FASUDIR
Technology Repository
FASUDIR WP3 results booklet Contents by Peter Gyuris, Bese Pal (GEONARDO), Ander Romero (TECNALIA) Editing and Layout by Giulia Barbano (iiSBE R&D) Based on work carried out by the FASUDIR Consortium partners from December 2013 to December 2014 Published August 2016 © 2016 FASUDIR Consortium Partners. All rights reserved. FASUDIR is an FP7 Project supported by the European Commission under GA no. 609222 The document reflects only the authors’ views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
http://www.fasudir.eu
Contents Repository on technologies and successful experiences in energy retrofitting 4 Technologies and systems
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Information collection Retrofit categories
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Information sheets
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Characterization sheet template for building retrofit technologies 16 Characterization sheet template for districts retrofit technologies 17 Retrofit measures for buildings 22 Retrofit measures for districts 27
Development of the repository
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Best retrofitting practices
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Hungary Spain Germany Italy
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Repository on technologies and successful experiences in energy retrofitting
FASUDIR has developed a repository on existing and replicable technologies and systems in use or near-application for a sustainable energy retrofitting of buildings and districts. The repository includes a collection of best practices examples, considering intervention at building/district scale and relevant initiatives as well as a characterization of existing technologies, systems and architectural solutions suitable for buildings and districts retrofitting. Although there are many technologies and solutions for energy retrofitting widely available on the market at both building and district scale, it is very difficult and time consuming to find and manage reliable information. The innovation of FASUDIR is to provide a comprehensive analysis and characterization of existing technologies, systems and tools in-use or near-application for energy retrofitting from the point of view of buildings and districts. To enable an effective management of this systematization and categorization a repository has been set up and connected with the Integrated Decision Support Tool permitting an easy comparison between performances and characteristic of each technology. Furthermore, FASUDIR looks for supporting and assessing the implementation of the most advanced district and buildings technologies for energy efficiency and sustainable retrofitting by collecting best practices of successful implementation examples, considering intervention at building/district scale and relevant initiatives. Giving the means to authorities and decision makers to take into account these new technologies for their district retrofitting will result, as a direct consequence, in a market uptake of these solutions. And at the same time, as these solutions are brought into the mainstream, their massive application will allow their industrialisation and will lead to significant cost reductions.
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Technologies and systems for the energy retrofitting of buildings A deep review of technologies and systems for the energy retrofitting of buildings is carried out identifying, describing and categorizing which are in use or near application. In order to reach a user friendly and clear structure, concise descriptions answer the three main questions: • • •
WHAT (short description of the technology/system/tool) WHY (description of advantages and in case disadvantages) WHEN (conditions under which it works fine).
The definition of categories further supports a user-friendly query and interface with IDST. Technical and economic characterisation is done in order to facilitate the decision making. Advantages and limitations are worked out and described considering the adaptation of solutions to the requirement of specific domains as historic buildings. Each solution is provided with a short operation manual. These operation manuals contain information on: function of the technology; detailed information on how to use it, and what are the cases where its use is recommended; cost and return on investment; aesthetical issues, particularly for refurbishment cases; restrictions of use; impact on the environment; expected energy savings over the whole life cycle or CO2 emissions reduction; operation and maintenance manual; evaluation worksheet; technical and material compatibility with historic buildings. All the technologies are evaluated with LCA approach, and the impact on the different sustainable categories is displayed.
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Technologies and systems for the sustainable retrofitting of districts Passive techniques (layout, nature-based solutions such as the use of vegetation and water to improve microclimate, consideration of urban morphology for natural light, natural ventilation and solar gains, etc) and active technologies or systems (energy and HVAC systems, DG technologies, ICTs, materials and components) suitable for its use at district level are described. The passive techniques are reviewed along the three pillars of the sustainability (environmental, economic and social). These principles are systematized for inclusion in the repository in order to make it an “idea bank� both for enhancing existing passive systems as well as for retrofitting using the traditional principles. The previously identified technologies and its impact on energy efficiency at district level are evaluated through a comparison of technical data sheets and technologies classification according to costs, energetic and economic advantages and environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, etc. Analysis of the sensitivity/uncertainties or scenarios are included and a selection of the most relevant technologies is carried out, in order to provide the necessary information for the decision making methodology and the software platform developed in the project. Each technology is characterized with regard to its application in districts. In particular restrictions related to heritage protection (visual impact, structural alteration) are investigated, possible ways to adapt of a given technology to use in districts are explored and the cost of such alteration is estimated.
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Repository on existing technologies The characterization of the different cost effective technologies provides the necessary inputs to create and organize the semantic energy efficiency solutions repository, linked with the IDST. A general structure (systems break-down) of values, characteristics, measures and features of technologies and solutions that have a relation with energy efficiency and sustainability at district level and the quality of the indoor environment (positive and negative) are developed. Value analysis is performed, in which the selected group values are broken down into values associated to energy efficiency and sustainability at district scale to be considered when retrofitting buildings. All the different parameters identified are analyzed, links identified and proper ontologies defined. This include both technical and non-technical indicators for each key parameter associated with different types of energy measures for envelope, systems and equipment as well as RES integration scale.
Best retrofitting practices A collection of best practices examples and successful experiences in energy retrofitting has been carried out at national and European level. This collection provides decision makers with a clear picture of the most innovative retrofitting initiatives and models, the possibility of integration at district level and strategies for minimising energy demands, maximizing synergetic energy / mass exchanges or optimising load matching and support for increasing the sustainability of districts with energy efficiency criteria. Collection is based on concluded and on-going European projects and on National initiatives that are recognised as good practices focus both on building and district interventions. Each best practice is listed and categorized, and describes successful stakeholders´ cooperation schemas, participation initiatives, business models with related financial and economic mechanisms, etc. Also a technical and economic description is performed in order to identify the cost-benefit indicator. This collection contains different chapters where the technological and financing solutions are given different treatment according to the skills and objectives of the stakeholders.
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TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS for energy and sustainable retrofitting of buildings and districts
The description and categorization of technologies, systems and tools in use or near application for the energy and sustainable retrofitting of buildings and districts results in a set of operation manuals with a friendly interface and well-selected contents which will facilitate the understanding of the solutions by the future users of the IDST. Each technology/system is represented in a separated information sheet where the measures are categorised and described. Quantitative and qualitative information, such as energy saving, CO2 emissions reduction, return of investment embodied energy, execution, operational and maintenance aspects (among others) are also considered. A total of 81 measures for building scale and 52 for district scale have been described and grouped in different categories (energy, water and waste) and subcategories.
Information collection The information that describes each system/technology is gathered in sheets created for this purpose. The contents of the sheets have been selected in order to reach a user friendly and clear structure. Concise descriptions answer to four main questions: what (short description of the technology/system), why (description of advantages and, in case, disadvantages), when (conditions under which it works fine) and where (specific applications). In addition, more relevant information is added to help the user in a further understanding of the solutions that will be included in the tool.
Existing material/solution/technology or Innovative material/solution/technology
This section highlights the innovativeness of the proposed measures. Solutions that are on the market for less than 3 years are considered as innovative within these characterization sheets. A short explanatory text is included. There are cases where a well-known measure is presented but innovative upgrades have been recently developed. In those situations both boxes are marked.
Equivalent that can be found in IES VE database
As IES Virtual Environment will be the main software that will simulate the performance behaviour of buildings and districts, it is very important that the solutions that will be suggested by the IDST are included in its databases. In some cases, technologies/systems are not directly defined. Nevertheless, they can be simulated by modelling their effect.
Gaps between regarding optimal energy requirements and this technology
In most of the retrofitting works, the adopted solutions are implemented to reach different energy requirements. These requirements can be fixed by standards in force, guidelines or by the final user. However, the effectiveness of several measures can be reduced by certain inevitable factors. The identification of these factors is very important for the proper understanding of the possible solutions.
Technical and material compatibility with historical buildings/districts
By means of this section, the user will know whether the solutions proposed by the IDST are compatible with historical building and associated restrictions when retrofitting.
General restrictions of use
Different restrictions (constraints and concerns) have been identified for each technology/system. The relevance of each restriction is symbolised by means of colours. In this section only the most relevant restrictions are displayed.
Aesthetical issues
The visual impact of the adopted measure is a key aspect that must be considered, especially if there is any kind of heritage protection on the building or district. Nevertheless, the visual impact is not only related to the preservation of the historic value of buildings, but also to Municipal regulations, user preferences, etc.
Average/general cost or return on investment
In many retrofitting projects the investment cost of the measure is one of the most important aspects considered by designers and users. One technology/system can improve significantly the energy performance, but if the initial investment is high, it can be rejected with no more consideration. For this reason, the return on investment (or payback period) has also an important role within this repository. One technology can be expensive, but if the investment can be recovered swiftly, it would be more attractive. Prices are usually influenced by many aspects that are different depending on the country, the size of the building, the climate, the building use, typology and so on. The prices included within this document have been extracted from different publications and brochures given by manufacturers. However, they should be considered carefully.
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Impact on the environment
In this section the general impact on the environment is highlighted. Among other aspects, the main impact is the reduction of energy consumption and the subsequent reduction of CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, there are other important impacts that must be considered: reduction of light pollution, reduction of waste, construction and demolition waste recycling, etc.
Economic benefits
All the solutions pretend to ensure an economic benefit. At district level the adopted measures often imply important investment. Therefore, this aspect is fundamental to adopt or reject solutions.
Social benefits
At district level, the social component of the proposed solutions is considered, since several measures can have a positive social impact in the retrofitted area.
Expected energy savings CO2 emissions reductions
This section shows the expected energy savings or the carbon dioxide emissions reductions. The energy savings (and also the emissions reductions) depends directly of several factors that will vary in each situation. Therefore, the values included in the present documents, extracted from publications, case studies and brochures should be considered carefully.
Execution / Operation aspects, if any (user involvement, need for technical formation, etc.)
In this section relevant issues related to the execution or the operation of the retrofitting measures are highlighted.
Maintenance aspects, if any (timing, frequency, auxiliary resources, qualified technicians, etc.)
The maintenance of the adopted solutions is fundamental for keeping their performance, effectiveness and durability. The most relevant actions are summarised at this section.
LCA approach and expected lifespan
The expected lifespan of the technologies is another key feature of the adopted solutions. The information has been extracted from statistics and brochures.
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Retrofit categories Three main categories have been considered: energy, water and waste.
Energy
There are different energy consuming systems, appliances, devices and elements at building scale. Thus, the strategies and actions adopted to carry out this energy reduction will be influenced by the nature of the system, its importance within the building and its components. Moreover, there are different solutions (active and passive) that are applied to building and district elements that are not energy consuming but they have a direct influence in the use of energy by other systems or elements. For this reason, the adopted technologies/systems are classified in well-defined subcategories in order to facilitate their location and understanding:
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•
•
• •
Fabric improvement. Within this category, different solutions for opaque envelope, openings, reflectiveness of surfaces and air tightness are considered. At district scale, solutions include low reflective pavements and the increase of the ratio of green areas and trees to reduce the heat-island effect. Energy efficient equipment. This subcategory compiles a set of high efficient equipment technologies like electrical equipment, HVAC systems, domestic hot water and artificial lighting. District lighting and pipe insulation are considered at district scale. Energy management. Important energy savings can be achieved by means of energy management. Building Energy Management System (BEMS), monitoring and smart grids are assessed in this subcategory. Storage. This subcategory gathers those measures that provide an effective and sustainable storage of energy at building and district scale. Supply. Within this subcategory the supply elements for heating/ cooling, electricity or both of them are compiled. Non-renewable (but highly effective) systems are also included (e.g. gas boilers).
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Water
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Within the concept of sustainability, the efficient and responsible use of water must be taken into account. This concept encompasses the efficient use of the supplied water, the reuse of waste water and the application of rainwater. The adopted solutions are classified in four subcategories: • • • •
Sustainable drainage system Rainwater harvesting Permeable surfaces Water management systems
Waste
Municipal Solid Waste generation rates are influenced by economic development, public habits, the degree of industrialization, and local climate. Usually, the higher the economic development and rate of urbanization is, the greater the amount of solid waste is produced. In general, urban residents produce about twice as much waste as their rural counterparts. At building and district scale the solutions to reduce waste treatment load are described.
INFORMATION SHEETS Templates, Examples, Repository Index
Characterization sheet template for building retrofit technologies
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Characterization sheet template for districts retrofit technologies
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Characterization sheet of building retrofit technology: Example
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Characterization sheet of district retrofit technology: Example
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Retrofit measures for buildings Energy
External wall insulation – ETIC
Opaque envelope improvement
Wall insulation
External wall insulation – Double-skin façade Internal wall insulation Cavity wall insulation
Roof insulation
Loft insulation Rafter insulation Flat roof insulation Frame window replacement
FABRIC IMPROVEMENT
Double glazing Fenestrations
Low-e coating Gas
Openings improvement
Secondary glazing Shutters Windows external shading
Window external shading Overhang (shelves) Sidefins
Window internal shading Natural lighting
Reflective surfaces
Blinds
Tubular reflectors Reflective components Window internal shading Coatings
Low-E coatings IR reflective coatings
Vegetation
Green walls
Fabrics
Ultra-fine multi-layer reflective insulations
Air tightness Air barriers 22
Triple glazing
Foams / membranes
Heat radiators
ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT
Underfloor heating Cooling absorption systems Heating, ventilation Heat recovery ventilation / Energy and air conditioning recovery ventilation (HVAC) systems Evaporative cooling systems Centralised mechanical ventilation Zone Exhaust Fan (decentralised) Low energy natural ventilation Natural ventilation
Ventilative cooling Wind catchers Energy efficient elevators / scalators
Electric equipment
Efficient electrical appliances Efficient electric power transformer LED lamps
Lighting
LED luminaries Motion detection sensor Photosensor
Domestic hot water
Insulated pipes Insulated tanks/heaters
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Building Energy Control systems of: HVAC, ENERGY Management Systems illumination and electric MANAGEMENT (BEMS) power
Hot water tank
STORAGE
Chilled water tank Thermal energy storage
Mechanical
Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES)
Latent Batteries
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Sensible
Ice storage PCM panels Supercapacitor Electrochemical batteries Flywheel
Conventional boilers Conventional heat pumps Heating & Cooling
Solar thermal systems
Condensing boilers (oil, gas) Fire-tube boilers Air source heat pumps Water source heat pumps Medium temperatures collectors (water heating) Log wood biomass Wood chips biomass
Biomass systems
Wood pellet biomass Biogas system – Agricultural wastes
Geothermal systems
Geothermal heat pumps
SUPPLY
Standard systems (Monocrystalline, poly-crystalline, morphous, multycrystalline…) Solar PV systems
Advanced systems (Cadmium Telluride - CdTe, Copper indium gallium selenide - CIGS…) Innovative systems (Flexible Dye-sensitized solar cells DSSCs, organic solar cells…)
Electricity
Small horizontal axis turbines Wind power systems
Vertical axis turbines CWAT – compact acceleration turbines Standard systems (ORC, internal combustion engine, steam engine, Stirling engine)
Micro CHP Combined
Advanced micro CHP systems (Gas turbine, Gas microturbine - biomass) Innovative systems (fuel cell-PEMFCs)
Solar PV/Thermal systems
PV/T collectors
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Water Sustainable drainage system Rainwater harvesting
Storage and reuse
Rainwater utilization systems
Permeable surfaces
Vegetation
Green roof
Drinking water management
Water saving equipment
Water management systems
Waste water management
Grey water utilization system Direct grey water utilization
Waste Reduction of waste treatment Waste treatment load
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Selective waste separation Home composting
Retrofit measures for districts
Low reflective pavements
X
Increase the ratio of green areas and trees
X
Energy efficient equipment
Lighting Domestic hot water
Street LED lamps
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Street LED luminaries
X
Adaptive street lighting
X
Insulated pipes
Passive
Reflective surfaces
Active
Fabric improvement
Passive
Active
Energy
X
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Smart grids
X
Smart grids
X
Micro grids
X X
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X
Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES)
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Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES)
X
Gravel-Water Thermal Energy Storage (GWTES)
X
Mechanical
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
X
Electric
Community energy storage (CES)
X
Sensible
Hot Water Thermal Energy Storage (HWTES)
Thermal energy storage
STORAGE
Active
Smart metering District smart metering
Passive
Energy management
Passive
Active Energy District energy use monitoring monitoring systems
District heating transmission station
X
Waste heat recovery
Waste heat recovery units
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Solar thermal systems
Medium temperatures collectors (water heating)
X
BioMass System (Wood Waste, Pellet or Chips, Agricultural Wastes)
X
BioGas System (Landfill Anaerobic Digesters)
X
Hybrid geothermal heat pumps
X
Standard systems (Monocrystalline, poly-crystalline, amorphous, multycrystalline…)
X
Advanced systems (Cadmium Telluride - CdTe, Copper indium gallium selenide - CIGS…)
X
Innovative systems (Flexible Dye-sensitized solar cells DSSCs, organic solar cells…)
X
Big Horizontal, Vertical axis and CWAT - compact accelerationturbines
X
Standard systems (ORC, internal combustion engine, steam engine, Stirling engine)
X
Advanced micro CHP systems (Gas turbine, Gas micro turbine - biomass)
X
Innovative systems cell-PEMFCs)
X
Biomass systems
Electricity
Solar PV systems
Wind power systems
Combined
SUPPLY
Geothermal systems
Micro CHP
Solar PV/Thermal systems
PV/T collectors
(fuel
Passive
Active Heating / Cooling
Conventional boilers
X
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Rain garden / bioretention
X
Subsurface infiltration bed
X
Vegetated filter strip/ vegetated roadway swale
X
Detention basin
X
Detention
Stormwater subsurface storage system
X
Storage and reuse
Rainwater utilization systems
X
Pervious pavements
X
Pavements
Modular pavements with partial permeable filling
X
Vegetation
Green cover
X
Infiltration Sustainable drainage system
Rainwater harvesting
Permeable surfaces
Filtration
Drinking water Water management systems Waste water management
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Passive
Active
Water
Remote sensor/ telemetry technology
X
Smart metering
X
Targeted pipe replacement Wastewater treatment plant with biological treatment
X X
Greywater utilization system
X
Soil filter
X
Waste collection Reduction of waste treatment load Waste transport Waste treatment
Passive
Active
Waste
Shared containers for selective waste collection
X
Curbside selective waste collection
X
Installation of dropoff and buy-back facility
X
Automated Vacuum Collection
X
RFID tagging
X
Community composting
X
District scale central composting
X
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Development of the repository Design requirements
The repository of existing technologies is a collection of measures that can be applied on buildings or districts in order to improve them from the point of view of energy efficiency, water and waste management, sustainability, environmental impact, etc. The purpose of collecting these technologies was to be have a well-structured database of interventions that can be integrated into the FASUDIR IDST, makes the understanding easier and the entities comparable from the point of view of performance and characteristic. The criteria of integrability are to have a set of attributes that can describe all the measures the tool can handle • to define concerns and constraints can be used by the intervention filter implemented into the editor on the user interface as recommendations and restrictions (e.g. Historical Building Compatibility attribute defines whether a certain technology can be applied on a building that is under heritage protection.) • to be compatible with the list of thermal-related interventions that IES VE can calculate. Using a uniform structure makes the repository better searchable. In addition keywords also can be associated to the entities. •
The solutions are classified according to categories helping the user to find the different technologies/systems. Besides, the categorization of technologies is the first step to ease the understanding of the compiled information. The role of the repository is to gather and display the adopted measures to the users of the IDST in order to facilitate the understanding of the proposed solutions. Different final users of the tool are expected. Engineers, designers, architects and municipal workers, manufacturers and even citizens are prone to deal with the IDST that will be designed in this project. All these profiles have different origin, formation and professional activities. Thus, the level of detail of the measures was chosen to facilitate the easy understanding of the proposed solutions.
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Structure of the repository In order to reach a user friendly and clear structure, concise descriptions answer to four main questions: what (short description of the technology/system), why (description of advantages and, in case, disadvantages), when (conditions under which it works fine) and where (specific applications). In addition, more relevant information is added to help the user in a further understanding of the solutions: Existing material/solution/technology or Innovative material/ solution/technology • Equivalent that can be found in IES VE database • Gaps between regarding optimal energy requirements and this technology • Technical and material compatibility with historical buildings • General restrictions of use • Aesthetical issues • Average/general cost or return on investment • Impact on the environment • Expected energy savings/CO2 emissions reductions • Execution / Operation aspects, if any (user involvement, need for technical formation, etc.) • Maintenance aspects, if any (timing, frequency, auxiliary resources, qualified technicians, etc.) • LCA approach and expected lifespan The repository of technologies is a relational database stored in MS SQL Server 2014. •
Every measure is represented using a uniform set of 13 attributes organised in a hierarchical category system as it’s shown on the first figure. This categorisation is useful when the user wants to browse the list of technologies and it reflects the main aspect of improvement.
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Figure 1 - Technology categories The database also contains standard descriptions of concerns and constrains linked to the entities in an N:M relation, meaning that a measure can be associated to multiple constraints e.g. External detail lost or Impact in the landscape. A subset of technologies is linked to the database of interventions that can be simulated by IES VE. This relation is represented by information icons in the UI. Clicking on the icon opens the detail page of the related measure.
Figure 2 - Linkages with the intervention list 34
Figure 3 - Repository schema (part 1)
Figure 4 - Repository schema (part 2)
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For more convenient management of the repository an online tool is available for the administrators where all the above mentioned attributes and relations are editable.
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Building solutions example Internal wall insulation is an example that is stored in the category of Energy → Fabric improvement → Opaque envelope improvement → Insulation → Wall. The following figure shows the extract of this measure available to the user on the website.
Figure 5 - Internal wall insulation The way it’s structured makes it easier for the user to focus on advantages, disadvantages and restrictions when the most suitable technology needs to be selected and applied on buildings.
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District solutions example One of the planned features of the FASUDIR IDST is the possibility of improving street lighting by installing LED lamps.
Figure 6 - District intervention - street lighting
Search features In FASUDIR IDST the repository is accessible in three separate ways. First there is a section dedicated to present the information allowing the user to browse technologies by category (see Figure 1). On the intervention editor where users can apply measures on city elements (building, districts, etc.) entities of the repository is linked to the list of interventions as shown on Figure 2. The repository is also published as a SOAP web service providing a standard way to be integrated into external components of the FASUDIR tool.
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BEST RETROFITTING PRACTICES
Examples from HU/ES/DE/IT
Introduction Best practices of retrofitting projects are valuable information sources on what kind of schemes – financial and/or technical implementation – have been developed at building and on district scale. FASDUIR project has listed a number of examples from different European countries. Their descriptions contain technical and organizational matters for instance introducing key stakeholders or showcasing technological solutions. Best practices provide useful information for all of the target audience and decision makers, depending on what type of information is required. FASUDIR best practices is a comprehensive study about what has actually been achieved in Europe and nationally e.g. applying state-of-the-art technologies, financially or area-wise. The information also structured to give a sound overview on retrofitting initiatives for example public-private funding. In the past ten or fifteen years building retrofitting has happened based on two major purpose and in some cases the two were interlinked. Research and development actions have taken place with incentives coming from EU and national resources. Examples of these type of projects are the ones in the Concerto programme that was a successful scheme for funding building and district retrofitting, applying renewable energies and enhance energy efficiency. Larger scale programmes exist at national level, for instance in Hungary panel constructions (block houses) were insulated and fenestration has been changed in order to improve the energy performance of those buildings. In many cases subsidies were mixed coming from governmental and municipal resources. In Italy a great example of national and municipal support is the CdQII programs that were focused on enhancing urban environment and improvement of energy efficiency on a district scale. In some of the cases helpful technological solutions databases, results and figures can be found related to these programs and project. The concerto Plus database is listing state of the art retrofit solutions, sound renewable energy sources as well as providing numbers on costs, payback periods and energy savings per project or even more detailed on a building level. Other national research projects or support schemes also provided domestic or regionally available technological solutions for instance the green roof initiatives in countries or the ministry powered EnEff stadt program in Germany. This latter has a strong component of creating district synergies and focusing on solutions beyond individual building refurbishments.
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The characteristics of the best practices can be also introduced from the general objectives of different programs and initiatives. For instance several EU research projects were dealing with innovating cultural heritage building retrofitting techniques. These projects mainly dealt with barriers and defining the limitations of such energetic reconstructions and therefore considered strongly the legislative environment of such buildings. The prime example of this type of activity is the EFFEUSUS project. The Covenant of Mayors program was focusing on regional feasibility still keeping in mind EU initiatives that applies for regions and municipalities. It has supported urban and land use planning and also the use of renewable energy sources locally available in order to support local authorities and communities help develop their energy source mix and exploit urban planning initiatives. There were other spatially related initiatives that considered geographical differences across Europe such as variations in climate, building typologies or the different legislative environment from country to country and from region to region. The GeoClusters project developed a tool that is spatially enables information such as social, economical and legal data related to the buildings, housing types. The data in this tool can be displayed based on NUTS regions and downloadable in a GIS-enabled format. There are a series of best practices that tap the opportunity of using renewable energies as fuel resources in heating-cooling and producing electricity. National projects could be mentioned as well; nevertheless the CONCERTO program is the most significant on this field. This program is comprehensive in the sense that it included and supported solar, geothermal, wind and biomass resources to be used and developed in various countries in Europe and achieved the significant results in optimizing energy efficiency measures coupled with alternative fuelling. All in all the best practices listed in FASUDIR give a comprehensive set of examples in energy retrofitting showcasing the options of residential, public sector building stock refurbishment, also creating synergies and upscale the technological solutions to district level. Prime examples can be found for heat and electricity system enhancement, storage and ICT solutions, and visual comfort and neighbourhood environment improvements. Many types of financial mechanism are available ranging from public funding through ESCO services and loans to capital investments. Key stakeholders are listed throughout the best practices in order to reveal most common retrofit project cooperation schemes.
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Hungary Among the Hungarian best practice examples there are urban district refurbishment projects and building retrofitting projects as well. In Budapest the rehabilitation of several old city districts included not only the concept of improvement of living conditions for example increasing green and open public places but energy efficient measures were also included in the projects. Prime examples for district level and housing refurbishment are the rehabilitation in Ferencvรกros and Jรณzsefvรกros that included houses to be demolished, renovated and resulted in increased green spaces (see the illustration image below).
The financing and cooperation schemes of these investments are valuable to study as they are a mix of municipal incentive, bank loans and investments. In such huge projects usually the actual municipality was taking the biggest share financially and privet developers are included in the cooperation schemes. The achievements of the rehabilitation projects are usually improved social and new public functions as well as renewed public spaces and green area ratio increase. Together with the renovation of houses a more dynamic real-estate market was visible and social segregation was mitigated as well.
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Building retrofitting projects were mainly demonstrative in nature in Hungary and the best practices display usually state of the art technological solutions. Envelope refurbishment and renewable integration were the most common in the example projects. The best practices featured geothermal heating system improvement in the zoo of Budapest and prefabricated building retrofitting. The unique elements in the above mentioned projects that the cooperative partners featured the local utility suppliers e.g. the Budapest District Heating Works Co. and Water, Sewage and Heat Supplier Company of DunaĂşjvĂĄros in case of the Solanova project. Another complex building refurbishment project was the brown field investment for the Regional Environmental Center for Central Eastern Europe (REC) conference centre. The financial mechanism was an international support mix from Italy, Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein and several technology suppliers participated in the projects and gave donations. The technologies and applied technical solutions in these retrofitting project included in the below table and they can be found in the FASUDIR intervention repository.
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Spain In Spain historic building restoration examples were taken and their renovation details were fairly well documented. The refurbishment actions in case of the introduced two buildings were focusing on energy demand reduction and heat supply redesign. The restoration of San Cristobal House in the north of Spain was a best practice that taken a building more than 200 years old and new dwellings with heat supply of a heat pump therefore accommodating residents in high comfort due to the renovation measures taken. The building was converted to four flats and more renewable energy sources were installed on the South facing roof in a form of solar panels. The old building was also renovated so it got better openings and the roof a new timber structure. Another similar project was realized in Cantabria in which a building in a historic area has been refurbished and new heating system has been installed on site. The general heat demand reduction measures have been applied in the form of new and innovative fenestration utilizing solar gain. Heat sources have been implemented as heat pump and solar panels were installed and wood supplied fireplace has been utilized. The building is a residential building that is actively used.
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Germany In Germany there are many best practice examples of retrofitting projects since the German government has actively supported the city and district level research and investments. A prime example collection and demonstration program is the EnEff:Stadt and EnEff:Warme supported by the German Ministry of Economics and Energy. The major goals of this initiative was to provide with examples with regards to urban development via conversion of former industrial areas, historic city areas and districts in order to increase energy efficiency and optimize efficient energy supply. FASUDIR has included two projects from Germany in order to showcase best practice of retrofitting and energy efficient building and district refurbishment. One example was brought that introduced an older residential complex from 1950s near MĂźnich in Bavaria. The goal of the project that the apartments that can be found in the four buildings would have heating and hot water requirements on the level as it is permitted for a new building. The rest of the primary energy to be used should come be generated making the residential complex CO2-neutral. The target housing to be refurbished in the area covered 6513 square meters of residential space (gross floor area 13044 square meters) and the ownership structure was that houses were rented through the municipality to building societies.
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The key points of the refurbishment and the applied technologies targeted the heating systems, the openings e.g. windows and the renovation of the coating of the buildings.
The illustration also shows that building block were fully renovated, additional storeys were built on the top of the renewed houses. A typical technology that was applied in the neighbourhood was the installation of solar panels thereby enhancing CO2 neutrality. Other energy efficiency measures were installed for instance foam insulation on the outer walls of the buildings, windows were replaced with triple-glazed windows with high-efficiency frames and heat supply was also renewed with the change to sallow geothermal system independent from MĂźnich Municipal Utility Company. Another best practice was given for Germany in FASUDIR that concerned a former military base to be developed and converted to a mixed residential and conference-hotel and leisure district. Among the energy efficiency goals there were low-energy optimization plans (passive house technology) and the application of renewable energy sources e.g. solar and sallow geothermal (heat pumps).
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Italy In Italy FASUDIR has introduced neighbourhood level projects that were incentivised by the Italian Department of Infrastructures and Transport and co-financed by each regional government. The Piemonte region has received funding through these programmes twice up until now and they have been called Contratti di Quartiere (CdQ) II and III.
The idea of these programmes were to invest in urban regeneration projects that meant to enhance the social and environmental status of the built environment on district scale. These urban regeneration projects and the CdQ tenders most importantly helped affordable social housing and managed to restore several historic areas in the cities where they were applied. Another great feature of these programmes were that through the implemented projects Protocollo ITACA was utilized for the first time nationally for measuring environmental sustainability of the refurbishments. The protocol has 8 criteria on consumption and resources, 4 criteria on environmental loads and 1 criteria for eco-compatible materials. In Avigliana and in several quarters of Turin the achievements of the projects served the social revitalization and physical reconstruction of the neighbourhoods, decreased energy consumption, reduced heating costs.
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Some of the retrofitting solutions have utilized solar power and in most of the cases the buildings got better performance through a series of measures on windows and building envelops. The figure below shows a "greenhouse" system applied on South-West and South-East sides of buildings in Torino.
Another type of national funding for urban territory restoration is the PRUACS that also calls for tenders with the goals of environmental and social refurbishment of city districts and neighbourhoods. One of the main target of the program is social housing and the retrofitting of dwellings also using the Protocollo ITACA sustainability indicators. The interventions were allocated architectural, structural and system development. A prime example of this program is implemented in Nole, Piemonte region. Italian best practices and FASUDIR repository of technologies correlation:
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Project Partners TECNALIA Research & Innovation Spain www.tecnalia.com ACCIONA Instalaciones SA Spain www.acciona.es D’Appolonia S.p.A. Italy www.dappolonia.it ABUD Mernokiroda KFT Hungary www.abud.hu Consorcio de la Ciudad de Santiago Spain www.consorciodesantiago.org
iiSBE ITALIA R&D
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iiSBE Italia R&D srl Italy www.iisbeitalia.org
Munich University of Applied Sciences Germany www.hm.edu Integrated Environmental Solutions LtD United Kingdom www.iesve.com Geonardo Environmental Technologies LtD Hungary www.geonardo.com CalCon Deutschland AG Germany www.calcon.de London Business School United Kingdom www.london.edu ACCIONA Infraestructuras SA Spain www.acciona.es
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement 609222. 51
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