In Search of Clean Water in Uganda Building Solutions through Community-Based Planning Multi-Disciplinary Venture through the Colleges of Regional & City Planning, Architecture, Engineering, Business, & Education Image Source: Christopher LĂŞ
Background: Joseph Kony and the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) ✤
The LRA was created in 1987 to overthrow the Ugandan government
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Serves as a personality cult around it’s leader, Joseph Kony
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Kony & the LRA murdered, tortured, raped, and abducted children
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The children were forced into to perform the same atrocities
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The women became “wives” of the soldiers, sex slaves held in captivity, forced to bore children Image Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/lra-kidnapping_us_56955c35e4b05b3245dab29b?utm_hp_ref=joseph-kony
Background: Night Commuters
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Estimated 30,000-40,000 children abducted through 2005
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Children lived in fear of abduction
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Most abductions from rural villages
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“Night Commuters” would walk miles into urban areas to seek refuge
Image Source: http://viiphoto.com/articles/africas-forgotten-conflict/
Timeline Lord’s Resistance Army
Challenges Life in Uganda after IDP Camp Closures ✤
Breakdown of Family Structure
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Collapse of Cultural Values
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Increase in Drug & Alcohol Use
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Increase in Domestic Violence
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Increase in Communicable Diseases
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Idle Lifestyle in IDP Camps lead to idleness / laziness
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Culture of Dependency created in IDP Camps Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/warchildcanada/2298530292
Sister Rosemary Nyirumbe She has given hope to more 2,000 young women, many of whom were horribly affected as soldiers in Kony’s army. St. Monica’s provides a safe harbor for the former abductees, who are shunned by the people of their own villages. She offers support through job training in tailoring, catering and other skills. Currently, approximately 250 girls and 250 children live at St. Monica’s. Image Source: https://timedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/sister-rosemary-nyirumbe-time-100-feat.jpg?quality=85&w=1100
Professors, Students pose with Sister Rosemary Nyirumbe June 13, 2016 Image Source: Christopher LĂŞ
Objectives Collaborative Learning Project ✤
Immersive cross-cultural, professional contexts and experiences
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Data collection regarding local water- use issues
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Developing water plans for St Monica’s campuses at Gulu and Atiak
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Interdisciplinary team collaboration with local community involvement
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Analysis of St Monica’s café operations with a best practices report
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Development of educational opportunities and adult education outreach Image Source: Christopher Lê
Goals Collaborative Learning Project
In collaboration with the communities of Gulu, Atiak, and Adjumani, in the highlighted region of Northern Uganda.
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Conduct water analysis in Northern Uganda
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Better understand local water systems
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Find opportunities to improve quality of life
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Understand water systems through cultural context in Northern Uganda
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Use Community-Based Research to empower local communities
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Analyze water demand for St Monica’s sites
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Establish long-term relationships
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Establish evolving collaborative learning projects
Image Source: Christopher Lê
Method of Research Interviews / Tours / Concept Mapping / Calculations Women of Atiak discussing Water Issues Image Source: Christopher LĂŞ
Community-Based Planning Research ✤
Conducted 16 Group Interviews
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16 Villages and Communities in 3 Areas: ✤
Atiak / Gulu / Adjumani
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600 participants
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Identified issues
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Calculate & Measure based on data, norms, and assumptions
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Recommend Options
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Present Findings Image Source: Christopher Lê
Our Process & Findings Concept Diagramming / Problem Assertion / Findings Report
Image Source: Christopher LĂŞ
Concept Diagramming Process to organize large amounts of data collected from multiple groups at different times
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Organizing information heard in interviews
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Team members write a phrase or key concept heard
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Aligning phrases and words in a diagram that explains the particular situation (in this case, water issues)
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Graphic representation of interviews
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Presented back to community to ensure clarity and accuracy
Concept Map: Adjumani
Concept Map: Atiak
Concept Map: Rural Gulu
Concept Map: Urban Gulu
Water Challenges ✤
Too Few Sources
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Distances to Travel is too long
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Long Wait Times (sometimes over an hour)
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Overuse and Maintenance Issues
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Seasonal Variable Water Tables
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Issues lead to Conflicts
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Contaminated Water lead to Health Issues Image Source: Jane Wyrick
Measurements & Analysis Data Collection on Water Demand / Rainwater Harvesting / Toilet Analysis
Image Source: Christopher LĂŞ
Water Demand Analysis
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Identify water use and user groups
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Calculate future water demand
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Provide recommendations for conservation efforts
Image Source: Christopher Lê
Rainwater Harvesting ✤
Investigate opportunities to lessen demand on water supply
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Calculate rooftop rainwater collection capacity
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Assume historic averages for monthly rainfall
Image Source: Christopher Lê
Toilet Facilities Analysis ✤
Understand importance of toilets in day-to-day lives
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Tabulation of types of facilities, accessible by differing user groups
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Calculate toilet-to-person ratios ✤ WHO Baseline 1:20 Adults ✤ WHO Baseline 1:40 Children
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Recommend future toilet facilities, quantity, layout
Image Source: Christopher Lê
Design Options for Exploration Using the Interviews, Analyses, & Diagramming to Create Design Options
Image Source: Christopher LĂŞ
Option One Use Existing Expansion Plan + Recommending Renovation of Existing Adjacent Toilet Block Potential Cost Savings by using 1 construction crew to do both / Minimum number of toilet facilities Image Source: Christopher LĂŞ
Option Two Build Two Toilet Blocks to Meet Demand / Add Adjacent Composting Area for Gardening Meets Toilet Quantity Requirements / Takes Advantage of Location Near Existing Gardens for Composting Image Source: Christopher LĂŞ
Option Three Re-Assignment of Existing Spaces / Easily Tie-In to Existing Sewer Line Re-Allocation of Toilets to Students / Build New Staff Toilets / Minimal Cost Image Source: Christopher Lê
1. Gravity will help feed the collection of rainwater tanks. 2. Multiple small rainwater storage tanks lessen the dependency on a few, large tanks. If one spoils, the impact is lessened and rainwater can still be collected. 3. Gravity will help flush the toilets/feed the sinks, eliminating the need for a pump A valve can be used for external access and non-potable use. 4. The height prevents people from tampering with or playing on them, which can cause accidental damage. 5. The areas where large tanks would go, are now cleared and can be reclaimed for pathways or courtyards. 6. No pump means a simple manual valve can be implemented in order to switch over to the traditional water supply system, as needed.
New Design For Rainwater Collection Small Cisterns / Retrofittable/ Minimal Maintenance / Minimize Dependency on Water Loss of Cistern ≠Loss of System / No Large Cistern / Uses Gravity for Use Image Source: Christopher Lê
Image Source: Christopher Lê
Image Source: Christopher Lê
Image Source: Christopher Lê