$3-1*65-$&;$025$5-,*20?-$ 4+&4-+20-58$02$D*5$65-,$0($2/-$4*52$;&+$2+-*20(<$

G-(3*(-$U=3"#.3*14#V$/*5$3--($ 70(H-,$2&$ !"#$ 2/+&6</$025$'+*9*01$(*9-$ #$05$!",*$U0(2&A01*20(<$47*(2V$*(,$025$/&&, 70H-$;7&D-+5E$)&7,-($/-(3*(-8$ =;%*4!'4# U#$05*!",%A*$*&V8$05$4+-5-+?-,$0($2/-$!037-$*5$ 2/-$47*1-$(*9-$]/0H+&(*$&+$]/0HH-+&($ U%&5/6*$Pi#PPV$0($%6,-*8$D/-+-$2/05$47*(2$05$ *36(,*(2E$>/-$9&52$1&99&($&;$;0?-$54-10-5$ 2/*2$<+&D$0($C5+*-78$02$/*5$2/-$/*302$&;$ 269370(<$ 0(,051+090(*2-7"$&62$&;$2/-$1+*1H5$ 0($*(10-(2$D*775$*(, +60(58$D/-2/-+$&($2/-$

2/-$ 47*1-$(*9-$]/0H+&(*$&+$]/0HH-+&($

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2/-$)*707--8$&+$&($F

3+*(1/-,$52-95$3-*+0(<$7*+<-$7&3-,

.-52-+($.*77$0($%-+65*7-98$9&5W6-$D*775$0($ 2/-$)*707--8$&+$&($F+65*,-+$;&+2+-55$D*775$0($ '11&E$C$/*?-$5--($02$0($*77$2/-5-$47*1-5$*5$ D-77$D/-($/0H0(<$*5$0($2/-$`-<-?E$ >/-+-$2/-$-"-$05$7-,$64D*+,8$D/-+-$ <&7,-($/-(3*(-$170(<5$2&$*$/0</$+&1H"$ 7-,<-8$025$;7&D-+5$2/-$&(7"$3+0</2$1&7&+$*5$ ;*+$*5$2/-$-"-$1*($5--E$I7*(25$<+&D$;+&9$ 2D-7?-$2&$2D-(2"$0(1/-5$0($/-0</28$2/-0+$ 3+*(1/-,$52-95$3-*+0(<$7*+<-$7&3-,$7-*?-5 D/01/$*+-$ 5201H"$*(,$1&?-+-,$D02/$<7*(,67*+$ /*0+5E$d7&D-+5$*+-$5/&D"$ D02/$;7*+-,$3*1H$ "-77&D$4-2*758$,*+H$46+4705/$0($2/-$1-(2-+8$*(,$ D02/$ 4+&90(-(2$52*9-(5$-A2-(,0(<$3-"&(,$ 2/-$;6((-7 5/*4-,$37&&9E$%&5-4/658$2/-$;0+52$

century$Jewish$historian,$is$said$to$have$ compared$the$shape$of$the$flower$to$the$head like$‘cups$of$gold’$that$decorated$the$High$ Priest’s$crown$(Feliks$1981).$

to$relieve$rheumatism$and$ to$treat$arthritis,$ earache,$toothache,$eye$problems,$and$ asthmatic$conditions.$ H.%muticus,$which$grows$ in$the$Sinai$and$is$sometimes$referred$to$as$ Egyptian$henbane,$is$cultivated$in$Egypt$as$a$ source$of$chemicals$which$act$on$the$nervous$ system$(Palevich$and$Yaniv$2000).

Pliny$the$Elder$stated$that$eating$just$ four leaves$of$henbane$had$the$power$to$drive$a$ person$crazy$(Palevich$and$Yaniv$2000).$To$a$ greater$or$lesser$degree$in$all$henbane$ species$the$active$ingredients$are$the$ powerful$alkaloids$atropine,$scopolamine,$ and$hyoscyamine,$which$have$antispasmodic,$ hypnotic$and$narcotic$properties.$The$latter$is$ preserved$in$the$Hebrew$word$for$“drunk,”$ shikor.$In$small$doses,$henbane$preparations$ have$a$beneficial$effect$as$a$tranquilizer$and$ have$been$used$to$treat$acute$mania$and$ delirium$tremens.$ It$has$been$used$ externally$

Among$other$poisonous$plants$that$ have$been$cited$as$possible$candidates$for$ biblical$ rosh% are$wild$gourd,$ Citrullus% colocynthis$and$the$annual$opium$poppy,$ Papaver%somniferum$(Moldenke$and$ Moldenke$1986).$Although$the$latter$is$not$ native$to$Israel,$it$was$cultivated$for$its$seeds$ which$were$subject$to$a$tithe.$Both$plants$ have$a$long$history$of$use$for$healing$ but$can$ be$toxic.$As$recorded$in$II$Kings$4:38 41,$ Elisha’s$servant$learned$just$how$dangerous$it could$be$to$harvest$the$fruits$of$wild$gourd.$ Searching$the$land$in$time$of$famine$for$food$ to$feed$the$prophet$and$his$followers,$he$must have$been$glad$to$see$the$sprawling$desert$ vine$with$its$fruits,$about$the$size$of$an$apple$ and$striped$green$like$a$striped$melon.$But$ after$he$had$sliced$them$up$and$cooked$them$ and$the$men$began$to$eat$the$stew,$they$were$ suddenly$struck,$and$called$out,$“O$man$of$ God,$there$is$death$in$the$pot!”$The$prophet$ Elisha$quickly$threw$flour$into$the$stew,$ thereby$neutralizing$the$effect$of$the$ poisonous$fruits.$ In$the$beginning$of$the$ twentieth$century,$significant$quantities$of$ wild$gourd$were$exported$from$Gaza$to$

Wild growing hyoscyamus by: Dbrus

Europe$to$use$in$the$preparations$of$a$laxative$ drug.$In$ancient$Israel,$it$was$permissible$to$ use$the$oil,$extracted$from$the$seeds,$for$ lighting$ceremonial$candles$(Palevich$and$ Yaniv$2000).

Raw$opium,$a$white$milky$juice,$is$ extracted$from$the$fast ripening$seed$head$of$ the$opium poppy$and$when$hardened$ contains$a$number$of$important$alkaloids,$the$ most$important$of$which$are$morphine$and$ codeine.$Most$of$us$have$benefited$from$ preparations$that$contained$these$ constituents$or$other$opium$alkaloids$to$treat$ coughs,$diarrhea,$or$pain,$but$the$ plant’s$ alkaloids are$potentially$poisonous$if$not$ administered$with$care.$ In$ancient$Israel,$ because$ the$non narcotic$ poppy$seeds$were$ sprinkled$over$the$hallah$bread$dough$but$ were$ not$part$of$it,$they,$like$sesame$seeds,$ were$tithed$separately.$A$small$population$of$ opium$ poppy$ flowers$

survive$in$Israel$as$escapees$in$several$parts$ of$the$country.$

Could$ rosh%ve(la’anah$be$a$collective$ term$for$a$number$of$plants$that$yield$bitter and$or$poisonous$extracts,$just$as$the$biblical$ phrase$ shamir%va shayit,$“thorns$and$thistles,”$ is$thought$to$be$a$collective$term$for$armed$or$ thorny$plants$(Zohary$1982)?$The$prophets$ often$drew$inspiration$from$the$plants$of$the$ everyday$landscape,$seeing$in$them$the$ embodiment$of$terrifying$punishments$for$ those$who$strayed$from$God’s$path.$Moses’$ audience,$presumably$acquainted$with$ various$poisonous$plants$that$were$ prominent$in$the$ancient$world,$would$know$ how$they$worked$and$so$would$understand$ Moses’$metaphorical$reference$to$doubters$as$ a$“stock$sprouting$poison$weed.”$They$knew$ that$some$among$them,$even$themselves,$had$ doubted$before$and$could$doubt$again,$ but they$felt$the$power$of$Moses’$unequivocal$ warning$to$stay$on$course$and$ “Choose$life”$rather$than$a$ spiritual$death.

Photo:$Rjpinney

Literature Cited

B*(0(8$'?0(&*9E$PO\fE$B-5-+2$^-<-2*20&($&;$C5+*-7$l$]0(*0E$%-+65*7-9#$F*(*$I63705/0(<$G&65-E

B-?&2&8$!-+(*+,E$PO[QE$'1+&55$2/-$.0,-$J055&6+0E$!&52&(#$G&6</2&($J0;;70(E

d-70H58$g-/6,*E$PO\PE$`*26+-$l$J*($0($2/-$!037-E$`-D$g&+H#$]&(10(&$I+-55E

J&7,-(H-8$G*+&7,$`E$*(,$'79*$LE$J&7,-(H-E$PO\_$U+-4+0(2$&;$POiN$-,020&(VE$I7*(25$&;$2/-$!037-E$`-D$ g&+H#$B&?-+$I63701*20&(58$C(1E

I*7-?01/8$B*($*(,$a&/*+*$g*(0?E$NeeeE$J-,010(*7$I7*(25$&;$2/-$G&7"$L*(,E$>-7 '?0?#$J&,*($ I63705/0(<$G&65-E

I/0770458$K&<-+$*(,$`01H"$d&"E$POOeE$>/-$K*(,&9$G&65-$!&&H$&;$G-+35E$`-D$g&+H#$K*(,&9$G&65-E a&/*+"8$J01/*-7E$PO\NE$I7*(25$&;$2/-$!037-E$F*93+0,<-#$F*93+0,<-$h(0?-+502"$I+-55E

%&$'(($)*+,(-+$05$*$9-93-+$*2$7*+<-$;+&9$.-524&+28$`-D$g&+Hb$ D/-+-$5/-$*(,$/-+$/653*(,8$%0<58$9*0(2*0($7*+<-$<*+,-(5$*(,$ ;7&1H5$&;$4&672+"E$]/-$05$*$D+02-+8$7-126+-+8$*(,$*62/&+$&;$5-?-+*7$ 3&&H58$*9&(<$2/-9#$='!9#%C,%D)""18$E0&0,2%F0/$%='!9#;%]/-$/*5$ *75&$1& *62/&+-,$G*!8',#%"B%H#'%I%J')02$/K%C,/'2!*/0,2%/$'% -!*./0.*)%I%D'*4/0B4)%0,%*,%C,/'2!*/'8%E*,8#.*6'$D02/$/-+$/653*(,$ %0<5E$>/05$*+2017-$05$*,*42-,$;+&9$/-+$;&+2/1&90(<$3&&H$&($ 6(,-+52*(,0(<$2/-$G-3+-D$!037-$2/+&6</$47*(25$&;$2/-$G&7"$L*(,E

Gail Selfridge

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Over#the#years#most#of#the#cats#that# have#lived#here#were#either#feral,#abandoned,# given#away#by#people#who#no#longer#wanted# to#care#for#them,#or#acquired#at#the#animal# shelter.#In#addition# to#good#food#and#shelter,# one#important#component#of#their#lives#is# garden$therapy.#The#garden/yard#is#not#large# but#there#are#many#plants,#trees#and#shrubs# providing#hiding,#resting#and#playing#areas.# Maybe#for#the#first#time#in#their#lives the#cats# come#to#experience#safe#places.#

Growing Catnip

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Preserving Catnip

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Kitty Bon Bons

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Garden Related Activities

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The hedges are now full of the shepherd’s rose, honeysuckles, and all sorts of wild flowers; so that you are upon a grass walk, with this most beautiful of all flower gardens and shrubberies on your one hand, and with the corn on the other. And thus you go from field to field… the sort of corn, the sort of underwood and timber, the shape and size of the fields, the height of the hedgerows, the height of the trees, all continually varying. Talk of pleasure-grounds indeed! What, that man ever invented, under the name of pleasure-grounds, can equal these fields in Hertfordshire?

William Corbett, Rural Rides, 1820

Katherine Schlosser

Hedgerows!line!the!fields!in!East!Devon. Photo!courtesy:!Rob!Wolton,!hedgelink.org.uk

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Hedges and Hedgerows

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History

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HEDGEROW MAINTENANCE:

Laying - a system of cutting nearly through the trunks of small trees, bending them horizontal to the ground, and weaving them into the next tree in the row, which is similarly cut and bent. The trees are then allowed to sprout new branches, which grow vertically above the woven bottom forming a strong, tight hedge.

Coppicing or pleachingcutting trees close to the ground and allowing the stumps to re-sprout with multiple stems, then maintaining at the desired height.

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The English Landscape

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@-!-''>!*#))!-.1,!1,!.'7&!'/!$&+3+,%! +,-'!-.#!V'&-.!X1&'*+,1!6'7,-&8)+$#!-'!/+,$! )#3#&1*!.#$%#&'()!)#&3+,%!1)!;'7,$1&+#)! ;#-(##,!16-+3#!1%&+67*-7&1*!/+#*$)4!<+-.! A7*-+?*#!).&7;!1,$!-&##!)?#6+#)=!-.#8!(#&#!+,! /7**!;*''A!(+-.!;*16>;#&&+#)=!)'7&(''$!1,$! -&7A?#-!6&##?#&=!1**!/+-!/'&!(+*$*+/#!1,$=!(+-.! 1,8!*76>=!L1A)!1,$!L#**+#)4!!!!!

J)!-.#!<#)-!(1)!)#--*#$=!',#!'/!'7&! ,1-+3#!-&##)=! H6:7,&6)<'524"&6!'&!')1%#! '&1,%#=! ?&'3+$#$!R7+6>!%&'(+,%=!-.'&,8! .#$%#)!-.1-!('7*$!>##?!'7-!A1&17$+,%! 1,+A1*)4!D.#8!(#&#!>,'(,!1)!T;7**!)-&',%=! .'%!-+%.-=!1,$!.'&)#!.+%.4U!D.#! *',% *+3#$! -&##)!(#&#!?&'A'-#$!/'&!7)#! +,!.#$%+,%!/&'A! -.#!F^HI)!7,-+*!-.#!+,-&'$76-+',!'/!;1&;#$! (+&#! +,!F^W_4!J/-#&! -.1-=! /#,6#?')-) '/!')1%# '&1,%#!)7??'&-#$!-.#!(+&#!-.1-!/#,6#$!-.#! (#)-4 D.#!-&##)!(#&#!A7*-+ ?7&?')#=!(+-.!1! .+)-'&8!'/!$8#!1,$!A#$+6+,1*!7)#)4!<.+*#!-.#! /&7+-!+)!,'-!#$+;*#!;#617)#!+-!+)!-''!/+;&'7)!1,$! -1)-#*#))=! &#6#,-!)-7$+#)!.13#!/'7,$! -.1-!-.#! /&7+-c)!?&'-#'*8-+6!#,\8A#)!;&#1>!$'(,! ?&'-#+,)!+,-'!?#?-+$#)!1,$!1A+,'!16+$)!-.1-! 1&#!7)#$!+,!6.##)#!A1>+,%=!A#1-! -#,$#&+\1-+', 1,$!;##&!?&'6#))+,%!N<8,+1! PIFFQ4

D.#!0,%*+).!('&$! !"#$") +)!/&'A! C+$$*#!0,%*+).! !"$$"=!(.+6.!+)!/&'A!Y*$! 0,%*+).! !":$=!&#*1-#$!-'!Y*$!0,%*+).! !6$6!/'&! .#$%#!1,$!.1(-.'&,4!D.#&#!1&#!1;'7-!F^^! )?#6+#)!'/!.1(-.'&,)!NK&6/6",%) )?#6+#)Q! %&'(+,%!16&'))!V'&-.!JA#&+61!#b6#?-!/'&! S1;&1$'&!1,$!-.#!V'&-.(#)-!D#&&+-'&+#)4! D.#)#!A')-*8!-.'&,8!-&##)!1&#!1*)'!%&#1-! .#$%#!?*1,-)=!?&'3+$+,%!$#,)#!,1-7&1*! ;1&&+#&)!+,!1&#1)!(+-.'7-! ')1%#!'&1,%#)4! C1,8!.13#!A#$+6+,1*!7)#)4! J!?*#1)1,-!-#1 *+>#! ;#3#&1%#!+)!A1$#!;8!;&#(+,%!-.#!-(+%)!'/! )'A#!)?#6+#)4!D.#!/&7+-)! '/! KB) 6"%/21672%!1,$! KB) '<6:6!1&#!#$+;*#!1)!1&#!-.#!-#,$#&=!8'7,%! *#13#)4!D.#!/&7+-)!1&#!>,'(,!1)!C18.1()!1,$! A1>#!1!/+,#!L#**84!

Hedgerow Havens

B%'(/*!63!C*.'*/+0!)*D#/#;%&'!#=;%E*! ,%*2.)!%&!F+/;-!:#/+2%&#3!!!G!H#;-1!I=-2+))*/3

G!")/!&,%!)9"$2-%)6)72//7")9"4'&")2/)2%)72$!/L)-">/) /!")976:; 92&#L)-">/)/!")76&;%)9"$2-)/')&2%"L)677) /!")&"%/)9"$2-)/!")5'5"-/)/!")%,-)$21"%)/!") %2$-67L)6-#3)4&'5)/!")!"#$"%3)/!")9,%!"%3)4&'5) /!")52##7")6-#)/!")/'<5'%/)/(2$%)'4)/!")/&""%3) :'5"%)/!")%2-$2-$)'4)"-#7"%%)16&2"/8L)4&'5)/!") 7'-$)#"6#)$&6%%):'5"%)/!")%',-#)'4)/!")%(""/) 6-#)%'4/)1'2:")'4)/!")(!2/" /!&'6/)'&)-"//7" /'53)(!27")/!")7',#)6-#)5"&&8)%'-$)'4)/!")76&;) M/!")%'-$%/"&)!25%"74)',/)'4)%2$!/N)%""5%)/')

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

Native Herbs in Hedgerows

D77)67'-$)!"&")F)%6()$&"6/)@,6-/2/2"%)'4)!'<%)2-)/!")!"#$"%3)6-#)1"&8)42-")!'<%3)6-#)F)%6()6/) 6)12776$"):677"#)E/&6//'-3)F)/!2-;)2/)(6%3)/!")42-"%/):65<6-,76)/!6/)F)"1"&)%6()2-)58)724"B <+**+1A!X'&;#--=!F^PI

"#&;1*! .#$%#&'()!1&#!&#6'AA#,$#$!#)?#6+1**8!/'&!?1&-+6+?1,-)!+,! D.#!"#&;!['6+#-8!'/! JA#&+61c)! O&""-P&2#$"%) ?&'%&1A ![76.!.#$%#&'()=!+,6'&?'&1-+,%!.#&;)!-.1-!'667&!,1-7&1**8!+,!1,! 1&#1=!61,!?&'3+$#!,'-!',*8!).#*-#&!1,$!)1/#!?1))1%#!/'&!;+&$)!1,$!+,)#6-)=!;7-!?'))+;*8!/'&!-.#! ?&'-#6-+',!'/!?*1,-!)?#6+#)!-.&#1-#,#$!(+-.!.1;+-1-!*'))4!

<+-.!*+--*#!#//'&-!1,!1--&16-+3#!;'&$#&!(+-.!?*#,-8!'/!;*''A=!-#b-7&#= 1,$! /*13'&/7*!/&7+-)=! ,7-)=!;#&&+#)!1,$!*#13#)!61,!;#!6&#1-#$=!1$$+,%!1,'-.#&!$+A#,)+',!-'! 1!%1&$#,4!C1,8!-&1$+-+',1*! .#&;)!(+**!('&>!+,!.#$%#&'()=!-''=!;7-!'7&!'(,!,1-+3#!.#&;)!A##-!-.#!,##$)!'/!(+*$*+/#!1)!(#**!1)! -.')#!'/!'7&)#*3#)

D.#!.+)-'&8!'/!.#$%#&'()!+)!*',%=!1,$!&#%1&$*#))!'/!'7&!'661)+',1*!&'A1,-+6!3+)+',)=!-.#8! $'!+,$##$!)#&3#!?&16-+61*!?7&?')#)4!<#!61,!.13#!+-!;'-.!(18)!(+-.!&#*1-+3#!#1)#=!6&#1-+,% 1! 6',-#A?'&1&8!*'(!A1+,-#,1,6#!%&##,!6'&&+$'&!>,'(,!-&1$+-+',1**8!1)!1!.#$%#&'(4!!

Native herbs that are counterparts to those found in English hedgerows:

NCrA#$+6+,1*n!Mr/''$o/*13'&+,%n!Or;#3#&1%#n!2r$8#n!Yr'-.#&!7)#)Q

Forbs

D:!277"6)5277"4'72,53)81&&'(! C=M K8-'$7'%%,5)12&$2-26-,53)(+*$!6'A/&#8!!C! Q@,2%"/,5)!8"567"=!.'&)#-1+*! C=Y H"-/!6)6&1"-%2%=!(+*$!A+,-! C= M=!Y R%5'&!2S6!)?4=!)(##-!6+6#*8!

C=!M= 2=!Y +"/6%2/"%)4&2$2#,%=!1&6-+6!)(##-!6'*-)/''-!!C! +8:-6-/!"5,5))??4=!A'7,-1+,!A+,-)!!C=!M=!O E<2&"6!)??4=!A#1$'()(##-! C=!O E/"776&26)<,&9"&6=!)-1&!6.+6>(##$!!!M D%:7"<26%!)??4=!A+*>(##$)! C=!M=!Y!!

!!!!N"[J!V'-1;*#!V1-+3#!PIFZQ H'-6&#6))??4=!;##!;1*A)!!!!C=M=O!

!!!!N"[J!V'-1;*#!V1-+3#!PIFPQ

Trees

D:"&)%6::!6&,5=!)7%1&!A1?*#

D5"76-:!2"&!)??4=!)#&3+6#;#&&+#)

K6&86!)??4=!.+6>'&+#)

C=M=Y

C=M=O=Y

C=M=M=Y

K!2'-6-/!,%)12&$2-2:,%=!/&+,%#-&##!!C!

K'&87,%)65"&2:6-63).1\#*,7-

C=M=2=Y

O7"#2/%26)/&26:6-/!'%=!.',#8!*'67)-!!C=M=Y!

F7">)1'52/'&26=!817?',

C=Y

H67,%!)??4=!6&1;1??*#)!!!!C=M=Y!

E659,:,%):6-6#"-%2%=!#*$#&;#&&8

C=M=Y

Shrubs

K"6-'/!,%)65"&2:6-6=!V#(!a#&)#8!-#1!!C=M=Y!

K7"/!&6)67-24'726=!)7AA#&)(##-!!C!

K6772:6&<6)65"&2:6-6=!;#17-8;#&&8!!C!

*6565"72%)12&$2-26-6=!(+-6.!.1\#*!!C=M=Y!

*8#&6-$"6)6&9'&"%:"-%=!(+*$!.8$&1,%#1 C=O I2-#"&6)9"-S'2-=!)?+6#;7).!!!!C=M=O!

!!!"[J!V'-1;*#!V1-+3# PIFF J,9,%))??4=!;*16>;#&&+#)

T6::2-2,5))??4=!;*7#;#&&+#)

T29,&-,5!)??4=!3+;7&,7A)

Vines

C=M=O

C=M

C=M

C23)5!"%)=/''$(

K65<%2%)&6#2:6-%=!-&7A?#&!6&##?#& I'-2:"&6)%"5<"&12&"-%3)-&7A?#-!.',#8)76>*# !C! +6&/!"-':2%%,%)@,2-@,"4'7263)sJ!6&##?#& C=M=2 +6%%247'&6)2-:6&-6/63)?1))+',!/*'(#& C=M

8$/9*)*'%$&)1$#*0!3(71#$3!%($$#$(9!! C23)5!"%)=/''$(9!

"$(.&%$8$((50!./0-$#12)0%''##9! A&1&!<$'3$(.$=3

3$/$/0-)*'4)%5)#)$#$6'7&3%)!)2B$=9!

R e c i p e s f r o m t h e

! " # $ " % & '

Bramble Cookies

!!!"#$%&'#!()*+!$,!*-#!.'-/0!)'12%'!&*!)'#31'!&0'!($&!$,#!3/'!4*)&0!"+')21$,!()32&/5!!6$7'/!$8*3&!9:! ;<2,10!1**72'/!&0$&!$)'!$!1)*//!8'&='',!$,!>,?-2/0!+3((2,!$,#!%$,1$7'5!@*A'-B!2,!&0'!+*),2,?!=2&0!$! 13%!*(!&'$C!!D!?*&!*3&!+B!+*&0')E/!9FGH/ ')$!'-'1&)21!()B2,?!%$,!(*)!&02/!)'12%'I!83&!$!8'&&')!$%%)*$10! +2?0&!8'!$!1$/&!2)*,!/72--'&5!J,'!2/!$--!B*3!,''#C

"!#!$%&'!%()*+,$-+.!/*0%1! 2!3+,'&00(!),45(6!&07.+1 8!3+,'&00(!),45(6!'0., #!3+,'&00('!',*3 8!3+,'&00(!/1+'-*9!610%(.!(%3:+6 #!3+,'&00(!;+9*0(!$5((,:0( 8!$%&!<!=!3,)*+'&00('!'%6,1 #!$%&!$%11,(3'>!.15+.!$1,()+115+'>!.15+.!)*%+)+115+'>!10'+!-5&'>!1,5'5('>!01!,!:5?3%1+ 8!$%&!'-013+(5(6 8!$%&!,&&*+',%$+ @!3,)*+'&00('!(0( /,3!:5*4 =!+66!7-53+'

B(!,!:+.5%:!)07*>!)+,3!306+3-+1!3-+!+66'!,(.!:5*4C B(!,!*,16+!)07*>!$%3!'-013+(5(6!5(30!3-+!'5/3+.!.19!5(61+.5+(3'!%(35*!$1%:)*9C!D351!5(!3-+!.15+.!/1%53C E..!3-+!+66!:5?3%1+>!'35115(6!%(35*!7+**!)*+(.+.C!!F-+!.0%6-!75**!)+!'0/3!,(.!'35$49C ;0G+1!.0%6-!,(.!&*,$+!5(!1+/156+1,301!/01!370!-0%1'C!!

H(!/*0%1+.!)0,1.>!.5G5.+!.0%6-!I'35**!'35$49J!5(30!370!&,13'>!/*0%15(6!3-+!30&!,(.!&,335(6!30!@KLM! 3-5$4(+''C

;%3!'-,&+'!753-!/*0%1+.!)5'$%53!$0045+!$%33+1C

N19!5(!+*+$315$!/19!&,(>!753-!O%'3!,!*533*+!05*>!,3!@PQRN!%(35*!60*.+(!)107(!0(!)03-!'5.+'>!,)0%3!/0%1! :5(%3+'!&+1!'5.+C

Hawthorn Nibbles

"#$%&'#!()*+!0&&%KLL===50'#?')*=0$)A'/&5*)?537L "!/%)2,?!/,$17!=0210!2/!'$/B!&*!+$7'5!M$=&0*),!1*+'/!2,&*!-'$(!'$)-B!2,!&0'!B'$)! <!-**7!(*)!%$-'!?)'',! ,'=!-'$A'/!$,#!83#/!$/!&0'B!'+')?'!2,!/%)2,?5!!!D(!B*3!#*,E&!0$A'!$!0$=&0*),!&)''!0$,#BI!&)B! -$+8/N3$)&')/!O;-+(0&0.5%:!,*)%:PI!#$,#'-2*,!OF,1,?,$%:!0//5(,*+PI!*)!Q0217=''#!OD3+**,15,! &%)+1,P5

S0%(6!-,73-01(!)%.'!,(.!*+,G+' N1+'->!-0:+),4+.!)1+,.>!30,'3+.!0(!0(+!'5.+>!$1%'3'!1+:0G+. D*5$+.!!D75''>!T10G0*0(+!01!U1%9+1+!$-++'+ U1,3+.!T,1:565,((0!01!T+$015(0!$-++'+

T5$4!'0:+!90%(6!-,73-01(!)%.'!,(.!*+,G+'!,(.!7,'-!3-+:!7+**C!!E**07!30!.19C T*,$+!*+,G+'!0(!%(30,'3+.!'5.+!0/!)1+,.C F0&!+,$-!753-!,!'*5$+!0/!'+*+$3+.!$-++'+!,(.!$0G+1!753-!61,3+.!-,1.!$-++'+C T*,$+!%(.+1!615**!%(35*!3-+!$-++'+!5'!)%))*9C

Hedgerow Pie

"#$%&'#!()*+!$!)'12%'!$&!0&&%KLL===5=*+$,$,#0*+'51*+5!!!R/'!&0'!()32&/!*(!/3++')!&0$&!B*3!0$A'! $&!0$,#!&*!/38/&2&3&'!(*)!8-$1713))$,&/!OV5)+'!(561%:JC!

For the pastry:

!"!$%&!'0/3!)%33+1 !#!$%&!&*%'!"!3,)*+'&00(!'%6,1 !#!3+,'&00(!),45(6!&07.+1 !"!$%&!%()*+,$-+.!,** &%1&0'+!/*0%1 !"KL!3+,'&00(!',*3 !#!$%&!-+,G9!$1+,:

For the filling: !=!#!$%&'!)*,$4)+115+'>!/1+'-!01!/10W+( !"!$%&!)*,$4$%11,(3'!01!)*%+)+115+'>!/1+'-!01!/10W+( !#!$%&!'%6,1 !8!3+,'&00(!;+9*0(!$5((,:0( !@!F,)*+'&00('!7,3+1 !"!3+,'&00(!,11071003!01!$01('3,1$!"!+66!7-53+>!)+,3+(!306+3-+1!753-!"3,)*+'&00(!'%6,1 !;0(/+$350(+1X'!'%6,1>!/01!.%'35(6

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Literature Cited

Brown,!Nigel!and!Peter!Murphy!(1997).!Neolithic!and!Bronze!Age,!p!18. East!Anglian!Archaeology.! URL!www.eaareports.org.uk/Agenda%20NeoKBronze%20Age.pdf!!Accessed!!05 13 2013

Bryson,!Bill!(2001).!Notes)From)A)Small)Island.!William!Morrow!Paperbacks.!Chap 14.

Burel,!Françoise!(1992).!Effect!of!landscape!structure!and!dynamics!on!species!diversity!in! hedgerow!networks,!Landscape)Ecology,)Vol.6,!No.!3,!pp!161 174. SPB!Academic!Publishing,!The! Hague.!URL:!!www.researchgate.net/...hedgerow.../9c9605185fe9da8ce1.pdf!!Accessed!05K02 2013.!

Caesar,!Gaius!Julius,!Commentarii)de)bello)Gallico!Book!2,!Chapter!17,!55!BCE!(trans. W.A.!McDevitte! and!W.S.!Bohn,!NY,!Harper!&!Brothers,!1869.!!The!Internet!Classics!Archives,!URL:! http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.html!Accessed!06 22 2013).

Corbett,!William!(1820).!!Rural!Rides.!Thomas!Nelson!Publishers.!p.88.!URL:! http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34238!Accessed!05 12 2012.

Corbin,!Margaret,!P.L.!Marks, Sana!Gardescu!(1999).!Hedgerows!as!Habitat!Corridors!for!Forest! Herbs!in!Central!New!York,!USA,!Journal)of)Ecology,)Vol.!87,!No.!2!(Apr.!1999)!p.!222.!!Published!by! British!Ecological!Society.!!URL:!http://www.jstor.org/stable/2648314!!!Accessed!04 16 2013.!

DYFED!Archeological!Trust,!Exploration)Tywi,)A)Ladybird)Guide)to)Hedgerow)History

http://www.dyfedarchaeology.org.uk/tywi/hedgehistory.pdf!!Accessed!08 04 2011.

!Fridley,!J.D.,!A.!R. Senft,!and!R.!K.!Peet!(2009).!Vegetation!Structure!of!Field!Margins!and!Adjacent! Forest!in!Agricultural!Landscapes!of!the!North!Carolina!Piedmont. Castanea)74(4):!327 339.!

Hinson,!Colin!(2010).!Transcribed!from!The)National)Gazetteer)of)Great)Britain)and)Ireland)1868 UK! &!Ireland!Genealogy,!URL!http://www.ge1nuki.org.uk/big/eng/HUN/SawtryJudith/!!Accessed!05 05 2013.

Holder,!Jane!(1999).!Law!and!Landscape:!The!Legal!Construction!and!Protection!of!Hedgerows.!!The) Modern)Law)Review,)Vol.!62,!No.!1!(Jan.!1999),!pp.!100!–!114.!URL:!

http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1097076?uid=3739776&uid=2129%uid=2&uid=70%uid =4&uid=3739256&sid=21102572589273.!!Accessed!via!institutional!account!05 24K2013.

Klingelhöfer,!Eric!(1991).!Settlement!and!Land!Use!in!Micheldever!Hundred,!Hampshire,!700 1100.! Transactions)of)the)American)Philosophical)Society,)Volume)81,)Part)3.)American!Philosophical! Society,!Philadelphia.!p.134.!

Marrington,!Emma!(2010).!!England’s)Hedgerows,)don’t)cut)them)out:)Making)the)case)for)better) hedgerow)protection.)Campaign!to!Protect!Rural!England.!!pp. 9,!12.!!

http://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/countryside/hedgerows/item/1951 englands hedgerows dont cut them out!!Accessed!03 12K2013.

Rodker,!Andy.!Panoramio.!!http://www.panoramio.com/photo/77097250!!Accessed!06 22 2013.!

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Guidelines for Authors

The Herbarist

The Journal of The Herb Society of America

Approved June 2013

The Herb Society of America, a nonprofit organization founded in 1933, publishes an annual journal entitled The Herbarist. Articles, photographs, poetry and illustrations fill this 7288 page English-language periodical. The Herbarist has a circulation of 2,300 worldwide to those with a diversity of educational background and interests in the unique group of plants categorized as herbs.

The editorial style in The Herbarist follows that of The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers, 16th Edition, 2010 and the Council of Science Editors’ Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 7th ed., 2006 while spelling follows Webster’s New World Dictionary. A style manual specific to HSA publications may be found on The Society’s website: www.herbsociety.org

If you have an idea for a feature article but are unsure if it is appropriate to the journal or The Society, send a short letter or email outlining your proposal to the editor (editor@herbsociety.org). Explain what the article will discuss, the target audience and its anticipated length (word count). The editor or the chair of The Herbarist committee will work with you to decide if your idea meets the magazine’s usual content, duplicates material recently printed or in press, etc.

Submissions

A typical feature story is 1,500 – 2,000 words although shorter (minimum of 1,200 words) or longer (maximum approx., 3,000 words) will be considered. Authors are paid $300 for a 1,200 - 3,000 word article and receive a complimentary copy of the issue in which his or her work is printed. Authors may choose to donate their article to The Society. This donation is taxdeductible to the extent allowed by law.

You will receive confirmation from The Society when your manuscript is received. The Herbarist committee reviews all articles. Following this review HSA will send a letter of acceptance or rejection. If your article is accepted, HSA will send a contract to the author(s). If an unsolicited article is not accepted, there is no remuneration to the author(s).

Writer’s Checklist

Publishing an article involves these basic steps:

• Confirming an idea with the editor, if appropriate

• Researching, writing and proofing the manuscript

• Sending the manuscript, photography and artwork (if available) to the editor

• Making revisions to the manuscript as requested by the editor / The Herbarist committee Before you send a submission to The Herbarist, please make sure you have:

• Double-checked to make sure all names of plants and people are spelled correctly

• Run spell check

• Carefully referenced all information, especially medicinal

• Written a short biography and included a photo of yourself to be placed at the end of the story

• Made sure your citations and bibliography conform to the HSA Style Manual

Manuscript Format

Submit manuscripts typed and double-spaced with 1-inch margins. Number each page consecutively in the upper right-hand corner. Concise articles not only are the easiest for readers to digest but also convey important information using the least number of pages in the magazine. Articles must be submitted in electronic form, e.g., e-mail, CD or flash drive. While Microsoft Word files are preferred, HSA has both PC and Macintosh capability.

Copyright

HSA requests that submissions be original works, i.e. not previously published. Authors agree not to send the article concurrently to other publications for consideration. Upon acceptance and completion of a contract, the contributor agrees to the terms in the contract regarding copyright and future use of the article.

Deadlines

Articles may be submitted at any time. The cut-off date for any particular issue will be published on The Herbarist homepage. The editor will work with an author to determine a mutually acceptable deadline for specific articles. This deadline will be included in the contract and the author is responsible for meeting that deadline.

Elements of an Article

Each manuscript consists of the same basic parts:

Title: The author may suggest a title for the article. Please be aware, however, that this may not be the final title.

Article: Writing should be concise and accurate, beginning with an introduction of the topic. Information should be presented in a logical and clear manner. Subheads may be added to a long article by the author or editor.

Sidebars: While not a requirement for every article, the author should consider ways to make small pieces of information quickly apparent to readers. Cultural information, charts, recipes or lists are desirable, if appropriate. When an article profiles herbs and their uses, HSA encourages authors to include information on growing the profiled herbs. The editor may request additional cultural information for sidebars.

References: References should be included for most articles. The exception would be an article that is written purely from personal experience. In-text citations are referenced under the heading “Literature Cited” at the end of the article. A bibliography is a list of germane resources used when writing the article but not specifically cited within the text. The “Bibliography” appears at the end of the article. The HSA Style Manual defines the format for each list. Note that formatting for bibliographies is different than formatting for literature citations.

Author’s Biography and Address: On the submission cover sheet authors should provide their contact information, a brief biography and photo. In the biography, include information such as how long you have grown herbs, career positions, offices held in local plant/garden societies, books/magazines you have authored or contributed to, special interests, hobbies, and any details you would like others to know about you. This biography (or an abbreviated version) will appear at the end of the article. No personal contact information will be published.

Style, Spelling and Facts

Authors are responsible for verifying facts and correct spelling of names in their articles. Taking the time to prepare an accurate manuscript enhances the reputation of the author and The Herbarist, while also placing correct information in the hands of Herbarist readers. The HSA Style Manual and the Chicago Manual of Style should be consulted on all style questions. However, short answers to frequently asked questions appear below:

• Botanical Names: Use the botanical names of a plant in the first reference in an article. The common name may be used thereafter or interchangeably with the botanical name after the first mention. Please refer to the HSA Style Manual for more information on using botanical names. HSA’s reference of choice is the USDA GRIN Taxonomy for Plants database http://www.arsgrin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl.

• Brand Names: Although The Herbarist prefers to use generic names when referring to fertilizers, pesticides and other products, sometimes it is necessary to include brand names; check the spelling of these by reading a label or calling the manufacturer. If trademarked or registered, include the appropriate marks with the brand name.

• Titles: Verify the spelling of names of places and people. When writing about someone who is a “Dr.,” ask if he or she is a Ph.D., M.D., D.D.S., etc., and place the appropriate letters after the person’s last name (e.g., John Q. Public, Ph.D.).

• Numbers and Measurements: Spell out numbers from zero to nine (e.g., one, two, three). Write numbers 10 and higher as numbers (e.g., 10, 27, 38, 102), unless they begin a sentence (then spell them out). All measurements in The Herbarist are given in the traditional English form of feet, inches, pounds, ounces, quarts, pints, etc. If it is appropriate, use the metric conversions. Please refer to the Chicago Manual of Style for other questions regarding numbers or measurements.

• Eras: When referring to ancient history, The Herbarist uses the designations B.C.E. (Before Common Era) and C.E (Common Era) instead of A.D. and B.C. In cases where it is clear that the article is referring to recent history, it is not necessary to use C.E.

Medicinal Disclaimer

Medicinal information on herbs must be backed with authoritative references by quoting scientific references or ethnobotanical uses. An author may state how he or she personally uses an herb, but avoid making recommendations or using phrases including “use,” “take” or “I recommend.”

The Society’s full medicinal disclaimer reads as follows:

The Herb Society of America is a non-profit, educational organization dedicated to promoting the knowledge, use and delight of herbs through educational programs, research, and sharing the experience of members with the community.

It is the policy of The Herb Society of America not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use.

In accordance with the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, authors or speakers may quote scientific literature, ethnic or historic literature and may cite how they personally use herbs. However, none of the information published/presented may serve as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. The Herb Society of America is not liable for any decision made or actions taken or not taken due to use of materials published and/ or presented. Electronic links are provided as an educational service only.

A shorter version may be acceptable:

It is the policy of The Herb Society of America not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment.

Cultural Information

Cultural information for growing herbs is vital to the educational value for our readers. Include practical information such as requirements for light, temperature, water, fertilizer, and special care. The Herb Society gains new members each year and it is important to frequently repeat herb-care basics.

Art and Photography

Authors or photographers may submit artwork for articles; however, their use is at the editor’s discretion. Photography and artwork from other sources may be used as well.

• Photographs may be submitted as color slides, prints or in digital format. It is essential that digital photographs are high resolution (at least 300 dpi and a minimum of 5 x 7.” In some instances, black and white prints are acceptable. An image should be well lit, in focus, and with no distractions in the background.

• Each image should be accompanied by the name of the photographer and a brief caption.

• Watercolor, pencil drawings or other media are sometimes appropriate for an article. Please discuss this with the editor.

• HSA assumes no responsibility for loss of artwork during transit to HSA Headquarters, while in its possession or during transit back to owner. Original artwork can be scanned at a high resolution (minimum size of 300 dpi and 5 x 7”) and sent electronically.

• All artwork is returned to authors upon publication of an article.

e Connecticut Unit Getting back to our roots

Please visit our Herb Garden in Elizabeth Park Hartford, Connecticut

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The Philadelphia Unit is proud to announce our

Annual Herb Sale

Thursday, May 8th, 2014

10 a.m. to 1 p.m. in the meadow at Historic Yellow Springs, Chester Springs, PA

Supplying the public with herb plants, education, and enthusiasm since 1939. Please plan to attend and celebrate with us!

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