Interface Vol. 25, No. 1, Spring 2016 by The Electrochemical Society

VOL. 25, NO.1 Spring 2016

Additive Manufacturing & Electrochemistry

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor: Interface @ 25!

7 Pennington Corner:

Evolution â&#x20AC;Ś Revolution

33 Special Section:

229th ECS Meeting San Diego, California

54 ECS Classicsâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Making

the Phone System More Reliable: Battery Research at Bell Labs

59 Tech Highlights 61 Additive Manufacturing and Electrochemistry

63 Additive Manufacturing for Electrochemical (Micro)Fluidic Platforms

69 The Emerging Role of

Electrodeposition in Additive Manufacturing

75 Additive Manufacturing:

Rethinking Battery Design

INTERFACE

Discover the new gold standard in accuracy 32 bit resolution

ZAHNER is proud to present its advanced family of electrochemical workstations with exceptional high accuracy, significantly enhanced performance of AC and DC modes, state-of-the-art 32 bit converter technology and an improved user-interface. This defines the new gold standard in high-end electrochemical workstations.

A Giant Leap for Electrochemical Research

www.zahner.de/goldstandard source: NASA, Buzz Aldrin

The Leader in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

pA to 30 A | μΩ to TΩ | Single Sine and Multisine

www.gamry.com

Highest accuracy DC and impedance for SOC / SOH Highly repeatable sub 100 ÎźÎŠ measurements Smaller footprint Competitively Priced

www.princetonappliedresearch.com

www.solartronanalytical.com

FROM THE EDITOR

Interface @ 25!

he first issue of Interface was published in the winter of 1992, coincidentally, not long after Rudy Marcus was awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry for his work on electron transfer reactions. Interface has been in continuous production since, with 2016 marking its silver jubilee. Through the years, Interface has served several purposes. It has: (1) provided a common platform across ECS to educate and inform members (and, hopefully, nonmembers!) of the breadth of activities sponsored and promoted by the Society; (2) served as an archive for the transactions of the Society and the accomplishments of its members; (3) provided students and new entrants a platform where they can learn the history and basics of electrochemistry (via Chalkboard articles, ECS classics articles, and education-themed issues), and (4) consistently provided insights into ongoing state-of-the-art research within each branch of the Society. While the relative contribution of each domain has undoubtedly changed over the past 25 years, Interface has always remained committed to its primary mission of liaising between the Society and its current and prospective membership. I envision that adherence to this mission will continue for the foreseeable future. One change that is forthcoming relates to how Interface has been archived. While the publication has always been freely available online, its content has hitherto not been presented in a fully indexed, searchable format. We are currently engaged with indexing and integrating the entire archive of relevant Interface articles within the ECS Digital Library, working backwards from 2015. We anticipate that this effort will serve both the readers, who can readily search for articles specific to their domain of interest, and authors, who can reach a wider audience. The most challenging part of this exercise has been manually acquiring/ creating the metadata required for properly indexing the articles—we are perhaps a fifth of the way through this exercise. At the time of writing, the 2014 and 2015 issues have been fully integrated within the Digital Library, thanks to the unceasing efforts of the ECS staff! Switching gears, 2016 also marks the silver jubilee of a seminal event that has had a remarkable impact, namely the commercialization of the lithium ion battery. The history of the development of lithium ion battery technology makes for fascinating reading and provides valuable lessons from both the technical and the intellectual property management perspectives (it is also nice to see the number of ECS members who played key roles in this process). Thanks to the ubiquitous use of laptop computers and cell phones, it is safe to say that there is not a single day that goes by wherein each one of us does not use a lithium ion battery. But what is truly remarkable is that despite their extraordinary commercial reach, lithium ion batteries continue to be studied, improved and regarded as a technology for the future, especially with regard to applications in electric vehicles and distributed electric energy storage. The fall 2016 issue of Interface will be a special issue dedicated to commemorating the 25th anniversary of the deployment of this remarkable technology. In closing, I would like to thank all the people who have helped make Interface a success, including past editors, the ECS staff, authors and contributors, and of course all of our readers. Electrochemical and solid state science and technology will undoubtedly remain highly relevant over the next 25 years, and our readers are very well poised to assume a leadership role in resolving global challenges over this period.

Vijay Ramani, Interface Co-Editor http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-8144

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902 Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Co-Editors: Vijay Ramani, ramani@iit.edu; Petr Vanýsek, pvanysek@gmail.com Guest Editor: Daniel Esposito, de2300@columbia.edu; Dan Steingart, steingart@princeton.edu Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, donald.pile@gmail.com; Zoltan Nagy, nagyz@email.unc.edu Managing Editor: Annie Goedkoop, annie.goedkoop@electrochem.org Interface Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Advertising Manager: Casey Emilius, casey.emilius@electrochem.org Advisory Board: Robert Kostecki (Battery), Sanna Virtanen (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Elizabeth PodlahaMurphy (Electrodeposition), Jerzy Ruzyllo (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Paul Gannon (High Temperature Materials), John Staser (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Slava Rotkin (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew C. Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry), Nick Wu (Sensor) Publisher: Mary Yess, mary.yess@electrochem.org Publications Subcommittee Chair: Johna Leddy Society Officers: Daniel Scherson, President; Krishnan Rajeshwar, Senior Vice-President; Johna Leddy, 2nd VicePresident; Yue Kuo, 3rd Vice-President; Lili Deligianni, Secretary; E. Jennings Taylor, Treasurer; Roque J. Calvo, Executive Director Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

Online: 1944-8783

The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2016 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8000 scientists and engineers in over 70 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid-state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings. All recycled paper. Printed in USA.

BCS-8xx Battery Cycling System even The Potential to do More!

2 New models in the BCS family! BCS-805

+/- 150mA 5 current ranges: 10uA to 100mA 1U Module height

BCS-810

+/- 1.5A 5 Current ranges: 0.1mA to 1A 2U Module height

Value •

Delivers superior performance for the price

Capability •

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy standard on every channel

Current Range •

5 current ranges with Auto ranging capability on every channel

Performance •

Channels in each module can be used in parallel for up to 120A @5V with BCS-815

Resolution 4 BCS-805 modules in 6U cabinet

•

18 bit A/D converters for superior resolution and accuracy

Usability •

Easy-to-use BT-Lab software with powerful “Modulobat” technique

Flexibility •

2 BCS-805, 1 BCS-810, 1 BCS-815 modules in 12U cabinet

Mix and match modules within cabinets to meet your system needs

From single channel research to 64 channel production systems, BioLogic is the source!

8 BCS-815 modules in 38U cabinet

Outside the USA

Tel: +33 476 98 68 31 Web: www.bio-logic.info

Tel: 865-769-3800 Web: www.bio-logic.us

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Vol. 25, No.1 Spring 2016

Additive Manufacturing and Electrochemistry by Daniel Esposito and Daniel Steingart

63 69

the Editor: 3 From Interface @ 25! Corner: 7 Pennington Evolution … Revolution

Additive Manufacturing for Electrochemical (Micro)Fluidic Platforms

9 Society News Section: 33 Special 229 ECS Meeting

by Robert B. Channon, Maxim B. Joseph, and Julie V. Macpherson

50 People News Classics–Making 54 ECS the Phone System More

San Diego, California

Reliable: Battery Research at Bell Labs

The Emerging Role of Electrodeposition in Additive Manufacturing by Trevor M. Braun and Daniel T. Schwartz

59 Tech Highlights 79 Awards 82 New Members 84 Student News On the cover . . .

Additive Manufacturing: Rethinking Battery Design by Corie L. Cobb and Christine C. Ho

Ultrathin flexible printed zinc batteries of various shapes and sizes are made possible with the freedom and ease of additive manufacturing and electrochemistry. Screen printing was used to pattern every layer of its battery stack, ultimately reducing manufacturing costs while providing custom battery form factors and architectures to meet a product’s needs. Read the paper, “Additive Manufacturing: Rethinking Battery Design,” co-authored by Christine Ho, on page 75. Cover photos: Jerry Yoon Photographers Cover design by Dinia Agrawala.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

PENNINGTON CORNER

Evolution … Revolution

When we achieve maximum search and discovery by he celebration of my 35th enabling all the content in the ECS Digital Library to be freely anniversary at ECS in November available, and without burdensome article charges to submitting set the theme for this column authors, these revolutionary changes to our publishing program and gave me the opportunity to reflect will render the titles of our journals irrelevant. ECS has on the many years that I have spent as a embarked on a campaign to Free the Science with a goal to staff member of this remarkable organization. The column was build a fund that will support unobstructed dissemination of originally written as a brief documentary on the evolution of all articles in our library in perpetuity—the ultimate vehicle for the Society during my tenure but it failed to capture the impact scientific advancement. There is no better avenue than Platinum of the last five years when evolutionary progress became Open Access for discovery, revolutionary change. There citation, and ultimately was significant progress and for innovation, which is to many great accomplishments say there is no better way at ECS over my first 30 to satisfy our mission. We years of service, but during “ECS has embarked on a campaign to have a plan that is described the past five years we have Free the Science with a goal to build on page 12 of this issue experienced revolutionary a fund that will support unobstructed and it is imperative that changes to our mission-based dissemination of all articles in our we accomplish our goals, objective to disseminate library in perpetuity—the ultimate because advancing new knowledge and to the science vehicle for scientific advancement.” technologies and processes we are charged to advance. in electrochemistry is Perhaps the greatest critical for our planet’s influence on ECS, as a content sustainability. disseminator, has been the At our 2015 fall meeting power and availability of in Phoenix, U.S. Department of Energy Under Secretary for the search and discovery tools that can now be utilized in the Science and Energy F. Lynn Orr gave a keynote lecture during palm of your hand. Along with these advances in publishing the fifth Electrochemical Energy Summit and said, “We’re technology came the influence of “Open Access” publishing, really looking for a cost effective energy system, security for creating the opportunity to improve accessibility of published energy resources, and—even more importantly now than it was research. The ECS Board embraced both of these revolutionary a few years ago—environmental security.” History routinely new vehicles for superior dissemination in 2013 when they demonstrates that for new ideas to prevail, there is a need for committed to a plan for complete or “Platinum” Open Access commitment to a higher cause, which Lynn Orr calls out as (OA) of the ECS Digital Library. This is an ambitious plan the urgent need for sustainable solutions found in the research but it represents an unprecedented opportunity to accomplish disseminated at our meetings and in our publications. During the our mission by providing the broadest possible dissemination U.S. revolution the state of New Hampshire adopted the motto, of our technical content. The plan was implemented in 2014 “Live Free or Die,” which speaks to the cause and the assertive and we have seen phenomenal success in submission of OA commitment necessary for freedom and independence. We are manuscripts and growth in access of the ECS Digital Library, not ready to change the campaign slogan for our revolution but which exceeded 3 million downloads in 2015. ECS must make a commitment to lead revolutionary change in In 2015 we made further changes to align the technical scholarly publishing in order to Free the Science and realize content in our journals with the Thompson Reuters Journal our higher cause: to advance electrochemical and solid state Impact Factors (JIF) so that ECS journals are measured science and technology to facilitate the discovery of solutions against content in similar technical disciplines. In research to worldwide problems in energy, food, water, and security. today, search and discovery is the new dissemination, and relevant articles are not found through serendipitous browsing of the latest issues. Containers or journal titles are essentially unimportant except as for authors measuring the quality of a title as determined by its JIF. In the ECS Digital Library we are now measuring individual article impact through article Roque J. Calvo level metrics (specifically Altmetrics), which could very well ECS Executive Director become the essential measure of quality and an important driver http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1746-8668 of discoverability.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

The

SOCIE T Y NE WS

Quartz Crystal Microbalance Solution

QCM200… $2995 (US list) • • • • •

Measures and displays frequency and resistance Nanogram sensitivity Stand-alone operation and computer control Analog outputs Windows / Mac software included

With the QCM200, measuring the mass and viscoelasticity of a film or liquid is now easy. The QCM comes complete with control / oscillator electronics, crystal holder, crystals and software. Operated either manually or under computer control, the QCM200 is ideal for a wide range of applications including chemical and biological sensor development, thin film analysis and electrochemistry. Call or visit our web site for full details.

Stanford Research Systems

1290-D Reamwood Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94089 • e-mail: info@thinkSRS.com Phone (408) 744-9040 • Fax (408) 744-9049 • www.thinkSRS.com 8

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

35 Years of Advancing and

Freeing the Science An Interview with Roque Calvo

1991

1996

2001

2010

Roque Calvo, Executive Director of ECS, recently sat down with Mary Yess, the Society’s Deputy Executive Director, to talk about his long tenure with ECS. Calvo has been a steward of ECS for over 35 years, and has essentially devoted his whole working life to free and advance our very important science. Calvo is the driving force behind the Society’s initiative to provide a “Platinum” Open Access Digital Library (free to all, readers and authors alike). The interview (listen to the full podcast at http://www.electrochem.org/ecs-podcast-roque-calvo) was far-ranging, covering topics from how the programs (meetings and publications) have changed, to the face of the ECS membership; from reminiscences about the people with whom he’s worked to the influences in his life. In this excerpt of the podcast, we focused on Open Access and the Society’s initiative to “Free the Science.” (For more on these two important topics in this issue of Interface, see the Pennington Corner on page 7 and Free the Science on page 12.)

Although we’re going to ride that wave, we have some challenges to do it. But if you look at what that means, in a sense it’s the only way. It’s the right way. It’s the way we probably should have been doing it since Gutenberg’s printing press. To advance science, which is our mission, the best way to do it is to disseminate the publications, to disseminate the research; and “There are great pressures, and what better way for scientists rightfully so, to move research Roque Calvo: It’s complex in to advance it than if the current that there are a couple of different research is available to everyone publishing to an Open Access format.” revolutions going on at the same and they can collaborate. They time that we’re almost uniquely can see it, they get it, and can use positioned to take advantage it, and without having to deal with of. The first one has to do with subscriptions and paywalls and publishing. It’s just the way the things that create obstacles for publishing has evolved, in that the whole Open Access idea has really dissemination. So, we caught that wave and we’re on it, and that’s the created a revolutionary change in the way in which research publishers publishing side. look at their publishing future. This is a wave, this is something that’s happening in real time, and there are great pressures, and rightfully so, MY: ECS has a very broad technical domain, from electrochemistry to solid state science, from fundamental to applied aspects. What is to move research publishing to an Open Access format. it about the Society now, or about society in general now, about our Our initial reaction to Open Access—we’re removing the subscription technical content that’s so important? Why is it so important to get this piece—means we just want to make our content available for specific content free? researchers who need it, all over the world, any time they want it; (continued on next page) and that ran contrary to our business model. Our reaction, like most publishers, was we’re not going to be able to publish that way. I still think we have a problem. Mary Yess: One of the biggest decisions the Society has made over the last 35 years is to move toward Open Access. Not just ordinary Open Access, but toward what we’ve been calling “Platinum” Open Access. What is the ECS Open Access plan, the two phases, and what does it mean for society-atlarge for the sustainability of the planet?

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

(continued from previous page)

MY: Yes it is, and we see a lot going on in our community about Open Science as well. It seems to be, or has been, the next hot topic. So what do you see, perhaps happening at our meetings, to make them more open? Open Access has been about publications primarily, but we’ve also talked about how we can make our meetings more open and open up the science even further.

RC: That’s the other revolution, having to do with the sustainability of the planet. Just recently, the UN Paris Accord comes out talking about a united front for the sustainability of the planet, to deal with the climate issue, to make progress toward renewable energies. Those are, again, things happening outside RC: You’re not talking about “To advance science is our mission… ECS that are dramatically facing free registration… I hadn’t and what better way for scientists to ECS. That’s why I’m referring to it incorporated that into my thinking advance it than if the current research as a revolution. Electrochemistry, just yet! What I do think is that the is available to everyone and they can electrochemical processes, are at meetings themselves do represent collaborate. They can see it, they get it, the root of solutions for renewable an important thing unto itself— energy and water sanitation, the the community comes together and can use it, and without having to whole energy–water nexus. While periodically, and they see each deal with subscriptions and paywalls we’re trying to create an Open other, and they can engage in and the things that create obstacles for Access library, simultaneously, the hallways or wherever they dissemination.” the relevance, the importance want, in the sessions; and I think of the science, has never been that’s an important part. But greater. I feel that there’s an I think there’s opportunity to obligation on our part to create an further disseminate, distribute open environment that anybody the meeting content. Whether from anywhere can access this that be in real time, live while the important science, because it does represent solutions for water and meeting is going on, or just through a series of video broadcasts that energy problems that the world has essentially united to solve. we can do. There’s a lot of technology that I think we can use that we aren’t, to just broaden the distribution of the content at the meetings. MY: Roque, you’ve been doing this work, this very important work, for most of your adult life. What impact has that had on you?

“Electrochemistry is at the root of solutions for renewable energy and water sanitation… there’s an obligation on our part to create an open environment that anybody from anywhere can access this important science, because it does represent solutions for water and energy problems that the world has essentially united to solve.”

RC: That’s hard to believe, especially in these times, you know, to think 35 years… when I think about what’s kept me here, I think it goes right to the character, right to the essence of what this organization is, and of course, what it’s meant to me. It’s about the people that I have worked for. I not only admire them for what they’ve accomplished, what they’ve contributed; but it’s what they want to contribute to the world, what they feel about is important and how they go about their work. What I’m trying to say is I’ve had the good fortune of working for brilliant scientists who really are working to make the world a better place; whose work and contributions are doing that, and to be in a role where I can help facilitate that… that’s where the longevity comes from. Very few people I think get an opportunity to sit in my seat and work for people and for an organization where that is what they’re trying to accomplish and that’s what they represent.

MY: So where does ECS go after we achieve Open Access? What does the Society look like after we achieve Platinum Open Access? RC: I don’t know how soon we’re going to be able to do that, although I’m thrilled with the progress that we’re making. So it actually feels pretty close. You know, that’s a pretty good question, Mary, I should start thinking about the answer to that! MY: You have another 35 years to think about it! RC: I don’t think that I do, so maybe I really should start thinking about it more! Where could it lead? I don’t know. Speculating about that is really interesting because I’d like to believe, I’m convinced that it will lead, to faster solutions to the problems that I just referenced. And so, in a very real way the Society is contributing to making the world a better place and solving the world’s greatest problems, in a way and at a level that I couldn’t have imagined 35 years ago. I really could see that as a reality… that it’s a difference maker, that it does increase the pace of discovery and thus solutions to some of these world problems. That’s the role from the beginning, isn’t it?

“I’ve had the good fortune of working for brilliant scientists who really are working to make the world a better place; whose work and contributions are doing that, and to be in a role where I can help facilitate that… that’s where the longevity comes from.”

Go to http://www.electrochem.org/ecs-podcast-roque-calvo to hear Roque Calvo talk about the changes in the Society since he joined the staff in 1980.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

ECS MEMBERS Receive a Discount! Visit us at www.electrochem.org Molecular Modeling of Corrosion Processes: Scientific Development and Engineering Applications By Christopher D. Taylor & Philippe Marcus

New

ISBN: 978-1-118-26615-1 Cloth | April| April 2015 2015 | 272pp Hardcover | 272pp €122.00 / $129.00 $125.00 £83.50 / €112.80 Molecular Modeling of Corrosion Processes applies an atomistic and molecular modeling approach to the study of the corrosion of metals. It offers opportunities for making significant improvements in preventing harmful effects that can be caused by corrosion. Engineers and scientists often do not realize that corrosion has taken place until significant damage has occurred to a metal material. By using atomistic and molecular modeling these professionals can improve lifetime prediction models to predict well in advance of visual observations or other test methods when various processes will cause a metal to corrode as well as how well corrosion inhibitors will perform. There are recent examples of applications of molecular modeling to corrosion phenomena throughout the text. • Describes concepts of molecular modeling in the context of materials corrosion • Details how molecular modeling can give insights into the multitude of interconnected and complex processes that comprise the corrosion of metals • Covered applications include diffusion and electron transfer at metal/electrolyte interfaces, Monte Carlo simulations of corrosion, corrosion inhibition, interrogating surface chemistry, and properties of passive films • Presents current challenges and likely developments in this field for the future

Also available in The Electrochemical Society Series Electrochemical Power Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors

Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications

Vladimir S. Bagotsky, Alexander M. Skundin & Yurij M. Volfkovich

Bruno Scrosati, K. M. Abraham, Walter A. van Schalkwijk & Jusef Hassoun

ISBN: 978-1-118-46023-8 Hardcover | 400pp Cloth | 2015| 2015 | 400pp €90.40 / $99.95 $102.95 £66.95 / €97.90

ISBN: 978-1-118-18365-6 Cloth | 2013| 2013 | 392pp Hardcover | 392pp €139.00 / $145.00 $140.00 £93.50 / €126.30

Providing a concise description of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors, this book reviews the design, operational features, and applications of all three of these power sources. Written in accessible language, this valuable resource for environmental engineers, chemists, energy industry members, and electrochemists examines many of the main battery types, such as zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline manganese dioxide batteries, mercury-zinc cells, lead-acid batteries, cadmium storage batteries, and silver-zinc batteries.

With their use in everyday electronics and their increased use in industry applications, lithium ion batteries are an important source of power. Covering the most cutting-edge advances and technology in lithium ion batteries, this book teaches readers how to develop the most efficient advanced rechargeable batteries. This timely text covers various lithium ion devices, including lithium-air batteries non-aqueous lithiumair batteries, lithium-sulfur, and batteries for medical applications.

220304

Visit us at www.electrochem.org to see more titles and for your membership discount

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Free the Science An Initiative of

The Electrochemical Society “We have to look after the planet for our children and our grandchildren. We have to move the technology forward by using less energy and not by messing up the environment. As electrochemists, we can do that.” —M. Stanley Whittingham, ECS member and key contributor to lithium battery development

What Does Free the Science Mean? The mission of ECS is to disseminate high quality research to advance electrochemical and solid state science and technology. Free the Science will make our research freely available to all readers, while remaining free for authors to publish. ECS believes that by opening, and thus democratizing the research, we can more rapidly advance our important sciences and society at large.The key to scientific advancement has always been the open exchange of information. Yet even in today’s digital environment, many scientists around the world struggle to access quality, reliable research, because the process of accessing research has become expensive.

The bottom line is discoveries need discoverability and that is only guaranteed through full open access.

Science for Society The sciences that ECS stewards support the sustainability of our planet. We do not think it is too bold to also say that our sciences will save the world. Every day, electrochemistry touches almost everyones’ lives, in devices like cellphones, computers, biosensors for food safety, fuel cells, and batteries for electronics, as well as medical devices like pacemakers and glucose monitors for diabetics. From New York City to the rural village of Kyauk-su in Myanmar, our sciences are becoming increasingly important. Electrochemical discoveries will continue to matter for the future because they not only solve human-related challenges (in medicine and food safety, for example) but also provide solutions critical to our environmental challenges. Electrochemistry and its related field of solid state science lead advancements in areas like alternative energy sources, energy storage, water sanitation technologies, transportation, and infrastructure. 12

Among our membership we boast Nobel Prize and National Medal of Technology and Innovation winners, as well as members of the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering. And, in 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation asked ECS members to find solutions to global problems in water, sanitation, and hygiene in a unique real-time brainstorm and grant competition. Collectively, we have a policy imperative to reduce global emissions to mitigate climate change, a challenge that is daunting amidst population increases and increasing economic disparities. Innovations in our sciences can help us meet this imperative, but only if we freely and widely disseminate cutting-edge research to everyone so collaboration can happen, precipitating breakthroughs.

“The publishing system has to change somehow, or it’s going to destroy itself.” —Allen Bard, ECS Honorary Member and father of modern electrochemistry

The Business Behind Free the Science For the most part, the current paradigm of publishing requires researchers to pay fees to publish their work in the form of Article Processing Charges (APCs) and readers to pay subscription fees to access research. For many academic and scientific societies, the publishing business became so costly and competitive that they had to sell their research to large corporate publishers who make billions of dollars a year (with hefty profit margins) controlling content and distribution of their scientific journals. In the current model, researchers from economically disadvantaged universities and engineers from start-up companies often cannot afford subscriptions to access information that could advance their work. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Publishing, however, was not always this cloistered. In the first publishing revolution—the dawn of the printing press in the 15th century—scientists finally had an easier and reputable way to share their research findings. Information became more widely available. Over the next several centuries the system matured into a peer review process where papers were submitted to a research society, reviewed by a team of editors, and then put into journals for circulation. ECS has proudly maintained a high level of peer review for our 114year history and has published over 45,000 journal articles, which have a long half-life compared to many other sciences.1 Now, to stay true to our mission and to adapt to our highly digitized world, ECS will lead the next revolution. ECS will free electrochemistry and solid state science through open access to our Digital Library. We truly believe this is the only way forward for a science that has such vital implications for our future survival.

The Open Access Movement We are not the first science or academic field that has identified open access as a necessity, since the concept was first discussed in the 1990s. In 2003, the nonprofit PLOS was formed to advocate and accelerate progress in the life sciences.2 Over 31 million people use Academia.edu to share papers, monitor their impact, and follow the research in a particular field. A host of other societies and commercial publishers have also launched new open access journals, some of which still charge APCs. The U.S., British, and German governments, supporting scientific research with public money, now require that all resulting papers be published open access so that the public can access the information. While the open access movement is gaining steam and attention, ECS will be the first publisher to completely change its model so that content is both free to be published and free to be accessed.

Free The Science: A New Business Paradigm for ECS Free the Science is a bold undertaking for ECS and we are committed to: • maintaining our independence as a nonprofit publisher • producing high quality journals with outstanding peer review boards.

For the past three years we have kept publishing fees low and subscription rates flat. But, these economics cannot continue to stay the same with the goal of mission-related open access. Publishing well-respected journals requires costly human input that cannot be supplanted by robots, and the technology platform needed to open access and freely disseminate knowledge is complex and expensive. Our forecasting models demonstrate that $40M is needed to make the transition to full open access and sustain our quality publishing in perpetuity. The good news is that the Free the Science initiative has already accrued $8M through operating surpluses and donations. The additional $32M will be raised through: 1. implementing a growth business strategy that aims to expand membership and meetings 2. prudent management of operations with the goal of yielding an annual surplus 3. an appropriate portfolio of investments 4. a broad and creative fundraising campaign.

ECS will free electrochemistry and solid state science through open access to our Digital Library.

How You Can Help ECS was founded by a group of radical scientists who separated from the American Chemical Society in 1902 because it was not meeting their needs in the niche, yet rapidly developing, field of electrochemistry. With that legacy, ECS looks toward the next 100 years with the aspiration that our science and technology will significantly impact the sustainability of our planet, made possible by ECS’s Free the Science initiative. We are poised to make another disruptive change, this time in research communication, to respond to the critical needs of the world. You can help Free the Science by: • making an investment in the Free the Science Fund • publishing your work as open access in ECS journals • helping us identify international partners who can share our Digital Library more widely • being an ambassador for Free the Science and full open access Stay tuned to the next edition of Interface for news on the official unveiling of Free the Science in San Diego.

For more information and to participate, please contact

development@electrochem.org 1. In total, ECS has published 117,000 technical articles, comprised of peer-reviewed papers, conference proceedings, and meeting abstracts. 2. PLOS, the Public Library of Science, charges an article processing fee for researchers to publish open access on its site.

SOCIE T Y NE WS

ECS Launches Mobile Friendly Website ECS Website Upgrades When it comes to accessing the information you need, whether it be your personal data, meeting registration, or printing an invoice, you’re in for a pleasant surprise on the new www.electrochem.org. To access information, click Login at the top of the homepage. Use the same username (your email address) and password on file with ECS. You should create an account if you are not a member or have never had any transactions with ECS in the past. If you are not sure you have an account, it’s best to contact customerservice@electrochem.org. Once you are logged in, click My Account at the top of the screen. Here are some of the new features: • My Account gives you the ability to update contact information in real time and add your biography and photo which appears in the membership directory. Here you can find your ECS ID#, member type and membership information. • My Memberships provides a detailed history of membership in ECS along with the ability to enroll in automatic membership renewal. • My Invoices allows you to make payments on open invoices, as well as download and print them from your own computer 24/7. • My Transactions shows all of your current and former transactions with ECS. • My Communication Preferences can be set for which ECS emails you do and don’t want to receive. • My Giving shows a snap shot of all your donations to ECS. • My Committees lists all of your committees/sections/divisions you participate in and the leaders of those areas can place documents for you to download. • Online Store was called the bookstore. It is much easier to search and order ECS publications and products. • Events displays upcoming meetings and events. Now one person can register a group and you can go back and add ticketed events, guests, or short courses onto your current registration. • Member Directory is now better organized and easier to use. (Members only feature) • Organization Directory is a new feature allowing you to find contact information for our institutional members. (Members only feature)

Over the past year and a half, we’ve been hard at work building a new ECS website. Since our launch in January, we hope you’ve been having a great user experience. We’ve come a long way since we launched an initial ECS website in February of 1995. At the time of ECS’s first foray into the digital world, there were around 30 million Internet users worldwide. Now, just over 20 years later, we have the ability to interface with over 3 billion people across the globe. Over time we’ve gone from a simple document hosting website to a dynamic online presence. In the spring 1995 issue of Interface, 50-year ECS member W. Murray Bullis said, “Our Society is no exception to the swirling changes; our prosperity in the years to come is largely dependent on how we adjust to the changing environment.” Those ideas are still central to ECS, which is why we have developed a modern, seamless website for members and nonmembers alike to learn about Society happenings, access account information, register for meetings, join and renew membership, and gain access to a variety of resources. There is some wonderful functionality and a new look and feel that you are going to love. Best of all, it’s a great experience on your smartphone and tablet. Before the change, our stats told us that 80 percent of you were looking at the site on your desktop. We think that will change now that it’s mobile-friendly. You might have noticed that we have refreshed the ECS logo as well. We felt like the blue and green colors spoke to the enormous impact that electrochemical and solid state science have in solving some of the world’s most pressing issues in energy, food, water, and security. While the site may have changed, your username and password will remain the same. Just log in to get access to your ECS account. Here, you’ll be able to see your membership type, when your membership expires, your ECS ID number, and a whole lot of useful information about your account and interactions with ECS. (See side bar.) The most important thing you can do there, besides keeping your membership up-to-date, is update your contact information. We don’t want to lose track of you. We also created a brand new Student Center that contains all things student and chapter oriented. The ECS Redcat Blog and Jobs Board are still there for your news and employment convenience.

“There is some wonderful functionality and a new look and feel that you are going to love”

Browse through the site, explore, and let us know what you think!

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

ECS and SMEQ Join as Partners in AiMES 2018 The Electrochemical Society and La Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquímica (SMEQ) are pleased to announce their official partnership in the first Americas International Meeting on Electrochemistry and Solid State Science (AiMES). AiMES 2018 will be held September 30-October 4, 2018 in Cancun, Mexico at the Moon Palace Resort. This will be the third meeting held in Cancun, Mexico with the collaboration of both societies and will be held every four years following the meeting in 2018.

SAVE THE DATE

AiMES 2018 Joint International Meeting of La Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquímica and The Electrochemical Society

Interface Now Part of the ECS Digital Library ECS is pleased to announce that Interface magazine has joined the other ECS publications in the ECS Digital Library (DL). Although electronic files of Interface have been available on the ECS corporate site for years, ECS is moving those files to the ECS DL to take advantage of the many benefits there, which include: • greater discoverability keywords and abstracts are included for the technical articles the articles will show up in abstracting and indexing sites • articles have DOIs • links to authors’ ORCID profiles • hyperlinked references • other features include the option to email to a colleague; alert me when article is cited; get article usage statistics; do social bookmarking • Altmetrics scores are included for those articles that get such scores. As has always been the case, all of Interface is gratis open access— there are no charges to access the full text. At present, the Interface content in the DL includes the 2013 fall and winter issues plus the entire 2014 and 2015 volumes. ECS will be adding the remaining backfile to the DL as quickly as possible. Check out Interface in the DL

interface.ecsdl.org/

Cancun, Mexico September 30-October 4, 2018 Moon Palace Resort

Attendees at the ECS-SMEQ meeting held at the Hilton Garden Hotel in Boca del Río Veracruz, June 11, 2015. From left to right around the table are Margarita Miranda Hernández, Mexican SIBAE representative, Institute of Renewable Energies; Roque Calvo, ECS Executive Director; Johna Leddy, ECS Vice-President; Ignacio González Martínez, President of the Mexico Section of ECS, UAM-I; Ricardo Orozco Cruz, VicePresident SMEQ (2015-2017), Universidad Veracruzana; José Angel Cabral Miramontes, Treasurer SMEQ (2015-2017), CIIA-UANL; Facundo Almeraya Calderón, Past President SMEQ (2013-2015), CIIIA-UANL; Norberto Casillas, Past President SMEQ (2011-2013), Universidad de Guadalajara; Francisco Javier Rodríguez Gómez, President SMEQ (2015-2017), UNAM; Luis Arturo Godinez Mora Tovar, Past President SMEQ (2006-2008), CIDETEQ; Maximiliano Bárcena Soto, Universidad de Guadalajara.

The Leader in EIS for Batteries

www.gamry.com

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

Focus on Focus Issues The Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) and ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) publish special focus issues that highlight scientific and technological areas of current interest and future promise. These special issues expand the horizons of our readers and motivate further research and development in the field. The issues are handled by a prestigious group of ECS Technical Editors and guest editors, and all submissions undergo a rigorous peer review process. Many articles in the issues are Open Access and can be read for free.

Recent Issues … Redox Flow Batteries Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar, could supply a significant amount of electrical energy, but integration of these sources into the electrical grid system poses major challenges due to their variable nature and unpredictable availability. Redox flow batteries or reversible fuel cells use electrochemical couples to store and generate electrical energy. Their decoupling of power and energy and their ability to convert electrical energy into chemical energy efficiently and rapidly during the storage mode, and chemical energy back to electrical energy during the power mode make them viable grid-scale energy-storage technologies. The objective of this special issue is to help identify the challenges and opportunities in this area, present some of the latest work, and help catalyze future activities that will help address this major societal need. Issue: JES, http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/163/1.toc Guest Editors: Adam Weber and Trung Van Nguyen

Electrochemical Interfaces in Energy Storage Systems Interest in electrochemical energy storage systems has dramatically expanded over the last 20 years due to increased demand for portable power. This expansion was initially fueled by consumer electronics but was furthered by interest in vehicle electrification. The need for electrochemical energy storage has been extended by the demands of large scale energy storage for renewable sources, such as wind and solar, and grid stabilization. Much of the development has been directed to lithium ion batteries, but there has also been significant interest in beyond lithium technologies including lithium/oxygen, lithium/sulfur, sodium ion, and magnesium batteries. This focus issue is dedicated to the development of a better understanding of the mechanism of electronic and ionic transport phenomena across electrode-electrolyte solution interfaces and solidsolid interfaces in electrochemical energy storage systems. Issue: JES, http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/162/13.toc Guest Editors: Brett Lucht, Robert Kostecki, Dominique Guyomard, Kristina Edström

Novel Applications of Luminescent Optical Materials This JSS focus issue complements a previous focus issue (JSS, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2013) in that the current issue provides a comprehensive picture of the progress in the area of luminescent materials and processes. This volume contains both review and research articles. The aim of the review articles is to acquaint the readership with current state-of-the art research and development in luminescent and optical materials. The editors hope that the review articles will serve as reference materials for researchers and graduate students entering this challenging area. The scope of this issue is expanded to include topics on biological applications of luminescent materials, recent advances in organic light-emitting devices (OLED), scintillators, nano-phosphors, and quantum dots, in addition to phosphors for solid state lighting and display applications. Issue: JSS, http://jss.ecsdl.org/content/5/1.toc Guest Editors: Mikhail Brik, Tetsuhiko Isobe, Alan Piquette, Gregg S. Kottas, Alok M. Srivastava, and Kailash C. Mishra

Electrophoretic Deposition Redox flow batteries are poised to become energy storage technologies for distributed and grid-level services. [From JES Focus Issue on Redox Flow Batteries, 163(1) A5064.]

This JES focus issue was inspired by the research reported during presentations at the Fifth International Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications (EPD-2014) held in Schloss Hernstein, Hernstein, Austria, October 5–10, 2014, with additional contributions from international researchers. This triennial EPD conference series is recognized as the leading venue for experts from academia, industry, and national laboratories who work on EPD and its associated applications. The diverse contributions to this focus issue include topics such as: fundamental models of mesoscale electrophoresis, traditional applications involving functional ceramics The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS Micro-Nano Systems in Healthcare and Environmental Monitoring This JSS focus issue is devoted to Micro-Nano Systems in Health Care and Environmental Monitoring. It is a collection of papers from invited speakers and authors who participated in the related symposium held at the 227th ECS meeting in Chicago in May 2015. This meeting brought together medical professionals, clinicians, engineers, chemists, biologists, and physicists under the same roof. This symposium and the papers published in the focus issue provide for a synopsis of the research, development, and technological evolution of micro-nano sensors and systems in healthcare and environmental monitoring applications. A scanning electron microscope image of the periodic arrays of metallic nanoparticles used to modify the emission of a layer of organic molecules. [From JSS Focus Issue on Novel Applications of Luminescent Optical Materials, 5(1) R3164.]

and polymers; traditional applications involving bioactive metals; novel applications involving colloidal semiconducting and magnetic nanoparticles, nanostructured carbonaceous materials like graphene, carbon fiber, and graphene oxide; EPD for the direct assembly of energy storage devices, such as batteries, (super-)capacitors, and other devices; and EPD of materials in biological environments, among other topics. Issue: JES, http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/162/11.toc Guest Editors: James H. Dickerson and Aldo R. Boccaccini

Chemical Mechanical Planarization: Advanced Material and Consumable Challenges The unprecedented and continuing increase in the computational power and functionality of microelectronic devices, extending beyond more-than-Moore, are driven by the ever shrinking dimensions of logic and memory circuits, now numbering over a billion and half, all packed into an area of ∼15 cm2. As the costs of these devices drop, they have become ubiquitous across the world, from high performance computing to smart phones to driverless cars to children’s toys. The most common substrate for these devices continues to be Si and the process sequence used to fabricate these devices is frequently divided into front-end-of-the-line (FEOL) and back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) processes, each with its own peculiar technological and manufacturing yield challenges. This focus issue is a timely initiative aimed at presenting several of the rapidly evolving technology advances that address these challenges. Issue: JSS, http://jss.ecsdl.org/content/4/11.toc Guest Editor: S. V. Babu

Issue: JSS, http://jss.ecsdl.org/content/4/10.toc Guest Editors: Ajit Khosla and Peter Hesketh

Honoring Allen J. Bard The Electrochemical Society founded the Allen J. Bard Award in 2013 to honor Prof. Bard’s extensive contributions in the field of electrochemistry. In recognition of the establishment of this endowed award, this special issue of JES is dedicated to Prof. Bard. His contributions to the advancement of electrochemistry and science are extraordinary, and his dedication to the advancement of many generations of younger scientists is legendary. If there is a common theme to his work, it is the pursuit of fundamental scientific knowledge and discovery; Prof. Bard is a fearless scientist, encouraging young scientists in his laboratory to constantly create and pursue their own ideas and experiments off the beaten path. The research articles in this special issue, many from former students and postdocs, exemplify the numerous topics in electrochemistry that Prof. Bard has impacted during his career. Issue: JES, http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/163/4.toc Guest Editors: Shelley D. Minteer and Henry White

Upcoming Issues … • JES Focus Issue on Electrolysis for Increased Renewable Energy Penetration • JSS Focus Issue on Defect Characterization in Semiconductor Materials and Devices • JSS Focus Issue on Nanocarbons in Sensing Applications • JES Focus Issue on Electrochemical Deposition as Surface Controlled Phenomenon: Fundamentals and Applications • JES Focus Issue of Selected Papers from IMLB 2016 with Invited Papers Celebrating 25 Years of Lithium Ion Batteries • JSS Focus Issue on Properties, Devices, and Applications Based on 2D Layered Materials For calls for submissions to other upcoming special focus issues, check the following page:

ecsdl.org/site/misc/focus_issues.xhtml

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

Volume 69– P h o e n i x , A r i z o n a

from the Phoenix meeting, October 11—October 15, 2015

The following issues of ECS Transactions are from symposia held during the Phoenix meeting. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in CD/USB editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Issues Vol. 69 No. 1

Batteries – Theory, Modeling, and Simulation USB/CD...........M $127.00, NM $159.00 PDF ............................M $115.62, NM $144.53

Vol. 69 No. 15

High Temperature Experimental Techniques and Measurements 2 USB/CD ....................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $41.05, NM $51.31

Vol. 69 No. 2

Pits & Pores 6: Nanomaterials – In Memory of Yukio H. Ogata USB/CD...........M $105.00, NM $131.00 PDF ............................M $95.53, NM $119.41

Vol. 69 No. 16

Ionic Conducting Oxide Thin Films USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $56.50, NM $70.63

Vol. 69 No. 3

Nonvolatile Memories 3 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $78.86, NM $98.57

Vol. 69 No. 17

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 15 (PEFC 15) USB/CD...........M $200.00, NM $250.00 PDF ............................M $181.77, NM $227.21

Vol. 69 No. 4

Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 11 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $66.81, NM $83.51

Vol. 69 No. 5

Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 13 USB/CD ....................M $113.00, NM $141.00 PDF ............................M $102.44, NM $128.05

Vol. 69 No. 6

Processing Materials of 3D Interconnects, Damascene and Electronics Packaging 7 USB/CD ....................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $61.66, NM $77.07

Vol. 69 No. 7 Vol. 69 No. 8

Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 11 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $82.87, NM $103.59 Semiconductor Cleaning Science and Technology 14 (SCST 14) USB/CD ....................M $103.00, NM $129.00 PDF ............................M $93.80, NM $177.25

Vol. 69 No. 9

Thermoelectric and Thermal Interface Materials 2 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $53.93, NM $67.41

Vol. 69 No. 10

ULSI Process Integration 9 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $86.89, NM $108.61

Vol. 69 No. 11

GaN & SiC Power Technologies 5 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $66.81, NM $83.51

Vol. 69 No. 12

Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 8 USB/CD ....................M $111.00, NM $138.00 PDF ............................M $100.71, NM $125.89

Vol. 69 No. 13

Vol. 69 No. 14

Solid-State Electronics and Photonics in Biology and Medicine 2 USB/CD ....................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $51.35, NM $69.19 State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors 58 (SOTAPOCS 58) USB/CD ....................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $72.83, NM $91.04

Vol. 69 No. 30

Novel Design and Electrodeposition Modalities 2 SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 31

Semiconductors, Metal Oxides, and Composites: Metallization and Electrodeposition of Thin Films and Nanostructures 3 SC.............................M $48.00, NM $61.00 PDF .............................M $32.43, NM $50.54

Vol. 69 No. 32

Electrochemical Engineering General Session SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Vol. 69 No. 18

Joint General Session: Batteries and Energy Storage -and- Fuel Cells, Electrolytes, and Energy Conversion SC.............................M $57.00, NM $71.00 PDF .............................M $41.05, NM $51.31

Vol. 69 No. 33

Vol. 69 No. 19

Batteries Beyond Lithium-Ion SC.............................M $40.00, NM $50.00 PDF .............................M $23.82, NM $29.77

Membrane-based Electrochemical Separations SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 34

Vol. 69 No. 20

Battery Safety SC.............................M $37.00, NM $46.00 PDF .............................M 20.94, NM $26.18

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 21

Interfaces in Energy Storage Systems SC.............................M $37.00, NM $46.00 PDF .............................M 20.94, NM $26.18

Vol. 69 No. 35

Nanoscale Electrochemistry SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 22

High-Energy Li-Ion Intercalation Materials SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Vol. 69 No. 36

Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells, and Solar Fuels 6 SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Vol. 69 No. 23

Materials and Cell Designs for Flexible Energy Storage and Conversion Devices SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 37

Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session SC.............................M $37.00, NM $46.00 PDF .............................M 20.94, NM $26.18

Vol. 69 No. 24

Recent Advances in Supercapacitors SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 38

Sensors for Agriculture SC.............................M $46.00, NM $57.00 PDF .............................M $29.56, NM $36.95

Vol. 69 No. 25

Carbon Nanostructures: Fullerenes to Graphene SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 39

General Student Poster Session SC.............................M $48.00, NM $61.00 PDF .............................M $32.43, NM $40.54

Vol. 69 No. 26

Corrosion General Poster Session SC.............................M $37.00, NM $46.00 PDF .............................M 20.94, NM $26.18

Vol. 69 No. 40

Nanotechnology General Session SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 27

Contemporary Aspects of Corrosion and Protection of Magnesium and Its Alloys SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 41

Impedance Technologies, Diagnostics, and Sensing Applications SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Vol. 69 No. 28

Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion 8 Damascene, and Electronics Packaging 6 SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 29

Fundamentals of Electrochemical Growth and Surface Limited Deposition SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Digital Library, http://ecsdl.org/ECST/ Email: customerservice@electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

1/14/16

SOCIE T Y NE WS

New ECS Podcasts and Videos A lot has changed since ECS was established in 1902. The arrival of the digital age has transformed many aspects of the Society, from the transition to paperless journals to our effort to Free the Science. Now we’re looking to broaden the range and increase the impact of this immensely important field of science through multimedia. ECS began its podcast series in April 2015, kicking off our adventure into new media with a compelling talk with esteemed researcher John A. Turner of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Since then, ECS has published over 20 podcasts, ranging from roundtable discussions focusing on nanocarbons and renewable energy to talks with pioneers in emerging technologies, all of which are free for download. Since we first hit the digital airwaves, our podcasts have received over 4,500 downloads. “We are going from one channel, our publications, to multichannel,” says Rob Gerth, ECS Director of Marketing and Digital Engagement. “We are making our content as accessible and portable as possible.” We’re also working toward kicking off our collection of oral history podcasts, digitizing and remastering archived audio compiled by ECS and the Chemical Heritage Foundation, featuring some of the key players in electrochemical and solid state science, including Norman Hackerman and Charles Tobias. ECS is continuing to promote the science and our scientists through the ECS Masters Series, a growing collection of interviews capturing the thoughts of key figures in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. With over 10,000 views on ECS’s YouTube page since we first started producing the series in February of 2015, the ECS Masters Series continues to illuminate the scope and impact that electrochemical science and technology have on the world. “We are stewards of the research,” says Roque Calvo, ECS Executive Director and host for the podcast and the Master Series, “but we also have a responsibility to recognize our scientists and honor our history.” The video series also provides insight into the personal stories of some of the greatest minds in the field, including Allen J. Bard, “father of modern electrochemistry;” M. Stanley Whittingham, key figure in the development of lithium ion batteries; and Adam Heller, co-inventor of the painless blood glucose monitor. As our multimedia initiatives grow here at ECS, we aim to inspire young minds, freely disseminate the latest scientific innovations, and show the huge role electrochemical and solid state science plays in solving some of the most pressing issues the world is currently facing. Listen to the podcasts: www.ecs.podbean.com. Watch the videos: www.youtube.com/user/ECS1902.

ECS Welcomes New Staff Member Tammi Doerfler joined ECS in August 2015 as the Human Resources and Operations Specialist. In this role, Tammi is responsible for the coordination and management of all daily operational functions, including facility management, vendor management, and procurement, as well as all Human Resources functions including payroll and benefits administration, recruitment, staff development, and ensuring that ECS adheres to relevant labor laws. Her professional passion is employee and workplace wellness, which she is currently working to bring to ECS. In spring of 2015, Tammi graduated from Penn State University with a Master’s degree in Human Resources and Employment Relations. Prior to joining ECS, Tammi worked in pharmaceutical recruitment and for over 10 years in the mental health field. In addition, Tammi has been the co-owner of a fitness studio in Lambertville, NJ, since 2012.

ECS Thanks 2015 Reviewers

The Electrochemical Society relies upon the technical expertise and judgement of its reviewers to maintain the high quality publication standards characteristic of its four peer-reviewed journals (Journal of The Electrochemical Society, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, and ECS Solid State Letters.) We greatly appreciate the time and effort put forth by the reviewers, and express our sincere thanks for their hard work and support.

For a complete list of 2015 reviewers, please go to

www.electrochem.org/reviewers_2015

ECS Redcat Blog The blog was established to keep members and nonmembers alike informed on the latest scientific research and innovations pertaining to electrochemistry and solid state science. With a constant flow of information, blog visitors are able to stay on the cutting-edge of science and interface with a like-minded community.

www.ecsblog.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

Division News High Temperature Materials Division The High Temperature Materials (HTM) Division has had a busy schedule with new elections for the Division’s leadership positions, as well as planning for new symposia for the upcoming San Diego and Honolulu meetings. The election for the new HTM Division leadership held during the Phoenix meeting in October 2015 resulted in the following division of responsibilities: Turgut M. Gür of Stanford University as the Division Chair, Gregory Jackson of Colorado School of Mines as the Senior Vice Chair, Paul Gannon of Montana State University as the Junior Vice Chair, and Sean Bishop of MIT as the Treasurer/Secretary. The division is very excited and proud that four of the distinguished HTM members were elected as ECS Fellows in 2015 for their lasting contributions to electrochemical sciences and important service to ECS. Our heartfelt and well-deserved congratulations are due for Raymond Gorte (University of Pennsylvania, USA), Ellen Ivers-Tiffee (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany), Mogens Mogensen (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark), and Steven Visco (PolyPlus, Inc., USA). We are also proud to announce that Sean Bishop of MIT was chosen for the ECS HTM Division’s J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Young Investigator Award. We congratulate Dr. Bishop for his prestigious award and look forward to his acceptance talk at the upcoming San Diego meeting

in May 2016. We also recognize and thank the Past Division Chair Xiao-Dong Zhou of University of South Carolina for his exceptional leadership and service to the HTM Division and its membership. The HTM Division members have also been active in organizing a multitude of symposia to highlight important as well as emerging areas of electrochemical sciences to the Society’s membership. HTM cosponsored symposia for the upcoming ECS meetings are as follows:

San Diego meeting, May 2016: • Ionic and Mixed Conducting Ceramics 10 • Mechano-Electro-Chemical Coupling in Energy Related Materials and Devices 2 • Heterogeneous Functional Materials • Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing

Honolulu (PRiME) meeting, Oct. 2016: • • • •

High Temperature Corrosion and Materials Chemistry 12 Electrosynthesis of Fuels 4 Solid State Ionic Devices 11 Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids 20

Reaching Out to the Next Generation: The IE&EE Division Outreach Program by Gerardine Botte

The Leader in EIS for Photovoltaics

www.gamry.com 20

Attracting the next generation of scientists and engineers who will contribute to the solution of global problems is critical not only for the wellbeing of humanity but also for sustainability of knowledge and education. Recognizing this as an issue, the Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE) Division has implemented and executed a volunteer program for the past nine years1 to contribute to the education of the next generation of scientists and engineers with an emphasis on electrochemical science and engineering as a platform for the solution of problems—the IE&EE outreach program. The IE&EE outreach program was implemented for first time2 in the fall of 2006, and 797 students from the U.S. and other countries have participated to date. The first IE&EE outreach program took place in Mexico where 65 high school and 100 undergraduate freshmen Cancun students participated.2 The initial facilitators and volunteers of the program were IE&EE members Gerardine Botte (past Chair of the IE&EE Division), Venkat Subramanian (current Chair of the IE&EE Division), and Dennie Mah (past Chair of the IE&EE Division). Botte facilitated the active learning program by presenting the program material in Spanish. The first institution that participated was the Instituto Tecnológico de Cancún (ITC), which also hosted students from local high schools. José Ysmael Verde Gómez of ITC was the host. The outreach program founding team immediately grew with the participation of Vijay Ramani (past Chair of the IE&EE Division) in the second outreach program that took place in Chicago3 in the Spring of 2007. Details of the program IE&EE outreach program can be found in the summer 2010 issue of Interface.1 In general, the objectives of this informal science and engineering outreach in electrochemical engineering are: (1) to introduce the students to the basics of electrochemical technologies, energy efficiency, water sustainability, and fuel cell technology; (2) to use mathematical tools to analyze data; (3) to inculcate and strengthen teamwork; and (4) to describe basics physics and chemistry principles involved in the process. The students have the opportunity to interact with mentors who act as role The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS models. The outreach program is designed to provide elementary and high school students the opportunity to get hands-on experience in electrochemical energy conversion devices and to promote the curiosity of the young students on the development of clean energy technologies through electrochemistry and electrochemical technologies. For the hands-on experience, the IE&EE uses “fuel cell car kits.” As part of the program, the IE&EE donates the materials and the “fuel cell car kits” to the schools for their use in different science experiments. The teachers of the schools are also encouraged to get in contact with IE&EE members if they want to discuss other applications and/or experiments. Since its launch in the fall of 2006, the IE&EE outreach program has evolved and many mentors, facilitators, and schools have participated. The program has been facilitated in Spanish and English. Below is a list of the different outreach programs, including the references to the different issues of Interface that have highlighted the participants and acknowledged the schools, teachers, facilitators, and sponsors: • Cancun, Mexico in fall 2006 (65 high school and 100 college freshmen students, with two sessions presented in Spanish)2 • Chicago, IL in spring 2007 (40 6th, 7th, and 8th grade students)3 • Washington, D.C. in fall 2007 (30 high school students)4 • Phoenix, AZ in spring 2008 (100 high school students)5 • Honolulu, HI in fall 2008 (50 high school students)6 • San Francisco, CA in spring 2009 (40 high school students) • Vienna, Austria in fall 2009 (45 high school students)7 • Vancouver, CA in spring 2010 (26 high school students)8 • Las Vegas, NV in fall 2010 (30 high school students)9 • Boston, MA in fall 2011 (30 high school students)10 • Honolulu, HI in fall 2012 (17 high school students)11 • San Francisco, CA in fall 2013 (92 high school students)12 • Orlando, FL in spring 2014 (78 5th to 12th grade students) • Chicago, IL in spring 2015 (54 7th grade students) The program has evolved over time with the involvement of the ECS student chapters. Since the fall of 2011, the Ohio University student chapter of the ECS had taken a leadership role in the organization of the outreach program, which includes: contacting schools, preparing the logistics, providing training to facilitators and mentors, taking pictures of the event, collecting release forms from the participants, as well as summarizing the events to be highlighted in Interface.

Facilitators and students assembling and calibrating the fuel cell model car at the Central Florida Preparatory School, Orlando, FL during the 13th IE&EE outreach program (spring 2014).

The winning team from the Central Florida Preparatory School, Orlando, FL, with Pierre Celestin Urisanga, ECS facilitator (back row, left), and Gerardine Botte, IE&EE Division Past Chair (front row, right).

Recent Outreach Events: The 13 and 14th IE&EE Outreach Programs th

Most recently, the IE&EE division sponsored outreach events during the 225th ECS Meeting in Orlando, Florida and during the 227th ECS Meeting in Chicago, Illinois. The outreach event at both locations started with a lecture explaining the fundamentals of fuel cells and water electrolysis technologies, followed by demonstration on a fuel cell car model kits and briefing on the competition to the students. The students were divided into teams to work on the fuel cell cars. Each team was mentored by one member of the IE&EE division. The teams, with assistance of their respective mentors, assembled the cars. The mentors explained technical details of the fuel cells to the teams and prepared them for the car competition. The teams estimated the amount of hydrogen generated during water electrolysis, required to fuel their cars to travel specific distances. After the estimation, the teams competed to make their respective cars travel as close as possible to the distance assigned by the organizers. The students demonstrated great enthusiasm, and an outstanding sense of teamwork throughout the events. Each team cheered during their respective run of the cars with team name and logos displayed on posters designed by the team members. Each team put out their best to win the competition, while still having fun. At the conclusion of the event, award certificates were presented to the wining team and the model fuel cell cars were donated

Facilitators and students in action during the fuel cell car competition at Nettlehorst School, Chicago, IL during the 14th IE&EE outreach program (spring 2015).

(continued on next page) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS Division News (continued from previous page)

to the schools to promote the continuation of activities in the future. IE&EE members Gerardine Botte (Division Past Chair; Ohio University) and Michael Lowe (The DOW Chemical Company), along with graduate students Rui Kong (University of Florida), Mayandi Ramanathan, Bharatkumar Suthar, Pierre Celestin Urisanga, Matt Lawder (Washington University in St. Louis), and Bahar Moradi Ghadi, Dan Wang, Damilola Daramola, and Luis A. Diaz (Ohio University), conducted the outreach program at Orlando. The event was held at the Central Florida Preparatory School, grouped 78 students from 5th to 12th grade, along with the science teacher Judy Bright. The ECS Ohio University student chapter and IE&EE members Ali Estejab, Allen Rodriguez, Christian Arroyo-Torres, Dan Wang, Natalie Tzap, Omar Movil-Cabrera, and Santosh Vijapur, along with Gerardine Botte (Division Past Chair; Ohio University) and John Staser (Division Secretary/Treasurer, Ohio University) conducted the outreach program at Chicago. This event took place at the Nettelhorst School accommodated fifty-four 7th grade students, along with teacher Pamela Sims.

The winning team from the Nettlehorst School, Chicago, IL with IE&EE division Secretary/Treasurer John Staser (far left) and ECS Ohio University Student chapter member and team mentor Allen Rodriguez (far right) at the 14th IE&EE outreach program (spring 2015).

Acknowledgments The IE&EE Division would like to acknowledge all the people and institutions that have contributed to the informal science and engineering Outreach Program of the IE&EE.2-12 Financial support for the car kits and supplies have been provided by several sponsors including the IE&EE Division, Vijay Ramani through an National Science Foundation Award, the Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research at Ohio University, and the Ohio University Student Chapter. If you have an interest in getting involved in the outreach program, please contact Gerardine Botte at botte@ohio.edu.

About the Author Gerardine G. Botte is a Professor in the Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department at Ohio University and the Director of the Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research at Ohio University and the National Science Foundation Industry University Cooperative Research Center for Electrochemical Processes and Technology. She is the immediate past Chair of the IE&EE Division. She may be reached at botte@ohio.edu. References 1. G. G. Botte. Introducing Electrochemical Engineering to Future Generations. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 19(2) 3943 (2010). http://www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/sum/sum10/ sum10_p039-043.pdf (accessed December 2015). 2. Society News—Spotlight on the IE&EE Division. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 15(4) 15 (2006). http:// www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/wtr/wtr06/wtr06_p15-17.pdf (accessed December 2015). 3. Society News—Division News. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 16(2) 15-16 (2007). http://www.electrochem.org/dl/ interface/sum/sum07/su07_p13_17.pdf (accessed December 2015). 4. Society News—Spotlight on the IE&EE Division. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 16(4) 17 (2007). http:// www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/wtr/wtr07/wtr07_p14-21.pdf (accessed December 2015). 5. Society News—Spotlight on the IE&EE Division. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 17(2) 11 (2008). http:// www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/sum/sum08/su08_p11-19.pdf (accessed December 2015). 6. Society News—Spotlight on the IE&EE Division. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 17(4) 18 (2008). http:// www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/wtr/wtr08/wtr08_p15-20.pdf (accessed December 2015). 7. Society News—Spotlight on the IE&EE Division. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 18(4) 17 (2009). http://www. electrochem.org/dl/interface/wtr/wtr09/wtr09_p017-021_026. pdf (accessed December 2015). 8. Highlights from the Vancouver, Canada Meeting—IE&EE Division Outreach Program in Vancouver. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 19(2) 12-13 (2010). http://www.electrochem. org/dl/interface/sum/sum10/sum10_p009-013.pdf (accessed December 2015). 9. Highlights from the Las Vegas Meeting—IE&EE Division Outreach Program in Las Vegas. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 19(4) 14 (2010). http://www.electrochem.org/dl/ interface/wtr/wtr10/wtr10_p009-014.pdf (accessed December 2015). 10. Society News—Tenth IE&EE Division Outreach Program. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 21(1) 9-10 (2012). http://www. electrochem.org/dl/interface/spr/spr12/spr12_p009_012_015. pdf (accessed December 2015). 11. Society News—Eleventh IE&EE Division Outreach Program. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 21(3-4) 43-44 (2012). http://www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/fal/fal12/fal_win12_ p043_055.pdf (accessed December 2015). 12. Highlights from the Meeting in San Francisco. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 22(4) 9 (2013). http://www. electrochem.org/dl/interface/wtr/wtr13/wtr13_p008_016.pdf (accessed December 2015).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS Sensor Division Jiří (Art) Janata, a long time Sensor Division member, was recently honored by the Czech Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the honorary Heyrovský Medal for 2015. The medal is awarded to an individual with especially meritorious work and excellent results of scientific work in chemistry. Janata received the medal on January 5, 2016 in Prague. Janata is affiliated with the Sensor Division of ECS (as primary) and also the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division. He joined the Society in 1978. He is an ECS Fellow (awarded in 2013) and an emeritus member since 2009. He won the Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award in 1994. He is a Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Previous appointments included Pacific Northwest Laboratory, where he was the Associate Director of EMSL, and the University of Utah in the Departments of Bioengineering and later, Materials Science and Engineering. In the sensors field Janata’s name is permanently connected with CHEMFETs, field effect transistors with a chemically sensitive gate. His ongoing international collaboration and steady scientific interaction with the Czech scientific community lead to his international recognition, which eventually lead to the Heyrovský Medal nomination. (Jaroslav Heyrovský, after whom the Medal is named, discovered the electrochemical method polarography. See Interface, winter 2015, pp. 36-39.

Jiří Janata (left) receives congratulations from the award nominator Emil Paleček of the Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, a discoverer of the electrochemistry of nucleic acids. About 55 years ago Prof. Paleček showed that DNA produces reduction and oxidation signals, which reflect changes in the DNA double-helical structure. [See Chem. Rev., 112, 3427-3481 (2012).]

Institutional Member spotlight ZAHNER ZAHNER-elektrik is a German manufacturer of innovative highend electrochemical workstations and potentiostats. Founded in 1978, ZAHNER launched one of the first commercially available impedance spectroscopy instruments, the IM3. Since then, ZAHNER gained profound know-how in the various fields of electrochemistry such as batteries, fuels cells, solar cells and corrosion research. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) ZAHNER-users benefit from outstanding features. With the CIMPS system, ZAHNER provides worldwide leading instrumentation for photo-electrochemical research. ZAHNER ZENNIUM workstations “Made in Germany” are known to be of the highest quality,

accuracy and reliability. The modular system allows the expansion in many aspects. The company’s brand-new models, ZENNIUM-X and ZENNIUM-PRO, are products of our more than 35 years of experience in developing EIS/potentiostat workstations. ZAHNER is convinced that it will set the new gold standard for electrochemical workstations. For more information please visit the website www. zahner.de or contact us or your local ZAHNER distributor. Support ECS and learn more about membership for your company, institution, or organization by visiting www.electrochem.org or by contacting Beth Fisher, Director of Membership Services, at beth. fisher@electrochem.org.

Celebrating the 25th Anniversary of Interface INTERFACE

This year ECS is celebrating the 25th anniversary of Interface. Throughout the issues this year, readers will be treated to follow-ups on past articles or items published in the magazine, akin to Facebook’s “Throw-Back Thursday” postings. We invite readers to share their thoughts about Interface, and in particular let us know how the magazine has impacted their research or career. Send your thoughts to

interface@electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

ECS Division Contacts High Temperature Materials

Battery Robert Kostecki, Chair Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory r_kostecki@lbl.gov • 510.486.6002 (U.S.) Christopher Johnson, Vice-Chair Marca Doeff, Secretary Shirley Meng, Treasurer Corrosion Rudolph Buchheit, Chair Ohio State University buchheit.8@osu.edu • 614.292.6085 (U.S.) Sannakaisa Virtanen, Vice-Chair Masayuki Itagaki, Secretary/Treasurer Dielectric Science and Technology Dolf Landheer, Chair Retired dlandheer@gmail.com • 613.594.8927 (Canada) Yaw Obeng, Vice-Chair Vimal Desai Chaitanya, Secretary Puroshothaman Srinivasan, Treasurer

Turgut Gür, Chair Stanford University turgut@stanford.edu • 650.725.0107 (U.S.) Gregory Jackson, Sr. Vice-Chair Paul Gannon, Jr. Vice-Chair Sean Bishop, Secretary/Treasurer

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

Venkat Subramanian, Chair University of Washington vsubram@uw.edu • 206.543.2271 (U.S.) Douglas Riemer, Vice-Chair John Staser, Secretary/Treasurer

Luminescence and Display Materials Madis Raukas, Chair Osram Sylvania madis.raukas@sylvania.com • 978.750.1506 (U.S.) Mikhail Brik, Vice-Chair/Secretary/Treasurer Nanocarbons

Electrodeposition Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy, Chair Northeastern University e.podlaha-murphy@neu.edu • 617.373.3769 (U.S.) Stanko Brankovic, Vice-Chair Philippe Vereecken, Secretary Natasa Vasiljevic, Treasurer Electronics and Photonics Mark Overberg, Chair Sandia National Laboratories meoverb@sandia.gov • 505.284.8180 (U.S.) Colm O’Dwyer, Vice-Chair Junichi Murota, 2nd Vice-Chair Soohwan Jang, Secretary Yu-Lin Wang, Treasurer Energy Technology Scott Calabrese Barton, Chair Michigan State University scb@msu.edu • 517.355.0222 (U.S.) Andy Herring, Vice-Chair Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Secretary William Mustain, Treasurer

R. Bruce Weisman, Chair Rice University weisman@rice.edu • 713.348.3709 (U.S.) Slava Rotkin, Vice-Chair Hiroshi Imahori, Secretary Dirk Guldi, Treasurer

Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Mekki Bayachou, Chair Cleveland State University m.bayachou@csuohio.edu • 216.875.9716 (U.S.) Graham Cheek, Vice-Chair Diane Smith, Secretary/Treasurer Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Pawel Kulesza, Chair University of Warsaw pkulesza@chem.uw.edu.pl • +482.282.20211 (PL) Alice Suroviec, Vice-Chair Petr Vanýsek, Secretary Robert Calhoun, Treasurer Sensor Bryan Chin Auburn University chinbry@auburn.edu • 334.844.3322 (U.S.) Nianqiang Wu, Vice-Chair Ajit Khosla, Secretary Jessica Koehne, Treasurer The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Free the Science: Make Your Work More Accessible, Make It OA! SOCIE T Y NE WS

Reach More Readers

Quality Publications

ECS Author Choice Open Access gives you the opportunity to make your papers freely available to any scientist (or anyone, for that matter) with an Internet connection, increasing your pool of potential readers. Papers not published as Open Access can only be read by those from a subscribing institution or those who are willing to pay a fee to access it.

Our two peer-reviewed titles are among the most highly-regarded, highly-cited, and highly-ranked in their areas. Choosing to make your paper Open Access within these journals makes no difference to the quality processes we uphold at ECS—selection criteria and peer review remain exactly the same. ECS publications have always focused on maintaining the highest standards of peer review, and we will continue to maintain these practices for all manuscript submissions.

Free the Science, Save the World

When publishing OA the copyright remains with the author.

The author selects one of two Creative Commons (CC) usage licenses defining how the article may be used by the general public.

CC BY license is the most liberal allowing for unrestricted reuse of content, subject only to the requirement that the source work is appropriately attributed.

CC BY-NC-ND license is more similar to the current usage rights under the transfer of copyright agreement: it limits use to noncommercial use (NC), and restricts others from creating derivative works(ND).

Keep Your Copyright ECS’s Open Access publishing agreement with authors does not require a transfer of copyright: the copyright remains with the author. Authors, however, must choose what kind of license they want to grant their readers. ECS offers a choice of two Creative Commons usage licenses that authors may attach to their work (see sidebar).

Article Credits You can publish your papers as Open Access for FREE if you have an Article Credit. ECS members receive one complimentary article credit per year. Authors coming from institutions with an ECS Plus subscription qualify for unlimited article credits. For members who have already used their article credit, we offer a discounted Article Processing Charge (APC) of $200 per article (that’s 75% off our already low rate—$800).

Electrochemistry and solid state science have never been more important to global health and sustainability. Our community is making key discoveries in renewable energy, medical technology, and more. Such important discoveries need maximum discoverability. Author Choice Open Access is a good start, but ultimately we hope to open access to our entire Digital Library without charging any publication or subscription fees. We’ve launched the Free the Science initiative to make this vision a reality.

A WORD ABOUT COPYRIGHT

Visit the publications page at electrochem.org to learn more! The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

New Division Officer Slates New officers for the spring 2016–spring 2018 term have been nominated for the following Divisions. All election results will be reported in the summer 2016 issue of Interface.

Dielectric Science and Technology Division Chair Yaw Obeng, National Institute of Standards and Technology Vice-Chair Vimal Chaitanya, New Mexico State University Secretary Gangadhara Mathad, S/C Tech Consulting USA Treasurer Purushothaman Srinivasan, Global Foundries Inc. Awards/Travel Grants Chair Peter Mascher, McMaster University Membership Chair Uros Cvelbar, Jozef Stefan Institute Symposium Chair Mahendra Sunkara, University of Louisville Members-at-Large Sacharia Albin, Norfolk State University Gautam Banerjee, Air Products and Chemicals Inc. Daniel Bauza, IMEP William Brown, University of Arkansas Zhi Chen, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Toyohiro Chikyow, National Institute for Materials Science Library Stefan De Gendt, IMEC John Flake, Louisiana State University Reenu Garg, International Rectifier Dennis Hess, Georgia Institute of Technology Michel Houssa, University of Leuven Hiroshi Iwai, Tokyo Institute of Technology Pooran Joshi, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Samares Kar, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Zia Karim, Aixtron, Inc. Paul Kohl, Georgia Institute of Technology Oana Leonte, Berkeley Polymer Technology Durga Misra, New Jersey Institute of Technology Hazara Rathore, IBM Corporation Research Center R. Ekwal Sah, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Krishna Shenai, LoPel Corporation Kalpathy Sundaram, University of Central Florida Robin Susko John Susko Ravi Todi, Global Foundries Inc.

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Chair Douglas Riemer, Hutchinson Technology Inc. Vice-Chair John Staser, Ohio University Library Secretary/Treasurer Elizabeth Biddinger, The City College of New York (CUNY) John Harb, Brigham Young University Shrisudersan Jayaraman, Corning Inc. Members-at-Large James Fenton, University of Central Florida Trung Nguyen, University of Kansas Mark Orazem, University of Florida Robert Savinell, Case Western Reserve University E. Jennings Taylor, Faraday Technology Inc. John Weidner, University of South Carolina

Nanocarbons Division Chair Slava Rotkin, Lehigh University Vice-Chair Hiroshi Imahori, Kyoto University Secretary Olga Boltalina, Colorado State University Treasurer R. Bruce Weisman, Rice University Members-at-Large Mike Arnold, University of Wisconsin-Madison Jeff Blackburn, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Tatiana Da Ros, University of Trieste Francis D’Souza, University of North Texas Yuri Gogotsi, Drexel University Dirk Guldi, Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Dan Heller, Memorial Sloan Kettering Andreas Hirsch, Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Karl Kadish, University of Houston Prashant Kamat, University of Notre Dame Richard Martel, Universite de Montreal Nazarion Martin, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Shigeo Maruyama, University of Tokyo Nazario Martin, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Roberto Paolesse, University of Rome Tor Vergata Tomas Torres, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Ming Zheng, National Institute Standards and Technology

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Volumes 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71 from ECS Co-Sponsored Meetings

The following issues of ECS Transactions are from conferences co-sponsored by ECS. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in hard-cover, soft-cover, or CD-ROM editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Volumes Volume 71

2015 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition Los Angeles, California, November 16 - 19, 2015 Vol. 70 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition 2015 No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF.......................................M $86.89, NM $108.61

Volume 70

Volume 57

13th International Conference on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 13 (SOFC-XIII) Okinawa, Japan, October 6 - 11, 2013 Vol. 57 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 13 (SOFC-XIII) No. 1 CD-ROM...............................M $215.00, NM $269.00 PDF.......................................M $195.59, NM $244.49

16th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 16) Brno, Czech Republic, August 30 - September 3, 2015 Vol. 70 16th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, No. 1 Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 2015) Soft-cover............................M $111.00, NM $138.00 PDF.......................................M $100.71, NM $125.89

Volume 56

Volume 67

4th International Conference on Semiconductor Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors Villard-de-Lans, France, July 7 - 12, 2013 Vol. 54 2013 International Conference on Semiconductor Technology No. 1 for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors (ULSIC vs. TFT 4) Soft-cover.............................M $98.00, NM $122.00 PDF.......................................M $88.87, NM $111.09

5th International Conference on Semiconductor Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors Lake Tahoe, California, June 14 - 18, 2015 Vol. 67 2015 International Conference on Semiconductor Technology No. 1 for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors (ULSIC vs. TFT 5) CD-ROM...............................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF.......................................M $72.83, NM $91.04

Volume 65

2014 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition Los Angeles, California, November 10 - 13, 2014 Vol. 65 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition 2014 No. 1 CD-ROM...............................M $87.00, NM $109.00 PDF.......................................M $74.84, NM $93.55

Volume 63

Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition Columbus, Ohio, October 21 - 24, 2013 Vol. 56 Fuel Cell Seminar 2013 No. 1 Soft-cover............................M $46.00, NM $57.00 PDF.......................................M $29.56, NM $36.95

Volume 54

Volume 52

China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2013 (CSTIC 2013) Shanghai, China, March 19 - 21, 2013 Vol. 52 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference No. 1 2013 (CSTIC 2013) Soft-cover.............................M $205.00, NM $256.00 PDF.......................................M $186.06, NM $232.57

15th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 15) Brno, Czech Republic, August 24 - 28, 2014 Vol. 63 15th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, No. 1 Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 2014) Soft-cover............................M $111.00, NM $138.00 PDF.......................................M $100.71, NM $125.89

Volume 51

Volume 62

27th Symposium on Microelectronic Technology and Devices BrasĂlia, Brazil, August 30 - September 2, 2012 Vol. 49 Microelectronics Technology and Devices - SBMicro 2012 No. 1 Hard-cover...........................M $146.00, NM $183.00 PDF......................................M $132.78, NM $165.97

IMLB 2014: International Meeting on Lithium Batteries Como, Italy, June 10 - 14, 2014 Vol. 62 17th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries (IMLB 2014) No. 1 Soft-cover............................M $95.00, NM $119.00 PDF.......................................M $84.88, NM $106.10

Volume 60

China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2014 Shanghai, China, March 16 - 17, 2014 Vol. 60 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference No. 1 2014 (CSTIC 2014) Soft-cover............................M $215.00, NM $269.00 PDF.......................................M $195.59, NM $244.49

Volume 59

ECEE 2014: Electrochemical Conference on Energy & the Environment Shanghai, China, March 13 - 16, 2014 Vol. 59 Electrochemical Conference on Energy & the Environment No. 1 (ECEE 2014) Soft-cover............................M $138.00, NM $172.00 PDF.......................................M $125.35, NM $156.69

2012 Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition Uncasville, Connecticut, November 5 - 8, 2012 Vol. 51 Fuel Cell Seminar 2012 No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $92.00, NM $117.00 PDF.......................................M $79.67, NM $99.59

Volume 49

Volume 48

13th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 2012) Brno, Czech Republic, August 26 - August 26, 2012 Vol. 48 Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 13) No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $107.00, NM $134.00 PDF.......................................M $97.51, NM $121.89

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Digital Library, http://ecsdl.org/ECST/ Email: customerservice@electrochem.org 1/14/16

SOCIE T Y NE WS

websites of note by Petr Vanýsek

The Lighter Side of Science On the ECS Web

The Redcat blog reported (Feb. 11, 2016) on the 165th anniversary of the birth of Thomas Edison (the amusing typo conjures up some interesting images): “1901: Edison formed a battery company and marketed a rechargeable nickel-iron batter [sic].” The making of the artsy caricature of Edison that flashed in the carousel of the ECS web site can be seen here: • Mary Doodles: Edison vs. Tesla https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpUdT37Q7O0

Red Cat, An Ox (Reduction at the Cathode, Anode Is for Oxidation)

And for our friends in Alberta, Oil Rig (Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain). While we as educators puzzle how to teach the basics, some students are much better at it themselves: • Oxidize ’n’ Reduce Music Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAoXhcTWyOs

The Cupertino Effect

While the word processor autocorrect based on a preloaded dictionary may lead to hilarious or/and embarrassing situations (I once let the MSWord autocorrect change in a report to my boss “deionized water” to “demonized water.”): • A full web-site dedicated to autocorrect mistakes http://www.damnyouautocorrect.com/ • The smart phone predictive and self-learning autocorrect is actually more sophisticated and perhaps more sinister http://www.wired.com/2014/07/history-of-autocorrect/

About the Guest Author

Petr Vanýsek is a co-editor of Interface and substituted for Zoltan Nagy for this installment of “websites of note.” An emeritus professor of chemistry and biochemistry at Northern Illinois University, Prof. Vanýsek is presently on leave of absence and visiting in the Central European Institute of Technology in Brno, Czech Republic.

25 Years Ago—Why Interface?

INTERFACE

Paul Kohl, the first editor of Interface, answered this question—Why Interface?— in his editorial published in the inaugural issue of the magazine (winter 1992). The short answer was, “The Society needs a better means of communication among its members.” In the editorial, Kohl explained that the magazine would contain information coming from members, Sections, Divisons, and groups, plus items of general interest.

At the heart of each issue would be the technical articles reflecting some of the major initiatives undertaken by a particular Division of the Society. Within each volume, two issues would preview an upcoming ECS biannual meeting, and two issues would review the highlights of a recently completed meeting. To this day, all of these items continue to be included in the current issues of the magazine, plus more have been added as Interface evolved. Those additions include Tech Highlights, ECS Classics, Free Radicals, Currents, The Chalkboard, The Watch columns, and Websites of Note. All of these “innovations” have contributed to success of the Society, giving us the answers to the question—Why Interface?

Send your thoughts to

interface@electrochem.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

In the

•

The summer 2016 issue of Interface will feature the Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division of ECS. The issue will be guest edited by James Burgess (Augusta State University) and Mekki Bayachou (Cleveland State University). It will include the following technical articles (titles are tentative) that highlight activities of interest to the Division: “When Ions Meet: Computational Studies on the Structure of Electrogenerated Ion Pairs,” by Albert Fry; “Catalytic Reduction of Organic Halides by Electrogenerated Nickel(I) Salen,” by Erin Martin, Caitlyn McGuire, and Dennis Peters; “Low-Cost Microfluidic Arrays for Protein-Based Cancer Diagnostics Using ECL Detection,” by James Rusling; and “Anodic Olefin Coupling Reactions: A MechanismDriven Approach to the Development of New Synthetic Tools,” by Kevin Moeller.

issue of

• •

•

Highlights from the ECS Meeting in San Diego. Don’t miss all the photos and news from the ECS spring 2016 meeting in San Diego. Tech Highlights continue to provide readers with free access to some of the most interesting papers published in the ECS journals. As an added bonus, the full text of all of the articles highlighted in this column are freely available in the ECS Digital Library. 2015 ECS Annual Report will provide a look back at the Society’s highlights and achievements of 2015.

Our new PAT-Stand-4 Docking station for up to 4 PAT-Cells Saves wiring effort and space Compatible with all of today´s potentiostats and battery testers The PAT-Stand-4 is the newest docking station for our PAT series. It enables you to perform simultaneous battery tests with up to four PAT-Cells without the need to renew the connection between cells and potentiostat for every battery test.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Discover our new pressure test cell for the PAT series: www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/pat-cell-press

SOCIE T Y NE WS

25 Years Ago in Interface In 1992 two momentous events happened in the history of ECS. First, Rudolf A. Marcus learned he had won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry while attending the ECS fall meeting in Toronto that year; and second, the very first issue of The Electrochemical Society Interface was published. The first event answered whatever question there may have been as to the cover design of the first issue of Interface—ECS was proud to feature Dr. Marcus on its inaugural cover. Dr. Marcus won the Nobel Prize for his work on electron transfer reactions. Since winning this prestigious award, Dr. Marcus has continued his research and heads the Marcus Group at Caltech that is focused on formulating theories to explain new and sometimes unexpected experiemental results. Roque Calvo, ECS Executive Director, recently met with Dr. Marcus and recorded a video for the ECS Master series (look for it on the ECS YouTube channel).

INTERFACE

Annual Society Luncheon and Business Meeting The Annual Society Luncheon and Business Meeting will take place on Tuesday, May 31, starting at 1215h. The President, Secretary, and Treasurer will give brief reports on the current state of the Society, and the winners of the Free the Science 5K run will be announced at this annual business luncheon. All members and meeting attendees are encouraged to participate in this event. Tickets are $50.00 by Early-Bird deadline, and $70.00 on-site. See page 33 more information about the San Diego meeting, including how to register.

ECS Sponsored Meetings for 2016 In addition to the regular ECS biannual meetings and ECS Satellite Conferences, ECS, its Divisions, and Sections sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a list of the sponsored meetings for 2016. Please visit the ECS website for a list of all sponsored meetings. • 18th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries, June 19-24, 2016 — Chicago, Illinois • 5th International Conference from Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials to Nanodevices and Nanosystems (IC4N), June 26-30, 2016 — Porto Heli, Peloponnese, Greece • 67th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, August 21-26, 2016 — The Hague, The Netherlands • 5th International Conference on Metal-Organic Frameworks & Open Framework Compounds (MOF 2016), September 16-19, 2016 — Long Beach, California • 11th European Space Power Conference (ESPC 2016), October 3-7, 2016 — Thessaloniki, Greece To learn more about what an ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

ECS MEMBERS receive a discount! Visit us at www.electrochem.org

Electrochemical Power Sources Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors Vladimir S. Bagotsky, Alexander M. Skundin, and Yurij M. Volfkovich Covering major types of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors, Electrochemical Power Sources provides a concise description of the three main classes of electrochemical power sources. Written in an accessible manner the book details the design, operational features, and applications of all three of these power sources. Through contributions from leading experts in diverse fields, Electrochemical Power Sources:

●

Details the design, operational features, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors Covers improvements of existing EPSs and the development of new kinds of EPS as the results of intense R&D work Provides outlook for future trends in fuel cells and batteries

ISBN: 978-1-118-46023-8 Hardcover | February 2015 | 400pp £66.95 / €90.40 / $102.95

About the Authors The late Vladimir S. Bagotsky (2013) was an acclaimed scientist in the field of electrochemical phenomena. He has worked as the Head of Department at the Moscow Power Sources Institute, supervising development of fuel cells for various national and international projects. For 20 years, he was the Head of Department and Principal Scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry. He has published more than 400 papers in scientific journals such as the Russian Journal of Electrochemistry and The Journal of Power Sources. Alexander M. Skundin, PhD is a chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences. He is one of the main experts on lithium batteries in Russia. Yurij M. Volfkovich, PhD, is chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences, and is one of the main experts on supercapacitors in Russia.

Order your copy today and receive a discount! Visit us at www.electrochem.org

220113

●

Future Meetings .

oto © Choose Ch : Ph ica go oto h P

nve

Chicago, IL

Honolulu, HI

n ti o n a n d V is it o

June 19-24, 2016

October 2-7, 2016

Hyatt Regency Chicago

Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village

otomisael, Wik ipe by S dia oto Ph

Ph ot o

PRiME 2016

eek, Wikipedia maG Ma by

P hoto: N

18th IMLB

2017

231st ECS Meeting

SOFC-XV

232nd ECS Meeting

New Orleans, LA

Hollywood, FL

National Harbor, MD

May 28-June 2, 2017

July 23-28, 2017

(greater Washington, DC area)

Hilton New Orleans Riverside

Diplomat Hotel

October 1-6, 2017 Gaylord National Resort and Conference Center

Th om

Ph o

Photo by Tim

on ps

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

lea

2016

a In La, Saf by

Wikiped ia

2018 233rd ECS Meeting

AiMES 2018

Seattle, WA

Cancun, Mexico

May 13-17, 2018

September 30-October 4, 2018

Seattle Sheraton and Washington State Convention Center

Moon Palace Resort

www.electrochem.org/meetings

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SAN SAN DIEG DIEGO O

229ththECS ECSMEETING MEEting 229

May29 29––June June2,2,2016 2016llHilton HiltonSan SanDiego DiegoBayfront Bayfront&&San SanDiego DiegoConvention ConventionCenter Center May

ECS Welcomes You to San Diego

Program Guide

ECS Electrochemistry

ADA Accessibility ....................................................................................... 2 Author Index...........................................................................................178 Award Winners......................................................................................... 32 Companion Registrant Program ............................................................. 2 Division, Committee, and Board Meetings ......................................... 23 ECS Committees ...................................................................................... 42 ECS Division Officers.............................................................................. 40 ECS Publications ......................................................................................... 3 ECS Sections ............................................................................................. 41 ECS Student Chapters ............................................................................ 41 ECS Transactions for San Diego 2016 .................................................... 30 Editorial Boards ........................................................................................ 40 Featured Events ........................................................................................ 20 Floor Plans ................................................................................................8-9 Future Meetings .......................................................................................... 5 Free the Science™ 5K Run .................................................................. 12 General Meeting Information .................................................................. 2 Institutional Members .................................................inside back cover Local Area Map ........................................................................................... 6

Meeting App ................................................................................................ 3 Message from the President .................................................................... 1 Officers & Staff ............................................................. inside front cover Open Access: Author Choice ................................................................ 15 Plenary/Featured Speakers ..................................................................... 29 Poster Session Information ...................................................................... 4 Professional Development Workshops ............................................... 16 Registration Hours .................................................................................... 2 Science for Solving Problems (S3P) ...................................................... 24 Sessions at a Glance .......................................................................... 48-59 Session Chair Information...................................................................... 12 Short Courses ......................................................................................... 17 Sponsors..................................................................................................... 38 Symposium Topics and Organizers ....................................................... 44 Technical Exhibit ....................................................................................... 35 Technical Program .................................................................................... 60 Ticketed Events ........................................................................................ 21 Wireless Network ..................................................................................... 3

KNOWLEDGE BASE One site. Thousands of resources.

4 Over 1,000 electrochemical definitions 4 Dozens of articles by leading experts 4 Links to 1,000 of electrochemical websites 4 Over 3,000 books and proceedings volumes listed

www.knowledge.electrochem.org

Meeting Program l May 29-June 2, 2016 l San Diego, CA

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

1 33

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

elcome to San Diego, California! On behalf of the board of directors, volunteer leadership, and staff of ECS, it is my pleasure to welcome you to the “City in Motion” for the 229th ECS Meeting. With our meeting being held at both the Hilton San Diego Bayfront and the San Diego Convention Center, attendees can easily access and explore the bustling heart of downtown San Diego with ease from the beautiful waterfront properties. We hope your time in San Diego will give you an opportunity to network with colleagues, discuss important research, and discover new opportunities for collaboration. Please join us for the Sunday Evening Get-Together at 1900h in the Sapphire Terrace to kick-off this exciting week. And don’t miss the Plenary Session on Monday, May 30 in the Sapphire Ballroom, where we’ll welcome all attendees and wrap-up the first full meeting day by recognizing the ECS Society Award Recipients John R. Scully and Ralph E. White, receiving the Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching and the Vittorio de Nora Award, respectively. Then we’ll be handing the microphone to Prof. Christian Amatore for his much anticipated ECS Lecture: Seeing, Measuring and Understanding Vesicular Exocytosis of Neurotransmitters. Be sure to attend the ECS Daniel Scherson Society, Division, and Section award talks in symposia throughout the week. Find further details in the technical ECS President program or by using the ECS Meeting Scheduler. At the Plenary, we’ll also officially launch Free the Science, ECS’s initiative to publish the best research in electrochemistry and solid state science at no charge to authors and to freely share it with all readers around the world. Look out for exciting Free the Science events throughout the week, including the Free the Science 5K run on Tuesday morning and daily open access article credit drawings at the ECS Publications booth. On Tuesday, join us in the Sapphire Ballroom at 1630h to hear presentations from the Science for Solving Society’s Problems Challenge grant winners and guest speaker Carl Hensman from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, funding from which made the challenge program possible. Challenge grant winners will also be presenting their work in symposia sessions throughout the week—check the technical program for details. In addition to the array of technical presentations, we encourage you to take advantage of our educational short courses, offered on Sunday. Our free-of-charge, professional development workshops are also running all week long. Here you can gain essential information on enhancing career opportunities, resume building, and networking. And don’t forget to visit our exhibitors, who will be located in the convention center, where you can network with your colleagues and learn about some of the top innovations in the industry. Make sure to stop by the exhibit hall often to catch the student and general poster session and some exciting demos at the Edison Theatre. Use our meeting program and ECS Meeting Scheduler on your mobile device to make the most of your time. If you have any additional questions, please do not hesitate to stop by the ECS Registration desk in the Sapphire Foyer for further assistance. We thank you again for your continued support of ECS!

Plenary Session

Join Us for the Plenary Session When: Monday, 1700h Where: Sapphire Ballroom BC

The Plenary Session is a high profile session where participants are invited from every symposium to come together and hear from some of the most inspiring leaders and experts from around the world, who have influence on our field and our future. President Dan Scherson will start by wrapping up the first full day of the meeting by recognizing ECS Society Award Recipients John R. Scully and Ralph E. White, receiving the Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching and the Vittorio de Nora Award

respectively. Then the microphone will be handed to Christian Amatore for his highly anticipated ECS Lecture: Seeing, Measuring and Understanding Vesicular Exocytosis of Neurotransmitters. Don’t miss the opportunity to honor and support your friends and colleagues, who have made distinguished achievements in the field. Also, be sure to add the Society, Division, and Section award winners’ talks to your agenda, as they are scheduled in various symposia throughout the week.

The IRA Charitable Rollover has been permanently reinstated by Congress!

ECS Electrochemistry

ll o v e

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

Giving to ECS Just Got Easier

KNOWLEDGE BASE

The U.S. Congress has retroactively reinstated and made permanent the provision that allows U.S. donors age 70 ½ years or older to make tax-free gifts from their IRA account to charities of their choice. Meet your annual required minimum distributions while supporting ECS!

One site. Thousands of resources.

4 Over 1,000 electrochemical definitions 4 Dozens of articles by leading experts 4 Links to 1,000 of electrochemical websites To take advantage of these tax benefits this year, you must direct your 4 Over 3,000 books and proceedings volumes listed

a G T IF

IRA plan provider to make a distribution to ECS by December 31, 2016.

www.knowledge.electrochem.org

To learn more, please contact Karla Cosgriff, development director, 609.737.1902 ext. 122, karla.cosgriff@electrochem.org or call your IRA administrator. ECS is pleased to provide sample letters of instruction. 34 Meeting Program l May 29-June 2, 2016 l San Diego, CA

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org 27

Plenary & Society Awards

Plenary & Society Awards The ECS Lecture

Join Us for The ECS Lecture When: Monday, 1700h Where: Sapphire Ballroom BC

Seeing, Measuring and Understanding Vesicular Exocytosis of Neurotransmitters by Christian Amatore mechanisms of organic and organometallic chemistry under the very conditions used by synthetic chemists and for the study of important biological mechanisms at the single cell level. Amatore’s activity in molecular kinetics is best illustrated by the rationalization of electron transfer catalysis, electron transfer activation of molecules and more recently by a thorough series of works related to the elucidation of the most important mechanistic aspects of catalysis by homogeneous palladium complexes, an extremely active area in today’s catalysis for carbon-carbon bond making in fine chemical industry. Amatore has received many honors and awards in the scientific community, including CNRS’s Silver Medal, SEAC’s Reilley Award, and RSC’s Bourke Medal.

Five Questions with Christian Amatore Christian amatore has given a new direction to electrochemistry and has had a pioneering role in the development of ultramicroelectrodes worldwide. He is currently the Director of Research at CNRS and will be giving the ECS Lecture at the 229th ECS Meeting in San Diego, CA, May 29-June 2, 2016. His talk is titled, “Seeing, Measuring and Understanding Vesicular Exocytosis of Neurotransmitters.” Listen to a podcast with Dr. Amatore: http://ecs.podbean.com/. What types of practical applications does your work in microelectrodes have? Let me tell you a story. Michael Faraday was visited by the Prime Minister of England in his own laboratory, and he demonstrated the classical experiment where you take a magnet and you put the iron filing and you see that the iron filling is emitting lines that are going out of the magnet from the North Pole to the South Pole. The Prime Minster said, “Professor Faraday, this is fantastic. What are the applications?” Faraday said, “Mr. Prime Minister, I don’t know of any applications, but I am sure within 30 years there will be applications done by other people.” In fact, he was a visionary because 30 years after you had the first electrical engine and the first big alternators to make electricity. It’s very difficult to foresee the applications because as scientists, we are interested in understanding what’s going on and it is generally other people who will find the applications. What do you think the impact of electrochemistry is on some of the world’s most pressing issues? The energy problem is one problem that only electrochemistry can solve. When you want to make a fuel cell, you have to understand the electrochemistry. When you want to make a supercapacitor or sodium ion batteries, you need to understand electrochemistry. If we want to convert and store the energy, speaking about photovoltaics or windmills, this type of energy is intermittent. If we want to use this energy, we need to have a way to store the electricity. What most people don’t understand is that electricity is like a river. If you store the energy carried by the river flow you need to make a dam, and a dam in electrochemistry is called a battery. What fuels your passion for science? Science is a marvelous adventure. The need for understanding the world around us is one of the most ancient arts of humanity. I think the human brain has a need for understanding. I could not live in a world where there is no art and where there is no science. Tell us about your experience with the French High Council for Science and Technology, where you advised the president of France on scientific matters. I was one of two chemists. When the government had some need for advice, they asked us to produce that advice that was for the better management of some issue in research. That was a fantastic experience in my life. What areas does electrochemical science and technology impact? Electrochemistry is everywhere. It is a central science.You name a natural phenomenon, you’ll find electrochemistry. But electrochemistry is generally only taught to electrochemists. Most people don’t know that electrochemistry is everywhere and this is a pity. This science should be taught to freshmen. The concepts of electrochemistry are very wide, in fact, it is by itself an interdisciplinary science.

Meeting Program l May 29-June 2016 l San• Diego, The Electrochemical Society2,Interface SpringCA2016 • www.electrochem.org

29 35

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

Christian amatore gave molecular electrochemistry new direction by utilizing new concepts and tools to allow the discipline to overflow its traditional fields to face major problems in organic and inorganic chemistry, organometallic chemistry, and even biology. Amatore has had a pioneering role in the development of ultramicroelectrodes worldwide. His research involved the development of advanced electrochemical methods for investigating extremely complex

Plenary & Society Awards

Plenary & Society Awards Society Awards The ECS Society Awards being presented at the Plenary Session are the Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching being awarded to John Scully and the Vittorio de Nora Award being awarded to Ralph White for contributions to the field of electrochemical engineering and technology. The details for the associated award winner talks are listed below.

Vittorio de Nora Award of The Electrochemical Society

Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching of The Electrochemical Society

When: Tuesday, 1410-1450h Where: Aqua Salon E

Note: Professor Scully will be delivering his award address during the PRiME 2016 Meeting

Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Systems by Ralph E.White

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

Ralph E. WhitE’s scientific career has revolved around the areas of fuel cells, batteries, electrodeposition, corrosion, and propelling numerous students into the sciences. White started his career working with such notable figures as John Newman at the University of California at Berkeley, which eventually led him on a path to his current position as the Professor of Chemical Engineering and Distinguished Scientist at the University of South Carolina. White’s career at the University of South Carolina began in 1993, where he joined the staff as the Chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering, then as the Dean of the College of Engineering and Computing. In 1995, he founded the university’s Center for Electrochemical Engineering. White is a former treasurer (1990-1994) and current Fellow of ECS. He has also received the title of Fellow from the American Institute of Chemical Engineering and AAAS, and has won many international awards, including the Olin Palladium Award (2013) from ECS and the AESF Scientific Achievement Award (2000).

John R. scully’s teaching career began in 1990 when he joined the University of Virginia. As the current Charles Henderson Endowed Chaired Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and the co-director of the Center for Electrochemical Science and Engineering, Scully has mentored 35 PhD student, 36 MS students, 13 post-doctoral scholars, and numerous undergraduate research students and visiting scholars. Scully’s research focuses on standards of living and safety through understanding the scientific mechanisms of corrosion while preventing and protecting against corrosion phenomena. From his career with Sandia National Laboratories and the Naval Research and Development Center from 1983-1990 to his position as a visiting scientist at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Scully’s career in science has covered many topics. Among his many honors, Scully is a Fellow of ECS, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, and American Society for Metals; received the H. H. Uhlig Award from ECS, and was presented the A. B. Campbell and W. R. Whitney Awards from NACE.

Be Part of the Program

Young Author

Division & Section

ECS Honors & Awards

www.electrochem.org/awards

Awards

36 32

Awards

l May2016 The Electrochemical SocietyMeeting Interface • Spring • www.electrochem.org Program 29-June 2, 2016 l San Diego, CA

Division & Section Award Winners Division Awards Congratulations to this prestigious group of award winners! Be sure to add the Division and Section award winners talks to your meeting scheduler, they are scheduled in various symposia throughout the week.

Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award

When: Monday, 0820-0900h Where: Aqua 310 B

When: Tuesday, 1350-1430h Where: Saphire Ballroom A

High Power Nitride Based Field Effect Transistors by Michael Shur Michael Shur has received degrees from St. Petersburg Electrochemical University and the A. F. Ioffe Institute. Currently, he is the Patricia W. and C. Roberts Professor of Solid State Electronics and the Director of the Broadband Center at the Rensselar Polytechnic Institute. Additionally, Shur is the co-founder and vice president of SET, Inc. Shur is an ECS Fellow and has been named a Fellow of many other scientific societies, including IEEE, OSA, SPIE, IET, APS,

ECS Energy Technology Division Research Award When: Tuesday, 1530-1610h Where: Aqua Salon F Electrolytes in Advanced Electrochemical Systems for Energy Storage and Conversion by Thomas Zawodzinski ThoMaS ZawodZinSki is currently the Governor’s Chair in Electrical Energy Conversion and Storage, with appointments in the Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Dept. at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville and at ORNL where he has continued his career trend of playing leadership roles in projects on fuel cell materials systems – including projects in the development of automotive applications, fuel cell durability, and batteries. In addition to his continuous involvement in a multitude of fuel cell programs, Zawodzinski has initiated and led programs including preparation of new electrolytes and new methods for studies of transport and electrode materials in Li batteries; self-assembled monolayers for device preparation; biosensors and chemical sensors for chemical warfare agents and simulants; artificial muscles; and electrochemical reactors. Zawodzinski is a Fellow of ECS and has published more than 200 refereed papers, a number of book chapters, holds five patents, has co-edited several books on fuel cells and related topics, and has been an active public speaker with hundreds of presentations.

Na-M-S-O Quaternary Cathode Materials for High Voltage Sodium Batteries by Prabeer Barpanda Prabeer barPanda is currently an assistant professor in the Materials Research Center at the Indian Institute of the Sciences, where his research focuses on solvothermal synthesis, crystal/magnetic structure, and electrochemical analysis of novel materials for secondary Li-in and Na-ion batteries. Barpanda’s scientific education took him to the National Institute of Technology Rourkela, University of Cambridge, and Rutgers University. He did his doctoral thesis work on activated carbon based supercapacitors under the supervision of Professor Glenn G. Amatucci. He then continued to pursue postdoctoral work under Professor Jean-Marie Tarascon of the Universite de Picardie Jules Verne and Professor Atsuo Yamada of the University of Tokyo. There, his research dwelled on high-voltage cathode materials for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. Currently, Barpanda has over 60 published journal articles and several awards including ECS’s Fink Summer Fellowship and H. H. Dow Student Achievement Award.

ECS Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award When: Tuesday, 1420-1500h Where: Indigo Ballroom A Designing Polyoxometalate-Carbon Hybrid Materials for Supercapacitor Electrodes by Matthew Genovese MaTThew GenoveSe earned his BASc in chemical engineering from the University of Waterloo in 2012. Currently, he is a PhD candidate in materials science and engineering at the University of Toronto under the supervision of Professor Keryn Lian. Genovese’s thesis project involves developing cost effective materials and fabrication methods to improve the performance of electrochemical capacitors. His research focuses on the use of waste biomass derived carbon materials and inexpensive metal oxides for the fabrication of composite supercapacitor electrodes with improved energy density. Genovese’s research can be found in the Journal ofThe Electrochemical Society, Electrochemistry Communications, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, and the Journal of Materials Chemistry A. Additionally, he has been awarded several graduate fellowships for sustainable energy research and was the recipient of the first place poster prize at the 2013 meeting of ECS’s Canada Section.

The Electrochemical Society2,Interface SpringCA2016 • www.electrochem.org Meeting Program l May 29-June 2016 l San• Diego,

37 33

Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

WIF, MRS, and AAAS. His many honors and recognitions include the Tibbetts Award for technology commercialization, IEEE Donald Fink Award, IEEE Kirchmayer Award, Gold Medal of Russian Education Ministry, RPI Research Award, and many more. Shur is also a foreign member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences.

ECS Energy Technology Division Division & Section Award Winners Special Meeting

ECS Electronics and Photonics Division Award

Division & Section Award Winners Division Awards

ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Student Achievement Award When: Wednesday, 0820-0900h Where: Aqua 309

Special Division & Section Award WinnersMeeting

Engineering the Ionic Polymer Phase Surface Properties of a PEM Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer by Regis P. Dowd, Jr.

Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

Regis P. DowD, JR. is currently a PhD student at the University of Kansas in the Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, where his research focuses on electrochemical systems, including fuel cells and energy storage devices. His educational journey has taken him to both the University of Florida and Old Dominion University. During his time at the University of Florida, Dowd completed a four-term cooperative education position with the Dow Chemical Company, where he led various crossfunctional teams in manufacturing process designs as well as research and development projects in the fluid mechanics and mixing group. Dowd later joined the U.S. Navy, completing its nuclear propulsion training program to become a naval nuclear engineer. Most recently, Dowd completed an eight-month graduate research internship with the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory, focusing on solid oxide fuel cell research for optimizing a cathode infiltration technique to improve fuel cell performance and durability while lowering production costs.

ECS High Temperature Materials Division J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Award When: Tuesday, 1140-1220h Where: Indigo Ballroom C Electrochemomechanical Coupling in Thin Films for Energy Conversion and Storage by Sean Bishop sean BishoP’s work examines the electrical, chemical, and mechanical coupling in solid oxide fuel cell materials. Currently, he is a research associate at MIT and a visiting associate professor at Kyushu University in Japan. Bishop’s interest in solid oxide fuel cell research began while under the guidance of Professor Eric Wachsman at the University of Florida, where he wrote his dissertation on defect induced lattice dilation, known as chemical expansion, in low to intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell materials. After continuing his studies with Professor Harry Tuller at MIT, Bishop became an assistant professor at Kyushu University. Bishop is currently pioneering an in situ optical absorption measurement technique to examine fuel cell electrode kinetics on “natural” and chemical modified surfaces of thin films. He has also co-organized symposia at ECS conferences and is currently serving as secretary for the High Temperature Materials Division of ECS.

34 38

ECS Nanocarbons Division SES Young Investigator Award When: Wednesday, 1000-1020h Where: Aqua 311 B Making Graphene Resist Aggregation by Jiayan Luo Jiayan Luo’s work in nanocarbons, bulk nanostructured materials assembly, and energy storage/conversion technology has led the esteemed researcher to many of the top international research institutions. Luo has spent time at Fudan University, Northwestern University, and MIT. Recently, Luo joined Tianjin University – the first modern higher education institution in China – as a professor in the School of Chemical Engineering. Luo has been the first or corresponding author of over 20 peerreview articles in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Nature Chemistry, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Accounts of Chemical Research, and more. Additionally, Luo has received a number of awards, including the Chinese Government 1,000 Talent Plan-Young Scientist Award (2014) and the Carbon Journal Prize for Outstanding PhD Thesis in Carbon Research.

ECS Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division Manuel M. Baizer Award When: Monday, 0820-0920h Where: Aqua 300 A Following the Lead of R. B. Woodward and M. M. Baizer: Using Concepts in Physical Organic Chemistry to Shape the Course of Electrochemical Reactions by Kevin Moeller Kevin MoeLLeR is a dedicated researcher and teacher, focusing on the broad area of organic chemistry with a particular interest in the use of electrochemistry as a tool for contrasting complex, biologically relevant molecules, exploring the chemistry of reactive radial cations, and functionalizing the surface of microelectrode arrays in a siteselective fashion. Since joining Washington University in St. Louis in 1987, where he is currently a professor of chemistry, Moeller has taught over 4,800 students and guided 42 PhD students. In 2001, the Associated Student Union at Washington University in St. Louis named Moeller their “Faculty Member of the Year” and in the spring of 2014 he received the university’s Art and Science Council Award for Excellence in Research. Moeller has spent time at UC Santa Barbara and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, working with researchers such as Daniel Little and Barry M. Trost. Throughout his career, Moeller has authored 135 papers and presented over 160 invited lectures.

l May2016 Program 29-June 2, 2016 l San Diego, CA The Electrochemical SocietyMeeting Interface • Spring • www.electrochem.org

PRiME 2016 October 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7, 2016 Honolulu, Hawaii

Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village

Meeting Topics A - Batteries and Energy Storage

I - Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion

B - Carbon Nanostructures and Devices

J - Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing

C - Corrosion Science and Technology

K - Organic and Bioelectrochemistry

D - Dielectric Science and Materials

L - Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, And Photoelectrochemistry

E - Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition F - Electrochemical Engineering

M - Sensors

G - Electronic Materials and Processing H - Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems

Z - General Topics

Important Deadlines Discounted hotel rates starting at $195 at the Hilton Hawaiian Village (the PRiME HQ hotel) and $149 at the Ala Moana Hotel in Honolulu, HI will be available beginning in June 2016. The reservation deadline for both is September 11, 2016 or until the blocks sell out, so reserve early! Early-bird registration opens in June 2016, early-bird pricing is available through September 2, 2016. Take advantage of exhibition and sponsorship opportunities, submit your application by June 15, 2016. Travel grants are available for student attendees and young professional (early career and faculty) attendees. PRiME 2016 will be held at the Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village. Please visit the PRiME webpage for the most up-to-date information on hotel accommodations, registration, short courses, special events, and to review the online technical program. Full papers presented at ECS meetings will be published in ECS Transactions.

PRiME 2016 is the joint international meeting of:

2016 Fall Meeting of The Electrochemical Society of Japan

230th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society

2016 Fall Meeting The Korean Electrochemical Society

with the technical co-sponsoring of: Chinese Society of Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry Division of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute

Korean Physical Society Semiconductor Division

The Japan Society of Applied Physics

Semiconductor Physics Division of Chinese Physics Society

www.PRiME-intl.org

Science for Solving Society’s Pro Winners’ Symposia at the 229th ECS Meeting Tuesday | 1630h Sapphire Ballroom BC/FG In its first Science for Solving Society’s Problems Challenge, ECS partnered with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to leverage the brainpower of the many scientists in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology that regularly attend ECS meetings. ECS invited 100 researchers to learn about the issues and propose their solutions during a multi-day workshop at the Electrochemical Energy and Water Summit in Cancun, Mexico held October 5-9, 2014. Through the Challenge, ECS awarded over $360,000 of seed funding to seven innovative research projects addressing critical technology gaps in water, sanitation, and hygiene challenges being faced around the world. Join the grantees in San Diego as they present their work and address how they are applying electrochemistry to global issues through their research. Following the program, the grantees will join the poster session at 1800h on Tuesday evening to network and further present their work. Grantees will also be presenting in selected symposia throughout the week. Find further details in the technical program or by using the ECS Meeting Scheduler.

Key Participants carl hEnsman Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Team within the Global Development Program of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Keynote Speaker

E. JEnninGs Taylor Faraday Technology, Inc. and Treasurer of ECS Moderator

Grantees Eric Wachsman University of Maryland | USA Awarded $50,000

GEmma rEGuEra Michigan State University | USA Awarded $40,000

Monday | 0925-0945h Indigo Ballroom C

Monday | 1000-1020h Sapphire Ballroom H

Sustainable Water Treatment Using an SOFCBased Combined Heat and Power System Dr. Wachsman’s project will demonstrate a highlyefficient, low-cost solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) for the co-generation of high quality heat for dewatering and drying processes, electric power and potable water using waste-produced biogas.The technology will be based on high-power-density low-temperature SOFCs, but they will be optimized for heat production rather than electric power. The SOFC stack will use proprietary all-ceramic anodes, which are both carbon and sulfur tolerant at lower temperatures to allow for thermal cycling and long-term operation without fuel contaminant induced degradation issues, such as sulfur poisoning. The project will be a collaboration among Eric Wachsman, Stephanie Lansing and Redox Power Systems, a company formed to commercialize Dr. Wachsman’s SOFC technology.

SPEED: Sanitation and Processing for Energy with Electrochemical Devices Develop microbial electrochemical reactors that harvest energy from human waste substrates using bioanodes engineered to process the waste into biofuels while simultaneously cleaning water for reuse. The microbial catalysts will be selected for their efficiency at processing the wastes, but also for their versatility to process other residential and agricultural waste substrates. This will provide an affordable, easy to operate system for the decentralized processing of a wide range of wastes for improved sanitation, water reuse, and energy independence.

40 24

l May2016 The Electrochemical SocietyMeeting Interface • Spring • www.electrochem.org Program 29-June 2, 2016 l San Diego, CA

blems Challenge Grant Winners Plamen atanassov University of New Mexico | USA Awarded $70,000 Monday | 1020-1040h Sapphire Ballroom H Self-Powered Supercapacitive Microbial Fuel Cell Produce bio-catalytic septic cleaning materials that incorporate microorganisms removing organic and inorganic contaminants, while simultaneously creating electricity (or hydrocarbon fuel) for energy generation in support of a sustainable and portable system. neus sabaté Institut de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (CSIC) | Spain Awarded $50,000 Monday | 1600 – 1620h Indigo Ballroom B Powerpad: Non-Toxic Capillary-Based Flow Battery for Single Use Applications Tuesday | 1400-1420h Indigo Ballroom A Powerpad: Evaluation of Redox Chemistries for Disposable Power Sources Develop a non-toxic portable source of power for water measuring and monitoring systems, which will not require recycling facilities. Using inexpensive materials such as paper, nanoporous carbon electrodes and organic redox species, the team will strive to create a biodegradable and even compostable power source.The project is a collaboration among neus sabaté, Juan Pablo esquivel, and erik kJeang from the Simon Fraser University in Canada. Falk HarniscH Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research | Germany Awarded $50,000

wastewater while generating clean water and electric energy. The core of the microbial fuel cell is electrodes produced form corrugated cardboard via a simple carbonization procedure. The project will develop corrugated cardboard electrodes to be used as anode and cathode material which could be implemented in existing infrastructure. Presentations will be made by Jörg Kretzschmar. luis godinez CIDETEQ | Mexico Awarded $50,000 Wednesday | 1500-1520h Aqua 309 In-Situ Electrochemical Generation of the Fenton Reagent for the Treatment of Human Wastewater Study the electro-Fenton approach using activated carbon to efficiently oxidize most of the organic and biological materials present in sanitary wastewater so that recycling of the wastewater might be possible. gerardine botte Ohio University | USA Awarded $50,000 Wednesday | 1525-1545h Cobalt 520 Electrochemical Disinfection of Wastewater Using Urea Electrolysis Dr. botte’s project evaluates the feasibility of disinfection by the electrolysis of urine. Dr. Botte has already demonstrated the electrolysis of urine using Ni anode electrodes to remove urea from urine and produce clean water and cogenerate hydrogen (energy). This project will determine the feasibility of urine electrolysis for direct disinfection. In particular, it will evaluate (1) whether sufficient current can circulate through urine electrolysis to electro shock and kill bacteria and microorganisms (2) whether microorganisms can be killed by the localized alkaline pH developed at the cathode of the urine electrolysis cell.

Tuesday | 1800h Exhibit Hall H eLatrines: Development of a Fully Cardboard Based Microbial Fuel Cell for Pit Latrines Dr. HarniscH’s project proposes to develop a fully cardboard based, low-cost, high-performance, readyto-use, sustainable microbial fuel cell which could clean The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Exhibitors Technical Exhibit

Thank you to the 229th ECS Meeting Exhibitors! The exhibitors in San Diego will showcase some of the greatest innovations in the industry including cutting-edge instruments, materials, systems, publications, and software, as well as other products and services. Don’t miss the opportunity to meet with representatives of these industry leading companies. The Exhibit Hall will be located in Hall H of the San Diego Convention Center.

Exhibit Hours Exhibitor Move-In Technical Exhibit Technical Exhibit; General, Student, and S3P Poster Session Technical Exhibit Coffee Break in Exhibit Hall Lunch at the Hall H Concession Stand Technical Exhibit, General and S3P Poster Session Technical Exhibit Coffee Break in Exhibit Hall Technical Exhibit Tear Down

Exhibitors ALS Co., Ltd Booth: 214 Katsunobu Yamamoto Yamamoto@bas.co.jp 1-28-12, Mukojima Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-0033 Japan

ESL ElectroScience

www.als-japan.com

ALS provides researchers with a wide range of products for electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry applications, including Bi-Potentiostat (Model 2325), Ring-Disk Electrode apparatus (RRDE-3A), Spectrometer Systems (SEC2000) and Faraday cage (CS-3A). We also deal with various kinds of Spectroelectrochemical cells (SEC-C/SEC-2F), Quartz Crystal Microbalances cell/Quartz crystal (QCM/EQCM) and Electrodes/Accessories for EC measurement same as their related items.

1.865.769.3800 www.bio-logic.net

Bio-Logic is the exclusive provider of EC-Lab electrochemical instruments. The EC-Lab family of products includes modular single-channel (SP50/150/200/300) and multi-channel (VSP/VMP3/VSP-300/VMP-300) potentiostats/galvanostats, High current potentiostats (HCP-803/1005) and easy to use software. Additionally, Bio-Logic offers a complete line of electrochemical accessories, including cells, electrodes, and ancillary instruments. Bio-Logic is also the provider of BT-Lab line of battery cyclers (MPG-2xx and BCS-8XX families), the SCAN-Lab line of localized electrochemical scanning systems (M370 and M470 modular systems), and the MT-Lab materials analysis systems (MTZ-35 FRA and high temperature sample holder). Come to booths 312, 314, and 316 to see our exciting showcase of products.

1.610.272.8000 www.electroscience.com

ESL ElectroScience specializes in providing solutions to enable customers to take technologies from concept through high volume production using thick film pastes and ceramic tapes. ESL products can be found in hybrid microcircuits, multilayer microelectronics, transformers, thick film heaters, sensors, and fuel cells. For more information visit us at www.electroscience.com

FUJIFILM Dimatix, Inc. Literature Display Eunice Wang ewang@dimatix.com 2250 Martin Avenue Santa Clara, California 95050 USA

Bio-Logic USA Booths: 312, 314 & 316 David Carey david.carey@bio-logic.us 9050 Executive Park Drive, Suite 100C Knoxville, TN 37923 USA

Booth: 216 Drew Chambers dchambers@electroscience.com 416 E. Church Rd. King of Prussia, PA 19046 USA

1.408.565.0670 www.dimatix.com

Inkjet printing allows creation of products like DNA arrays, electronics, displays and solar cells. The DMP-2831 is designed for micro-precision jetting a variety of functional fluids onto virtually any surface and minimizes waste of expensive fluid materials, thereby eliminating the cost and complexity associated with traditional product development and prototyping.

Gamry Instruments Booths: 415 & 417 Cynthia Schroll cschroll@gamry.com 734 Louis Drive Warminster, PA 18974 USA

1.215.682.9330 www.gamry.com

Gamry Instruments designs and manufactures high-quality electrochemical instrumentation and accessories. Our full lineup includes single and multichannel potentiostats from 600 mA to 30 A (all capable of EIS), fully-integrated spectroelectrochemical setups for both UV/Vis and Raman, four-terminal battery holders and an EQCM that can handle any crystal from 1-10 MHz. Stop by to see our new potentiostats including one specially designed for testing batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. (continued on next page) 42 Meeting Program l May 29-June 2, 2016 l San Diego, CA

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org 35

Exhibitors

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

Tuesday, May 31 0800-1300h 1300-1600h 1800-2000h Wednesday, June 1 0900-1400h 0930-1000h 1130-1400h 1800-2000h Thursday, June 2 0900-1200h 0930-1000h 1200-1600h

Exhibitors Technical Exhibit (continued from previous page)

Hiden Analytical Booth: 309 Mark Buckley info@HidenInc.com 37699 Schoolcraft Road Livonia, MI 48150 USA

A N A LY T I C A L

1.734.542.6666 Toll Free: 1.888 96 HIDEN www.HidenInc.com

High performance mass spectrometers for precision gas analysis, surface science applications, plasma characterization and vacuum diagnostics. Showcasing systems for electrochemistry research, DEMS, reaction kinetics and surface science. Our HPR Series provides for fast response in situ determination of gaseous and volatile electrochemical reactants, reaction intermediates and products in real time.

HORIBA Scientific

1.732.494.8660 www.horiba.com

HORIBA Scientific specializes in Glow Discharge & Raman spectrometers and their application for analysis of Li Ion batteries. Key technologies include elemental depth profile of electrodes, simultaneous measurement of all elements, including Lithium, entire depth profile of electrodes in <10 minutes, and a patented device to transfer air sensitive samples.

Exhibitors

Ivium Technologies Booths: 204 Pete Peterson pete@ivium.us 961687 Gateway Blvd. Suite 201 D Fernandina Beach, FL 32034 USA

1.800.303.3885 www.ivium.us

Ivium Technologies designs electrochemical instrumentation for the most demanding experiments. We are demonstrating the new CompactStat.h™ and IviumStat.h™ Potentiostats with 24-bit resolution. We’re also exhibiting the Vertex™ Potentiostat for labs on a budget, the nStat™ MultiChannel Potentiostat with up to 16 potentiostats, and the handheld pocketSTAT™ Potentiostat for portability.

Metrohm Booths: 215 & 217 Ritesh Vyas info@metrohmusa.com 6555 Pelican Creek Circle Riverview, FL 33578 USA

Booth: 512 Mark Sholin mark@mfcsystems.com 3116 S. Mill Avenue, Suite 238 Tempe, AZ 85282 USA

1.480.703.1130 www.mfcsystems.com

MFC Systems is an up-and-coming potentiostat design & manufacturing company. Since 2014, our team has offered the Squidstat™ multichannel potentiostat to cost-conscious researchers studying electrochemical systems. The Squidstat is positioned among market-leading potentiostats with the best value between pricing, wide selection of current ranges, user-friendly software, and superb customer support. Prices begin below $5,000 for a 6-Amp single-channel potentiostat to under $10,000 for four-channels. Come visit our booth to demo the Squidstat and learn about how we can help you.

Princeton Applied Research / Solartron Analytical Booths: 404 & 406 Ari Tampasis ari.tampasis@ametek.com 801 South Illinois Ave. Oak Ridge, TN 37830 1.865.483.2122 USA www.princetonappliedresearch.com Princeton Applied Research is a leading manufacturer of laboratory instruments utilized for investigations in the field of electrochemistry, which includes batteries, fuel cells, corrosion, sensors and general physical chemistry. In business more than 50 years, we offer customers the benefit of knowledge, expertise, products, and solutions to support their particular research interest. Solartron Analytical is the global leader in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, providing more than 60 years of instrumentation development expertise for materials and electrochemical research. Solartron Analytical instruments and accessories are advancing the research into the physical and electrochemical properties of batteries, fuel cells, organic coatings, corrosion inhibitors, and sensors, as well as the characterization of materials for dielectrics, solar cells, display technologies, ferroelectrics, and composites.

Pine Research Instrumentation

1.813.316.4700 www.metrohmusa.com

Metrohm’s AUTOLAB electrochemistry systems with modular and dedicated designs and advanced control software, provide a flexible foundation that can easily grow with your application needs. Options include low current, impedance, EQCM, multiplexing, high and low speed scanning, and variety of cells, electrodes and accessories for research needs.

MTI Corporation Booth: 104 Andy Huang andy@mtixtl.com 860 South 19th Street Richmond, CA 94840 USA

MFC Systems

Booths: 416 & 317 Diane White pinewire@pineinst.com 2741 Campus Walk Ave., Bldg. 100 Durham, NC 27705 USA

1.919.782.8320 www.pineinst.com/echem

Pine Research Instrumentation designs, manufactures, and supports a full line of cost-effective, durable, and reliable electrochemical research instrumentation. Pine Research offers a variety of potentiostat/galvanostat systems including the WaveDriver and WaveNow, which are controlled using the powerful AfterMath software package. Specialty products include unique quartz electrochemical cells for photoelectrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry. Pine Research is still the world leader in rotating disk, ring-disk, and cylinder electrodes and related instrumentation. Quick and easy electrochemical measurements can be made with our carbon, platinum, or gold screen-printed electrodes.

1.510.525.4705 www.mtixtl.com

(continued on next page)

MTI Corporation has been providing a total solution for materials research labs since 1995. MTI supplies ceramic, crystal, metallic substrates from A-Z and nano-powder. We also provides laboratory R&D equipment The 36 Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Meeting Program l May 29-June 2, 2016 l San Diego, 43 CA

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

Booth: 205 Diane Surine Info.sci@horiba.com 3880 Park Avenue Edison, NJ 08820 USA

including mixing, cutting, polishing machines, high temperature muffle and tube furnaces, pressing machines, film coaters, glove boxes, high vacuum systems, high pressure furnaces, RTP furnaces, CSS and PECVD furnace systems, high pressure and hydrogen furnaces, melting and casting systems, crystal growth systems as well as compact XRD/X-Ray orientation unit and equipment for battery and energy materials research.

Exhibitors Technical Exhibit

(continued from previous page)

Scribner Associates, Inc. Booth: 516 Jason Scribner jason@scribner.com 150 E Connecticut Ave. Southern Pines, NC 28387 USA

Verder Scientific

1.910.695.8884 www.scribner.com

Tektronix, Inc. Booth: 414 Debbie Van Velkinburgh Debbie.vanvelkinburgh@tektronix.com 14150 SW Karl Braun Drive Beaverton, Oregon 97077 USA

1.503.627.5050 www.tektronix.com

Get a hands-on demo of the revolutionary new Keithley Touchscreen Potentiostats, a breakthrough in intuitive measurement. See how the 2450-EC and 2460-EC Electrochemistry Lab Systems automatically plot voltammograms using built-in cyclic voltammetry test scripts. Visit our exhibit and speak with measurement experts from Keithley Instruments, a Tektronix Company.

Thermo Fisher Scientific Booth: 315 Kimberly A. Hughes kimberly.hughes@thermofisher.com 5225 Verona Road, Building 4 Madison, WI 53711 USA

1.608.273.6893 www.thermoscientific.com

Thermo Fisher Scientific is committed to help answer questions in materials science research. Techniques like Raman, FT-IR and XPS enable our customers to find answers to complex questions in the laboratory. Intuitive workflows, targeted applications, and applied solutions are designed to address many segments including automotive materials and Li-Ion batteries.

Vacuum Technology Inc. Booth: 116 Yuling Cai sam.cai@vti-glovebox.com 15 Great Republic Drive, Unit 4 Gloucester, MA 01930 USA

1.510.333.6502 www.vti-glovebox.com

1.267.757.0351 www.Verder-Scientific.com

Verder Scientific, Inc. sets the standards in high-tech scientific equipment for quality control, research, and development. The company manufactures and supplies laboratory instruments for sample preparation and heat treatment of solid materials. Comprised of the Retsch and Carbolite product brands, Verder Scientific, Inc. is the market leader in sample preparation and treatment.

WildCat Discovery Technologies Booth: 413 Jon Jacobs jjacobs@wildcatdiscovery.com 6985 Flanders Drive San Diego, California 92121 USA

1.858.550.1980 ex. 114 www.wildcatdiscovery.com

Wildcat uses proprietary high throughput technology to accelerate battery R&D for others. Wildcat’s customers include material suppliers, cell makers, and OEM’s in the automotive, electronics, medical, and military industries. Wildcat’s accelerated approach reduces R&D costs and gets better battery products to market faster; cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, synthetic methods and formulations are all possible.

Xergy Booth: 105 Cary Zachary cary.zachary@xergyinc.com 105 Park Avenue Seaford, DE 19973 USA

1.302.544.2382 www.xergyinc.com

Xergy is a leading supplier of ion exchange membranes. Our XION® ion exchange membranes & XICAT® catalyst coated membranes are produced in our commercial production facility. This capability supports our internal manufacture of electrochemical compressors and dehumidifiers. We also manufacture membranes and membrane assemblies for our clientele for their applications with fuel cells, sensors, electrolyzers, etc.

Zahner-elektrik GmbH Booth: 117 Dr. Hans Schäfer hjs@zahner.de Thueringer Str. 12 D-96317 Kronach Germany

+49.9261.962119.0 www.zahner.de

Zahner-elektrik is a manufacturer of high-end electrochemical and photo-electrochemical workstations with an experience of 35 years. IM6, Zennium and CIMPS systems are designed for outstanding accuracy and reliability and equipped with unique features to improve the quality of your experiments in solar cell, battery, fuel cell, and corrosion research and in many other fields of electrochemistry.

Based in Gloucester, Massachusetts, Vacuum Technology Inc. builds and services the glove box needs of educational and industrial clients worldwide by integrating best –in-class components sourced from Europe, Asia, UK and the USA. Along with standard offerings, we proudly highlight our engineering talent and customer centric customization shop

44 Meeting Program l May 29-June 2, 2016 l San Diego, CA

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org 37

Exhibitors

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

Scribner Associates specializes in advanced analytical hardware and software for electrochemical research and development. Our software packages such as ZPlot, ZView, MultiStat and CorrWare are recognized world-wide as the gold standard for instrument control and data analysis. On display will be the Model 850e Fuel Cell Test System, a turn-key instrument for PEM, DMFC and SOFC R&D. The 850e features multiple current ranges for high accuracy over a wide dynamic range, automated humidifier bypass valves for wet/dry cycling, automatic humidifier water fill, manual or automated inlet selector valves, integrated potentiostat functions, and accurate dew point control up to 5 SLM. The 850e is now CE certified. Scribner is pleased to introduce the Model 580 8-Channel Battery Cycler. The 580 is specifically designed for battery and capacitor discharge cycling and offers CC, CV, CP, and CR modes, 6 current ranges, cell resistance by HFR, 5-wire terminal measurement, and comes with user friendly software for instrument control and data analysis. All of our products are available for quick delivery and are backed by comprehensive technical support.

Booth: 304 Erin Lorensini info@Verder-Scientific.com 11 Penns Trail Suite 300 Newtown, PA 18940 USA

Sponsors General Meeting Sponsors

Thank You to the 229th Meeting Sponsors! PLATINUM

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

Sponsors

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

SILVER

Volume 72– S a n D i e g o , C a l i f o r n i a

from the San Diego meeting, May 29—June 2, 2016

The following issues of ECS Transactions are from symposia held during the San Diego meeting. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased, beginning on May 20, 2016, by visiting www.electrochem.org/online-store. Some issues are also available in CD/USB editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Issues Vol. 72 Engineering Carbon Hybrids - Carbon Electronics 2 No. 1 CD/USB................... M $96.00, NM $119.00 Vol. 72 Dielectrics for Nanosystems 7: No. 2 Materials Science, Processing, Reliability, and Manufacturing -and- Solid State Topics General Session HC ................................M $97.00, NM $121.00

Vol. 72 Solid-State Electronics and Photonics in No. 6 Biology and Medicine 3 CD/USB ............. M $96.00, NM $119.00 Vol. 72 Ionic and Mixed Conducting Ceramics 10 No. 7 CD/USB................... M $140.00, NM $176.00

Vol. 72 Silicon Compatible Materials, Processes, and Technologies No. 4 for Advanced Integrated Circuits and Emerging Applications 6 CD/USB..............................M $116.00, NM $145.00

Forthcoming Issues SAN A01 SAN A02

Joint General Session: Batteries and Energy Storage -and- Fuel Cells, Electrolytes, and Energy Future and Present Advanced Lithium Batteries and Beyond – a Symposium in the Honor of Prof. Bruno Scrosati

SAN A03

Large-Scale Energy Storage 7

SAN A04

Battery Modeling and Computation

SAN A05

Electrochemistry and Batteries for Safe and Low-cost Energy Storage

SAN D02

Chemical Mechanical Polishing 14

SAN D03

Dielectrics for Interconnect, Interposers, and Packaging

SAN D04

Plasma and Thermal Processes for Materials Modification, Synthesis and Processing

SAN L01

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session

SAN L02

Electrocatalysis 8

SAN L03

Biological Fuel Cells 7

SAN L04

Convocation on Chemically Modified Electrodes and Electroactive Polymers

SAN E01

Electrophoretic Deposition

SAN E02

Three-Dimensional Electrodeposition and Electroless Deposition

SAN L05

Supramolecular Materials

SAN F01

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering General Session

SAN L06

Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes

SAN L07

Renewable Fuels via Artificial Photosynthesis or Electrolysis

SAN B01

Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Conversion

SAN B02

Carbon Nanostructures in Medicine and Biology

SAN F02

Engineering the Interface between Catalysis and Electrocatalysis

SAN L08

Electrochemistry in Geochemical Environments

SAN B03

Carbon Nanotubes - From Fundamentals to Devices

SAN H03

Properties and Applications of 2-Dimensional Layered Materials

SAN M01

Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session

SAN B04

Endofullerenes and Carbon Nanocapsules

SAN I01

SAN M02

Medical and Point-of-Care Sensors

SAN Z01

General Society Student Poster Session

SAN B05

Fullerenes - Chemical Functionalization, Electron Transfer, and Theory

State-of-the-Art Invited Tutorials on Model/Experiment Coupling in Low Temperature Fuel Cells

SAN Z02

SAN B06

Graphene and Beyond: 2D Materials

Nanotechnology General Session featuring Nanoscale Luminescent Materials 4

SAN B07

Inorganic/Organic Nanohybrids for Energy Conversion

SAN B08

Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Supramolecular Assemblies

SAN C01

Corrosion General Session

SAN I03

Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Catalysis for Water Electrolysis 2

SAN I04

Mechano-Electro-Chemical Coupling in Energy Related Materials and Devices 2

SAN Z03

Grand Challenges in Energy Conversion and Storage

SAN I05

Heterogeneous Functional Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage

SAN Z04

Nature-inspired Electrochemical Systems 2

SAN K01

12th Manual M. Baizer Memorial Symposium on Organic Electrochemistry

SAN Z05

Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing

SAN K02

Bioelectrochemistry: Analysis and Fundamental Studies

SAN Z06

Modeling: From Elucidation of Physical Phenomena to Applications in Design

SAN Z07

The Brain and Electrochemistry

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Digital Library, http://ecsdl.org/ECST/ Email: customerservice@electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

3/23/16

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

Vol. 72 More-than-Moore 3 No. 3 CD/USB................... M $96.00, NM $119.00

Vol. 72 Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Materials No. 5 and Devices 17 CD/USB.............................M $121.00, NM $151.00

Symposium Topics & Organizers

Symposium Topics and Organizers A — Batteries and Energy Storage A01 — Joint General Session: Batteries and Energy Storage -and- Fuel Cells, Electrolytes, and Energy S. R. Narayanan, R. Kostecki, A. Manivannan Energy Technology, Battery A02 —Future and Present Advanced Lithium Batteries and Beyond – a Symposium in the Honor of Prof. Bruno Scrosati V. Di Noto, S. Passerini, R. Kostecki Battery, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry A03 —Large-Scale Energy Storage 7 S. R. Narayan, S. Mukerjee, C. Johnson, J. St-Pierre Energy Technology, Battery A04 — Battery Modeling and Computation S. Meng, S. P. Ong,Y. Qi Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering A05 — Electrochemistry and Batteries for Safe and Low-cost Energy Storage J. Xiao,Y.Yao,T. Nguyen,V. Kalra, P. Liu, J.Wu B — Carbon Nanostructures and Devices

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

B01 — Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Conversion J. Blackburn, M. Arnold, S. Doorn Battery, Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Nanocarbons, Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry B02 — Carbon Nanostructures in Medicine and Biology T. Da Ros, L.Wilson, D. Heller Nanocarbons B03 — Carbon Nanotubes - From Fundamentals to Devices S. Doorn,Y. Gogotsi, S.V. Rotkin, R. B.Weisman, M. Zheng, P. Kulesza Nanocarbons, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

D04— Plasma and Thermal Processes for Materials Modification, Synthesis and Processing S.Vaddiraju, D. Hess, M. Carter, U. Cvelbar, P. Mascher, M. Engelhardt, O. Leonte Dielectric Science and Technology, High Temperature Materials, Sensor E — Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition E01 — Electrophoretic Deposition J.Talbot, J. Dickerson Electrodeposition E02 — Three-Dimensional Electrodeposition and Electroless Deposition D. Robinson,V. Ramani Electrodeposition, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering F — Electrochemical Engineering F01 — Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering General Session J. Staser, D. Riemer Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering G — Electronic Materials and Processing G01

More-than-Moore 3 Y. Obeng, G. Banerjee, S. Datta, P. Hesketh, T. Hiramoto, P. Srinivasan, A. Hoff Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology, Sensor CD/USB

G02 — Silicon Compatible Materials, Processes, and Technologies for Advanced Integrated Circuits and Emerging Applications 6 F. Roozeboom, P. J.Timans, E. P. Gusev,V. Narayanan, K. Kakushima, Z. Karim, S. De Gendt Electronics and Photonics CD/USB H — Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems H01 — Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Materials and Devices 17 J. Zavada,V. Chakrapani, S. Jang,T. Anderson, J. Hite Electronics and Photonics CD/USB

B04 — Endofullerenes and Carbon Nanocapsules S.Yang,T. Akasaka, A. Balch, L. Echegoyen Nanocarbons

H02 — Solid-State Electronics and Photonics in Biology and Medicine 3 Y.-L.Wang, A. Hoff, L. Marsal, M. Deen, Z. Aguilar, C.-T. Lin, Z.-H. Lin Electronics and Photonics, Sensor CD/USB

B05 — Fullerenes - Chemical Functionalization, Electron Transfer, and Theory D. GuldI, F. D’Souza, N. Martin Nanocarbons

H03 — Properties and Applications of 2-Dimensional Layered Materials L.-J. Li, J.-H. He, D. Lau, J. Robinson, R. Martel, C. O’Dwyer, D. Landheer Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology, Nanocarbons

B06 — Graphene and Beyond: 2D Materials M. Arnold, H. Grebel, A. Hirsch, R. Martel,Y. Obeng Nanocarbons, Dielectric Science and Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I — Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion

B07 — Inorganic/Organic Nanohybrids for Energy Conversion H. Imahori, P. Kamat Nanocarbons, Energy Technology

I01 — State-of-the-Art Invited Tutorials on Model/Experiment Coupling in Low Temperature Fuel Cells A.Weber,T. Zawodzinski,V. Ramani, P. Atanassov Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

B08 — Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Supramolecular Assemblies K. Kadish, R. Paolesse, N. Solladie,T.Torres Nanocarbons

I02 — Ionic and Mixed Conducting Ceramics 10 M. Mogensen,T. Kawada,T. Armstrong,T. Gur, X.-D. Zhou, A. Manivannan High Temperature Materials, Energy Technology CD/USB

B09 — Engineering Carbon Hybrids - Carbon Electronics 2 R. Martinez-Duarte, A. Hoff, M. Madou, R. Martel, C.Wang, D. Landheer, M. Carter, R. Kostecki, O. Leonte Dielectric Science and Technology, Battery, Electronics and Photonics, Nanocarbons, Sensor CD/USB

I03 — Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Catalysis for Water Electrolysis 2 H. Xu,Y. S.-Horn,V. Ramani, P. Kulesza Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

C — Corrosion Science and Technology C01 — Corrosion General Session R. Buchheit, S.Virtanen Corrosion D — Dielectric Science and Materials D01 — Dielectrics for Nanosystems 7: Materials Science, Processing, Reliability, and Manufacturing -and- Solid State Topics General Session D. Misra, K. Sundaram, H. Iwai,T. Chikyo,Y. Obeng, Z. Chen, D. Bauza, O. Leonte, K. Shimamura Dielectric Science and Technology, Electronics and Photonics, Energy Technology, Luminescence and Display Materials, Nanocarbons, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Sensor CD/USB D02 — Chemical Mechanical Polishing 14 R. Rhoades, G. Banerjee, G. B. Basim, D. Huang,Y. Obeng Dielectric Science and Technology

48 44

I04 — Mechano-Electro-Chemical Coupling in Energy Related Materials and Devices 2 S. Bishop, P. Mukherjee,Y.-T. Cheng, J. Rupp High Temperature Materials, Battery, Energy Technology I05 — Heterogeneous Functional Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage W. Chiu, F. Chen, A. Herring, D. Chu, S. Gopalan,T. Markus, P. Masset K — Organic and Bioelectrochemistry K01 — 12th Manual M. Baizer Memorial Symposium on Organic Electrochemistry D. Peters Organic and Biological Electrochemistry K02 — Bioelectrochemistry: Analysis and Fundamental Studies M. Bayachou, A. Simonian, A. Suroviec Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Sensor

l May The Electrochemical SocietyMeeting Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org Program 29-June 2, 2016 l San Diego, CA

L — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry L01 — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session A. Suroviec, P. Kulesza Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry L02 — Electrocatalysis 8 M. Shao, G. Brisard Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry L03 — Biological Fuel Cells 7 S. C. Barton, S. Minteer, P. Atanassov Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology L06 — Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes S. Paddison,V. Di Noto Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry L07 — Renewable Fuels via Artificial Photosynthesis or Electrolysis N.Wu, D. Chu, H. Dinh, E. Miller,V. Subramanian, A. Manivannan, P. Kulesza, H.Wang, J. J. Lee Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Sensor M — Sensors

Z01 —General Society Student Poster Session V. Subramanian,V. Chaitanya, K. Sundaram, P. Pharkya All Divisions Z02 —Nanotechnology General Session featuring Nanoscale Luminescent Materials 4 O. Leonte, P. Mascher, C. Bock, J. Koehne, Z. Chen, D. Lockwood All Divisions, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee Z03 —Grand Challenges in Energy Conversion and Storage D. Sadoway,Y. Fukunaka, R. Mukundan,T. Moffat, S. Meng, D. Scherson, G. Zangari, F. Prinz, M. Sunkara Electrodeposition, Energy Technology, High Temperature Materials, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Z05 —Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing G. Botte, S. R. Narayanan, E.Taylor, A. Manthiram, J. Stickney, K. Ayers, G. Banerjee All Divisions, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Z06 —Modeling: From Elucidation of Physical Phenomena to Applications in Design M. Orazem, J. Leddy,T. Nguyen, J. Harb All ECS Divisions, International Society of Electrochemistry Z07 —Science for Solving Society’s Problems (S3P) Challenge: Grant Winner Posters ECS

Special Meeting Section l SAN DIEGO, CA

M01 —Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session N.Wu, M. Carter, D.-J. Kim, R.-I. Stefan-van Staden, S. Mitra, L. Soleymani Sensor

Z — General Topics

M02 —Medical and Point-of-Care Sensors A. Simonian, B. Chin, R.-I. Stefan-van Staden, M.Yasuzawa Sensor

ECS Transactions – Forthcoming Issues Issues of ECS Transactions (ECST) for symposia with titles in bold in the list above may be pre-ordered and picked up at the meeting. Each of these issues will be distributed in a single package that will contain identical content on both a compact disc and a USB drive ( CD/USB ). These issues can also be purchased online through the ECS Online Store (www.electrochem. org/online-store) as full-issue PDF files or individual article PDF files via the ECS Digital Library (http://ecst.ecsdl.org/) ( ) beginning on May 20, 2016. ECS will begin publishing papers in the ECST issues for the remaining symposia approximately 4 weeks after the San Diego meeting. These issues and individual articles will be available as PDFs only. If you would like to receive information on any of these issues when they become available, please sign up for the eTOC alerts by visiting www.ecsdl.org/site/misc/alerts.xhtml..

START

a Student Chapter!

Symposium Topics & Organizers

Symposium Topics and Organizers

ECS currently has 54 student chapters around the world, which provide students with an opportunity to gain a greater understanding of electrochemical and solid state science, to have a venue for meeting fellow students, and to receive recognition for their organized scholarly activities. For more information on starting a student chapter, please contact Beth Fisher at Beth.Fisher@electrochem.org or call 609.737.1902, ext. 103.

Meeting Program l May 29-June 2016 l San• Diego, CA2016 • www.electrochem.org The Electrochemical Society2,Interface Spring

45 49

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

In Memoriam memoriam Mordechay Schlesinger (1931–2015)

he electrochemistry community is The multilayer work made possible investigations and insights in very sad to note that Mordechay the giant magneto-resistance phenomenon as well as of their unusual Schlesinger passed away on Sepmechanical properties. Modeling of the growth and GMR properties tember 30, 2015. Professor Schlesinger of multilayer structures, using finite element and/or finite difference was a Fellow of The Electrochemical methods to predict composition in flow cells, and modeling of corrosion Society, a very active ECS member, and processes were part of Professor Schlesinger’s theoretical focus with contributed considerably to the fields of direct industrial relevance. His varied interests in electrochemistry of electrochemistry and physics. His work materials and physics also led to his contributions to new approaches in electrochemistry is documented in his to liquid exfoliation in the production of graphene. The publication nearly 250 peer-reviewed articles and the on this topic, “Liquid Exfoliated Graphene: A Practical Method 7 books which he edited and for which he for Increasing Loading and Producing Thin Films,” which he coalso produced significant content. Most authored, was published in the ECS Journal of Solid State Science Mordechay Schlesinger notable among these books are the 4th and Technology on November 10, 2015. and 5th editions of Modern Electroplating, widely regarded as a leading At the time of his passing, his research was focused on two source of electroplating information. In addition to his fellowship in unrelated topics — hybrid electro-electroless deposition (HEED) The Electrochemical Society, Professor Schlesinger was also a Fellow and the noninvasive measurement of interstitial fluid pressure. An of the American Physical Society, of which he was a member for over extension of his research interests in electrochemistry, HEED consists 50 years; he earned this honor for his work on the Unitary Group as of the production of multilayers and/or alloys from a single electrolyte, a novel method for the calculation where electroplating and and interpretation of complex electroless deposition each target spectra. distinct metal ions. His work on “Professor Schlesinger was an amazing supervisor Professor Schlesinger was interstitial tumor pressure, which whose passion for science was second to none. While born in Budapest, Hungary and centered on the development often half-jokingly characterizing himself as a bit of was educated in Israel. His MSc of a technique that monitors a slave driver in pushing his students, he always had and PhD were awarded by the tumor activity to confirm the the best interest of his students in mind. Of the many Hebrew University in Jerusalem effectiveness of chemotherapy conversations on countless topics that we shared it is where he studied with Giulio or radiation therapy, is described his counsel and guidance that are most missed. He Racah, a preeminent physicist in U.S. Patent 8,989,839. His always focused on the wellbeing and success of his and mathematician. After a activities in these fields during students; it was his goal to not only produce capable NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship the past five years led to five scientists but capable people.” at the University of Pittsburgh, patent applications, four in he joined the University of electrochemistry and one in the —Robert Petro, Western Ontario in 1965. There he medical field. last graduate student of Professor Schlesinger undertook his first supervision of a Professor Schlesinger doctoral candidate on the topic of contributed very significantly to “Electrical and Optical Properties the scientific literature in the field of Ni-P Films.” In 1968 Professor of electrochemistry co-authoring Schlesinger was recruited to the University of Windsor where he two editions of Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition with served as department head from 1983 to 1993. Since his retirement in Milan Paunovic. Additionally Professor Schlesinger edited and 1997 Professor Schlesinger continued to serve as a Professor Emeritus contributed substantially to five other books, including Volumes 43, supervising young researchers, as well as taking on master’s and 44, and 56 in the series Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry published doctoral candidates. At the time of his passing he had supervised a by Springer, and the 4th and 5th editions of Modern Electroplating, total of 16 master’s theses and 12 doctoral dissertations, and continued published by Wiley. Modern Electroplating has also been published to supervise two post-doctoral researchers. Professor Schlesinger in Chinese by CIP Beijing. It is his contribution to both academic continued to be an extremely productive member of the department mentoring and to scientific literature that cemented Professor until his passing, carrying on his research supervision, teaching, and Schlesinger’s legacy as a global authority on electroplating and writing; his two final papers indeed appeared after his passing. related electrochemistry. Most of Professor Schlesinger’s experimental electrochemistry His many honors include Fellowships of the American Physical focus was on electroless metal (metal-metalloid) deposition and Society, the Institute of Physics, The Electrochemical Society, patterning. With his research group, Professor Schlesinger clarified the General Motors Academic Research Fellow, Research Award of the role of Pd-Sn nuclei in the initiation of the electroless plating process, Electrodeposition Division of ECS (1997), and the Erskine Fellow, and developed methods for the selective autocatalytic deposition Canterbury University, New Zealand (1994). He additionally of metals, in particular copper and gold. His work in this field served the scientific and physics community via his Editorships of facilitated the transition from aluminum to copper in microelectronics the Canadian Journal of Physics (1997-2002), the Journal of The interconnects, a technology of relevance in a number of industries. His Electrochemical Society (JES) (Electrodeposition Division 1979research group also contributed significantly to developments in the 1990, Associate Editor 1990-2005), and as Associate Editor of electrodeposition of compositionally modulated metallic multilayers, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters (ESL) (1998-2005). with thicknesses in the nanometer scale, using a single electrolyte. (continued on next page) 50

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS (continued from previous page)

Professor Schlesinger was always a source of wisdom, inspiration, sensible advice, and most importantly kindness towards his many students, colleagues, and friends. A regular at afternoon coffee, his presence is deeply missed by his colleagues and friends at the University of Windsor and especially in the Department of Physics. Research was his passion and he often said he could hardly wait until Monday to see what new developments would be made in his lab. Professor David Lashmore says about him: “I remember Mordechay more as a friend who was always interested in how I was doing rather than what I was doing. He was always open to new ideas; he was a kind and optimistic colleague and I will miss him.” His last graduate, Robert Petro, stated: “Professor Schlesinger was an amazing supervisor whose passion for science was second to none. While often half-jokingly characterizing himself as a bit of a slave driver in pushing his students, he always had the best interest of his students in mind. Of the many conversations on countless topics that we shared, it is his counsel and guidance that are most missed. He always focused on the well being and success of his students; it was his goal to not only produce capable scientists but capable people.”

In Memoriam memoriam

Past JES and ESL Editor, Paul Kohl recalled “I had the pleasure of being Editor for a majority of years when Mordechay was Associate Editor of JES and ESL. Mordechay always tried to bring out the best in the authors he worked with. He was encouraging and supportive of new ideas. Whenever there was a difficult or unusual task, you could count on Mordechay to volunteer. He was not afraid to take risks. We will miss his smiling face and upbeat personality at ECS meetings.” Professor Schlesinger’s last appearance at ECS was during the 2015 spring meeting in Chicago, where he shared reading suggestions from the Old Testament with his colleagues. In addition to his many professional and scientific accomplishments, Professor Schlesinger was a dedicated family man. He was married to Sarah, his wife, for over 58 years. He is survived by his wife Sarah, his daughter Michal Litovitz, an attorney in Toronto, and his son T. E. (Ed) Schlesinger, Dean of the Whiting School of Engineering at Johns Hopkins. This notice was prepared by Robert A. Petro of the University of Windsor, David S. Lashmore of the College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Paul Kohl of Georgia Institute of Technology, and Tetsuya Osaka of Waseda University.

In Memoriam memoriam

Ian Murray Croll

Sharon Roscoe

(1929–2015)

(1941–2015)

Ian Murray Croll, ECS member for 54 years, emeritus member since 1994, passed away on July 28, 2015. A resident of Pacific Grove, California, Dr. Croll was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. He received his early education in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree and continued graduate work at the University of Manitoba, Harvard University, and UCLA, earning a PhD in physical chemistry. Dr. Croll worked most of his career as a chemist at IBM in various professional and executive positions. He developed the process for magnetic recording media used on board Titan missiles for the initial Mercury space program. He also directed and carried out original research leading to the development of the thin film and magnetoresistive recording heads used in nearly all personal and other computers. Dr. Croll was the author of numerous technical publications and patents, and was also a member of Sigma Xi, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the IBM Academy of Technology. He was a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Chemical Society, and The Electrochemical Society where he was the chair of the Electrodeposition Division and a vice chair of the Electronics Division.

Sharon Roscoe, ECS member for 29 years, emeritus member since 2011, passed away on December 9, 2015. Dr. Roscoe was born in Ottawa, Canada and spent most of her childhood in western Canada. She attended the University of British Columbia, graduating with a BSc degree with honors in chemistry and a major in mathematics. She did graduate work at McGill University, graduating with a PhD in physical chemistry. Dr. Roscoe spent her entire Sharon Roscoe professional career teaching chemistry in the Food Science and Chemistry Departments at Acadia University. Over her career, she taught virtually every chemistry course in these departments, spanning the unusually broad range of topics from biochemistry to theoretical chemistry. She rose rapidly to the rank of Professor and served the University as Head of the Chemistry Department and for a short time as Acting Head of Food Science, as well as serving on a large number of University committees. She also held positions as Adjunct Professor in the School of Biomedical Engineering at Dalhousie University and in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Guelph and co-supervised graduate students in the School of Engineering at McGill University. Dr. Roscoe served as co-chair of the NSERC Biosciences B Strategic Grants Committee for two years and as a member of the NSERC Discovery Grants Committee for Physical and Analytical Chemistry. Her accomplishments were recognized by the Chemical Institute of Canada when she was elected a Fellow of the Institute and by the Canadian Society for Chemistry by presentation of the Clara Benson Award. She served on the executive committee of the Canada Section of The Electrochemical Society, including a term as chair, and was presented with the society’s R. C. Jacobsen Award in recognition of her work. She served in a number of roles with the International Society of Electrochemistry, culminating with her election to three consecutive 3-year terms as Secretary General of ISE.

In Memoriam memoriam Antonio Aldaz (b. 1943) member since 1982, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division, Europe Section Jan Vanhellemont (b. 1953) member since 2012, Electronics and Photonics Division, Europe Section

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

What’s Your LeGaCY? You’ve been a long-time member of ECS: attending meetings, submitting papers, sitting on committees—maybe even serving on the board. ECS appreciates everything you do to make our Society great, and we encourage you to think about how you can leave a lasting legacy on the organization. You may wish to consider:

A N NE D L P

L L E TI O C

D ERSH A E

GIVI N G

Making a Planned Gift A planned gift allows you to support ECS while retaining complete control over your assets during your lifetime. Because of careful tax planning and the passage of time, planned gifts often enable you to make a larger contribution than would otherwise be possible. Depending on your country of residence, a planned gift to ECS may also earn a full charitable deduction on estate taxes.

Creating a Leadership Collection The Digital Library Leadership Collection helps preserve our scientific legacy while supporting our Free the Science vision for the future. The Digital Library currently contains 14 Leadership Collections. Any remaining annual collection of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society may be named in honor of an ECS leader through a $15,000 gift to the Free the Science Fund.

Becoming a Free the Science Campaign Founding Donor ECS has launched the Free the Science Campaign, a mission-focused initiative, to provide open access to the entire ECS Digital Library—making all content from ECS journals freely available to all readers, while remaining free to publish for authors. Give by December 31, 2016 to be recognized as a Free the Science Founding Donor.

IE N C E

For more information on these or other giving opportunities, please contact us at 609.737.1902 ext. 122 or development@electrochem.org 52 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

ECS Classics

Making the Phone System More Reliable: Battery Research at Bell Labs by Lynn F. Schneemeyer

nderlying the evolution of the telecommunications network and the communications system of AT&T, research played a key role by bringing together the evolving technical needs and opportunities with experimental science and applications. Research in electrochemistry is an example of the work done at Bell Laboratories that was informed by real work problems while contributing to our basic knowledge of materials and processing. As Albert M. Clogston, Executive Director-Research, Physics, and Academic Affairs Division, Bell Laboratories, November, 1981 wrote in the volume of A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System, “the mission of Bell Labs [was] to supply the technology the Bell System need[ed] to do its job in the long term as well as in the short term.”1 Some context is needed as the telecommunications landscape has changed so dramatically from the system that developed following the invention of the telephone. Soon after the invention of a working telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, a large number of companies formed to offer phone services across the U.S. The Census of 1880 showed 148 telephone companies. Alexander Graham Bell and two investors, Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, formed the Bell Telephone Company, which in few years became the American Bell Telephone Company, which also acquired interest in a manufacturing unit, the Western Electric Company. The enterprise became collectively known as the Bell System. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) was incorporated on March 3, 1885 as a wholly owned subsidiary of American Bell. AT&T acquired a controlling interest in Western Electric, a key supplier of telephone equipment, in 1882. Eventually, many of the companies providing telephone service in the U.S. were acquired into the AT&T network, which came to be operated as a regulated monopoly. As AT&T built its telecommunications network, essentially a large analog telephony system in the first decades, brand new technologies were invented that we take for granted and are widely commercially available today. As large segments of communications network were deployed, attention turned increasingly more to exploration of promising fundamental areas of science. In 1925 4,000 scientists and engineers were dedicated fully to research in the newly created Bell Telephone Laboratories. Among the technologies that came out of Bell Labs research (and, of course, research at other industrial, governmental, and academic research organizations) were electroplating and related coating technologies, thin-film material, fundamental corrosion science, basic battery research, and an array of related fundamental research. Electrochemical processes were widely used in the manufacture of much of the equipment used in the Bell System. Indeed, much of the technology being utilized in the Bell System was based on the physics and chemistry of materials. Additionally, electrochemical processes, especially corrosion and tarnishing, were important degradation mechanisms for the equipment making up the system. Further, backup energy systems based on battery technology provided the reliability that the Bell System advertised to its customers and its regulators. 54

Research on Batteries That Provided Reliability to the Bell System Batteries for Load Leveling and Backup Power4Batteries were used in every Bell System central office to provide load leveling and backup power. Research on batteries began in Bell Laboratories in 1930. The batteries used in telecommunications systems were typically employed in “float operation.” Under float operation, the batteries are maintained at full charge with only infrequent interruptions of power from the commercial power source. This differs considerably from the mode of cycle operation, with its succession of discharges followed by charges. Initially, battery research was aimed at understanding whether changes to the design of the battery could influence the performance of these batteries used under float operation. One aim of the battery research was the development of batteries requiring very little maintenance. The main focus of the early battery work involved lead-acid batteries, rechargeable batteries that offered low cost, together with high power density. The lead acid battery system is low cost and high reliability and remains a commercially important battery system. A schematic of the lead acid battery is shown in Fig. 1. The lead anode (negative plate) and the lead dioxide cathode (positive plate) are typically alloys of lead, often lead-calcium or lead-antimony alloys, selected to yield suitably mechanically strong grid structures for the plates that are immersed in a sulfuric acid electrolyte. However, the

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a lead-acid battery. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

the approximately three foot diameter Telstar satellite was an international collaboration involving a team of researchers at Bell Labs. Telstar was a private satellite launched under a contract with NASA. A product-driven research program, Telstar utilized a variety of then cutting edge technologies including transistor technology and traveling wave tubes engineered to survive rocket launch. The new Ni-Cd battery technology was also employed in the integrated Telstar satellite system. While a focused research program, Telstar led to important new discoveries and innovations including measurements of the Earth’s radiation belts. Figure 3 shows a diagram of the early Ni-Cd battery. Batteries of the future: Lithium ion batteries4Research at Bell Laboratories in the late 1970s focused on cathode materials for high energy density lithium rechargeable batteries. The search was for an electronically conducting material that could be reversibly oxidized and reduced with little change to its shape and structure (Fig. 4). The oxidation-reduction chemistry would involve the solid-state transport of lithium ions. The research envisioned the use of nonaqueous electrolytes and room temperature operation for these new lithium batteries. (continued on next page) Fig. 2. A group of round cells for sale. Note the size; the cells are placed on a commercial size palette (typically 40 × 48 in.). Each 2 V cell weighs about 300-350 pounds. Photographer: Aaron Murakami. 5

highly oxidizing sulfuric acid electrolyte may react with the battery plates, particularly those involving alloys, thus limiting the battery life. The research on the round cell was carried out by Bell Labs researchers in New Jersey in collaboration with researchers in lead-acid battery companies that would become the suppliers. Initially, the focus of much of the Bell Laboratories battery research was on the lead alloys used in the batteries. Batteries having lead-antimony alloy grids were suffering from an undesirable aging process because the highly anodic conditions at the positive grid caused antimony to leach from the plate and slowly deposit as metallic antimony on the surface of the negative plate. Research of H. E. Haring and U. B. Thomas2,3 showed that by moving to lead alloys with only very low levels of alloying constituents, that were electronegative relative to lead, significantly reduced the aging problem. The new leadcalcium alloy plates indeed also exhibited superior electrochemical performance. Longer duration studies, however, showed the need to carefully control the calcium content of the plates in order to control the post corrosion in the batteries. Post corrosion is a destructive chemical reaction that takes place on the post, which is a structure that connects the battery electrode to the outside load. Often the post is of different chemical composition than the plate, with dissimilar materials leading to corrosion processes. Ultimately, the Bell Laboratories battery research produced a novel cylindrical cell, known as the round cell that allowed the use of pure lead as the grid material. By using pure lead, these batteries showed significantly lessened positive grid corrosion in long-term float use. A 30 year retrospective examination of the round cell was published by Cannone et al. in 2004.4 At that time, more than 1.5 million cells had been made and installed to provide battery backup for AT&T and its many telecomm heirs. Round cells remain in commercial production to the present day. Old round cells like those shown in Fig. 2 are being repurposed as battery storage for home solar energy installations. Batteries of the future: Nickel-Cadmium batteries4Research carried out in the early 1960s by D. C. Bomberger and L. F. Moose6 led to sealed nickel-cadmium alkaline cells that were used in the Telstar communication satellite. Much of the subsequent research on the NiCd system focused on cathode materials. Ni-Cd batteries were also used as part of the backup power system in central switching offices. Because Ni-Cd batteries do not emit corrosive gases, an issue with lead acid batteries, Ni-Cd batteries could be installed in the vicinity of electronic equipment. A consistent theme of work carried out at Bell Laboratories was the impact on the telecommunications business. The Telstar satellite, the first telecommunications satellite, was launched on July 10, 1962 with the purpose to relay transatlantic communications. Building

Fig. 3. Diagram of an early Ni-Cd battery.6

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

(continued from previous page)

About the Author Lynn Schneemeyer is the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs in the College of Science and Mathematics at Montclair State University. She worked in materials research at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey from 1980 to 2002. Her research covered a broad range of materials including electronic, optical, superconducting, chemical, and magnetical. Some of the more recent methodolgies involved the development of high throughput, combinatorial-type approaches to new and useful inorganic materials such as optical and telecommunication-related materials. Dr. Schneemeyer may be reached at schneemeyerl@mail.montclair.edu.

References Fig. 4. Examples of inorganic compounds that undergo intercalation chemistry.7

Work by Donald W. Murphy8 and collaborators at Bell Laboratories identified a large number of candidate cathode materials, initially focusing on layered transition metal dichalcogenides like VSe2 and then expanding to consider transition metal oxides including V6O13 that nominally met the desired criteria. An important aspect of Murphy’s work on inorganic materials for lithium batteries was the demonstration that a wide variety of materials, including many with three-dimensional framework structures, could exhibit reasonable ionic mobilities for lithium. Thus, work at Bell Laboratories by Murphy and coworkers greatly expanded the universe of potential cathode materials beyond those with layered structures that were the original targets of intercalation chemistry research. Other research taking place at Bell Laboratories focused on different aspects of a possible lithium battery, especially conductive organic-based electrolytes and a commercially viable anode material. Starting in the late 1970s, Samar Basu and coworkers9 worked on these problems aiming to create a viable commercial lithium battery. Ultimately Sony Engineers combined the Bell Labs patents with a cobalt oxide cathode material pioneered by John Goodenough10 and his colleagues then at Oxford University to produce the first commercial lithium-ion battery, the basis for the batteries which power most modern rechargeable portable electronic devices. (Ed. Note: 2016 marks the 25th anniversary of the commercialization of the lithium-ion battery. The fall 2016 issue of Interface will be a special issue commemorating this anniversary.)

1. A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System, Physical Sciences (1925-1980), S. Millman, Ed., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ (1983). 2. H .E. Haring and U. B. Thomas, “The Electrochemical Behavior of Lead, Lead-Antimony and Lead-Calcium Alloys in Storage Cells,” Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 68, 293 (1935). 3. U. B. Thomas, F. T. Forster, and H. E. Haring, “Corrosion and Growth of Lead-Calcium Alloy Storage Battery Grids as a Function of Calcium Content,” Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 92, 313 (1947). 4. A. G. Cannone, W. P. Cantor, D. O. Feder, and J. P. Stevens, “The Round Cell: Promises vs. Results 30 Years Later.” In INTELEC 2004: 26th Annual International Telecommunications Energy Conference, Chicago, IL, September 19-23, 2004; IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2004, p. 401, 5. http://www.energyscienceforum.com/bigbatteries/ Accessed Jan. 28, 2016. 6. D. C. Bomberger and L. F. Moose, “Nickel-Cadmium Cells for the Spacecraft Battery,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., 42, 1687 (1963). 7. J. Molenda and M. Molenda, “Composite Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries Based on LiFePO4 System.” In Metal, Ceramic and Polymeric Composites for Various Uses, John Cuppoletti, Ed., InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, (2011), p. 621, 8. D. W. Murphy and P. A. Christian, “Solid State Electrodes for High Energy Batteries,” Science, 205, 651 (1979). 9. J. Broadhead, F. A. Trumbore, and S. Basu, “Metal Chalcogenides as Reversible Cathodes in Lithium Cells and Their Future in Telecommunications,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 118, 241 (1981). 10. J. B. Goodenough, A. K. Padhi, K. S. Nanjundaswamy, and C. Masquelier, U.S. Patent US5910382, “Cathode Materials for Secondary (Rechargeable) Lithium Batteries,” June 8, 1999.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Your Article. Online. FAST! Quality peer review. Continuous publication. No page charges. u NEW! Communication and Editors' Choice articles in ECS journals. u Author choice open access. u ECS—the only nonprofit society publisher with top publications in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. u High-impact research and technical content areas. u Editorial Boards comprised of internationally-recognized leaders in their fields. u Immediate and worldwide dissemination of content to more than 1,000 academic, research, and corporate libraries. u Visibility and discoverability on a leading-edge, innovative platform. u FOCUS ISSUES devoted to critical, high-profile research that offer state-of-the-science summaries and perspectives. u Lag time from acceptance to version of record publication is 10 days or less

Get published FAST! Get more information or submit your manuscript now at

ecsjournals.msubmit.net l

Leading the world in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology for more than 110 years

www.electrochem.org

www.ecsdl.org

The Electrochemical Society • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org Meeting Program l May 12-16,Interface 2013 l Toronto, ON, Canada

57 1

Altmetrics in the ECS Digital Library What Are Altmetrics? Altmetrics are a better way for authors to track the discussion surrounding their work. Where the Journal Impact Factor reports aggregate data for a journal, altmetrics report data for individual articles. By providing article level metrics, altmetrics allow authors to see not only how much attention their work is receiving, but where the attention is coming from, and at an earlier stage than traditional metrics.

How to Boost Your Altmetric Rankings • Publish open access so that more readers can view your research. • Like, tweet, and share. • Start a conversation and actively promote your work.

How Are Altmetric Scores Generated? Data comes from: • Online reference managers (Mendeley, CiteULike) • Mainstream media (newspapers and magazines) • Social media (Twitter, Facebook, blogs, etc.) Data is weighted based on: • Volume: How much attention is an article getting? • Sources: Which sources are mentioning the article? • Authors: Who is talking about the article?

Open Access and Altmetrics Are Complementary Open access and altmetrics work cooperatively to help articles reach their full impact. Altmetrics further ECS’s pledge to Free the Science™ by providing both transparent publication as well as transparent assessment of research.

(10) Google+ (12) news outlets (17) Facebook

137

(3) blogs (23) Twitter

electrochem.org • ecsdl.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

T ECH HIGHLIGH T S Green Fabrication of TiO2-Carbon Anode Films for Li-Ion Batteries by Electrophoretic Deposition At present, the standard method to fabricate thin film Li-ion battery electrodes is tape casting, which involves the use of expensive polymer binder materials and toxic organic solvents. Developing greener alternative processes to overcome these shortcomings is of great interest. In a recent JES focus issue on electrophoretic deposition (EPD), researchers from McGill University in Canada reported their work in this direction. In this work, the authors successfully demonstrated the deposition of thick film (>20 μm) anodes using commercial P25 TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon black from a simple isopropanol bath without the use of charging agents or other additives such as polymer binders or surfactants, which are normally required for an EPD process. The EPD-built electrodes showed electrochemical properties—such as film conductivity, polarization and charge storage capacity—comparable to standard binder-based electrodes. Their performances could be further enhanced by a post-EPD sintering treatment at 450°C. One example was the significant improvement in capacity retention: after 100 cycles at 1C rate, the sintered electrode maintained almost twice the specific capacity as that of the unsintered electrode as well as of the standard binderbased electrodes. With these positive results, the authors are extending their work to other commercially used electrode materials. From: J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, D3013 (2015).

Energy Consumption and Recovery in Capacitive Deionization Using Nanoporous Activated Carbon Electrodes Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a simple and reliable method for electrosorptive removal of ions in water. Upon reversing the polarity, the ions entrapped at the electric double layer (EDL) are released and form a more concentrated brine that is subsequently discarded. Energy is required to charge the double layer of the electrodes. Part of that energy can be recovered during the discharging of the electrodes. Researchers in the U.S. set out to investigate the impact of operational parameters on the CDI cell performance, particularly the input and recovered energies. The authors employed a nanoscale microporous activated carbon cloth in a flow cell and varied the charging/ discharging current, the influent salt concentration, and water flow rate. A matrix of the experimental results showed the main trends expected from typical electrochemical responses to changes in the operational parameters, and deviations from these trends arising from coupled effects. One cause for deviation was increased faradaic reactions occurring at higher cell voltages, when applying higher currents. Overpotential and mass transport conditions were a focus in understanding the overall cell performance and resulting energy recovery. The authors emphasize that maximizing energy recovery in CDI systems can make them cost-effective and competitive with reverse osmosis systems. From: J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, E282 (2015).

Dual Mode Photocurrent Generation of Graphene-Oxide Semiconductor Junction To address a growing need for low-cost and more versatile photosensing devices, researchers have explored the properties of graphene as a potential high quality photodetector material. Graphene offers fast carrier relaxation processes that allow broadband and ultrafast light detection. To make a photodetector device, gate biasing is typically needed to facilitate photocurrent generation under light illumination. Graphenebased devices up to now have also relied on heterojunctions with other semiconductors. The search continues for more versatile photodetection schemes to broaden the range of applications for light-sensitive graphenebased technologies. Researchers at Samsung in Korea have demonstrated a wafer-scale chemical vapor deposited graphene and sputtered amorphous-phase indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) semiconductor junction. The technology is based on a heterojunction device capable of dual mode photocurrent collection under zero source-drain bias. For lateral mode operation, antisymmetric photocurrent is collected from surfaceplasmon-mediated hot carriers generated in the metal electrodes of the device. In the second operational mode, photogenerated current in the vertical direction using asymmetric barrier potential charge separation offers an alternative approach for light detection. The device does not require an external source-drain bias during operation. The graphene-IGZO junction allows current flow irrespective of the incident light wavelength. The work provides interesting possibilities for photo-energy harvesting, phototransistors, and photodetectors using graphene-oxide heterojunctions. From: ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 4, N131 (2015).

The Use of a Sintered Ag/AgCl Electrode as Both Reference and Counter Electrodes for Electrochemical Measurements in Thin Film Electrolytes A critical knowledge gap in the mechanistic understanding of atmospheric corrosion is the lack of accurate information on the electrochemical kinetics under thin electrolyte films. As opposed to bulk solution electrolytes, thin films pose a more significant challenge to interrogate with the placement of both the reference electrode (RE) and counter electrode (CE) into films less than 1 mm thick. Previous approaches, including the use of a Kelvin probe, a Pt wire, or a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) have produced data hindered in its practicality due to known distortion of the current distribution across the working electrode (WE) and significant ohmic drop. Researchers at the University of Virginia have proposed a new approach for electrochemically probing corrosion under thin electrolyte films utilizing a commercially available sintered Ag/AgCl disc as a combined RE and CE. A key attribute of a combined RE/ CE, the ability to supply significant currents with only minimal polarization from its open circuit potential, was demonstrated for the sintered Ag/AgCl electrode in a 245 µm thick film. Previous challenges were also alleviated by mounting the RE/CE directly above the WE, generating a uniform current distribution

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

and dramatically decreasing ohmic drop. These findings indicate that a sintered Ag/ AgCl combined RE/CE is a promising approach for electrochemically interrogating atmospheric corrosion under thin electrolyte films. From: ECS Electrochem. Lett., 4, C31 (2015).

Fluidic Cell to Study Electrochemistry of Microelectrodes Microelectrodes, also now called ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs), were first developed in the early 1980s. UMEs provide several important advantages in electrochemical studies, including reduction in double layer capacitance. Further, due to the smaller currents, ohmic losses are dramatically reduced, thereby allowing high mass-transport rates to be studied. Despite the advantages of using silicon microfabrication technology to produce UMEs, microfabrication of UMEs has not been ubiquitously adopted by researchers. Researchers at Stanford University recently described the design, fabrication, and performance characteristics of an external fixture fabricated from polyether ether ketone (PEEK) which mates easily to siliconbased microelectrodes and which facilitates precise alignment of the microelectrode to a fluid cell containing the electrolyte. The PEEK fixture, precision fabricated (to a tolerance of ~25 µm) with a lathe, included alignment pins that mate precisely with alignment fields in the silicon substrate. The authors demonstrated the performance of this microelectrode/fixture/fluid cell arrangement by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of octadecanethiol in a pH 7 ferricyanide/ ferrocyanide solution. The double layer capacitance in the presence of thiol is ~10 times less than in its absence, which agrees well with theoretical predictions based on the Helmholtz double layer. The combination of robustness, reusability, and minimization of parasitic capacitance available from this experimental set-up makes this a versatile tool for accurate, precise electrochemical studies at UMEs. From: ECS Solid State Lett., 4, P67 (2015).

Tech Highlights was prepared by Mara Schindelholz and Mike Kelly of Sandia National Laboratories, Colm O’Dwyer of University College Cork, Ireland, Zenghe Liu of Verily Life Science, and Donald Pile of Nexeon Limited. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights, in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article.

2016 PRiME 2016 = Sunday, October 2, 2016 = Honolulu, Hawaii Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village

Recent Progress in Renewable Energy Generation, Distribution, and Storage The ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S) brings together policy makers and researchers as a way of educating attendees about the critical issues of energy needs and the pivotal research in electrochemical energy that will impact our planet’s sustainability. The 6th International ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit will focus around Recent Progress in Renewable Energy Generation, Distribution, and Storage. The program will include keynote presentations and remarks from DOE, NEDO, KIER, and the Hawaii State Energy Office followed by a poster session showcasing research, advancements, and technologies within the clean energy sector. There will be networking opportunities and associated receptions. Chair Boryann Liaw, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute Organizers Adam Weber, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Hiroyuki Uchida, University of Yamanashi Won-Sub Yoon, Sungkyungkwan University Mark Glick, Hawaii State Energy Administrator PRiME 2016 is the joint international meeting of:

2016 Fall Meeting of The Electrochemical Society of Japan

230th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society

2016 Fall Meeting The Korean Electrochemical Society

technical co-sponsors: Chinese Society of Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry Division of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute

Korean Physical Society Semiconductor Division

The Japan Society of Applied Physics

Semiconductor Physics Division of Chinese Physics Society

Questions? Contact Christie.Knef@electrochem.org. Visit www.prime-intl.org for updated E2S information including speakers and participating organizations.

Additive Manufacturing and Electrochemistry by Daniel Esposito and Daniel Steingart

lthough there has been tremendous growth in the capabilities of additive manufacturing in recent years, its roots go back hundreds of years. In many ways, some of the first electrochemists were also the first practitioners of additive manufacturing when they demonstrated that a low cost base metal could be coated with a premium finish in a conformal manner at room temperature in minutes. The first electrodeposition experiments date back over 200 years when Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli first electrodeposited gold upon silver, at first for academic experiments, and then for commercial application. Since that time, scaled commercial applications of electrodeposition have been critical to many aspects of science and engineering. More recently, the emergence of affordable, commercially-available 3D printers capable of depositing electrically insulating media via extrusion printing and additive photocuring methods have offered a wonderful complement to traditional electrodeposition, enabling both rapid prototyping and precise, high-throughput freeform manufacturing. In this issue of Interface we explore some of the benefits and opportunities that modern additive manufacturing methods offer for the practice of electrochemical analysis, engineering, and energy storage. In the first paper of this issue, Robert B. Channon, Maxim B. Joseph and Julie V. Macpherson, demonstrate the use of low cost additive manufacturing based on stereolithography, to create (micro) fluidic flow cells at scales that are either difficult or impossible to achieve with traditional methods. The ability to create high resolution, customized flow cells allows researchers to study fluid transport and electrochemical phenomena, as well as enabling highly accurate electroanalytical sensing with small analyte volumes and high throughput for a wide range of applications. With the methods described in this section, (micro)fluidic analysis systems can go from a sketch to a practical system within an afternoon, and that same device can be effortlessly replicated with slight variations in device geometry to create an array of parallel experiments. Trevor Braun and Dan Schwartz provide an article exploring the intersection of freeform patterning and electrodeposition with the use of software reconfigurable scanning electrodeposition cells. In traditional electrodeposition, the volume of the electrolyte is far larger than that of the deposited materials. This article shows that when the ratio is inverted, the small electrolyte volume can be used to direct growth and structure in exceptional ways without the limitations of traditional mask- or stamp-based patterning techniques. Another exciting development that is discussed in this article is the use of bipolar electrochemistry to perform localized freeform electrodeposition without an electrical contact to the substrate, a development that greatly expands the utility and throughput of electrodeposition-based additive manufacturing. The final paper by Corrie Cobb and Christine Ho demonstrates how additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping methods can improve the performance and the range of applications of electrochemical energy storage. Given the particle/composite structure of most secondary storage devices, the materials selection available is largely the same as those for traditional batteries. A device designer, using the methods described here, can embed a battery optimized not only between power and energy density, but also between conformable, flexible, and stretchable factors. Critical to this new paradigm in product design is a deep level of interaction between the design of the battery, powertrain, and the device itself. With modern rapid prototyping methods, all three components can be iteratively edited

and optimized with unprecedented speed. Beyond device integration, these new manufacturing methods for batteries may improve batteries for traditional applications: Rational integration of separator and electrode can allow for thicker electrodes at a given power density, improving cost per unit energy and energy density at a system level. Taken together, these three pieces provide an excellent overview of how recent advances in electrochemical engineering and electroanalytical tools can be merged with modern prototyping tools to create new opportunities for sensing, device production, and electrochemical energy storage. However, we believe that these examples are only the tip of the iceberg, and that the integration of electrochemical engineering and additive manufacturing will only accelerate in the years to come. While these articles are not meant to be comprehensive reviews of additive manufacturing, we hope that they inspire Interface readers to learn more about these powerful new tools and invent novel ways that additive manufacturing can advance electrochemistry, and that electrochemistry can advance additive manufacturing. Electrochemical engineering, the first in additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping, still has much to contribute to this growing field. In the spirit of "open access" knowledge sharing, DS has recently created a website (echem.io) where users can share (via GitHub) 3D cad design files and other open source hardware and software tools that were generated as a part of electrochemistry-focused research and development efforts. We hope you check it out! © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F05161if.

About the Guest Editors Daniel Esposito is an Assistant Professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at Columbia University in the City of New York. He received his BS degree from Lehigh University and his PhD from the University of Delaware, after which he went on to study as a postdoc at the National Institute of Standards and Technology under a National Research Council fellowship. At Columbia, his group’s research interests relate broadly to clean energy technology with specific topics of interest including electrochemistry, photoelectrochemistry, catalysis, photovoltaics, and the use of in situ analysis techniques to study the performance and properties of materials at high spatial resolution in the electrochemical environment. He is an active member of The Electrochemical Society and can be reached at de2300@columbia.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0550-801X

Dan Steingart is an assistant professor in Mechanical and Aerospace engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment at Princeton University. He has a ScB in engineering from Brown University and MS and PhD degrees in materials science from the University of California at Berkeley. His research is focused upon battery engineering at the intersection of materials science, diagnostics, and system design. Previous to his current appointment, he was an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the City College of New York, and a cofounder of Wireless Industrial Technologies. He may be reached at steingart@princeton.edu.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Your article. Online. FAST! More than 100,000 articles in all areas of electrochemistry and solid state science and technology from the only nonprofit publisher in its field.

• • • • • • • • • •

Summer 2014

•

ECS journals author choice open access. Quality peer review. Continuous publication. High impact research in technical content areas published daily. Focus journal issues. More than 80 years of up-to-the minute and archival scientific content. Leading-edge, accessible content platform. Free e-mail alerts and RSS feeds. Sample articles available at no charge. ECS members receive FREE ACCESS to 100 articles each membership year. Flexible subscription options available to academic and corporate libraries and other institutions.

VOL. 23, NO. 2 Summer 2014

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

Working With Stuff

9 From the President:

The Grandest Challenge of Them All

11 Orlando, Florida

ECS Meeting Highlights

36 ECS Classics–

Hall and Héroult and the Discovery of Aluminum Electrolysis

39 Tech Highlights 41 Twenty-Five Years of

Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

43 Studying Electrocatalytic

Activity Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

47 Measuring Ions with

Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy

www.electrochem.org

VOL. 23, NO. 2

www.ecsdl.org

If you haven’t visited the ECS Digital Library recently, please do so today!

25 Years of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

53 Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale: The Force Dimension

61 Functional Electron

Microscopy for Electrochemistry Research: From the Atomic to the Micro Scale

Not an ECS member yet? Start taking advantage of member benefits right now!

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Leading the world in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology for more than 110 years

Additive Manufacturing for Electrochemical (Micro)Fluidic Platforms by Robert B. Channon, Maxim B. Joseph, and Julie V. Macpherson Hydrodynamic Electrochemistry Many electrochemical experiments involve relatively large volumes ( >50 mL) of electrolyte, conducted in a stationary solution, but there are significant advantages to be gained by making the measurement under controlled flow and shrinking the electrode and cell volume down to the microscale. To consider why, it is first important to discuss what controls the electrochemical current, I, in a dynamic electrochemical measurement. As Eq. 1 shows, I is directly proportional to the rate of the electrochemical reaction, expressed as the flux, j:1 I = nAFj

(1)

where n is the number of electrons transferred per redox event, A is the area of the electrode (cm-2) and F is Faraday’s constant. The flux, j, can either be limited by electron transfer or mass transfer, the latter which is described by the Nernst-Planck equation,1 which outlines the contributions of diffusion, convection and migration to j. In the presence of excess supporting electrolyte and under stationary conditions, diffusion is the only form of mass transport. However, by adding a (quantitative) convective term to diffusion it is possible to (significantly) increase transport of species to the electrode surface. This has the advantage of both increasing I (extremely useful for low concentration detection) and accessing faster electron transfer reactions. Operation of electrochemical cells with convectivediffusive transport has traditionally been carried out by either rotating the electrode (rotating disk electrode)2 or flowing solution onto the electrode, e.g., the impinging or wall jet electrode (WJE),3,4 or flowing solution over the electrode surface, e.g., channel or tubular flow cell.5 To make I quantitative, it is important that the convective–diffusion process is controlled and well-defined; thus laminar flow is much preferred over turbulent flow. By shrinking down the dimensions of the electrode and the electrochemical cell, it is possible to (i) increase the diffusional flux of species to the electrode surface, increasing current to noise ratios, and (ii) reduce sample volume requirements. Practically, miniaturisation is much easier when dealing with electrochemical flow systems than with rotating electrodes. Although tubular flow electrodes have been utilised for a variety of applications,6,7 they are nowadays infrequently observed in literature, possibly because they are more difficult to fabricate and miniaturise than other electrochemical flow systems. Therefore, the remainder of this article will focus exclusively on channel and WJE’s.

Flow electrodes, due to the enhanced mass transport from convection, typically produce steady state voltammetric behaviour.8 Quantitatively, mass transport can be solved leading to analytical equations which describe the relationship between the limiting current, Ilim, and volumetric flow rate, Vf. For example, for a band electrode in a channel flow cell under laminar flow conditions, as shown in Fig. 1a, the Levich equation holds where:5 I lim = 0.925nFCD 2 / 3Vf1/ 3 w2 / 3h −2 / 3 xe2 / 3

(2)

where w is the channel width, 2h is the channel height, xe is the electrode width, and C and D are the concentration and diffusion coefficients, respectively, of the species of interest. Channel flow electrodes (CFE) have a wide range of uses, for example in flow injection analysis (FIA),9 dissolution studies,10 kinetic studies11 and reaction mechanism investigations,12 electro-osmotic flow13 and trace detection of a range of analytes.9 The history and theory of CFE’s has been reviewed by various authors.5,14-16 Figure 1b depicts the general schematic of a WJE. For this system under laminar flow conditions, Ilim is given by:17,18 I lim = 1.597 nFkc R 3/ 4v −5/12 D 2 / 3a −1/ 2Vf3/ 4C

(3)

where: kc is a numerical constant describing the momentum flux, R is the disk electrode radius, v is the kinematic viscosity, and a is the nozzle diameter. WJE’s are commonly used for trace analyte determination,19 anodic stripping analysis,20 kinetic studies,21 and as end of column detectors in High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).22 They have been reviewed by various authors.23-25

Conventional Fabrication of Electrochemical Flow Cells Channel Flow Electrochemical Cells4Channel flow electrochemical cells can generally be classified as either two- or three-part cells. For the two-part cell, typically the channel inlet and outlet are built into a single insulating component, attached through adhesive26 or mechanical force27 to a second component — a flat plate containing the working electrode, as shown in Fig. 2ai. In the case of a three-part cell, as shown in Fig. 2aii, the channel dimensions are determined via the use of a gasket, e.g. Teflon,28 thermoplastics,29 or an O-ring,5,30 which is held between the upper unit, containing the inlet and outlet, (continued on next page)

Fig. 1. Schematic of (a) a band electrode in a typical channel flow cell and (b) a 2D cross section of a WJE. Flow profiles for each are displayed in blue. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Channon et al.

(continued from previous page)

and the electrode-containing base plate. For Eq. 2 to strictly apply it is important there is a co-planar arrangement of the electrode and its insulating casing, which can be difficult to achieve depending on the fabrication methodology adopted. Typical methods of electrode fabrication include lithographic patterning of Au or Pt on an insulating material15 or sealing of metal foils in an epoxy based insulator.28 Other methods of encapsulation do exist for more challenging electrode materials such as carbon nanotubes9 and conducting diamond.31 The reference and counter electrodes are typically inserted into the inlets/ outlets to form a three-electrode cell. The vast majority of flow cells are fabricated using either precision micromachining or lithography. Precision micromachining involves the machining of solid blocks of appropriate materials, e.g., PMMA, PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene or silica, to form channels and inlets/outlets.32 A combination of machining techniques, such as milling, drilling, tapping, turning are employed. To produce smaller channels, smoother walls or more complicated internal geometries, an increase in precision and tooling complexity is required, which results in manufacturing costs increasing significantly.33-35 Precision machining can achieve feature sizes of hundreds of µm with roughness of tens of µm. With optimization of machining parameters and the use of a computer controlled milling machine, parts can be fabricated in tens of seconds.36 Lithographic techniques are also routinely used to fabricate flow cells. Smaller (micro-scale) dimensions result from lithography when compared to precision machining. Lithography also enables the use of harder materials (e.g., glass) that can be difficult to precision machine. For example, features tens of nm in size can be reliably fabricated, although this is well below the typical dimensions of microfluidic channels. Lithography can be used to make the flow cell either directly, typically in silicon, or by replica moulding.37,38 Patterned photoresist can be used as the walls of a channel, analogous to a machined gasket, or as a mask for substrate etching.39 Patterned photoresist and etched silicon can also be used as a replica mould in combination with the casting of PMMA or PDMS.40 A PDMS flow cell, sitting on a quartz slide containing the electrode(s), is shown in Fig. 2ai. Although the preparation and etching processes are multiple-step and can take multiple hours, the replica moulding process is relatively rapid, with

parts being fabricated in tens of minutes. However, lithography in general is a multi-stepped process which requires clean-room facilities. It is thus capital intensive and not viable for the majority of users. To date, it is almost impossible to form a one component channel flow cell where the electrode is already integrated into the host material using lithography or precision machining. This is due to the difficulties associated with the creation of internal geometries (voids) within a single component structure. One example exists of a tubular flow electrode formed by machining a hole through a monolithic structure consisting of three layers of insulating diamond, conducting diamond and insulating diamond.41 Wall Jet Electrochemical Cells4Early designs of the impinging or WJE involved close approach of a nozzle, typically a ~ 0.25–1 mm, to a large electrode, typically r ~ 1–3 mm,3,4,42 as shown in Fig. 2bi. This arrangement is very similar to that used today in HPLC with electrochemical (EC) detection. Common cell materials include Teflon, PVC and Perspex. These cells are often fabricated through precision machining, with screws or magnetic clamps used to hold the cell together, as shown in Fig. 2bii. Modern designs typically employ faster solution flow rates, smaller nozzle diameters and a wider variety of electrode configurations.43 There are various designs for wall jet cells that are used both commercially and in academic laboratories. For example, BASi produce a three-part flow cell intended for HPLC-EC, in which the electrode, gasket, and top plate are held together with a clamp. This design has also been used for FIA-EC.44-46 Similarly, DropSens produces a range of flow devices which have been used in a variety of FIA-EC studies.47,48 The wall jet cells (typically 2h = 400 µm, r = 250 µm, a = 4 mm) are fabricated from methacrylate by precision machining and use O-rings and magnetic clamps to complete the flow cell.

Additive Manufacture of Microfluidic Flow Cells

Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process of building up a structure by adding successive layers (bottom up) as opposed to removing material subtractively from a larger block (top down). AM is a broad and rapidly developing category of manufacturing techniques that takes 3D objects designed in silico, converts them to layers of 3D pixels (voxels) and then directs a device to form the object by selective addition of patterned layers. Several methods of AM are currently available. Here we aim to provide a brief overview of those most pertinent to building flow cells for electrochemical measurements. A more comprehensive description of the various types of AM can be found in recent review articles.49,50 For simplicity, the field of AM can be broadly split into two categories: stereolithography apparatus/ selective laser sintering (SLA/ SLS), and extruded droplet/ filament technologies, as shown in Fig. 3. SLA involves the light-mediated curing of layers or voxels within a vat of liquid resin using either a digital micro-mirror device Fig. 2. Example designs of (a) CFE and (b) WJE systems from the literature. (ai) 2-part lithographically fabricated (similar to those found in PDMS channels formed by replica micromoulding and adhered on a quartz plate containing the electrodes, adapted commercial projector systems) from reference 39. (aii) 3-part channel flow electrode fabricated from PVC and Perspex with a 0.5 mm thick Teflon or a directed laser beam. SLS spacer, adapted from reference 28. (bi) Early design WJE, taken from reference 22. The glass cylinder is press-fit to two Teflon bases, one containing the nozzle and the other the electrodes. (bii) Later design WJE, adapted from reference 73. (here grouped with selective An O-ring gasket separates the top plate containing the inlet/outlet channels from the bottom plate which contains the laser melting; SLM) involves electrode (labelled SPRDE).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

the use of lasers to cure beds of plastic or metal powders.51 Both SLS and two photon SLA are “direct write,” sequentially curing voxels to build up a part, whereas in SLA whole layers are formed simultaneously. For example, the EnvisionTec SLA machines use UV light to cure successive layers of a liquid acrylate resin, while 3D systems’ ProX series uses a SLS machine which employs a laser to pattern layers by selective melting of a bed of granulated plastic beads. In extruded droplet/filament AM, typified by methods more broadly known as fused deposition modelling (FDM) and 3D printing (3DP), a 3D part is made by layers formed from a printing nozzle extruded as a continuous filament or as single droplets from a nozzle. Thermoplastics (e.g., ABS) are most commonly used, but UV-cured acrylate resins are also prevalent. Instead of directly printing the plastic itself, a binder can be jetted onto a bed of powder, setting the granulated bed into the appropriate Fig. 3. Illustration of the AM process and the main types of AM methods currently available. Parts must be form. For example, the RepRap family of first designed in 3D software and then “sliced” to produce layers consisting of voxels for the print process. SLA: Layers are cured from liquid resin by exposure to UV light using a digital projector. SLS: A directed machines uses extruded filaments of ABS laser beam selectively melts layers of a fine granular bed. FDM: A heated nozzle melts and directs a to build parts onto a build platform, while continuous filament to form each layer. 3DP: A nozzle directs droplets of liquid resin to form each layer. the Stratasys’ PolyJet systems use inkjet technology to build multimaterial/multicoloured parts. Table I. Comparison of AM techniques that are widely employed. Resolution and layer thicknesses A breakdown of the pertinent parameters are representative of published and commercially available examples; these may change with for the different AM methods discussed different machines. is presented in Table I. It should be noted Typical Build Layer Support Resolution that there are usually several commercial Method volume Material thickness Commercial examples material X/Y (µm2) examples available for each method and the (X,Y,Z) (mm) Z (µm) figures quoted in the table are representative Acrylate of the best achievable by any one example SLA (500,500,600) No 25-100 20-100 EnvisionTec,52, 3D Systems53 resin in each class. Build time for AM varies widely with Plastic, SLS (500,500,400) Yes 100-200 200-300 3D Systems53 method and machine. Generally, it takes metal around 1 minute to form a single layer with ThermoFDM (250,250,300) No 150-300 100-200 Stratasys54, RepRap55 total time depending on the final device plastics height and the layer thickness. Build times 3DP (300,200,200) Yes Plastic 25-100 25-50 3D Systems53 in the hours are usual. Post-build curing is recommended for some methods (e.g., UV curing of acrylate resins and sintering of metal parts) to improve part strength, adding tens of minutes or hours An early example of AM for fabrication of electrochemical to the process. microfluidic flow cells was carried out by Macpherson, Unwin and 3D voxel size defines the smoothness of the resulting part. Small co-workers, who developed a SLA method for the fabrication of voxels produce smooth parts, but also requite potentially longer the channel/outlet/inlet component of a 2-part flow cell, aimed at build times for an arbitrarily large part. Extruded filament methods continuous flow voltammetry.57 The cells were 10 mm ×10 mm generally have the poorest resolution (voxel sizes of 100-200 µm × 10 mm and contained a 200 µm height channel. An EnvisionTec as a lower bound), with the size defined by the nozzle aperture and Perfactory Mini machine was used to fabricate up to 8 cells in one build the properties of the material being extruded. The resolution in most (about 3 hours) based on computer aided design structures and using SLA/SLS methods is different in the XY and Z dimensions as the XY an acrylate resin. The same flow cells were later used for the analysis smoothness is defined by the distance between neighbouring voxels of ascorbic acid oxidation58 and the dissolution kinetics of gypsum and the Z smoothness is defined by the thickness and uniformity of and calcium sulphate.59 The flow cells were further optimised for FIAthe build layer. Obviously, liquids can be more uniform and flat than EC9 by reducing the inlet and flow cell volume, reducing the channel a powder bed, so SLA methods generally provide a higher resolution height from 200 µm to 25 µm and smoothing the fluid pathways limit than SLS methods. As a result, SLA can provide high resolution by minimising inlet-channel geometry changes.60 These factors all in all three dimensions, but is typically limited in build area (tens or assisted in favourably reducing analyte dispersion. The resulting flow hundreds of mm in XY and several tens of cm in Z, depending on the cell and analytical signals for the FIA-EC detection of dopamine9 are machine). For small devices, like flow cells for electrochemistry, this shown in Fig. 4. The same flow cell has also been employed for trace is not an issue. Resolutions of 25 µm are achievable with roughness of FIA-EC analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulphide.61 Other groups have <10 µm RMS in XY dimensions with layer-by-layer building, where also developed CFE62 and WJE63 flow cells using AM. One advantage whole layers are cured simultaneously by sequential projection of the of the AM approach, as shown above, is that designs can be readily appropriate images. Extremely high voxel resolution is possible with altered and that even in one build, several different structures can be two photon stereo-lithography which uses a steered laser beam to cure fabricated. specific spots and has the highest resolution in all three dimensions, Traditional methods, such as lithography and precision machining, with voxel sizes of hundreds of nanometers possible.56 However, only are essentially 2.5D, meaning that a 2D shape is extruded/swept into a limited build area (<10 mm) is feasible due to the focal length of the the third dimension. The key differentiating feature of AM compared laser systems employed. (continued on next page) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Channon et al.

(continued from previous page)

Fig. 4. SLA-fabricated flow cell for FIA-EC detection of dopamine using a carbon nanotube electrode. (a) 3D (left) and side views (right) of a 25 μm height flow cell (key dimensions are given in mm unless stated otherwise). (b) Schematic (cut-away) illustrating placement of the flow cell on the electrode support (flow direction indicated by blue arrows). (c) FIA-EC data for dopamine detection, a LOD of 5 pM was obtained in PBS buffer. Adapted from reference 9.

to more traditional methods is that AM allows the formation of internal One way to improve performance is to coat the flow cell, postvoids in a single piece of material. This capability is especially valuable build, with a resistant polymer to enhance stability.65 Another, for microfluidic cells, for which cracks or seals between different parts method is to add small particles of non-reactive materials to the create risks of leaking solution. Furthermore, some geometric features mixture to produce build parts with significantly altered properties. such as true right angle corners and undercuts are difficult to achieve Most development work in this area is focused on developing stable, with traditional methods. By contrast, most AM techniques are well- printable plastics with hard, stiff, strong, or flexible properties suited for creating such features. simulating polycarbonate, polypropylene, and ceramics. This can The advantage of being able to fabricate internal voids with AM have a positive impact on solvent stability, as indicated in Table II, is demonstrated by comparing a precision machined commercial wall where two resins—methacrylate and a high temperature (HT) resin— jet cell (Fig. 5a) with that produced by SLA (Fig. 5b, c). As shown are compared for their stability in different common solvents.66 The schematically in Fig. 5ai, the commercial cell has a single outlet, HT resin is a proprietary blend of acrylate and a microparticle additive positioned to one side of the centrally located inlet. Note, the electrode that confers improved temperature and chemical stability. Although sits symmetrically beneath the inlet nozzle and is always larger in lifetime was improved, significant swelling or leaching was observed, diameter. Finite element simulations of the resulting flow profile which would affect the long-term performance of a continuous flow illustrate the consequence of one off centre outlet; flow deviates sensor. To date, there is no systematic study investigating solvent from the ideal case of being radially symmetric.64 To achieve radially stability of common AM materials which would profitably serve symmetric flow it is necessary to place the outlets around the edge of researchers in this field. the electrode and equalise the pressure of each outlet path. While traditional fabrication methods generally require 2.5D channels, AM allows the construction of complex internal voids—as shown in Fig. 4bi—that would be impossible to fabricate by alternative methods. As shown in Fig. 5bii, this structure results in a much more uniform flow profile away from the inlet nozzle. The corresponding SLA fabricated WJE cells are shown in Fig. 5c. An area of particular interest to electrochemists is the solvent stability of AM materials. Machined stainless steel components, Teflon, or diamond will have much greater solvent stability than many polymeric based AM or PDMS/PMMA lithographically fabricated microfluidic flow cells. FDM requires the plastic to melt, flow and set and is therefore limited to thermoplastics such as ABS and PLA. In terms of chemical stability, ABS is relatively stable in alkali/water solutions while PLA is more stable in acid and neutral solutions. SLA is dominated Fig. 5. (a,b) (i) Internal geometry (not to scale) and (ii) finite element modelling simulation of flow by acrylate monomers that are polymerised with within (a) a commercial WJE cell and (b) a WJE cell built using SLA. (c) Photographs indicating light-activated cross-linking reagents, which are the internal geometry enabled by AM-SLA, copyright Jonathan Newland. Scale bars = 3 mm. The generally stable in water, but unstable in organic fluid velocity profiles shown in (a,b ii) are taken 50 or 100 µm from the base of the chamber for the commercial and SLA WJE cells respectively, the color bar indicates the flow rate in mL/s. solvents such as acetone.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Future Perspectives for Additive Manufacture in Electrochemistry There is significant development work underway to increase the number of buildable materials. Recent work demonstrated use of a pre-ceramic composite which was converted to a non-porous ceramic by firing post-build.67 This work is expected to continue and is largely driven by engineers who aim for specific physical properties rather than chemists who are primarily interested in chemical properties. By highlighting the potential benefits that an AM approach can yield for electrochemists in flow, it is hoped that a significant new driver for the development of chemically resistant materials will develop. Multi-material AM (MM-AM)68 allows the monolithic fabrication of parts composed of materials of different properties. For example, it is possible to produce conducting feedstock material by impregnating with conducting particles such as carbon black69 or silver.70 Thus, it should be possible to fabricate flow cells that have the electrodes fully integrated. The near term benefit of this approach would be that no sealing of the flow cell with the electrode substrate is necessary, hopefully minimising possible solution leakage. The longer term benefit is that it will be possible to directly incorporate sensing functionality into devices without complicated multi-component assembly lines. Monolithic devices composed of integrated electronic components have already been successfully built using MM-AM.71,72 In the near future, the world of manufacturing, where devices are assembled in centralized factories, could undergo significant restructuring as AM technologies allow the fabrication of sophisticated and bespoke devices directly in the home of the end user. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F06161if.

About the Authors Robert B. Channon obtained an MChem from the University of Warwick and completed a PhD with Professor Julie V. Macpherson in 2015 on the development of electrochemical methods for the determination of pharmaceutical impurities. He is currently undertaking postdoctoral research with Professor Charles Henry at Colorado State University, working on low cost, paper based, electrochemical and colorimetric sensors for airborne chemical and biological hazards. He may be reached at rchannon@colostate.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-7736

Maxim B. Joseph has a BSc in biochemistry, MSc in mathematical biology and biophysical chemistry, PhD in biology and engineering, and several years of postdoctoral experience in physical chemistry and materials science. In 2012 he joined the Warwick Electrochemical Interfaces Group and is currently working on diamond electrochemical sensor technology with an interest in developing and modelling experimental hydrodynamic electrochemical systems. He may be at reached maximjoseph@gmail.com. Julie V. Macpherson was educated at the University of Warwick. She obtained a University Royal Society Fellowship in 1999 and upon completion of her fellowship in 2007 was promoted to a Professorship. She currently holds a Royal Society Industry Fellowship working on diamond based sensors. Her current research interest’s lie in the development of carbon based electrodes, fundamentals and applications. She is the author of over 160 research papers and 14 patents. She may be reached at j.macpherson@warwick.ac.uk

Table II. Solvent stability tests with AM resins for flow cell fabrication.66 The materials were submerged in solvent for 24 hours and the change in mass, ∆%, to the nearest 0.1%, recorded. Solvent

Methacrylate resin, % Δ mass

HT resin, % Δ mass

Acetone

–*

6.6

Acetonitrile

–*

3.5

Ethanol

2.8

0.8

Butan-1-ol

–*

0.5

Distilled water

0.6

0.1

Dodecane

0.2

0.1

Paraffin oil

0.2

0.0

Dimethyl sulfoxide

–*

−1.3

Toluene

1.1

−9.5

*Material infested with cracks such that cell was broken into multiple pieces, or complete dissolution of the material.

References 1. A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1980). 2. F. Opekar and P. Beran, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., 69, 1 (1976). 3. J. Yamada and H. Matsuda, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., 44, 189 (1973). 4. D. T. Chin and C. H. Tsang, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 1461 (1978). 5. R. G. Compton and P. R. Unwin, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., 205, 1 (1986). 6. W. J. Blaedel, C. L. Olson, and L. R. Sharma, Anal. Chem., 35, 2100 (1963). 7. M. O. M. Berners, M. G. Boutelle, and M. Fillenz, Anal. Chem., 66, 2017 (1994). 8. R. G. Compton and P. R. Unwin, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., 206, 57 (1986). 9. S. Sansuk, E. Bitziou, M. B. Joseph, J. A. Covington, M. G. Boutelle, P. R. Unwin, and J. V. Macpherson, Anal. Chem., 85, 163 (2013). 10. R. G. Compton and P. R. Unwin, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 330, 1 (1990). 11. S. Carlsson, P. Liljeroth, and K. Kontturi, Anal. Chem., 77, 6895 (2005). 12. H. Wang, E. Rus, and H. D. Abruña, Anal. Chem., 82, 4319 (2010). 13. H. A. Stone, A. D. Stroock, and A. Ajdari, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 381 (2004). 14. C. Amatore, N. Da Mota, C. Sella, and L. Thouin, Anal. Chem., 79, 8502 (2007). 15. R. G. Compton, A. C. Fisher, R. G. Wellington, P. J. Dobson, and P. A. Leigh, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 10410 (1993). 16. J. A. Cooper and R. G. Compton, Electroanalysis, 10, 141 (1998). 17. C. M. A. Brett, A. M. C. F. Oliveira Brett, A. C. Fisher, and R. G. Compton, J. Electroanal. Chem., 334, 57 (1992). 18. H. Gunasingham and B. Fleet, Anal. Chem., 55, 1409 (1983). 19. R. Kurita, H. Tabei, Z. M. Liu, T. Horiuchi, and O. Niwa, Sens. Actuators, B, 71, 82 (2000). 20. D. Omanovic, Z. Peharec, T. Magjer, M. Lovric, and M. Branica, Electroanalysis, 6, 1029 (1994). 21. A. A. Karyakin, E. E. Karyakina,and L. Gorton, J. Electroanal. Chem., 456, 97 (1998). 22. H. Gunasingham, Anal. Chim. Acta, 159, 139 (1984).

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-8383 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Channon et al.

(continued from previous page)

23. H. Gunasingham and B. Fleet, Electroanalytical Chemistry: A Series of Advances, p. 360, Marcell Decker Inc., NY (1989). 24. H. Gunasingham, Trends Anal. Chem., 7, 217 (1988). 25. B. Soucaze-Guillous and W. Kutner, Electroanalysis, 9, 32 (1997). 26. B. A. Coles and R. G. Compton, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., 144, 87 (1983). 27. N. V. Rees, R. A. W. Dryfe, J. A. Cooper, B. A. Coles, R. G. Compton, S. G. Davies, and T. D. McCarthy, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 7096 (1995). 28. R. Orton and P. R. Unwin, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 89, 3947 (1993). 29. M. T. Carter and E. D. Cravens, in Environmental Monitoring and Remediation Technologies, p. 251, T. Vo-Dinh and R. L. Spellicy, Editors, SPIE, Bellingham, WA (1999). 30. R. E. Meyer, M. C. Banta, P. M. Lantz, and F. A. Posey, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., 30, 345 (1971). 31. R. B. Channon, M. B. Joseph, E. Bitziou, A. W. T. Bristow, A. D. Ray, and J. V. Macpherson, Anal. Chem., 87, 10064 (2015). 32. R. H. Todd, D. K. Allen, and L. Alting, Manufacturing Process Reference Guide, Industrial Press Inc., South Norwalk, CT (1994). 33. Y. Cai, Z. Liu, Z. Shi, Q. Song, and Y. Wan, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech., 80, 1403 (2015). 34. Lauro, C. H. Brandao, L. C. Panzera, T. H. Davim, J. P. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci., 40, 227-234 (2015) 35. P. G. Benardos and G.-C. Vosniakos, Int. J. Mach. Tool Manuf., 43, 833 (2003). 36. D. J. Guckenberger, T. E. de Groot, A. M. D. Wan, D. J. Beebe, and E. W. K. Young, Lab on a Chip, 15, 2364 (2015). 37. J. C. McDonald, D. C. Duffy, J. R. Anderson, D. T. Chiu, H. Wu, O. J. A. Schueller, and G. M. Whitesides, Electrophoresis, 21, 27 (2000). 38. Y. Xia and G. M. Whitesides, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 37, 550 (1998). 39. I. Dumitrescu, D. F. Yancey, and R. M. Crooks, Lab on a Chip, 12, 986 (2012). 40. D. C. Duffy, J. C. McDonald, O. J. A. Schueller, and G. M. Whitesides, Anal. Chem., 70, 4974 (1998). 41. L. A. Hutton, M. Vidotti, J. G. Iacobini, C. Kelly, M. E. Newton, P. R. Unwin, and J. V. Macpherson, Anal. Chem., 83, 5804 (2011). 42. P. T. Kissinger, Anal. Chem., 49, 447A (1977). 43. I. Treufeld, A. J. J. Jebaraj, J. Xu, D. Martins de Godoi, and D. Scherson, Anal. Chem., 84, 5175 (2012). 44. A. Samphao, P. Butmee, J. Jitcharoen, Ľ. Švorc, G. Raber, and K. Kalcher, Talanta, 142, 35 (2015). 45. N. Vishnu, A. S. Kumar, and K. C. Pillai, Analyst, 138, 6296 (2013). 46. A. Anzalone, J. E. Lizardi-Ortiz, M. Ramos, C. De Mei, F. W. Hopf, C. Iaccarino, B. Halbout, J. Jacobsen, C. Kinoshita, M. Welter, M. G. Caron, A. Bonci, D. Sulzer, and E. Borrelli, J. Neurosci., 32, 9023 (2012).

47. J. D. Mozo, J. Carbajo, J. C. Sturm, L. J. Núñez-Vergara, P. Salgado, and J. A. Squella, Electroanalysis, 24, 676 (2012). 48. M.-C. Radulescu, B. Bucur, M.-P. Bucur, and G. L. Radu, Sensors, 14, 1028 (2014). 49. S. H. Huang, P. Liu, A. Mokasdar, and L. Hou, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech., 67, 1191 (2012). 50. W. E. Frazier, J. Mater. Eng. Perf., 23, 1917 (2014). 51. S. L. Sing, J. An, W. Y. Yeong, and F. E. Wiria, J. Ortho. Res. (2015) Advance Article. DOI: 10.1002/jor.23075. 52. EnvisionTec, 3D Printers Overview http://envisiontec.com/3dprinters/ 53. 3D-Systems, 3D Systems 3D Printer Overview, http:// uk.3dsystems.com/3d-printers 54. Stratasys, http://www.stratasys.com/3d-printers 55. RepRap-Community, RepRap wiki, http://reprap.org/ 56. S.-H. Park, D.-Y. Yang, and K.-S. Lee, Laser Photon. Rev., 3, 1 (2009). 57. M. E. Snowden, P. H. King, J. A. Covington, J. V. Macpherson, and P. R. Unwin, Anal. Chem., 82, 3124 (2010). 58. E. Bitziou, M. E. Snowden, M. B. Joseph, S. J. Leigh, J. A. Covington, J. V. Macpherson, and P. R. Unwin, J. Electroanal. Chem., 692, 72 (2013). 59. M. M. Mbogoro, M. E. Snowden, M. A. Edwards, M. Peruffo, and P. R. Unwin, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 10147 (2011). 60. D. Pike, N. Kapur, P. Millner, and D. Stewart, Sensors, 13, 58 (2012). 61. E. Bitziou, M. B. Joseph, T. L. Read, N. Palmer, T. Mollart, M. E. Newton, and J. V. Macpherson, Anal. Chem., 86, 10834 (2014). 62. J. L. Erkal, A. Selimovic, B. C. Gross, S. Y. Lockwood, E. L. Walton, S. McNamara, R. S. Martin, and D. M. Spence, Lab on a Chip, 14, 2023 (2014). 63. A. S. Munshi and R. S. Martin, Analyst (2016) Advance Article, DOI: 10.1039/C5AN01956G. 64. M. E. Snowden, “Electroanalytical Applications of Carbon Electrodes Using Novel Hydrodynamic Flow Devices”, PhD Thesis, University of Warwick (2010). 65. B. Y. Kim, L. Y. Hong, Y. M. Chung, D. P. Kim, and C. S. Lee, Adv. Funct. Mater., 19, 3796 (2009). 66. R. B. Channon, “Development of Electrochemical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceutical Impurities”, PhD Thesis, University of Warwick (2015). 67. Z. C. Eckel, C. Zhou, J. H. Martin, A. J. Jacobsen, W. B. Carter, and T. A. Schaedler, Science, 351, 58 (2015). 68. J.-W. Choi, H.-C. Kim, and R. Wicker, J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 211, 318 (2011). 69. S. J. Leigh, R. J. Bradley, C. P. Purssell, D. R. Billson, and D. a. Hutchins, PLoS ONE, 7, 1 (2012). 70. A. J. Lopes, I. H. Lee, E. Macdonald, R. Quintana, and R. Wicker, J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 214, 1935 (2014). 71. A. J. Lopes, E. MacDonald, and R. B. Wicker, Rapid Prototyp. J., 18, 129 (2012). 72. E. Macdonald, R. Salas, D. Espalin, M. Perez, E. Aguilera, D. Muse, and R. B. Wicker, IEEE Access, 2, 234 (2014). 73. J.-W. Sue, H.-H. Ku, H.-H. Chung, and J.-M. Zen, Electrochem. Commun., 10, 987 (2008).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

The Emerging Role of Electrodeposition in Additive Manufacturing by Trevor M. Braun and Daniel T. Schwartz

apid prototyping has been used for creating three- most common methods for additive manufacturing. While each has dimensional objects from computer-aided design (CAD) attributes and limitations, taken in aggregate, AM technologies are files since the 1980s. There are a suite of technologies seeing explosive growth. For example, Fig. 2a shows the publication that underpin rapid prototyping, but a key advantage trends for a topic search of “3D Printing” in the Web Of Knowledge of many is their use of additive manufacturing (AM) search engine. Research publications on 3D printing grew slowly processes; objects are created by placing material just where it is for years, but there has been an exponential increase in publications needed. AM processes use materials efficiently, reduce waste, and starting in 2012. sometimes eliminate any post-processing steps. In recent years, the What role has electrodeposition played in the growing field of dropping costs and increasing availability of 3D-printing technologies AM? Figure 2b shows the publication trend from a search in Web (one class of AM methods) have driven widespread use and creative Of Knowledge for “3D printing AND (Electrodeposition OR user communities. The easy-to-use, integrated software and hardware Electroplating OR Plating)”. Electrodeposition based 3D printing provides users with freedom in design that has created vast do- research has an almost identical growth trend as in Fig. 2a but is it-yourself/hobbyist markets. Software reconfigurable additive involved in a tiny fraction of the total 3D-printing publications. manufacturing technologies are empowering users by simplifying the Electrodeposition based additive manufacturing technologies offer way objects and devices are fabricated today. a possible solution to the material limitations of the technologies Additive manufacturing has evolved over the past three decades highlighted above (deposition capabilities include metals, alloys, to the point where current methods encompass lateral and vertical semiconductors and polymers) while also improving the lateral and resolutions ranging from nanometers to centimeters, as shown vertical resolution capabilities.9 Electrodeposition is particularly in Fig. 1.1-3 The first of these technologies commercialized was unique in its ability to create films at sub-nanometer (monolayer) stereolithography (SL), which uses a photosensitive liquid polymer that vertical resolutions, enabling an unexploited market for 3D-printing hardens when an ultraviolet laser impinges on the resin.4 The partially (continued on next page) cured object is then lowered into the liquid to allow for curing of each subsequent additive layer. Stereolithographic resolutions are typically in the millimeter range, but the development of microstereolithography (MSL) has enabled additive manufacturing at sub-micron level resolution.5,6 However, SL and MSL have limited material capabilities as they require photosensitive polymers. Selective laser sintering (SLS) is similar to SL, except a solid powder is sintered (fused) by the application of a high-energy carbon dioxide laser beam.7 The primary advantage of SLS is increased material capabilities (polymers, metals, and composites), but the vertical and lateral resolutions are typically in the millimeter range due to laser focus diameter, powder granule size limitations, and thermal conduction beyond the laser focus. Similar technologies to SLS include electron beam melting (EBM) which uses an electron beam instead of a carbon dioxide laser to melt the powder and laser engineered net shaping (LENS) which injects the powder into a specific location before then heating it with a high powered laser.2 The 3DP process (developed at MIT) also uses powder as the material stock but instead applied inkjet nozzle technology to deliver Fig. 1. The lateral and vertical resolutions for various additive manufacturing techniques govern the kinds of objects that can be fabricated. Shown here liquid binder.8 3DP eliminates the need for high powered lasers or is the approximate design space for seven different additive manufacturing electron beams and achieves better resolution than SLS, but was methods. Abbreviations for each method are given in the text. originally limited to powdered polymer materials. Later, Prometal developed a steel powder and liquid binder to form metal features in a manner similar to 3DP.2 However, Prometal-fabricated steel objects typically required high temperature sintering as a postprocessing step to fuse the metals. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) processes have recently become the most commercially available additive manufacturing technology because of the inexpensive machinery (a) (b) and low materials cost. Ubiquitous machines like “Makerbot” rely on low melting point polymer filaments to transfer liquid polymer to the object, followed by solidification. Despite the low cost, commercial FDM systems are limited to printing thermopolymers and often have millimeter scale XY resolution as set by the diameter of the extrusion nozzle. Fig. 2. Publication trends involving 3D printing are revealed for topic searches involving the Stereolithography, selective laser sintering, 3DP, terms (a) “3D Printing” and (b) the subset of topics that also include “Electrodeposition OR and fused metal deposition represent some of the Electroplating OR Plating”. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Braun and Schwartz

(continued from previous page)

AM. Clearly, electrodeposition additive manufacturing is a rich, untapped space for additional research efforts. The standard for electrodeposition additive manufacturing and patterning is through-mask plating, which has been highly utilized for development of integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, and hard drive components. This technique requires a mask to create the patterned layer and typically needs several deposition and material removal steps to fully develop the pattern. Recent years have seen the development of new electrodeposition methods utilizing flexible masks and sacrificial material in an attempt to reduce fabrication steps and increase geometric complexity of the fabricated structure. One example from our lab uses flexible masks for through-mask plating of 3D shapes.10 Pliant masks are laser cut to the desired shape and then adhered to nonplanar conductive substrates. After electrodeposition, the masks are removed, producing features such as the NiFe coil structure in Fig. 3a. Another method for layered manufacturing utilizes sacrificial material that is etched after electrodeposition to create 3D features.11,12 In this system, varying mass transfer rates or current densities during deposition of NiFe alloys can produce sacrificial iron-rich layers and retained nickel-rich layers from a single bath. This manufacturing method is capable of producing 3D features such as the microgear in Fig. 3b, where a standard through-mask plated object (an extruded 2D shape) has embedded 3-D layers that can be partially or fully etched.12 The most sophisticated and commercially successful electrochemical technology utilizing sacrificial materials for 3D fabrication is electrochemical fabrication (EFAB) or MICA (a second generation form of EFAB), which has been commercialized by Microfabrica.1,13 EFAB is a three-step process (per layer) consisting of sacrificial material deposition, structural material deposition, and surface planarization. First, a sacrificial material (normally copper) is deposited using a pre-fabricated negative micro-mold. Then, the retained material (normally nickel) is blanket deposited, filling in gaps left by the micro-mold and also depositing on top of the sacrificial material. Finally, both materials are planarized to the desired layer thickness. After repeating until all of the layers of the build are completed, the sacrificial material is etched leaving only retained structural material with micro-feature line rules down to 20 μm. Figure 3c shows an SEM image of a gyroscope consisting of 31 layers fabricated using the EFAB process.14 Despite EFAB’s success in microfabrication, it does not possess all of the traits for additive freeform fabrication, because there are hardware masks and layer-to-layer planarization. Through-mask plating and EFAB have some material selection advantages and better spatial resolution than SL, SLS, 3DP, and FDM but are not fully software-reconfigurable. Specifically, through mask plating and EFAB each use physical

(a)

(b)

masks or stamps to develop their patterns. Direct write (DW) electrodeposition methods are needed to bridge the resolution and material capabilities in electrodeposition additive manufacturing with user friendly software reconfigurable techniques like FDM and SLS. There have been several attempts to use localized electrochemistry for direct-write patterning as a software-reconfigurable solid freeform fabrication method. The use of microelectrodes to confine current density locally on a conductive substrate has shown growth rates on the order of μm s−1.9 Application of an electric field between a conductive substrate and a microelectrode in close proximity produces a highly localized current distribution at the substrate. The lateral resolution of the current distribution is dictated by the dimensions of the microelectrode. Highly developed scanning probe technology such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) have demonstrated nanometer scale patterning for both electrodeposition and etching.15-17 Microelectrode direct-write electrodeposition addresses local control of current density and can easily achieve sub-micron resolution, but has diffusion limited mass transfer rates, which can limit material growth rates. Impinging jet electroplating systems address mass transfer limitations by providing controllable convective-diffusive mass transfer rates at the substrate. One of the first direct write jet-plating methods was developed by IBM in 1982 (laser-jet electroplating).18-21 This technology is able to achieve deposition rates of 50 μm s−1 by combining jetted convection with a linearly-directed laser to further improve mass transfer and kinetic rates. Control of mass transfer and local current density enables a wide range of materials to be deposited, and can be software-reconfigurable. Our laboratory expanded on impinging jet electroplating systems by implementing full software control of all electrodeposition and mass transfer parameters with a tool called Electrochemical Printing (EcP), enabling flexible electrodeposition of metals and alloys in a raster or vector drawing mode.22-25 Figure 4 describes how EcP works. Software images (Fig. 4a, top) are used to define print locations and system operating conditions: Microjet fly-height (h, distance from microjet nozzle to substrate), electrolyte flow rate (v), and applied current and charge. These conditions are loaded into the custom software that controls each parameter (Fig. 4b). Figure 4c shows a schematic of the EcP print head and key features. A platinum anode is inserted upstream of the microjet outlet and the microjet nozzle diameter (d) and fly-height (h) are critical dimensions for deposit resolution. Full software control enables easily repeatable patterned deposition such as the copper on gold “Scale” pattern shown in the optical micrograph in Fig. 4d. Here, we see that decreasing fly-height clearly improves deposit resolution, as current is more localized at the substrate. The serial nature of local electrodeposition techniques presents a major barrier to commercial implementation of EcP. However, a U.S. Patent awarded in 2009 addresses the design rules for a multi-pixel print head which enables parallel patterning and increased throughput.26

(c)

Fig. 3. Examples of electrodeposition creating successively distinctive three dimensional objects. (a) Flexible laser-cut masks are used to create a 3D nickel coil structure.10 (a) Embedded sacrificial layers can be placed within traditional 2D extruded through-mask plated objects.12 (c) Repeated through-mask electrodeposition of sacrificial copper, blanket electrodeposition of retained nickel, and planarization, enables automated many-layer builds such as a gyroscope fabricated using EFAB.14 70

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 4. Shows a schematic for software reconfigurable operation of Electrochemical Printing. (a) A bitmap image indicating deposit location and process parameter selection is uploaded to a computer software program (b) with appropriate electrochemical and mass transfer operating conditions. This information is relayed to the EcP tool (schematic shown in (c)) which produces the corresponding copper pattern (d).

Convective-diffusive mass transfer control allows deposition of a wide range of alloy materials from a single bath. This was first demonstrated with EcP through copper-nickel alloy deposition from a single bath (0.7 M NiSO4, 0.004 M CuSO4, and 0.500 M Na citrate). Figure 5a shows a 3D topographical map and a series of energy dispersive x-ray spectra (EDX), plots (a-f), for a 10 × 10 array of copper-nickel dots deposited under varying applied current and flow rates. EDX spectra show that copper-nickel alloy composition can be tailored by both the applied current and mass transfer conditions. The highest copper composition (plot b) occurs under low applied current and high mass transfer conditions, whereas the highest nickel composition (plot e) occurs at low mass transfer and high applied current conditions. These observations are consistent with kinetically limited nickel deposition and mass transfer limited copper deposition. These results show how EcP can be used to deposit both sacrificial (copper) and retained (nickel) materials from a single bath. This is the foundation for layered microfabrication from a software reconfigurable system. EcP can be further modified to allow for much greater compositional control of the deposit by switching the electrolyte composition. This was achieved by adding a low volume micromixer upstream of the microjet nozzle outlet, providing rapid mixing of up to four individual bath streams. In this configuration, material composition is controlled by mixing individual bath components on the fly while printing, and then setting flow and current density that is optimal for that bath. Figure 5b shows an optical micrograph of a raster layer printed using EcP with on-the-fly mixing of baths in the micromixer. First, nickel raster dots were deposited at select locations from a 0.3 M NiSO4, 0.004 M Na acetate, and 0.014 M acetic acid bath. After the nickel pattern finished, a copper bath (0.1 M CuSO4 and 0.001 M H2SO4) was mixed on the fly, and another raster layer was printed, filling in the pattern. The Ni EDX image in Fig. 5c, clearly reveals the nickel-rich (continued on next page)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 5. Local control of material composition using electrochemical printing (EcP). (a) Stylus profilometry (left) of nickel-copper alloy deposits in a 10 × 10 array of varying applied currents and electrolyte flow rates. EDX spectra (right) show copper and nickel Kα peaks indicating material composition for the deposits highlighted in the array. (b) Optical micrograph of nickel and copper material deposited in a single layer pattern using the EcP micromixer providing pure metal deposition control. (c) EDX map of the pattern in (b) showing nickel rich pattern within the single layer. (d) Optical micrograph of the pattern in (b) after chemical etching the sacrificial copper metal leaving only the nickel ECS logo remaining. Scale bar is 1 mm. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Braun and Schwartz

(continued from previous page)

material in the pattern “ECS.” In Fig. 5d, the copper material in the layer was chemically etched with household ammonia cleaner, leaving only the nickel ECS pattern. The EcP micromixer provides rapid, local elemental material composition control demonstrating a proof-ofconcept method for software-reconfigurable layered manufacturing using EcP. This one-layer build is the starting point for more complex, but fully software controlled, 3D printing in metal. In recent years, we have simplified the EcP tool so it can operate using bipolar electrochemical reactions, making it possible to perform patterned electrodeposition without any need for an electrical connection to the substrate.27-29 This configuration is potentially advantageous for additive manufacturing on surfaces that are difficult to connect electrically, at the expense of needing more sophisticated electrolyte engineering. We have so far demonstrated bipolar micropatterning of copper, nickel, silver, and gold using our software reconfigurable scanning bipolar cell (SBC). We routinely perform EcP and the SBC in the micro to milli resolution regime. The scaling relationships for these microjetbased electrochemical systems have been studied and are wellunderstood.27-29 The high mass transfer provided by the micro-jetted electrolyte eliminates concentration gradients at the substrate, allowing these systems to be approximated with a secondary current distribution (limiting current densities can exceed 10 A cm−2).23 Scaling of secondary current distribution systems are described by the dimensionless Wagner number, relating charge transfer resistances to ohmic resistances in the cell. Simple scaling relationships for these resistances as a function of operating parameters and geometric conditions provide insight for future scale-down to sub-micron patterning. Additive manufacturing technologies have continued to evolve over the past three decades to meet the needs of manufacturing industries, researchers, and hobbyists alike. Techniques such as SL, SLS, 3DP, and FDM have been at the forefront of commercial additive manufacturing due to software control enabling greater design flexibility. FDM additive manufacturing has recently had great commercial success. Electrodeposition methods for additive manufacturing have also found significant commercial opportunities. Despite this, electrodeposition systems that are fully software controlled are just beginning to emerge. To bridge the advantages of techniques such as FDM with advantages of electrodeposition techniques like through-mask plating, localized electrodeposition methods have been explored. In our laboratory, electrochemical printing was developed for local electrodeposition, providing higher material growth rates to due to high convectivediffusive mass transfer. The full software control of mass transfer and electrochemical parameters in EcP provides excellent deposit composition control, an attractive feature for 3D fabrication that relies on patterning sacrificial and retained materials. Further software design and automation is necessary to drive this technology toward the sophisticated layered manufacturing displayed by methods such as EFAB/MICA. As 3D printing continues to grow, additional research efforts in software-reconfigurable, direct-write electrodeposition will create an alternative pathway for additive manufacturing, particularly at sub-micron resolutions.

Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the research efforts made by former students in the Electrochemical Materials & Interfaces Laboratory at the University of Washington. In particular, Steve Leith for his work on deposition of 3D NiFe microstructures, Weihua (Lucy) Wang for her work using flexible masks for rapid fabrication of 3D microstructures, and John Whitaker and Jeff Nelson for engineering and optimizing the Electrochemical Printing tool and process. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F07161if.

About the Authors Trevor M. Braun is a PhD student in chemical engineering at the University of Washington. He received his BS in chemical engineering at the Colorado School of Mines in 2011 before joining advisor Daniel Schwartz’s research group, The Electrochemical Materials & Interfaces Laboratory, in 2012. He is a student member of The Electrochemical Society. His research efforts include both computational and experimental design for local bipolar electrochemical reactions using a scanning bipolar cell. He may be reached at tbraun@uw.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-3785

Daniel T. Schwartz is the Boeing-Sutter Professor of chemical engineering and Director of the Clean Energy Institute at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. He received his BS in chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota and both his MS and PhD in chemical engineering at University of California Davis. He is an active member of The Electrochemical Society. His research efforts involve the application of chemical and electrochemical engineering principles to a wide range of nano/microfabrication and energy areas. He may be reached at dts@uw.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-5611

References 1. M. Vaezi, H. Seitz, and S. Yang, “A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 67 (58), 1721 (2013). 2. K. V. Wong and A. Hernandez, “A review of additive manufacturing,” ISRN Mech. Eng., 2012, 10 (2012). 3. S. Huang, P. Liu, A. Mokasdar, and L. Hou, “Additive manufacturing and its societal impact: a literature review,,Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 67, 1191 (2013). 4. C. W. Hull, “Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography”, U.S. Pat. 4,575,330, March 11, 1986. 5. Bertsch, S Jiguet, and P. Renaud, “Microfabrication of ceramic components by microstereolithography,” J. Micromech. Microeng., 14, 197 (2004). 6. S. Kawata, H. B. Sun, T. Tanaka, and K. Takada, “Finer features for functional microdevices—Micromachines can be created with higher resolution using two-photon adsorption,” Nature, 412, 697 (2001). 7. C. R. Deckard, “Method and apparatus for producing parts by selective sintering”, U.S. Pat. 4,863,538, September 5, 1989. 8. E. Sachs, M. Cima, P. Williams, D. Brancazio, and J. Cornie, “3-Dimeniosnal Printing – Rapid tooling and prototypes directly from a CAD model,” J. Eng. Ind-T. ASME., 114, 481 (1992). 9. J. D. Madden and I. W. Hunter, “Three-dimensional microfabrication by localized electrochemical deposition,” J. Microelectromech. Syst., 5, 24 (1996). 10. W. Wang, M. Holl, and D. Schwartz, “Rapid prototyping of masks for through-mask electrodeposition of thick metallic components,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, C363 (2011). 11. S. D. Leith and D. T. Schwartz, “High-rate through-mold electrodeposition of thick (>200 μm) NiFe MEMS components with uniform composition,” J. Microelectromech. Syst., 8, 384 (1999). 12. S. D. Leith and D. T. Schwartz, “In-situ fabrication of sacrificial layers in electrodeposition NiFe microstructures,” J. Micromech. Microeng., 9, 97 (1999). 13. A. L. Cohen, “Method for electrochemical fabrication,” U.S. Pat. 6,027,630, February 22, 2000. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

14. S. E. Alper, I.E. Ocak, and T. Akin, “Ultrathick and high-aspectration nickel microgyroscope using EFAB multilayer additive electroforming,” J. Microelectromech. Syst., 16, 1025 (2007). 15. D. Mandler and A. Bard, “Hole injection and etching studies of GaAs using the scanning electrochemical microscope,” Langmuir, 6, 1489 (1990). 16. R. McCarley, S. Hendricks, and A. Bard, “Controlled nanofabrication of highly oriented pyrolytic-graphite with the scanning tunneling microscope,” J. Phys. Chem., 96, 10089 (1992). 17. Y. Wuu, F. Fan, and A. Bard, “High-resolution deposition of polyaniline on Pt with the scanning electrochemical microscope,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 136, 885 (1989). 18. J. Macpherson, S. Marcar, and P. Unwin, “Microjet electrode—A hydrodynamic ultramicroelectrode with high mass-transfer rates,” Anal. Chem., 66, 2175 (1994). 19. M. H. Gelchinski, L. T. Romankiw, D. R. Vigliotti, and R. J. Von Gutfeld, “Laser-enhanced jet-plating and jet-etching: high-speed maskless patterning method,” U.S. Pat. 4,497,692, February 5, 1985. 20. R. Von Gutfeld, M. Gelchinski, L. Romankiw, and D. Vigliotti, “Laser-enhanced jet-plating—A method of high-speed maskless patterning,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 43, 876 (1983). 21. R. Von Gutfeld, R. Acosta, and L. Romankiw, “Laser-enhanced plating and etching—Mechanisms and applications,” IBM J. Res. Dev., 26, 136 (1982).

22. J. B. Nelson and D. T. Schwartz, “Electrochemical factors controlling the patterning of metals on SAM-coated substrate,” Langmuir, 23, 9661 (2007). 23. J. B. Nelson and D. T. Schwartz, “Electrochemical printing: in situ characterization using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance,” J. Micromech. Microeng., 15, 2479 (2005). 24. J. B. Nelson, Z. Wisecarver, and D. T. Schwartz, “Electrochemical printing: mass transfer effects,” J. Micromech. Microeng., 17, 1192 (2007). 25. J. D. Whitaker, J. B. Nelson, and D. T. Schwartz, “Electrochemical printing: software reconfigurable electrochemical microfabrication,” J. Micromech, Microeng., 15, 1498 (2005). 26. D. T. Schwartz and J. D. Whitaker, “Electrochemical micromanufacturing system and method,” U.S. Pat. 7,615,141, November 10, 2009. 27. T. M. Braun and D. T. Schwartz, “Bipolar electrochemical displacement: A new phenomenon with implications for selflimiting materials patterning,” ChemElectroChem, doi:10.1002/ celc.201500356 (2015). 28. T. M. Braun and D. T. Schwartz, “Localized electrodeposition and patterning using bipolar electrochemistry,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, D180 (2015). 29. T. M. Braun and D. T. Schwartz, “Spatiotemporal control of bipolar electrochemical reactions on a macroscopic substrate without an electrical connection,” Submitted (2016).

Your article. Online. FAST! More than 100,000 articles in all areas of electrochemistry and solid state science and technology from the only nonprofit publisher in its field.

ecsdl.org

electrochem.org

If you haven’t visited the ECS Digital Library recently, please do so today!

Not an ECS member yet? Start taking advantage of member benefits right now!

Leading the world in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology for more than 110 years

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

16 l C H I C A G O , Illinois l USA 0 2 , 4 2 9 1 June

IMLB 2016 is the premier international conference on the state of lithium battery science and technology, as well as current and future applications in transportation, commercial, aerospace, biomedical, and other promising sectors. Convening in the heart of downtown Chicago, the conference is expected to draw 2,000 experts, researchers, and company representatives involved in the lithium battery field.

Meeting Topics • General and national projects

• Electrode/electrolyte interface phenomena

• Anodes and cathodes

• Safety, reliability, cell design and engineering

• Nanostructured materials for lithium batteries

• Monitoring, control, and validation systems

• Liquid electrolytes and ionic liquids

• Manufacturing and formation techniques

• Polymer, gel, and solid electrolytes

• Primary and rechargeable Li cells

• Issues related to sources and availability of materials for Li batteries

• Industrial production and development for HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs

• Li battery recycling

• Latest developments in Li battery technology

www.electrochem.org/imlb

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Additive Manufacturing: Rethinking Battery Design by Corie L. Cobb and Christine C. Ho

wo major trends are changing the way batteries are designed. First, small portable electronic devices have steadily evolved toward compact and thin form factors while retaining high levels of device functionality. As a result of this trend, batteries have become an everincreasing fraction of the total device volume, as shown in Fig. 1. Second, the advent of truly manufacturable and scalable flexible electronics has lifted the dimensional limitations of device design. However, this has in turn introduced new design complexities for integration, processing, and reliability. Connecting and integrating a battery, which oftentimes is the largest component in an electronic device, poses complex manufacturing, cost, and reliability issues. These technology progressions have motivated a shift in energy storage design and manufacturing to accommodate novel materials, new device geometries, and non-traditional fabrication methods. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a suite of manufacturing processes that is currently changing the way we design and manufacture products.1 AM technology will lead to a revolution in the way energy storage components are designed, integrated, and utilized in electronic devices. In this article we focus on recent advances in additive manufacturing for batteries and highlight current and future research directions for battery design, manufacturing, and integration for small, portable, and wearable electronics.

Conventional Large-scale Battery Manufacturing

is continuously injected onto the moving foil and is evenly distributed over the current collector. The head/blade typically resides about 5–200 µm above the current collector substrate where smaller gap distances may result in imperfect applied films after drying, and larger operating gaps may result in uneven surfaces. The final thickness of the dried electrode depends on the concentration, morphology, viscosity, and surface chemistry of the ink or slurry. This coating process has been used successfully at scale for many years to fabricate battery electrodes, however, there is no inherent capability to pattern shapes or nonrectilinear features into this existing process. The coated electrodes are then dried. After drying, the electrodes are compressed to an optimum density where electrolyte penetration and mass transport are balanced against electrical conductivity and mechanical integrity. Next the electrodes are cut to size, for the desired battery format. Once the cut electrodes are made, the anodes and cathodes are stacked or wound with the separator sheets and impregnated with electrolyte before being sealed in a case. These conventional batteries meet the needs of many of today’s electronic devices but are not suitable for future compact sensing, embedded electronics, and wearable applications due to their large size and rigidity. More disruptive battery manufacturing innovations are required to meet the power, energy, packaging, interconnect, form factor, and cost requirements of wearable, flexible, and embedded technology. Novel 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) battery designs,2 which are enabled by AM, will be a disruptive innovation that changes the way we think about fabricating and integrating batteries. Making these batteries compatible with high throughput manufacturing will be integral to their future success.

Advances in batteries are following typical process scale and efficiency trajectories. Batteries, such as the lithium-ion (Li-ion) (continued on next page) cells found in smartphones, typically contain four main elements: a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a liquid electrolyte, and polymer-based separators. Focusing on the anode and cathode, traditional fabrication methods use ink-like materials (referred to as slurries) to form the electrode films. The slurries are formed by mixing electrode materials and conductive additives with binders for adhesion. This slurry is then spread onto a foil in a slot die or blade coating machine. Slot die or blade coating is the standard method for depositing battery electrodes in industry. In this process, a slot die head or blade is set a fixed distance from a current collector substrate. In large-scale production, the substrate moves, the head/ Fig. 1. Batteries are occupying a growing percentage of an electronic device’s volume. There is a general correlation between blade is fixed, and material communication stack, display, and volumetric energy requirements. Data was taken from the respective product datasheets. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Cobb and Ho

system. When this complex phenomenon is well understood, one can design for very precise and novel deposition patterns. Depending on the required feature sizes, dispenser inks are generally easier to Additive Manufacturing Methodologies formulate for large features, but consistency in formulation is key for achieving reproducible electrode morphology and performance. Large Additive manufacturing opens up a new design space for batteries areas are possible with this deposition method at reduced throughput and energy storage applications. AM is a broad field which encompasses speeds when compared with conventional slot die and blade coating. various technologies that build 2D or 3D objects in a layer-by-layer However, the extra degrees of freedom allowed by this method can manner (Fig. 2a and b). Each layer may consist of plastic, metal, or open a new way of thinking about battery fabrication, potentially composite materials, depending on the application. AM enables the reducing and removing existing process steps and mitigating concerns fabrication of highly customized freeform products. Most products about throughput speed. that are directly manufactured by AM today have a small niche market Stencil/Screen Printing4Stencil and screen printing are processes where components only require production in small batches or where similar in structure to slot die and blade coating, with the ability to parts are highly customized. For mass produced parts, high production pattern nonrectilinear shapes. Stencil and screen printing utilize open speeds and low costs are essential. patterned masks or patterned screen meshes that are used to define Before one can select a manufacturing method for batteries, areas for ink and slurry depositing. A rigid metal blade for stencil optimization of electrode density and electrical conductivity for a given printing or a compliant squeegee for screen printing is used to draw chemistry must occur first, followed by the optimization of the mass the slurry over the screen, depositing materials through the holes in loading. Once these requirements are met, and application constraints the mask or screen. Gaikwad et al.3 used stencil printing to deposit all are examined (e.g., energy density, power density, flexibility, cycle the layers of a 14-V flexible battery consisting of 10 Zn–MnO2 cells in life, etc.), a set of materials and an AM process can be considered. In series. Screen printing allows for both the material and the pattern of an ideal process flow, the fabrication of a printed battery then proceeds a full battery (which could comprise multiple cells), to be structured by selecting the deposition tools, followed by tailoring the rheological in a low cost manner. properties of the inks (i.e., the ability of material to flow) used to High throughput screen printing technology has the capability print active electrode layers, current collectors, and even electrolyte to tackle challenging process and integration steps. One can take depending on the application. In the next sections, we review AM advantage of this ability by patterning entire battery multi-layer stacks.4 methodologies which have been used in battery-related applications Every layer of the battery is patterned using screen printing, and the over the last decade, with a focus on dispenser printing, extrusion, layers are deposited in sequence to build a stacked monolith. This screen printing, and inkjet deposition methods. AM method eliminates the need for costly assembly processes such Extrusion and Dispenser Printing4A dispenser printing system as splitting, stacking, and winding of disparate battery components. deposits ink over the substrate from a needle-like structure as shown The batteries can be printed onto patterned substrates such as flexible in Fig. 2a and b. The ink is always in contact with both the substrate printed circuit boards (flex PCBs) and integrated directly alongside and the needle. Dispenser printing can be thought of as a free form other device components such as a display, microcontrollers, coating operation with multiple active degrees of freedom depending and sensors. In doing so, traditional interconnect methods such on the system robotics that control the toolpath. Inks of varying as soldering, welding, crimping, and conductive adhesives are viscosities and particle sizes can be printed, and a rule-of-thumb is completely eliminated. These traditional interconnect methods are that the diameter of the dispenser needle should be on the order of typically susceptible to failure during bending and flexing, and the 10 particle diameters or larger to avoid clogging or jamming of the connection process is challenging to implement in highly compact fine needle. However, modern understanding and advancements in ink devices. Direct integration of batteries and device components into formulation have reduced the needle diameter relative to particle size a common patterned substrate minimizes contact and interfacial substantially. The ink is then printed continuously (called vectoring) or vulnerabilities, resulting in mechanical robustness, thin form factors, in droplet format (called rastering) by modulating the pressure applied and low-cost streamlined manufacturing. Furthermore, the ability to to the dispenser needle. The driving force for dispensing is typically directly print battery cells onto a substrate with conductive patterns done through pneumatics, with an air, nitrogen, or argon supply, or allows for the direct creation of series or parallel connected multi-cell through a positive displacement auger pump. battery arrays that are necessary to power device systems that require Dispenser needles can range from 0.05 to 400 mm in diameter, higher voltage or power output. and can be fabricated from metal, inert plastics, or glass. Generally, Inkjet Printing and Airbrush Deposition4Inkjet printing is a form dispenser and extrusion-based wet inks have a shear-thinning of digital printing where the desired image is formed by projecting ink behavior, which means the viscosity of the ink is dependent on the droplets onto a substrate. Inkjet printing is a high-resolution process deformation history of the ink as it moves through the dispenser and can easily achieve up to 1200 dpi (drops per inch). The resolution of the pattern depends on the quality of the ink and characteristics of the print head. The drops are formed by mechanically compressing the ink through a nozzle (such as a piezoelectric head) or by heating the ink to lower the viscosity. Inkjet printing, while a popular concept, is perhaps the least well-suited technology for mass producing printed batteries. Inkjet printers excel at depositing nL of active material within an area of 10 µm2: they have been used extensively for printing thin or area-constrained components such as metallic busses, passives, and actives for circuits. Yet, these Fig. 2. (a) and (b) illustrate conventional single nozzle extrusion AM where layer-by-layer fabrication enables benefits do not generally apply freeform geometry fabrication. (c) illustrates a multi-nozzle co-extrusion printhead where multiple lines of material for batteries. Inkjet heads have a can be deposited in a single pass. 10 separate conventional extrusion nozzles or 10 tool passes with a single nozzle (continued from previous page)

would be required to fabricate the same structure as shown in (c).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

strong tendency to clog with high mass loading materials, and are not amenable to particle sizes greater than 1 µm. As such, while one can inkjet print batteries, dispenser printing, extrusion, and screen printing methods are better suited to the needs of a battery. If a structure must involve thin layers of deposition, generally spray coating is superior to inkjet printing. Airbrushes or spray nozzles can be used to deposit inks with a wide range of deposition capability. Spray deposition is attractive for sequentially printing multiple inks that share a common solvent, or for co-solvent deposition where miscibility issues dominate. An aerosol is deposited with a lower mass loading than extrusion and screen printing methods, but wider areas can be addressed more quickly.

3D and 2D Battery Structures Fabricated by AM Sun and co-workers have conducted a promising demonstration of 3D printed microbatteries.5 Using specialized anode and cathode inks, they fabricated an interpenetrating anode and cathode battery structure using extrusion-based 3D printing with a single nozzle. These batteries are volumetrically efficient and enable a more seamless integration into wearable and portable technologies. Similarly, Ho et al. demonstrated both ink jet zinc-silver microbatteries and pneumatic dispenser-printed rechargeable Zn–MnO2 cells.6,7 In both cases, specialty inks were developed and deposited using direct write printing methods, which enabled unique electrode structures (such as 3D pillars) or multilayer monolithic battery stacks. Although these direct write AM methods show much promise, they currently have high manufacturing costs, slow processing times, trade-offs between power and energy density, and packaging challenges. Looking at 2D battery electrodes, Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) has developed a high-speed method of manufacturing high-energy density structured battery electrodes called co-extrusion (CoEx). 9,10 Leveraging inspiration from inkjet and extrusion-based printing, CoEx uses printheads with carefully engineered microfluidic channels to cause multiple streams of dissimilar fluids to impart shape to one another (similar to gel striped toothpaste). The result is a low-cost, high-speed, and continuous deposition process that can create fine linear structures in a single pass as shown in Fig. 2c. This AM process is capable of direct deposition of features as small as 10 μm with high aspect ratios and print speeds greater than 80 ft/min, a requirement of many battery suppliers. Although this process is currently being used for large area high energy battery fabrication, the design principles used for multinozzle printheads, such as CoEx, opens up a new AM path where multi-material structures can be fabricated in a freeform manner.

Going Forward: Rethinking Battery Design and Integration with AM The combination of dispenser printing, multi-material extrusion,8-10 and screen printing4 presents a promising AM future for integrating batteries into compact electronics in an efficient, low-cost manner. More broadly, AM opens up a new design space for battery electrode and cell architectures. Although processing speeds of some AM methods may not keep pace with conventional battery roll coating lines,11 the unprecedented freeform fabrication and adaptability makes AM a promising candidate for highly integrated applications, flexible devices, or miniaturized devices where batteries must be precisely and robustly integrated with electronics. The reduction in process steps made possible by AM can mitigate many concerns about slow deposition speeds. State-of-the-art commercial AM methods focus on single material deposition. Future multi-material additive manufacturing methods that enable concurrent deposition of two or more materials and 3D control over the spatial distribution of material properties on a digital scale will enable a series of breakthroughs for integrated batteries and microbatteries. True freeform fabrication opens up a design space where material properties can be varied at each point in a structure,

allowing for optimization of mechanical properties to meet both the structural and functional requirements of complex integrated battery systems. A process that is capable of integrating energy storage or other operational features into electronics, can also support adaptive manufacturing on demand. Battery integration, packaging, and encapsulation is an often overlooked challenge that deals with an orthogonal set of requirements where impermeability, chemical resistance, flexibility, and fatigue life are in conflict, depending on the battery chemistry. Due to packaging and integration limitations, making compact and flexible wearable and sensing technology still remains a research challenge. Conventional batteries are packaged in rigid and bulky containers or metallized pouches with large edge seals, limiting their integration into flexible or wearable applications. Most research to date has focused on new battery chemistries that will enable longer life, higher-energy, and higher-power batteries, rather than practical packaging and integration challenges. Multi-material AM opens up a new design space for robust energy storage where flexible and integrated geometry layouts and unique material combinations can enable superior device functionality and form factors. As battery requirements and design complexity grow, new computeraided design tools, computational approaches, and toolpaths for multimaterial deposition will be necessary to enable rapid fabrication of fully integrated, battery powered devices with AM. When battery geometries go beyond simple squares and lines, the software design tools required to model and plan the proposed structures becomes exponentially complex. Although a wealth of computer-aided design12 and toolpath methods exist today, their application to current AM technologies has been limited. The ability of software tools to plan, design, model, and optimize AM processes has significantly trailed behind our fabrication capability to make complex and customized products and structures. Developing the necessary software tools to support both single-material and multi-material toolpath generation, design, modeling, and optimization will be a critical component of the future success of AM for design and integration of batteries for portable and wearable electronic devices. As AM changes the way we think about battery design and integration, there are two technical challenges that will need to be addressed: (1) maintaining battery performance through the manufacturing process, and (2) achieving integrated long term performance of the full device stack. These two challenges are always at the forefront of conventional battery manufacturing and are critical to address for emerging AM technologies. AM methodologies have created new paradigms in manufacturing and design for energy storage devices, and will enable new battery materials, structures, integration methods. A number of AM strategies are being developed, and these new manufacturing efforts are driving innovations in the way we design, build, and connect batteries. As research and development progresses, we believe AM of multi-functional material structures will provide the necessary manufacturing, integration, and materials required for batteries to power a multiple of wearable and compact device applications, without degraded material performance (Fig. 3). Ultimately, the transformation of battery manufacturing towards AM concepts will usher in the next generation of highly embedded electronics, flexible devices, and inconspicuous wearable systems. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F08161if.

About the Authors Corie L. Cobb is a Senior Research Scientist at Palo Alto Research Center, Inc. (PARC) focused on advanced manufacturing technologies. Dr. Cobb leads research projects on novel printing and patterning technologies related to energy storage and hierarchical materials. Currently, she is researching and developing methods for coextruding thick films of interdigitated functional material for advanced battery electrodes. Prior to (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Cobb and Ho

(continued from previous page)

Fig. 3. Future AM vision for manufacturing flexible and portable electronic devices.

joining PARC, Dr. Cobb worked at Applied Materials. She has also worked in the areas of ink jet printing, optical Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS), imaging, and industrial design through internships at Hewlett-Packard, Bell Labs, Google, and Toshiba, respectively. Dr. Cobb has published 15 papers in technical journals and conference proceedings and is also a co-inventor on 4 patents and 14 patent applications in the areas of batteries, co-extrusion, and deposition equipment. Dr. Cobb holds a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley. She received her MS in Mechanical Engineering and her BS in Product Design from Stanford University. She was also a Bell Labs Cooperative Research Fellowship Program (CRFP) recipient and an Alfred P. Sloan PhD Scholar. She may be reached at Corie.Cobb@parc.com. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3381-2120

Christine C. Ho is a co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Imprint Energy, a UC Berkeley spin-off commercializing a printed battery technology of which Dr. Ho is the principal inventor. Imprint Energy, based in Alameda, CA, is developing technology to enable long lasting, low cost, rechargeable batteries composed of earth-abundant materials for today’s and tomorrow’s electronic devices. Dr. Ho received her PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from UC Berkeley in 2010 and her BS in Materials Science and Engineering from UC Berkeley in 2005. She may be reached at cho@imprintenergy.com.

References 1. I. Gibson, D. Rosen, and B. Stucker, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, Springer, New York (2015). 2. J.H. Pikul, H.G. Zhang, J. Cho, P.V. Braun, W.P. King, Nat. Commun., 4, 1732 (2013). 3. A. Gaikward, D.A. Steingart, T.-N. Ng, D.D. Schwartz, and G.L. Whiting, Appl. Phys. Lett., 102, 233302 (2013). 4. J.D. MacKenzie and C. Ho, Proceedings of the IEEE, 103, 4 (2015). 5. K. Sun, T.-S. Wei, B. Y. Ahn, J.Y. Seo, S.J. Dillon, and J.A. Lewis, Adv. Mater., 25, 4539 (2013). 6. C.C. Ho, K. Murata, D.A. Steingart, J.W. Evans, and P.K. Wright, J. Micromech. Microeng., 19, 094013 (2009). 7. C.C. Ho, J.W. Evans, P.K. Wright, J. Micromech. Microeng., 20, 104009 (2010). 8. K. Littau, C.L. Cobb, S. Solberg, M. Weisberg, N. Chang, and A. Rodkin, in Proceedings of the 2011 SPIE Micro- and Nanotechnology Sensors, Systems, and Applications III, p. 1, SPIE, Bellingham, WA (2011). 9. C.L. Cobb and M. Blanco, J. Power Sources, 249, 357 (2014) 10. K. Bourzac, Sci. Am., July 1, 2015. 11. T. Brajlih, B. Valentan, J. Balic, and I. Drstvensek, Rapid Prototyp. J., 17:1, 64 (2011). 12. A. Chakrabarti, K. Shea, R. Stone, J. Cagan, M.I. Campbell, N. Vargas-Hernandez, and K. Wood, ASME J. Comput. Info. Sci. Eng, 11, 021003-1-10 (2011).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS

Awards, Fellowships, Grants ECS distinguishes outstanding technical achievements in electrochemistry, solid-state science and technology, and recognizes exceptional service to the Society through the Honors & Awards Program. Recognition opportunities exist in the following categories: Society Awards, Division Awards, Student Awards, and Section Awards. ECS recognizes that today’s emerging scientists are the next generation of leaders in our field and offer competitive Fellowships and Grants to allow students and young professionals to make discoveries and shape our science long into the future.

See highlights below and visit electrochem.org for further information. The Carl Wagner Memorial Award was established in 1980 to recognize a mid-career achievement and excellence in research areas of interest of the Society, and significant contributions in the teaching or guidance of students or colleagues in education, industry, or government. The award consists of a silver medal, wall plaque, Society Life membership, complimentary meeting registration and travel assistance of up to $1,000. Materials are due by October 1, 2016. The Olin Palladium Award was established in 1950 to recognize distinguished contributions to the field of electrochemical or corrosion science. The award consists of a palladium medal, wall plaque, $7,500 prize, ECS Life Membership, and complimentary meeting registration. Materials are due by October 1, 2016.

ECS Division Awards The Dielectric Science and Technology Division Thomas D. Callinan Award was established in 1967 to encourage excellence in dielectrics and insulation investigations, to encourage the preparation of high-quality science and technology papers and patents, to encourage publication in the ECS journals, and to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of dielectric science and technology. The award consists of a scroll, and a $1,500 prize. Materials are due by August 1, 2016. The Electronics and Photonics Division Award was established in 1969 to encourage excellence in electronics research and outstanding technical contribution to the field of electronics science. The award recognizes authors who have made noteworthy scientific contributions and enhanced the scientific stature of the Society by the presentation of well received papers in the ECS journals and at Society meetings. Materials are due by August 1, 2016.

The Energy Technology Division Research Award was established in 1992 to encourage excellence in energy related research and to encourage publication in the ECS journals. This award consists of scroll, check for $2,000 and membership in Energy Technology Division for as long as an ECS member. Materials are due by September 1, 2016. The Energy Technology Division Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award was established in 2011 to recognize and reward an outstanding young researcher in the field of energy technology. Such early recognition of highly qualified scientists is intended to encourage especially promising researchers to remain active in the field. This award consists of scroll, check for $1,000 and free meeting registration. Materials are due by September 1, 2016. The Nanocarbons Division Richard E. Smalley Research Award was established in 2006 to encourage excellence in fullerenes, nanotubes and carbon nanostructures research. The award is intended to recognize, in a broad sense, those persons who have made outstanding contributions to the understanding and applications of fullerenes. The award consists of a scroll, a $1,000 prize and assistance up to a maximum of $1,500 to facilitate meeting attendance at which the award is to be presented. Materials are due by September 1, 2016.

ECS Section Awards The Europe Section Heinz Gerischer Award was established in 2001 to recognize an individual or a small group of individuals (no more than 3) who have made an outstanding contribution to the science of semiconductor electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry including the underlying areas of physical and materials chemistry of significance to this field. The award consists of a scroll and 2,000 EUR prize and, if required, financial assistance for un-reimbursed travel expenses incurred to receive the Award, not to exceed 1,000 EUR. Materials are due by September 30, 2016.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

(continued on next page) 79

AWARDS NE W MEMBERS PROGRAM (continued from previous page)

ECS Student Awards The Georgia Section Outstanding Student Achievement Award was established in 2011 to recognize academic accomplishments in any area of science or engineering in which electrochemical and/or solid state science and technology is the central consideration. The award consists of a $500 prize and is presented at a designated Georgia Section meeting. Materials are due by August 15, 2016. The Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award was established in 2012 to recognize and reward promising young engineers and scientists in fields pertaining to this Division. The award is intended to encourage the recipients to initiate or continue careers in this field. The award consists of a scroll, a $1,000 prize and complimentary student registration. The recipient(s) is required to present a lecture in an ETD sponsored symposium at the designated Society meeting where the award is presented. In addition, the recipient un-reimbursed travel expenses of up to $1,000 to facilitate attendance. Materials are due by September 1, 2016. The IEEE Division H. H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award was established in 1990 to recognize promising young engineers and scientists in the field of

electrochemical engineering and applied electrochemistry. This award was made possible by a gift from The Dow Chemical Company Foundation and is intended to encourage the recipient to continue his career in electrochemical engineering or applied electrochemistry. The award consists of a scroll and a $1,000 prize to be used for expenses associated with the recipient’s education or research project: tuition, books, equipment, or supplies. Materials are due by September 15, 2016. The IEEE Division Student Achievement Awards was established in 1989 to recognize promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical engineering. The awards are intended to encourage the recipients to initiate or continue careers in this field. The award consists of a scroll and a $1,000 prize. One year after receiving the award, each recipient will be requested to submit to the Division Chair a written summary of the research accomplished during the year. Materials are due by September 15, 2016. The Korea Section Student Award was established in 2005 to recognize academic accomplishments in any area of science or engineering in which electrochemical and/or solid state science and technology is the central consideration. The award consists of a $500 prize and is presented at a designated Korea Section meeting. At that time, the recipient may be requested to speak on a subject of major interest to him/her in the field of electrochemical and/or solid state science and technology. Materials are due by September 30, 2016.

Announcing the Carl Hering Legacy Circle The Hering Legacy Circle recognizes individuals who have participated in any of ECS’s planned giving programs, including bequests, life income arrangements, and other deferred gifts.

rL Hering a c

a c y cir c L

ECS thanks the following members of the Carl Hering Legacy Circle, whose generous gifts will benefit the Society in perpetuity: Robert P. Frankenthal Stan Hancock Keith E. Johnson Edward G. Weston

George R. Gillooly W. Jean Horkans Mary M. Loonam Carl Hering

Carl Hering was one of the founding members of ECS. President of the Society from 1906-1907, he served continuously on the Society’s Board of Directors until his death on May 10, 1926. Dr. Hering not only left a legacy of commitment to the Society, but, through a bequest to ECS, he also left a financial legacy. His planned gift continues to support the Society to this day, and for this reason we have created this planned giving circle in his honor.

To learn more about becoming a member of the Carl Hering Legacy Circle, please contact Karla Cosgriff, Development Director 609.737.1902 ext. 122 | karla.cosgriff@electrochem.org 80

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2016 • www.electrochem.org

The Leader in EIS for Coatings

On behalf of the ECS Board of Directors, thank you to all who donated to ECS in 2015. Your gift strengthens our Society, so that together we can advance our global society. Stay tuned for our annual report next issue! www.gamry.com

SOFC-XV

15th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells :

HOLLYWOOD, FLORIDA, USA July 23-28, 2017 Subhash C. Singhal Pacific Northwest National Lab. Richland, WA, USA

The Electrochemical Society, Inc. SOFC Society of Japan