FASUDIR
Case Studies
FASUDIR WP6 results booklet Contents by Alessandra Masini (D'APPOLONIA), José Luis Izkara (TECNALIA), Dimitrios Ntimos, Nick Purshouse (IES), Paul Mittermeier (MUAS) Editing and Layout by Giulia Barbano (iiSBE R&D) Based on work carried out by the FASUDIR Consortium partners from June 2015 to August 2016 Published August 2016 © 2016 FASUDIR Consortium Partners. All rights reserved. FASUDIR is an FP7 Project supported by the European Commission under GA no. 609222 The document reflects only the authors’ views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
http://www.fasudir.eu
Contents Case Studies — Demonstration and Validation 4 Budapest
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Characterization Creation of Building/District Energy model IDST demonstration and evaluation
10 13 15
Frankfurt
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Characterization Creation of Building/District Energy model IDST demonstration and evaluation
24 27 29
Santiago de Compostela
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Characterization Creation of Building/District Energy model IDST demonstration and evaluation
40 43 45
IDST Methodology and Tool Upgrade
53
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Case Studies — Demonstration and Validation Case studies characterization
Case studies characterization aimed at describing the selected FASUDIR case studies (Budapest, Santiago de Compostela and Frankfurt). This has been essential to define the precise area in the district that would be involved in retrofitting simulations and validation process of the tool and its main peculiarity. Indeed, each case study was selected with specific criteria in order to have a homogenous picture of European cities characteristics, namely: • European area and climate conditions; • Problematic historical periods; • Architectural and urban patterns; • Level of protection. The case studies were widely described thanks to characterisation provided by each one of the case study Leaders in charge of the demonstrators. The experts prepared a detailed description of their case study and collected the available data for applying the IDST in each district and for evaluating the related key performance indicators (note that this data cannot be reported within this context due to confidentiality and privacy issues). Within the characterization process, the case study leaders evaluated and reported also all technical and non-technical barriers encountered during the acquisition of the needed information. This aspect of the data collection activity was not underestimated; a detailed description of the encountered barriers was indeed carried out to point out critical aspects of the real utilisation of FASUDIR tool as a support at the decision making process in the context of urban retrofitting.
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Creation of building/district energy models The generation workflow of building/district energy models was organised into three phases: Data Model Set-up, Geometric Generation and Semantic Generation. Data Model Set-up was the first phase of the generation workflow. This phase was common for the three case studies defined in FASUDIR. The aim of this phase was to set-up the basis for the implementation of the FASUDIR data model that had already been defined in WP5. Application Domain Extensions (ADES) for both building and district level were defined and the corresponding UML diagrams generated. Generation of Building / District Energy model of three case study cities (Budapest, Frankfurt and Santiago) in FASUDIR was divided into the geometric and semantic generation. First the geometric generation was performed for each city. This was a specific process as the main data sources were different in each case. The semantic generation process was the same for the three case studies. Semantic information was only included for the buildings and city elements in the case study district. Semantic generation is the process to provide alphanumeric information to the buildings and other city elements in the district for each case study. This process was carried out within the following steps: • • • •
A massive generation of data collected by the case study leader for each of the buildings in the district of the case study area. Identification of services and facilities 2kms radius around the case study area. Generation of floors for each building Calculation of intermediate values required for the calculation of the KPIs (e.g. areas and distances)
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Case study demonstration and evaluation The purpose of the case study demonstration and evaluation process was to further develop the tool from the state of the prototype seen for Santiago de Compostela in WP5, to the state of a stable, tested and useable tool for all the three districts in Santiago, Frankfurt and Budapest, within the FASUDIR project. The key objectives of this activity was to complete the technical development of the three case studies in the online tool, populate these with validated data, and then to allow for testing and analysis of the results. As part of this, there has also been an assessment of the tool from the functional and usability point of view, where case study Leaders, members of the FASUDIR consortium and Local Project Committee (LPC) members have been invited to test the tool from many different perspectives and viewpoints. Through these activities, it has been possible to show that the tool follows FASUDIR methodology and is able to evaluate different retrofitting solutions at a building and district level. It has been also demonstrated that the software can identify the most appropriate measures, given differing technical, political, environmental, legal, financial and commercial stakeholder interests and constraints. The first prototype of the tool required further development in order to show completion, such as time series data and financial mechanism instruments. Through the testing phase, there were also many issues and bugs found in the software that required further investigation and combined problem solving by the three software partners. As part of the case study demonstration and evaluation activity the fixing of bugs has occurred as much as possible, and any further development identified has been communicated in order to be accomplished within the tool and methodology upgrade phase. Case study demonstration and evaluation activity has also produced a draft of some “instructions for application� which give instruction about where and how it is efficient to implement the model, who should use it, the impact related to its use and what kind of resources and organisation will require if it is to use the methodology and tool in the most effective manner.
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Upgrade of the IDST methodology and tool The real application on case studies of the IDST allowed recognising the priorities for the refinement phase needed to finalize the IDST tool. Within the upgrade activity of the IDST methodology and tool all the suggestions and unexpected problems, which arose during the case study demonstration and evaluation phase, have been collected and analysed, in order to improve the global functionalities of the IDST. A list of frequent occurrences has been prepared and the possible causes/solutions were detailed; the list was shared among the partners involved in the IDST methodology definition and tool development to identify the corrective actions required and the related actors. In parallel the acceptance of the tool achieved among retrofitting actors (users, owners, investors, building solution suppliers, urban managers and grants management) was evaluated. This provided also the end-user expert feedback to be considered as upgrade suggestions in order to make the IDST tool really useful and attractive for the market. Thus the FASUDIR tool and methodology were fine-tuned according to the feedback obtained.
Disclaimer
The IDST is for use in early design stage to help users decide what the most appropriate areas and measure are for retrofit. It is not designed as precise instrument for a user to make a final decision on a detailed retrofit plan. The current version of the IDST is only a prototype and not ready for commercial use; the outputs & results presented in the following sections are based on assumptions and inferences from the input data provided. The results presented here provide a proof of concept of the IDST functionalities and showcase the activities carried out in the case studies validation, with no guarantee of validity.
BUDAPEST
Characterization
In the past few decades the holistic sustainability aspects and, within this, larger scale energy efficiency were under represented in the urban development strategy of Budapest. However, in the new long-term development concept of Budapest, environmental issues gain more importance. Among the objectives of the Budapest 2030 Urban Development Strategy, energy efficiency of buildings are one of the most important, as well as the retrofitting of the existing building stock. Furthermore, there are some non-profit organizations campaigning for a radical transformation of the Hungarian built environment. Hungarian architects, engineers, designers, economists, consultants, scientists, investors, various businesses across the building industry and other professionals launched indeed the non-profit professional and civil organisation HuGBC (Hungary Green Building Council). The aim of this association of professionals is to provide information on sustainable practices and facilitate learning and communication between members and the industry, developing sustainable legislation and establishing market conditions that foster this process. For FASUDIR project case study the Zsokavar district in Budapest was selected to represent the Eastern area of Europe with a continental climate that is mild with no dry season and has an average annual temperature of 11,0 °C.
Zsokavar district in Budapest
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Address/location of XV. district, enclosed area by Erdőkerülő, Zsókathe District vár, Nyírpalota and Szentmihályi str. Year of Construction 1970’s Gross Build Area
133.615 m2
Maximum Height of 36,1 m Building Number of Dwellings in general 60-63 flats/high rise block Uses classification
apartment, health care, educational, administration building, stores and buildings for sport activities
Building patterns
free-standing buildings
General information of the case study This case study is built on a residential district with public facilities. The edifices were built in the ‘70s with prefabricated concrete. The neighbourhood is located in the 15th district of Budapest, in the North-East suburbs of the city. The district has three main areas: Újpalota, Rákospalota, Pestújhely. Zsókavár, the examined area is in Újpalota and it is defined as one of the action area of the development in the 15th district. It is enclosed by Erdőkerülő, Zsókavár, Nyírpalota and Szentmihályi str. Zsókavár is a residential area with mostly highrise prefabricated apartment houses, however, several services can be found, including schools, kindergarten, surgery, administrational building etc. There are groceries, pharmacies, bank automats in the ground floor of the high rise blocks. In 2011 the first neighbourhood-scale retrofitting project in Budapest, with the energy efficiency in focus, was set in Zsókavár district to be realized in four phases. The retrofit was financed from the Panel Program running under the Green Investment System (Zöld Beruházási Rendszer), financed from the trade of carbon quotas. The general current conditions of the district were the reason of the application of such interventions: the prefabricated high-rise building blocks built in the 1970’s have become dilapidated. The general condition of the buildings and communal spaces reflected the social and economic changes that took place and reflected the unfavourable social status of the residents and in some way it evoked segregation. The social status of the residents slowly decreased: the number of unemployed people increased, more and more household had debts. Thus this situation called for an integrated approach.
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Within FASUDIR case studies characterization activities different kinds of data were collected to describe the Zsรณkavรกr area, both at district and building level. These data, as already mentioned, will not be reported in this booklet due to confidentiality and privacy issues; nevertheless some considerations on the technical and non-technical barriers occurred during Budapest data collection activity are interesting to be presented. According to the case study Leader, regarding technical barriers, it was a common problem that the facility management of the public buildings was operated by several independent institutes and without any digitalization need. As such, data availability of energy/ water consumption was accessible with difficulty. The biggest challenge has been the acquisition of data, especially the GIS base map of the case study area. The national cadastre in Hungary is not a publicly available data, and the base maps are sold for a rather high fee. Only municipalities have free access to the GIS base data with the restriction of not letting them to third parties. While there is an ongoing field survey for the full 3D mapping of the city, the official cadastral GIS map contains data only on the roads, paving and buildings geometry, and lacks information on demography, services or green areas. With respects to non - technical barriers, the case study Leader mentioned that the stakeholders (coordinators of the development, the facility managers, residents etc.) were not involved in contributing to the decision making process for the retrofitting project from design brief stage. Furthermore, facility managers mentioned absence of information from the municipality regarding the results of the retrofitting.
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Creation of Building/District Energy model
The geometric generation includes the generation of the buildings and other city elements. The geometry of buildings is represented with different levels of detail (LoD0, LoD1 and LoD2). For other city elements only LoD1 is generated. Main data sources used as input data for the generation of the geometry of the City model for the case study of Budapest are: • • • •
AutoCAD DXF, manually created by ABUD from an ArchiCAD file provided by the municipality: Most of the information about the case study district and arounds Purchased by ABUD: MDT OpenStreetMap: Transportation, City Furniture and Water bodies No LiDAR data has been available in this case
Input data for Budapest in a GIS tool The geometric generation is focused on the case study district. However, the model of an area 2km radius around the district area is generated in order to perform the calculations necessary to evaluate distances between different city objects in FASUDIR KPIs. For each case study the information collected is then pre-processed and finally the 3D City Model is generated.
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As a result a CityGML file is created including all the elements in the district. Also a KML file is generated for each case study district in order to visualize the district into Google Earth. The City Model is stored in the database according to the structure defined in the Energy model described in WP5.
Visualization of the 3D city model of Budapest (CityGML and KML)
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IDST demonstration and evaluation Current state: evaluation and analysis
This chapter describes the evaluation of the case study district in Budapest, using the analysis tools available in the FASUDIR IDST. The graph below shows a good score for the KPI Global Warming Potential against the benchmark values. Also, the operative primary energy demand indicator is scoring slightly above average and the indicator for the share of renewable energy on site is scoring worst as none is present. The Running costs of this district are very high, and means there is a need to act on efficiency and source of supply in the district as well as the reduction of the energy consumption.
District KPIs for Budapest case study district in current sustainability state The figure below shows the current state (pre-retrofit) of Primary Operational Energy Use per building in the district. No major fluctuations are found and all the buildings perform slightly above average comparing to the benchmarks. Operational primary energy use displayed on the 2D map for Budapest current state
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Using the Feasibility of Heat Networks tool, all of the buildings in the district are selected and the total heat demand of the district is found to be at ~16 GWh/year. The estimated pipe length for a district heating network is ~2.000m, which according to the tool is found feasible. Additionally, the maximum heat grid length where above it the heat network is not feasible is found to be ~11.000m.
Assessing the feasibility of a possible heat network in Budapest case study
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The energy use breakdown of each building is found in the Assessing the Energetic Weak Points Tool within the IDST. The analysis for building 188, as displayed in the figure below, reveals that the ž of energy is required for heating and hot water purposes, while more than half of the electricity is used for lighting. Therefore, if a retrofit were to occur on this building, it would make sense to target areas that have a large impact on hot water heating, and lighting.
Energy use breakdown for building 188 in Budapest case study
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Future scenarios, targets & variants Scenario & target definition
The project team set two targets for the Zsókavár renovation project. The first was to renovate the existing buildings towards higher energy standards and to reduce the operational energy demand to 200 kWh/m2 year. The second target aimed at reducing the running costs energy by 50%. This means a running costs energy reduction of 11 EUR / m2. In parallel with that, the complex rehabilitation of the green spaces in the area was realized. Running Costs Energy
Operational Primary Energy Demand
Current State: 22 EUR/m².year
Current State: 270 kWh/m².year
Target reduction: 11 EUR/m².year Target reduction: 200 kWh/m².year Targets for Budapest case study
Realistic & ideal variants description
The real package of measures in the district were decided before the finalization of the FASUDIR IDST based on the budget limitations of the project and to fulfil the main focus of the Green Investment System grant. Therefore, the interventions were decided without an energy use reduction focused optimization process to find the best retrofitting solution for each building. The FASUDIR IDST were used to create an ideal retrofitting variant for the Budapest case study as well, but following the Fasudir methodology ain the best possible results. Based on the results a package of interventions was determined to reach the target reductions. Variant 1: Real Package of Measures for Buildings In this variant, the real measures implemented at building level during the renovation phase are entered into the FASUDIR IDST. The Phase I., Phase II. and Phase III. buildings were retrofitted with the combination of the following solutions. No interventions were used in the Phase IV. Buildings. Variant 2: Ideal Package of Measures For the ideal package of measures for the entire district, a further reduction of the operation energy use and the running costs energy are targeted. Furthermore, the real variant is also modified to contain measures for the introduction of renewable energy usage.
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Variant 1 Real Package of Measures Variant 2 Ideal Package Wall outer insulation 160/200 mm Wall outer insulation 200mm Roof insulation 200/300 mm
Roof insulation 300mm
Windows double glazed (U = 1,4 Windows double glazed (U = 1,4 w/m2.k) w/m2.k) LED best (120 lm/w) Insulate hot water pipes Insulate hot water tanks Insulate heating pipes Tight 0.3 ACH50 Zone & Thermostatic controls Standalone occupancy switching (-15%) PV 4 kW (medium domestic)
Realistic & ideal variants assessment
Ranking results for the real and ideal variants The assessment of the results using the Decision Support Tool as seen in the figure above shows that the implemented interventions within the real applied variant were not enough to reach the Oper19
ational Primary Energy Use and Running Costs Energy targets. The operational energy use reduced by only 7,5% and the running costs energy by 4,5%. A graph of all the District KPIs for the real variant are displayed in the figure below.
Distric KPIs results of the real variant The ideal variant is better suited for the targets of the project. The operational energy use has reduced by 35%, and the target is reached. The running costs energy has been also reduced by 35%, and the target has been reached.
District KPIs results of the ideal variant The results show that both the operation primary energy demand reduction target and the running costs energy targets were achievable with the additional retrofitting measures targeting heat loss reduction (through pipes and with air leakage) and electric energy use reduction (LEDs, controls).
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In summary, it would be beneficial for the stakeholders and building users as well if instead of the ad hoc interventions installed by the developer (real variant) a more structured retrofitting concept supported with a decision making tool (ideal variant) were implemented.
Impact Using the FASUDIR tool, the retrofitting interventions actually applied in the district were evaluated and observed that the chosen solutions were not the best ones for the district needs neither under a sustainability perspective nor economic one. If the tool had been used to realise the Zsรณkavรกr retrofitting plan in 2011, thanks to the simulations and holistic vision offered by the tool itself, it would have been useful to implement a feasibility study thus an optimised set of retrofitting interventions spending the public funding money in the best way to reach all the retrofitting targets.
FRANKFURT
Characterization
In the framework of FASUDIR project, the city of Frankfurt was chosen to represent the central Europe with its typical continental climate. The case study, Heinrich-Lßbke area, is located in the north-west of the city centre of Frankfurt in Germany, directly connected by subway. Several municipal parks and recreation areas can be found in the surroundings. The Heinrich-Lßbke housing area is developed around a quite recent residential district; it consists of an ensemble of multifamily buildings, which currently accommodate around 2000 inhabitants. There are around 600 units with an average size of 68,7 m² and occupation of 3,3 inhabitants per dwelling. There is also a supermarket, garages, a retirement home and different small shops. All buildings were built between 1977 and 1982. The tenant structure consists of mainly elderly people and families with children. A large number of tenants depend on social welfare and more than 30% of the inhabitants are immigrants. The unemployment rate is higher than average and the crime rate is quite high.
Frankfurt case study area
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Address/location of Heinrich-Lübke Street, Praunheim the District Year of Construction 1977-1982 Classification
Linear development with large and high multifamily-houses and multi-storey buildings
Building patterns
Courtyards 4 to 7 floors high
Number of Dwellings 606 Inhabitants
2000
Buildings Footprint
18.000 m²
Green Areas
37.000 m²
Roads & Pathways
13.000 m²
General information of the case study In 2009 a long-term concept for the development of the metropolis of Frankfurt until 2030 initiated. Incentives for the region were collected within the framework of the study “Frankfurt für alle“(“Frankfurt for all”) in cooperation with 130 experts from politics, economy and culture. The city objective is to cover 100% of electricity and heat demand with renewable energies in 2050. Also, the city objective is to reduce CO2 emissions by 10% every 5 years so that a reduction of 50% will be achieved in 2030. One of the main topics is sustainable urban development, with the case study of the redevelopment of the Heinrich-Lübke housing estate in Frankfurt-Praunheim as a sustainable pilot district under social, design, economic and ecological aspects.
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Within FASUDIR case studies characterization activities different kinds of data were collected to describe the Heinrich-Lübke area both at district and building level. Even if these data, as already mentioned, will not be reported within this context due to confidentiality and privacy issues; some considerations on the technical barriers occurred during Frankfurt data collection activity are interesting to be presented: in FASUDIR, many data were directly extracted from the GIS model at district and building level. Therefore, detailed GIS data in the appropriate format were required to build the district model. According to the case study Leader, in Germany, accurate GIS data are not available for free but have to be bought at the city or regional land surveying office. While costs for a small area are acceptable (less than 100€ if restricted to buildings of the case study), they can become much more important if a large zone around the case study needs to be bought (up to 15.000€ for 12,5km²). Furthermore the surveying offices of the city of Frankfurt propose City GML models at LoD1 and LoD2. However, these City GML models were not directly compatible with the FASUDIR City GML model. For example, buildings are divided in several parts with specific IDs instead of one unique ID per building. Therefore the City GML model needed a lot of processing to be compatible with the FASUDIR City GML model. As a consequence, alternatives were explored to create the FASUDIR City GML model on the basis of different input data.
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Creation of Building/District Energy model
The geometric generation include the generation of the buildings and other city elements. The geometry of buildings is represented with different levels of detail (LoD0, LoD1 and LoD2). For other city elements only LoD1 is generated. Main data sources for the geometric generation of the case study of Frankfurt are: OpenStreetMap (OSM) and the German National Institute of Geography, who sells the elevation models. The pre-processing of the collected information using a GIS tool is required prior to the generation process. Moreover a mapping between layers in OSM and the required elements in FASUDIR has been necessary to complete this task.
Input data for Frankfurt case study based on OSM
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Results of the generation are compiled in CityGML file format and stored in a geospatial database. Both files (CityGML and KML) have been generated.
Visualization of the 3D city model of Frankfurt (CityGML and KML)
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IDST demonstration and evaluation Current state: evaluation and analysis
This section describes the analysis of the current sustainability state of Frankfurt case study district (before the recent renovation).
District KPIs for Frankfurt case study district in current sustainability state The graph shows a good score for the KPI Global Warming Potential and gives an indicative value of ~70 CO2e kg/m² year. Also, the operative primary energy demand indicator is scoring average and the indicator for the share of renewable energy on site is low with 0 point, as none is present. This means there is a need to act on efficiency and source of supply in the district as well as the reduction of the energy demand. All the above results create the necessity to further investigate the sustainability state of this district, using the rest of the analysis tools both in district and building level, especially in terms of the energy demand, where optimisation potential should be analysed. A more detailed picture of the Operational Primary Energy Use can be obtained using the graphic representation of the results on the 2D map, as displayed in the figure to the right. Operational primary energy demand displayed on the 2D map for Frankfurt current state
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In the north-west side of the district the red coloured polygons represent the department stores and a restaurant that exist within the building which are found to be highly energy consuming ranging from ~620 to ~1080 kWh/m2year. The long and narrow rectangular polygon, coloured in light green, represents the parking building, and appears to be the best scoring one, with ~70 kWh/m2year and 93 points comparing to the benchmarks. All the remaining buildings, are in majority multi-storey residential apartments, with an average value of ~330 kWh/m2year for the Operational Primary Energy Demand which is an average score against the benchmarks. All these findings can be more useful if the analysis is continued in the building level, where a typical apartment building is examined using the additional analysis tools available in FASUDIR IDST. Regarding the feasibility of a district heating solution for this district, using the Assessing the Feasibility of Heat Networks tool, as seen in the following figure, all the buildings in the district are selected and the total heat demand of the district is found to be slightly above ~8.5 GWh/year. This is a useful result for the planners and the stakeholders to know that they can proceed with a more detailed analysis of a future feasible district heating network. Additionally, the maximum heat grid length for the heat network feasibility is found to be ~6.000m. Assessing the feasibility of a district heating network in Frankfurt case study district using the FASUDIR IDST (note: surrounding areas not assessed)
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The analysis of the heating, cooling and hot water demand for the district using the Synergies and Interactions tool, as seen below reveals a variation with the seasons. In Germany, no cooling is needed but heating demand is high between October and April. The hot water demand remains constant over the year.
Heating, cooling and hot water demand for the entire district over one year Also, the analysis of the electricity consumption curve for the district shows a quite similar demand over the year. Looking at the district consumption for a day in summer, the potential for using solar energy to produce electricity during the day to cover the remaining demand can be easily identified.
Electricity consumption of the entire district in a summer day In order to identify the best suitable roofs to install photovoltaics (PV) in the district, it is useful to consider the FASUDIR tool Solar Potentials of Surface Areas on Buildings. On the next figure, which shows a screenshot of the tool, it is found that the garage roof offers a large area with high potential.
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Overview of the solar energy potential of the roofs of the district
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Future scenarios, targets & variants Scenario and targets definition
In order to evaluate the impact of the renovation plan, the objectives were adapted and translated into FASUDIR KPIs and the targets were optimised to reflect the capabilities of the tool, after the assessment of the interventions for the particular district. The optimised targets are: GWP (Global Warming Potential)
Operational Primary Energy Demand
Current State: 70 kg CO2e /m².year Current State: 310 kWh/m².year Target reduction (30%): 50 kg Target reduction (33%): 210 kWh/ CO2e /m².year m².year In order to achieve these targets, the most efficient solution has to be found to determine where and how to act.
Realistic & Ideal Variants Description
The current state evaluation indicated there is a need to act on efficiency and source of supply in the district as well as the reduction of the energy consumption. In order to compare different solutions and their impact on the whole sustainability assessment system, two variants were created in the FASUDIR IDST. Variant 1: Real Package of Measures for Buildings In this variant, the real measures implemented at building level during the renovation phase are entered into the FASUDIR IDST. Variant 2: Ideal Package of Measures For the ideal package of measures for the entire district, the real package can be modified to decrease the CO2 emissions with the use of a biomass plant. At building level, the lighting demand could be reduced with the help of new LED, and the area of thermal solar panels increased.
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Variant 1 Real Package of Measures Variant 2 Ideal Package Wall outer insulation 160mm
Wall outer insulation 300mm
Doors insulated + seals
Doors insulated + seals
Windows triple glaze(U = 0.8 w/ Windows triple glazed (U = 0.8 m2.k) w/m2.k) Insulate hot water pipes
Insulate hot water pipes
Insulate hot water tanks
Insulate hot water tanks
Insulate heating pipes
Insulate heating pipes
5m2 solar thermal
25m2 solar thermal
PV 160kw (garages building only)
Very reflective solar glazing (G=0.10) Brise soleil 1000mm (above window) Condensing boiler CoP 0.95 Biomass LED best (120 lm/w) Roof insulation 300mm Exposed floor insulation 200mm Very tight passivhaus 0.5 ACH50 BEMS Zone & Thermostatic controls
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Realistic & ideal variants assessment
The simulation of the real variant aims at showing the impact of the renovation on the district sustainability and to check if the target could be met. Only the renewal of the local heating network and the central energy plant could not be completely implemented in the FASUDIR IDST. The following results were obtained: reduction of 25% of GWP, and decrease of 20% operational primary energy consumption. These results can be visualised on the next figures:
Global warming potential in the current state (left) and after the implementation of the real package of measures (right) The results from the ideal variant were obtained: reduction of 65% of GWP, and decrease of 35% operational primary energy consumption. The reduction in GWP is shown below.
Global warming potential in the current state (left) and after the implementation of the ideal package of measures (right) 35
The massive reduction of GWP was obtained due to the inclusion of biomass as fuel for the district heating and hot water system. The following figure compares the results achieved with the ideal and real variants. Overall, the ideal variant performs better and reaches the targets with a higher score and lower energy demand and GWP.
Real package of measures compared with an ideal for the Frankfurt district Furthermore, when simulating the implementation of photovoltaics on the whole available area of the garage roof (1120m²), it is observed that the production of electricity from renewable energy sources is higher than the garage demand: this shows that the electricity could be shared with surrounding buildings. Using the tool, it can also be shown that the electricity demand of one residential building from the district, matches with the production hours of the panels on the garage.
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Impact The retrofitting plan elaborated by a large architectural firm is currently being realised as it was proposed in 2010 (before FASUDIR). Within the validation process of the tool we compared the detailed retrofitting interventions proposed by the architectural firm with the approach of the FASUDIR methodology and IDST based on a set of less detailed data. The conclusion reached is that the FASUDIR tool highlighted the same domains in which the district was poorly performing as those highlighted by the detailed study realised by the architectural firm.
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
Characterization
With its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque buildings, the Old Town of Santiago is a World Heritage Site and is therefore protected by severe historic preservation restrictions: there are 1.813 listed/protected buildings. The Planning of protection and rehabilitation of the historical city identifies four different levels of building cataloguing: • Level 4: 1.411 buildings • Level 3: 293 buildings • Level 2: 68 buildings • Level 1: 41 buildings Main use of the listed buildings is residential and the cataloguing level is explained below: 0 no value from the point of view of the historical or architectural 1
Monumental buildings and outstanding architectural, historical, artistic and cultural (Cathedral, the great baroque palaces ...)
Buildings with unique features and high architectural, historical 2 or cultural value ("pazos urbanos" palaces of the gentry and clergy loads, etc) Buildings with structural and compositional special architectural/ 3 environmental significance and environmental (buildings with valuable architecture and its elements - scale, balconies, trellises, ...) 4
Buildings of interest in urban complex (poorest buildings, but with values typological popular, for example)
Description of the cultural heritage status In the framework of FASUDIR project, the city of Santiago de Compostela has been chosen to represent the west area of Europe. With mostly tertiary and residential building, this case study represents an historic city quarter founded on the XIII century. Santiago de Compostela case study (grey area)
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Address/location of Rúa do Castiñeiro, rúa Nova de Abaixo, rúa the District dos Pelamios and rúa de Vista Alegre Year of Construction Various from XVIIIth to XXIst Centuries Gross Build Area
83.038,50 m2 (buildings, green and public spaces in the area)
Net Build Area
16.619,00 m2
Maximum Height of 15 m Building Number of Dwellings 593 Uses classification
Various: dwelling, university, sport, religious
Classification
historical urban fabric: isolate residential blocks, linear multifamily blocks, linear row single family and multifamily houses, church, isolated sports pavilion.
General information of the case study The chosen area is a part of the Old City of Santiago de Compostela, included in the UNESCO list of Human Heritage. The urban planning describes the urban fabric as “lineal histórico” (linear historic). As linear it is composed by three successive streets without lack of continuity –Castiñeiros, Pelamios, Vista Alegre-, and a fourth parallel one –Nova de Abaixo-, including the renewed old vegetable gardens transformed in modern urban gardens –Parque de la Música-. There are different types of buildings and the area is structured around different functions being the main one the housing. Among the housing buildings, the following types can be distinguished: freestanding multi-housing blocks; row multi-housing blocks; multi-housing modern buildings; multi-housing old buildings; row single-family homes; single-family buildings. There are municipal buildings for sports and some university ones. There is also an underground parking. The urban transport is available as well in the area. The average distance to the cathedral and the city hall is around 800 m that means less than 10 minutes on foot. Santiago de Compostela already created in 1994 some administrative and technical instruments to start an effective rehabilitation of the buildings and homes of its historic centre, which is included in the World Heritage list since 1985. This tool, the Consorcio de Santiago, is financed with funds from the General Administration of the State, the autonomous community of Galicia and the municipality of Santiago.
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During these two decades, the city has developed a long series of rehabilitation programmes. Among their objectives, besides the improving of the quality of life of the inhabitants of the historical area of the city, the city has pursued the energy efficiency from several points of view: the reduction of the demand; the increase of passive defence to the local climatic conditions; the rationalisation and discrimination of buildings by types, in the use both of materials and techniques of rehabilitation; taking into account the life cycle of existing and new materials and the resilience of the ensemble; etc. The characteristics that have given the historical value to the city could still be founded today but as well it suffered the pressure of 20th and 21st speculative edification. Keeping in mind the area, there is a great performance difference between the edification that responds to "technical normative" and the previous. It could not be for granted that regulated buildings are more responsive to demands for CO2 emissions reduction or energy efficiency than the priors. Within FASUDIR case studies characterization activities different kinds of data were collected to describe also Santiago de Compostela pilot area both at district and building level. These data, as already mentioned, will not be reported within this context due to confidentiality and privacy issues; nevertheless some considerations on the technical barriers occurred during Santiago de Compostela data collection activity are interesting to be presented: one of the main difficulties was related to the fact that several providers manage private and public buildings without any digitalization capability, so it is not possible to obtain and work with digitalized information. At the same time, national laws forbid the distribution and use of sensible data by third person, in the case of private owners, without their consciousness and consent. So data availability of energy/water consumption is limited and accessible with difficulty.
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Creation of Building/District Energy model
The geometric generation of the buildings and other city elements of the case study district in Santiago de Compostela has been performed. A list of the required data is first identified. Then the geometric generation is divided into each of the elements of the city (e.g. buildings, transportation, city furniture, vegetation, and water bodies). Main data sources used as input data for the geometric generation of the case study of Santiago de Compostela are: • • • • •
GIS files collected and generated by SANTIAGO: Information about the case study district Spanish Cadaster: Information about the 2km radius around the case study district Spanish National Institute of Geography (IGN): MDT + LiDAR OpenStreetMap: Green Areas 2km radius around the district National Statistics Institute: Other city districts geometry
Input data for Santiago in a GIS tool
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The information collected has been processed by TECNALIA in order to adapt it to the required format and specification for the geometric generation. The geometry of buildings is represented with different levels of detail (LoD0, LoD1 and LoD2). For other city elements only LoD1 is generated. As a result a CityGML file is created including all the elements in the district. The City Model is stored also in a geospatial database.
Visualization of the 3D city model of Santiago (CityGML and KML)
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IDST demonstration and evaluation Current state: evaluation and analysis
This section describes the evaluation of the case study district in Santiago, using the analysis tools available in the FASUDIR IDST. The figure below shows the the District KPIs for the current sustainability state of the case study district in Santiago de Compostela. The first impression gained from the District KPIs is that the district is performing poorly in many indicators and is showing an average score in the Operational Primary Energy Use, with a value of ~290 kWh/m2year which leaves plenty of room for improvements. Also, the running costs are high, the GWP is below average and there are no renewables installed in this district.
District KPIs for Santiago case study district in current sustainability state A detailed picture of the Operational Primary Energy Use per building, as shown in the IDST 2D map, highlights that some public buildings (highlighted red) seems to be highly energy consuming, with highest value found for the 2 hotels located in the district. Operational primary energy use displayed on the 2D map for Santiago current state
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Buildings regulated and the domestic historical buildings show that they could reach top performance with minor improvements as most of them are already scoring above average against the benchmarks.
Heating, cooling and hot water consumption for the entire district over one year The analysis of the heating, cooling and hot water demand for the district (above) reveals a variation with the seasons for the heating season and a relatively stable consumption for hot water. Heating requirements for this district are very low comparing to the other two case studies, and it is something that was expected due to the mild oceanic and mild sub Mediterranean climate of the city of Santiago de Compostela. In Northern Spain cooling is no needed, which means that no cooling systems are installed in the district. Regarding the solar potentials of this district, most of the historic buildings in the district were found unsuitable to install rooftop solar renewables, as seen in the figure below. However, there is adequate roof space in the green coloured non-historical buildings to host solar renewables that can cover part of the electricity needs of their own demand.
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Solar potentials of surface areas on buildings in Santiago case study district The case study area of Santiago was chosen by its features as a mix of building typologies, uses and users. It also has a lot of green areas, stamped flooring and a small river, which could be programmed to generate alternative energy for the neighbourhood. In this case, the participation and awareness of the owners and users is an important goal in reducing energy demand, because most of the buildings in the study area are privately owned. The consortium of Santiago aims to start a program to improve the public buildings – university use-, that could be used as an example to involve the citizens.
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Scenario and targets definition The main target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency by 50 % in 25 years in buildings and public spaces by applying energy efficiency and renewable energy solutions. The Santiago City Council and the Consorcio de Santiago are re-setting the targets for the next 25 years, in terms of energy saving. Specific to the FASUDIR tool, these targets translate into the following KPI targets: GWP (Global Warming Potential)
Operational Primary Energy Demand
Current State: 60 kg CO2e /m².year Current State: 288 kWh/m².year Target reduction (50%): 30 kg Target reduction (50%): 144 kWh/ CO2e /m².year m².year
Ideal variant description
This section describes the ideal variant created to reach the target, studying in a package of measures the results for regulated and historic buildings. For the whole neighbourhood, mechanical and electrical systems must be renovated. Also, there is no renewable on site. Based on the targets a package of interventions was selected. For the buildings with a world heritage status, the interventions selected to be simulated were: Replacement of the existing boilers with biomass-fired Condensing boiler with Cop of 0.95 • Replacement of the existing light bulbs with LED • Wall inner insulation 100mm • Insulation for heating and hot water pipes and tanks The selection of these interventions was made considering the Historic Building Compatibility, as found in the Repository for each intervention available in the IDST. •
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Interventions applied for the buildings without heritage status The figure above shows the interventions selected for the buildings without heritage status in the district, where there are no restrictions, and roof top solar thermal can be installed.
Ideal variant assessment
The assessment of the ideal variant for the district of Santiago de Compostela shows that the ambitious targets to reduce the energy use and the greenhouse gas emissions by 50% is not reached, however the improvement made comparing to the current state is above 15% for the energy use and above 40% for the greenhouse gas emissions. The analysis of the results can be found in the figure below.
Ranking result of the ideal variant using the decision support tool
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The selected sustainability priority selected is displayed in the top part of the screenshot, where the score of the Ideal variant together with the KPI results are shown in the bottom part. This result indicates that the limitations of the historical buildings in a district makes it very difficult to efficiently reduce the energy requirement of the district, as some crucial interventions applied to non-historical buildings cannot be applied in this district The results achieved indicated that the CO2 reductions are achievable with the retrofitting measures targeting and energy consumption must be redefined to set the targets. As seen in the following figure, using biomass in the ideal variant offers a good benchmark to set Global Warming Potential for a real implementation, as most all the historical buildings in the district are found green, which according to the FASUDIR colour code they are scoring well against the benchmarks.
Global warming potential in the current state (left) and after the implementation of the ideal package of measures (right) To summarise, it is essential to remark Santiago Case Study is quite different as the other case studies due to the different categories of buildings in the district, including historical buildings, various users, etc. The use of FASUDIR IDST creates a new connection with the citizens, showing the improvements of their buildings after a renovation. 50
Impact The concept of using the citizens’ money for the best is also fundamental for Santiago case study in which the greatest part of the building is owned privately by the citizens. The tool, in the Spanish case study, was found to be potentially useful to demonstrate in an easy and visually effective way to the citizens the benefit of the application of retrofitting interventions on their homes. Indeed, the tool could make them aware of the real necessity and benefits of improving the sustainability of the district in which they live accepting also the inconveniences relied to the realisation of such retrofitting interventions.
IDST METHODOLOGY AND TOOL UPGRADE
Final activities on the IDST
In the update and refinement phase of the IDST and the methodology a comprehensive list of occurrences has been identified during an extensive testing phase of the IDST in a joint work by all project partners and the Local Project Committees in five European Countries. After the first intensive testing period more than 120 different occurences and suggestions for improvements have been reported by the different testers and LPCs and structured in a comprehensive list based on four different categories. Based on the assessment of all the feedback and testing the responses could be categorized in the following groups: • IDST front-end • IDST Citymodel • IDST back-end simulation and calculation engine • Methodology and input data After the collected frequent occurences from the list have been analysed by the developers possible causes for each item on the list have been investigated. After the causes have been identified, the developers were able to work out different possible solutions for each item to improve the functionality of the IDST and Methodology. As some of the identified solutions to fix the listed occurrences required untenable efforts or were technically not implementable during the project runtime due to technical issues, the partners needed to prioritize identified occurrences. For the prioritization of the most sensible suggestions for improvements the FASUDIR Consortium took advantage of the following criteria for prioritization: • • • •
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Technical feasibility for the proposed solution Significance of the solution for the use of the IDST and the methodology Feedback from the Local Project Committees Expected resources and time/effort for implementing the solution
As the created list of occurrences was very comprehensive and detailed all the items on the list which have been identified as low priority issues by using the prioritization criteria above have been sensibly collected and will be implemented in the exploitation phase of the FASUDIR IDST when the prototype of the IDST (TRL7) is transformed into a marketable product. Through the update and refinement phase of the IDST the user-friendliness and functionality of the IDST user-interface were significantly increased. Moreover the IDST datamodels and simulation backengine were considerably improved by eliminating existing bugs and minor database inconsistencies for default datasets, master templates and LCA and LCC database. Those updates have further increased the accuracy and reliability of the IDST simulation results. By considering the feedback of the LPCs the traceability of the FASUDIR Methodology while using the IDST was improved.
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Project Partners TECNALIA Research & Innovation Spain www.tecnalia.com ACCIONA Instalaciones SA Spain www.acciona.es D’Appolonia S.p.A. Italy www.dappolonia.it ABUD Mernokiroda KFT Hungary www.abud.hu Consorcio de la Ciudad de Santiago Spain www.consorciodesantiago.org
iiSBE ITALIA R&D
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iiSBE Italia R&D srl Italy www.iisbeitalia.org
Munich University of Applied Sciences Germany www.hm.edu Integrated Environmental Solutions LtD United Kingdom www.iesve.com Geonardo Environmental Technologies LtD Hungary www.geonardo.com CalCon Deutschland AG Germany www.calcon.de London Business School United Kingdom www.london.edu ACCIONA Infraestructuras SA Spain www.acciona.es
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement 609222. 57
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