PROJECT RESULTS
FASUDIR Results booklet Contents by Ewa Zukowska (ACCIONA), Ander Romero (TECNALIA), Paul Mittermeier (MUAS), Nick Purshouse (IES), Alessandra Masini (D’APPOLONIA), Andrea Moro and Giulia Barbano (iiSBE R&D) Editing and layout by Giulia Barbano (iiSBE R&D) Cover photo by Ida Kiss (ABUD) Based on work carried out by the FASUDIR Consortium partners from September 2013 to August 2016 Published August 2016 © 2016 FASUDIR Consortium Partners. All rights reserved. FASUDIR is an FP7 Project supported by the European Commission under GA no. 609222 The document reflects only the authors’ views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
http://www.fasudir.eu
Contents Introduction
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IDST Baseline
6
Repository on technologies and successful experiences in energy retrofitting 14 Methodological Framework
20
IDST Software development
29
Case Studies — Demonstration and Validation 36 Stakeholder involvement
42
Project Partners
44
3
4
Introduction
The traditional approach to the building energy efficient retrofitting brings poor results in relation to the urban sustainability, resource efficiency and economic return. Although the district retrofitting approach is frequently the most sustainable and cost-effective, the complexity of decision making grows exponentially when the intervention targets larger scale, even more when considering the fragmentation of the construction sector. The FASUDIR project was born to develop new business models and financial supporting tools, to support the necessary building-retrofitting market mobilization in Europe to fulfill EU-targets in 2020 and 2050. The key instrument is the Integrated Decision Support Tool (IDST), developed to help decision makers to select the best energy retrofitting strategy to increase the sustainability of the whole district. The IDST is supported by a robust methodology and a repository of retrofitting technologies for building and district retrofitting, and has been demonstrated in three case study areas, in Budapest, Frankfurt and Santiago de Compostela, representing the diversity of climate zones and construction typologies of residential districts found across Europe. Stakeholders were involved throughout the project development, with a continuous feedback loop via the establishment of Local Project Committees, which advised the FASUDIR team at key moments of the project. Through the LPCs, key recommendations have been developed for policy makers involved in district-scale retrofitting projects. The present document summarizes the key results of the FASUDIR project through a birds’ eye view of all its developments; for more detailed information, a set of 6 thematic booklets is available on the project website (fasudir.eu), one for each of the sections presented here.
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IDST Baseline
Building and district categorization and data requirements For building and district categorization the FASUDIR IDST takes advantage of previous research projects which developed country specific building typologies for different building types and construction year classes. To find all available data sources about the building typologies in different countries in Europe an analysis of European urban districts has addressed the typical building and district typologies in Europe and associated energy consumption patterns, to work out a set of building models able to energetically describe the whole building stock with sufficient precision for the FASUDIR needs. The urban system parameters which are needed to evaluate the energy requirements of districts have been identified as well as the additional data needed by other methodologies for Building and District sustainability assessment. Moreover an analysis of the different existing databases for building and district infrastructure information as well as the process for entering the data depending on the available information for the considered district have been identified. Therefore the expertise of different user types and the necessary time efforts have been defined. The outcomes of the research defined the building and district categorization and the identification of the required data. The outcomes are used as input for the development of the Decision Support Methodology and the IDST in FASUDIR. Overview on the data entry process for the FASUDIR IDST
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Categorization of country requirements In order to allow the applicability of the FASUDIR Methodology and the IDST in several different countries in Europe the requirements in terms on legislation, standardization for energy retrofit and sustainability measures on building and district level have been investigated. As the analysed issues are changing are subject to a continuous transformation in the different countries the future development also has been considered. This analysis on the future development has been led both at policy level for energy and sustainability and as a study of energy pricing and optimisation at district scale, to highlight the most relevant and likely measures which will emerge in the mid-term, and to support the identification of strategies and policies to be tested in the FASUDIR case studies. Moreover the financing options for sustainable district energy retrofitting projects have been analyzed for the different countries. In order to ensure the applicability of FASUDIR in several countries knowledge about the social and cultural framework has been collected. Hence, to learn more about the processes in energy retrofitting projects the main stakeholders and their role and needs in the country-based retrofitting processes have been identified. As several constraints may restrict the usable retrofitting measures the assessment of specific constraints regarding historic buildings and districts as well as further constraints caused by legislation (e.g. EPBD) or climate conditions have been identified. sustainability-related topics covered by policies in EU member states
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Preliminary software architecture of the IDST
Overview of existing methodologies and tools As FASUDIR takes advantage of several available methodologies and tools it was necessary to identify them in a first step and to analyses their usability within the FASUDIR framework. Therefore a deep review of existing tools available on the market has considered energy and resource efficiency calculation tools, decision support tools, LCA and LCC tools and databases in GIS or CityGML format for building and districts related to FASUDIR project. The use of these tools by decision makers is also evaluated and their adequation to the project needs is assessed. In order to give an overview of the identified tools and their role in FASUDIR a map of tools has been developed. Moreover the existing methodologies, initiatives, certification methods, guidelines, European legislations and standards as well as European and national projects related to the FASUDIR concept have been studied.
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Key performance indicators To assess different retrofitting solutions with regard to energy savings and sustainability it is necessary to select suitable Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for the FASUDIR IDST. To take advantage of already existing indicators a repository of sustainability indicators built up from existing methodologies, R&D projects and CEN/TC 350 Standards on building and neighbourhood-level was set up and evaluated regarding its suitability to assess district renovation projects. Moreover, an analysis on missing calculation parameters has been conducted. Furthermore the effort which is required to access the needed data for existing buildings was estimated. The main problems involved in applying the indicators for new buildings and districts to district renovation projects were identified and it is shown how the indicators have to be adapted in order to generate meaningful results for renovation projects. Finally a set of sustainability KPIs for urban district retrofitting inventions was introduced. It allows a solid sustainability evaluation of urban district renovation projects by handling the problem of poor data availability for existing buildings. Special templates for the FASUDIR key performance indicators were developed. They contain detailed descriptions of each indicator, the assessment methodology, as well as their calculation method and benchmarks. FASUDIR KPI selection process
Target definition Pre-selection First draft Feedback Final KPI
What kind of indicators does FASUDIR need? Scale, typology, users, decision making, information How to select suitable indicators? GA agreement on process, submitting, ranking Are adaptations needed for existing buildings? KPI feasibility, detailed description of methods Are the developed KPI applicable to real projects? Case Study review, data availability Building level: 9 indicators, 27 sub-indicators District level: 13 indicators, 28 sub-indicators
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Sub-indicator
B.1.1 Energy Demand
B.1.1.1 Total Primary Energy Demand B.1.1.2 Operational Energy Use B.1.1.3 Energy Demand Embodied
Multiscale
Indicator
B.1.2 Impacts on the Environment
B.1.2.1 Global Warming Potential B.1.2.2 Acidification Potential B.1.2.3 Ozone Depletion Potential B.1.2.4 Eutrophication Potential B.1.2.5 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
Multiscale
Environmental
B.1.1.4 Share of Renewable Energy on Site
B.1.2.6 Abiotic Depletion Potential Elements
B.3.1 Life Cycle Costs
B.3.1.1 Life Cycle Costs (LCC)
B.3.1.3 Running Costs Energy B.3.1.4 Running Costs Non-Energy
List of FASUDIR KPI at building level (first version before development and testing)
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Multiscale
Economic
B.3.1.2 Investment Costs
Indicator
Sub-indicator
B.2.1 Indoor Air Quality
B.2.1.1. Occupancy-based Ventilation Rates B.2.1.2 CO2 Concentration above Outdoor Level B.2.1.3 Occurrence of Radon
B.2.2 Thermal Comfort
B.2.2.1 Operative Temperature B.2.2.2 Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied
Social
B.2.2.3 Percentage of Occupied Hours Outside Comfort Range B.2.3 Visual Comfort
B.2.3.1 Availability of Daylight throughout the Building B.2.3.2 Vertical Sky Component B.2.3.3 Solar Irradiance Incident - Insolation
B.2.4 Noise Levels
B.2.4.1 Noise Levels at Building Facades
B.3.2 Change in Value
B.3.2.1 Change in Value of Property
B.3.3 Return on Investment
B.3.3.1 Return on Investment Muliscale
Economic
B.2.3.4 Solar Access
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Indicator
Sub-indicator
D.1.1 Energy Demand
D.1.1.1 Total Primary Energy Demand
D.1.1.3 Energy Demand Embodied
Multiscale
D.1.1.2 Operational Energy Use
D.1.2 Impacts on the Environment
D.1.2.1 Global Warming Potential D.1.2.2 Acidification Potential D.1.2.3 Ozone Depletion Potential D.1.2.4 Eutrophication Potential
Multiscale
Environmental
D.1.1.4 Share of Renewable Energy on Site
D.1.2.5 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
D.1.3 Water Use
D.1.3.1 Intensity of Water Treatment
D.1.4 Land Use
D.1.4.1 Soil Sealing
D.3.1 Life Cycle Costs
D.3.1.1 Life Cycle Costs (LCC) D.3.1.2 Investment Costs D.3.1.3 Running Costs Energy
List of FASUDIR KPI at district level (first version before development and testing)
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Multiscale
Economic
D.1.2.6 Abiotic Depletion Potential Elements
Social
Indicator
Sub-indicator
D.2.1 Motor Transport Infrastructure
D.2.1.1 Parking Facilities
D.2.2 Public Transport Infrastructure
D.2.2.1 Internal Accessibility: Bus, Tram, Subway Stops, Railway Station
D.2.3 Bicycle & Pedestrian Infrastructure
D.2.3.1 Bicycle Facilities
D.2.4 Accessibility
D.2.4.1 Barrier-free Accessibility of the District
D.2.1.2 Infrastructure for Innovative Concepts (car sharing, electric vehicles...)
D.2.3.2 Bicycle and Pedestrian Network Quality
D.2.4.2 Access to Services & Facilities
D.2.5 Noise Level
D.2.5.1 Percentage of Building Area over Noise Limit
D.2.6 Thermal Comfort
D.2.6.1 Outdoor Temperature / Heat Island Effect
D.2.7 Gentrification
D.2.7.1 Gentrification Index
D.3.1.4 Running Costs Non-Energy D.3.2 Return on Investment
D.3.2.1 Return on Investment
MS
Economic
D.2.4.3 Access to Parks & Open Spaces
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Repository on technologies and successful experiences in energy retrofitting
FASUDIR has developed a repository on existing and replicable technologies and systems in use or near-application for a sustainable energy retrofitting of buildings and districts. The repository includes a collection of best practices examples, considering intervention at building/district scale and relevant initiatives as well as a characterization of existing technologies, systems and architectural solutions suitable for buildings and districts retrofitting. Although there are many technologies and solutions for energy retrofitting widely available on the market at both building and district scale, it is very difficult and time consuming to find and manage reliable information. The innovation of FASUDIR is to provide a comprehensive analysis and characterization of existing technologies, systems and tools in-use or near-application for energy retrofitting from the point of view of buildings and districts. To enable an effective management of this systematization and categorization a repository has been set up and connected with the Integrated Decision Support Tool permitting an easy comparison between performances and characteristic of each technology. Furthermore, FASUDIR looks for supporting and assessing the implementation of the most advanced district and buildings technologies for energy efficiency and sustainable retrofitting by collecting best practices of successful implementation examples, considering intervention at building/district scale and relevant initiatives. Giving the means to authorities and decision makers to take into account these new technologies for their district retrofitting will result, as a direct consequence, in a market uptake of these solutions. And at the same time, as these solutions are brought into the mainstream, their massive application will allow their industrialisation and will lead to significant cost reductions.
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Technology categories in the repository
Technologies and systems for the energy retrofitting of buildings A deep review of technologies and systems for the energy retrofitting of buildings is carried out identifying, describing and categorizing which are in use or near application. In order to reach a user friendly and clear structure, concise descriptions answer the three main questions: • • •
WHAT (short description of the technology/system/tool) WHY (description of advantages and in case disadvantages) WHEN (conditions under which it works fine).
The definition of categories further supports a user-friendly query and interface with IDST. Technical and economic characterisation is done in order to facilitate the decision making. Advantages and limitations are worked out and described considering the adaptation of solutions to the requirement of specific domains as historic buildings. Each solution is provided with a short operation manual. These operation manuals contain information on: function of the technology; detailed information on how to use it, and what are the cases where its use is recommended; cost and return on investment; aesthetical issues, particularly for refurbishment cases; restrictions of use; impact on the environment; expected energy savings over the whole life cycle or CO2 emissions reduction; operation and maintenance manual; evaluation worksheet; technical and material compatibility with historic buildings. All the technologies are evaluated with LCA approach, and the impact on the different sustainable categories is displayed.
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Technologies and systems for the sustainable retrofitting of districts Passive techniques (layout, nature-based solutions such as the use of vegetation and water to improve microclimate, consideration of urban morphology for natural light, natural ventilation and solar gains, etc) and active technologies or systems (energy and HVAC systems, DG technologies, ICTs, materials and components) suitable for its use at district level are described. The passive techniques are reviewed along the three pillars of the sustainability (environmental, economic and social). These principles are systematized for inclusion in the repository in order to make it an “idea bank� both for enhancing existing passive systems as well as for retrofitting using the traditional principles. The previously identified technologies and its impact on energy efficiency at district level are evaluated through a comparison of technical data sheets and technologies classification according to costs, energetic and economic advantages and environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, etc. Analysis of the sensitivity/uncertainties or scenarios are included and a selection of the most relevant technologies is carried out, in order to provide the necessary information for the decision making methodology and the software platform developed in the project. Each technology is characterized with regard to its application in districts. In particular restrictions related to heritage protection (visual impact, structural alteration) are investigated, possible ways to adapt of a given technology to use in districts are explored and the cost of such alteration is estimated. Example of district solution in the repository
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Repository on existing technologies The characterization of the different cost effective technologies provides the necessary inputs to create and organize the semantic energy efficiency solutions repository, linked with the IDST. A general structure (systems break-down) of values, characteristics, measures and features of technologies and solutions that have a relation with energy efficiency and sustainability at district level and the quality of the indoor environment (positive and negative) are developed. Value analysis is performed, in which the selected group values are broken down into values associated to energy efficiency and sustainability at district scale to be considered when retrofitting buildings. All the different parameters identified are analyzed, links identified and proper ontologies defined. This include both technical and non-technical indicators for each key parameter associated with different types of energy measures for envelope, systems and equipment as well as RES integration scale. Repository management interface
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Best retrofitting practices A collection of best practices examples and successful experiences in energy retrofitting has been carried out at national and European level. This collection provides decision makers with a clear picture of the most innovative retrofitting initiatives and models, the possibility of integration at district level and strategies for minimising energy demands, maximizing synergetic energy / mass exchanges or optimising load matching and support for increasing the sustainability of districts with energy efficiency criteria. Collection is based on concluded and on-going European projects and on National initiatives that are recognised as good practices focus both on building and district interventions. Each best practice is listed and categorized, and describes successful stakeholders´ cooperation schemas, participation initiatives, business models with related financial and economic mechanisms, etc. Also a technical and economic description is performed in order to identify the cost-benefit indicator. This collection contains different chapters where the technological and financing solutions are given different treatment according to the skills and objectives of the stakeholders. Budapest: retrofitting of Ferencváros and Józsefváros
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Top: Residential complex near Munich Right: San Cristobal House, Spain Bottom: greenhouse system in social housing retrofit, Torino, Italy
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Methodological Framework
User requirements and business models The main objective of the FASDUIR Methodology development was to establish the conceptualisation and strategies to develop a holistic methodological framework for the assessment of energy and sustainability retrofitting interventions at building and district level. The energy retrofitting of districts is a complex and work intensive task. In order to achieve the most effective results all involved stakeholders have to cooperate in a well-coordinated and structured way. The high complexity of retrofitting projects on district scale requires a thoughtful methodology which guides the planners and stakeholders through all phases of the project. To improve the effectiveness of the planning and implementation process of energy retrofitting measures and to reduce the needed time the use of an advanced and integrated planning and decision-support tool (IDST) is indispensable. Understanding user requirements and their business objectives in undertaking potential district retrofitting projects is crucial for designing an effective decision support tool. With this in mind, at the beginning of the Methodology development an in-depth survey of a wide range of stakeholders was undertaken. The survey took place in Italy, Germany, Hungary, Spain and UK, being coordinated from London Business School and executed by the country-specific partners involved in the task. The stakeholders identified ranged from federal government planners through architects, technical advisers, local planners, energy suppliers and ESCOs to owners and social housing managers, covering district projects that range from three or four buildings to many thousands. Potential users evidently value an approach that is easy to understand and helps to guide users’ preferred solutions, though various constraints, to a well-structured, multi-criteria trade-off analysis.
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Information flow and interoperability requirements The IDST requires a wide set of data, both for the calculation of the Key Performance Indicators and for the assessment of the building and district modelling. Therefore the sources to gather and collect the data which are needed to calculate and evaluate the KPIs have been identified. This work step allowed checking the interoperability between the different data types that are needed and their inclusion in the IDST. The required data for the FASUDIR IDST coming from different stakeholders have been identified and categorized according to the entry type and source. Main data sources for the IDST therefore are GIS data for geometries of buildings and district objects, statistical data and data from manual user inputs (on-site inspection, questionnaires). Moreover the IDST is based on country specific default building typologies which will set the baseline for the Citymodel. To achieve this the FASUDIR team conducted the identification of the interoperability requirements of the IDST as well as requirements to enable the future design of an ecosystem of tools and services based on the IDST. In order to enable this, a detailed overview of tools and websites used to support the IDST operations has been developed. The gathered knowledge about data interoperability was used to identify the information flow between system components. Based on the flow between the system components a FASUDIR ecosystem of tools and the operation method have been developed. External tools will mainly be used for processing of GIS datasets and to include them in a FASUDIR CityGML Citymodel. For simulation of KPIs the IES VE modules (ApacheSIM, SunCast, EnviroImpact and LifeCycle) is used as back-engine tools. For the front-end visualization a HTML5 based user interface is used.
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Interconnection between district and building scales In addition to the technical aspects like data interoperability and data sources the IDST allows users to act freely between building and the district scale by using a multiscale approach. Thanks to a detailed analysis conducted by the FASUDIR partners the relationships between the different levels that define the methodological framework (building and district level) of the FASUDIR project have been established. Due to the complexity of urban sustainability, interscalarity and multiscalarity, first it was necessary to identify the different scales of analysis, to capture various themes in their own specific nature and as part of a cohesive whole, and to highlight the interconnections between different components, both horizontally (e.g. adjacent neighbourhoods) and vertically (e.g. a block in a neighbourhood). The developed methodology analysed the urban morphology in order to enhance the synergies of the solutions adopted through economies of scale (district heating feasibility, load curves optimization, energy storage, etc.) but also to prevent conflicts with the district interventions. The implications of multiscalarity and interscalarity in the overall framework have been reflected through the three different phases of the sustainable retrofitting cycle: diagnosis (modelling/current state identification), decision making (target/strategy definition) and the management phase (implementation and monitoring). The identification of the impact of district solutions on buildings´ systems and compatibility of across scales, and the assessment of the relationship between building level interventions and their consequences at district scale have been addressed through interconnected building and district KPIs (multi-scale KPIs).
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BUILDING LEVEL DIAGNOSIS
URBAN SCALE
existent information integration
BUILDING AND DISTRICT CHARACTERIZATION
input data
CURRENT STATE IDENTIFICATION DECISION MAKING
indicators
TARGET DEFINITION CONSTRAINTS SELECTION OF SOLUTIONS
solution repository
OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS
DISTRICT RETROFITTING PROJECT
ASSESSMENT
indicators
EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT
rating system & label
PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECTS PARTIAL UPDATING OF THE PROJECT BY THE USER
Multi/interscalar framework
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Methodology Implementation Overview
Diagnosis
IDST Support IDST Citymodel
FASUDIR KPIs
Analysis Tools KPIs Analysis Tool
FASUDIR Methodology GIS-Data
Data Collection
FASUDIR IDST
Preparation
On-Site Inspection Data Entry Process
Evaluation of Sustainability Condition District Level
Evaluation of Sustainability Condition Building Level
Surveys
Workshop
Stakeholders Participation
3 - 6 Month
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1 - 2 Month
Scenario Creation Decision-Making (Variant Assessment)
Decision-Making (Variant Creation)
Tool Showing Breakdown of Energetic Weak Points for Buildings
Genetic Optimization Tool
Electricity Related Synergies Tool
Heat Related Synergies Tool
Weighting System
Imple
Stored Variants
Creation of Energy Related Variants
R M
Ranking of Variants
Diagnosis Results Reduce Improve Energy Energy Consumption Efficiency
Inclusion of Renewables
Financial Schemes
2 - 3 Month
4 - 6 Month
SUDIR IDST
Preparation IDST Support
Analysis Tools
25
ng sment)
Implementation
Final Update Tool
Stored Variants
Chosen Variant
Retrofitting Management
riants
Current Variant Status
KPIs Analysis Tool
End of Project
Current State Assessment
36 - ? Month
Preparation
Diagnosis 26
IDST Data Entry Mask
IDST Citymodel
Default Data Mapping Values
Decision support methodology After setting the frameworks for the user identification, the data interoperability and the multiscalarity and interscalarity approach the core of the IDST, the FASUDIR Methodology was developed. The methodology enables the decision maker to define the district retrofitting project through the selection of the best solution. To achieve these objectives a structured methodological approach to fulfill all the needs has been developed. Firstly targets and objectives which are the main drivers for decision-makers in district retrofitting projects have been identified. The result of the analysis showed that the identified targets can be grouped into the three sustainability pillars under ecologic, economic and social targets. Moreover, the specific constraints and restrictions in retrofitting projects on district and building scale were defined. To consider all financial aspects in the methodology (financial and performance risks, selection of most suitable, financing mechanism, macro impact for public bodies, etc.) a detailed description of the ways of including financial mechanisms in the IDST has been developed. The use of LCC templates and a financial data entry tool in the user interface provides the necessary framework for this approach in the IDST. The general scope and the main user case scenarios for the methodology and the IDST were introduced. The structure of the Decision-Support Methodology and its interaction with the IDST were shown in a comprehensive and clear overview diagram, which was developed. The Decision-Support Methodology is composed of four main phases which follow the real process of district retrofitting projects (preparation, diagnosis, decision-making and implementation). To analyse the risk of inaccuracies a sensitivity analysis on the key uncertainties was conducted.
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Architecture of the IDST After the development of the holistic methodology for the decision making was finished it was necessary to define how it could be implemented in the IDST. Therefore the overall functional requirements and architecture for the IDST had to be translated into detailed software Requirement Specifications. The activities focused on the identification of the required modules to be included in the IDST in order to effectively reflect the decision making methodology. Communication protocols between modules and system components also have been explored and the most appropriate ones have been determined. FASUDIR IDST tool will implement the decision support methodology under the architecture of a web application with modules running on the server and a web portal to remotely access to the system. The defined architecture takes into account criteria of flexibility and scalability of the IDST and ensures also interoperability with the other tools required for its correct implementation, i.e. GIS software. The IDST will have three main blocks: the cloud database which hosts the City Model, the back engine which runs simulations to calculate KPIs and the front end, which is the direct interface for the user.
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IDST Software development Introduction
Main objective of this activity was to develop the platform for the integrated decision support tool (IDST). The IDST is a unique development tool for building/district level retrofitting actions by taking into consideration all specific configurations, methodologies or best practices defined in the previous Work Packages with the definition of the set-rules when combining these elements. Other key objectives were • • •
•
The definition of a building/district energy model integrated with the functionality of calculating the sustainability KPIs The development of an innovative decision making/optimisation module that will support the retrofitting solution selection process and an online friendly graphic user interface. Allow the end-users to perform on-line calculations concerning the possible retrofitting technologies and mechanisms on building/ district level, by taking into consideration different technological scenarios To develop a user-friendly on-line decision support tool for the preparatory actions and modelling for building or district level retrofitting through the integration of relevant software solutions
IDST interface for Santiago de Compostela
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District energy model This task defines the energy model at both district and building level. The model is unique and enables the documentation at both scales. This task includes the identification of the general requirements of the model, analysis of the existing representation standards and completion of the model with extractable data from existing sources and low cost data acquisition. It defines the data model structure (data and their relations). The definition of the energy model will extend the CityGML standard with domain specific information. The main source of data for the data model creation was existing district/city data sources (cadastre, digital elevation model, building geometries, climatic conditions, use patterns, existing networks, etc.). In order to automatically import existing data into the CityGML data model it was necessary to develop several software modules with the required functionalities for the semantically enriched 3D model creation. Building/district energy model in FASUDIR
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Calculation of the Key Performance Indicators The task calculates the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) identified in WP2 using Dynamic Simulation Modelling (DSM) tools at both building and district levels. For the proposed sustainable retrofitting technical solutions their energy performance over the whole life cycle was be calculated using IES software. The cost and embodied energy parameters identified was then integrated into IES software to determine the overall LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and LCC (Life Cycle Costing) at building and district levels. Based on the calculated energy performance and the LCA/LCC impact, an equivalent rating score was evaluated and mapped according to existing sustainable assessment schemes. Embedded GIS technologies were also used to provide additional information to the definition of the model. Location of KPI calculation in the IDST Key Performance Indicator
Calculation location
B+D
Total Primary Energy Demand
IESVE
B+D
Operational Energy Use
IESVE
B+D
Energy Demand Embodied
IESVE
B+D
Share of Renewable Energy on site IESVE (Solar PV, Solar thermal, & wind)
B+D
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
IESVE
B+D
Acidification Potential (AP)
IESVE
B+D
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
IESVE
B+D
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
IESVE
B+D
Photochemical Ozone Creation PoIESVE tential (POCP)
B+D
Abiotic Depletion Potential Elements IESVE (ADPe)
D
Intensity of Water Treatment
CIM (TEC)
D
Soil Sealing
CIM (TEC)
Environmental Category
Category Scale
31
Social Category Economic Category 32
B
Occupancy-based ventilation rates IESVE
B
CO2-Concentration above outdoor IESVE level
B
Occurrence of Radon
UI
B
Operative Temperature (To)
IESVE
B
Predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) IESVE
B
Percentage of occupied hours outside IESVE the comfort range (POR)
B
Solar irradiance incident - Insolation IESVE
B
Noise levels at buildings faรงades
UI
D
Parking facilities
CIM (TEC)
D
Infrastructure for innovative concepts: car sharing, charging infrastructure CIM (TEC) for electric hybrid vehicles
D
Internal Accessibility: Bus, Tram, CIM (TEC) Subway stop, Railway station
D
Bicycle facilities
D
Bicycle and Pedestrian network quality CIM (TEC)
D
Barrier-free Accessibility of the District CIM (TEC)
D
Access to Services and Facilities
CIM (TEC)
D
Access to Parks and Open Spaces
CIM (TEC)
D
Percentage of building area over CIM (TEC) noise limit
D
Outdoor temperature / Heat island CIM (TEC) effect
D
Gentrification Index
CIM (TEC)
B+D
Life Cycle Costs (LCC)
IESVE
B+D
Investment costs
IESVE
B+D
Running costs energy
IESVE
B+D
Running costs non-energy
IESVE
B
Change in value of property
UI
B+D
Return on Investment
UI
CIM (TEC)
Above: energetic weak points of buildings analysis Right: solar potential of buildings analysis
Decision making and optimisation This task produced a decision support tool that enables the users to set objectives and preferences based on their own circumstances in order to give an improved package of retrofitting measures suitable to real life scenarios. To further advance the search for the final optimal solution a weighing system was developed to take into account the users’ preference or their specific requirements. KPI-based decision making support
33
User interface This task designed and developed a web-based application as the front-end of the Integrated Decision Support Tool (IDST). The online tool was then integrated with the simulation module from IES and CIM from Tecnalia. The user interface includes the following main functionalities: • • •
Visualization of the 3D building/district model Edition of building/district model data by the user Library of sustainable retrofitting solutions with technical, legal and financial constraints • Display and visualisation of the calculated building/district KPIs • Exchange of information between stakeholders involved in the retrofitting process, through a shared documentation management system • Integrated DST module which allows users to input weighting factors and view the ranked set of optimised solutions An on-line "IDST User Manual" with step-by-step animated guidance was developed and built into the front-end of the platform in order to maximise the users understanding on the operation of the IDST.
Visualising the model
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Above: selecting buildings by property Below: editing building data
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Case Studies — Demonstration and Validation Case studies characterization
Case studies characterization aimed at describing the selected FASUDIR case studies (Budapest, Santiago de Compostela and Frankfurt). This has been essential to define the precise area in the district that would be involved in retrofitting simulations and validation process of the tool and its main peculiarity. Indeed, each case study was selected with specific criteria in order to have a homogenous picture of European cities characteristics, namely: • European area and climate conditions; • Problematic historical periods; • Architectural and urban patterns; • Level of protection. The case studies were widely described thanks to characterisation provided by each one of the case study Leaders in charge of the demonstrators. The experts prepared a detailed description of their case study and collected the available data for applying the IDST in each district and for evaluating the related key performance indicators (note that this data cannot be reported within this context due to confidentiality and privacy issues). Within the characterization process, the case study leaders evaluated and reported also all technical and non-technical barriers encountered during the acquisition of the needed information. This aspect of the data collection activity was not underestimated; a detailed description of the encountered barriers was indeed carried out to point out critical aspects of the real utilisation of FASUDIR tool as a support at the decision making process in the context of urban retrofitting. Following page, top to bottom: • • •
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Budapest case study Frankfurt case study Santiago de Compostela case study
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Creation of building/district energy models The generation workflow of building/district energy models was organised into three phases: Data Model Set-up, Geometric Generation and Semantic Generation. Data Model Set-up was the first phase of the generation workflow. This phase was common for the three case studies defined in FASUDIR. The aim of this phase was to set-up the basis for the implementation of the FASUDIR data model that had already been defined in WP5. Application Domain Extensions (ADES) for both building and district level were defined and the corresponding UML diagrams generated. Generation of Building / District Energy model of three case study cities (Budapest, Frankfurt and Santiago) in FASUDIR was divided into the geometric and semantic generation. First the geometric generation was performed for each city. This was a specific process as the main data sources were different in each case. The semantic generation process was the same for the three case studies. Semantic information was only included for the buildings and city elements in the case study district. Semantic generation is the process to provide alphanumeric information to the buildings and other city elements in the district for each case study. This process was carried out within the following steps: • • • •
A massive generation of data collected by the case study leader for each of the buildings in the district of the case study area. Identification of services and facilities 2kms radius around the case study area. Generation of floors for each building Calculation of intermediate values required for the calculation of the KPIs (e.g. areas and distances)
Budapest: CityGML and KML models
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Case study demonstration and evaluation The purpose of the case study demonstration and evaluation process was to further develop the tool from the state of the prototype seen for Santiago de Compostela in WP5, to the state of a stable, tested and useable tool for all the three districts in Santiago, Frankfurt and Budapest, within the FASUDIR project. The key objectives of this activity was to complete the technical development of the three case studies in the online tool, populate these with validated data, and then to allow for testing and analysis of the results. As part of this, there has also been an assessment of the tool from the functional and usability point of view, where case study Leaders, members of the FASUDIR consortium and Local Project Committee (LPC) members have been invited to test the tool from many different perspectives and viewpoints. Through these activities, it has been possible to show that the tool follows FASUDIR methodology and is able to evaluate different retrofitting solutions at a building and district level. It has been also demonstrated that the software can identify the most appropriate measures, given differing technical, political, environmental, legal, financial and commercial stakeholder interests and constraints. The first prototype of the tool required further development in order to show completion, such as time series data and financial mechanism instruments. Through the testing phase, there were also many issues and bugs found in the software that required further investigation and combined problem solving by the three software partners. As part of the case study demonstration and evaluation activity the fixing of bugs has occurred as much as possible, and any further development identified has been communicated in order to be accomplished within the tool and methodology upgrade phase. Case study demonstration and evaluation activity has also produced a draft of some “instructions for application� which give instruction about where and how it is efficient to implement the model, who should use it, the impact related to its use and what kind of resources and organisation will require if it is to use the methodology and tool in the most effective manner.
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Case study extract: Santiago de Compostela Above, heating, cooling and hot water consumption for the entire district over one year Below, global warming potential in the current state (left) and after the implementation of the ideal package of measures (right)
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Upgrade of the IDST methodology and tool The real application on case studies of the IDST allowed recognising the priorities for the refinement phase needed to finalize the IDST tool. Within the upgrade activity of the IDST methodology and tool all the suggestions and unexpected problems, which arose during the case study demonstration and evaluation phase, have been collected and analysed, in order to improve the global functionalities of the IDST. A list of frequent occurrences has been prepared and the possible causes/solutions were detailed; the list was shared among the partners involved in the IDST methodology definition and tool development to identify the corrective actions required and the related actors. In parallel the acceptance of the tool achieved among retrofitting actors (users, owners, investors, building solution suppliers, urban managers and grants management) was evaluated. This provided also the end-user expert feedback to be considered as upgrade suggestions in order to make the IDST tool really useful and attractive for the market. Thus the FASUDIR tool and methodology were fine-tuned according to the feedback obtained.
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Stakeholder involvement
Stakeholders throughout the value chain have been involved in several ways, providing their feedback at key steps of the project to ensure that the development activities were in line with their expectations and indicating a way for successful future exploitation of the project results. The two key outcomes of the stakeholder engagement activity were the establishment of Local Project Committees and the definition of Policy Recommendations based on the implementation of FASUDIR results in public policies.
Local Project Committees In the five FASUDIR countries, committees of external experts across all stakeholder backgrounds have been created. These groups, the Local Project Committees (LPCs), have been crucial to the successful development of the Integrated Decision Support Tool. The LPCs have been consulted in key moments of the life of the project, to offer their perspective and opinions on the results developed by the FASUDIR partners. LPC members have brought to FASUDIR the voice of the larger community and user base. LPC members breakdown
Local Government & Municipalities: 28
Central Government: 5
76
Technology Providers: 2
members
Research: 4
ESCO: 1
Planners & Architects: 22
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Banks: 1
Social Housing Organisations: 7
Commercial Users: 5
Distribution Utilities: 1
2nd Hungarian LPC meeting, Budapest, 7 January 2015
Policy Recommendations Two transnational workshops held in Torino and Brussels and 5 national workshops, held in Italy, Spain, Hungary and Germany, have been held to present the FASUDIR IDST and methodology to policy makers. As a result, the workshops have produced 6 Policy Recommendations at urban scale to improve the sustainability of existing districts. These recommendations are targeted primarily to municipal governments and are based on the use of sustainability indicators and assessment tools at urban scale. The 6 Policy recommendations are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Holistic approach to sustainability Integrated multi-level approach Participatory planning Innovative business models to secure financial feasibility Integration of assessment systems in urban plans Multilevel governance
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Project Partners TECNALIA Research & Innovation Spain www.tecnalia.com ACCIONA Instalaciones SA Spain www.acciona.es D’Appolonia S.p.A. Italy www.dappolonia.it ABUD Mernokiroda KFT Hungary www.abud.hu Consorcio de la Ciudad de Santiago Spain www.consorciodesantiago.org
iiSBE ITALIA R&D
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iiSBE Italia R&D srl Italy www.iisbeitalia.org
Munich University of Applied Sciences Germany www.hm.edu Integrated Environmental Solutions LtD United Kingdom www.iesve.com Geonardo Environmental Technologies LtD Hungary www.geonardo.com CalCon Deutschland AG Germany www.calcon.de London Business School United Kingdom www.london.edu ACCIONA Infraestructuras SA Spain www.acciona.es
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement 609222. 45
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