EQ iSearch Report on South East Asia Solar Industry by EQ Int'l Solar Media Group

Con t ent INTRODUCTION TO SOUTH EAST ASIA SOLAR PV MARKET…………………………………………………….…………0 4 VIETNAM…………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………….......05 ROOFTOP SOLAR GROWTH ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…........0 6 POLICY ……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......0 9 SOLAR PV PROJECT ………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….……………......09 THAILAND …………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………….……........11 INSTALLED CAPACITY …..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......11 SOLAR PV PROJECT …….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..........14 POLICY...……………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........15 MALAYSIA ….....…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….……….......16 SOLAR PV PROJECTS …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………......18 PHILIPPINES ......................……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....19 RENEWABLE GENERATION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………....21 POLICY ..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….……….......21 SOLAR PV PROJECTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....24 SINGAPORE .......………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………...25 INSTALLED CAPACITY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....25 QUARTERLY SOLAR PV INSTALLATIONS …………………………….…………………………………………….……….26 ELECTRICITY GENERATION LICENCE …...………………………………….…………………………………………………..27 INDONESIA ……….........……………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………….....28 POWER MIX ………..………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….………….....29 SOLAR PV PROJECT …...........………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….....31 BANGLADESH ……………….........…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..32 POWER MIX ..........…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….....33 POLICY .............………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....34 SOLAR PV PROJECT .............…………………………………………………………….…….…………………………………………....34 NET METERING CRITERIA .............……………………………………………………….……………………………………………..34 ISSUE IN SOLAR MICRO GRID ...............………………………………………………………….…………………………………….35 SRI LANKA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..................37 ROOFTOP SOLAR……..................………………………………………………………………………….…………………….…………39 SOLAR PV PROJECT ….................…………………………………………………………………….…………………………….……… 40 NEPAL…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………41 SOLAR PV PROJECT.................……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………… 41 MYANMAR…………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………43 SOLAR PV PROJECT..................…………………………………………………………………….……………………………………… 45 PROJECT BANK IN MYANMAR.............…………………………………………….……………………………………………… 45 CAMBODIA………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………47 POWER MIX.....................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48 SOLAR PV PROJECT...............…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49 LAOS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………50 CONCLUSION ON SOUTH EAST ASIA REPORT ………………………………………………………………………………… 51

Ab br ev ia tion AEDP Alternative Energy Development Plan CEB

Ceylon Electricity Board

Calendar Year OWNER :

DPPA Direct Power Purchase Agreement

FirstSource Energy India Private Limited (EQ Int'l) www.EQ-MEA.com

EGAT Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand ERC

Electricity Regulatory Commission

EVN

Vietnam Electricity

EDITOR & CEO :

ANAND GUPTA anand.gupta@EQmag.net

TRENDS & ANALYSIS

GW Gegawatt GWh

SAUMYA BANSAL GUPTA saumya.gupta@EQmag.net

Gegawatt Hour

HEAD SALES & MARKETING :

IDCOL Infrastructure Development Company Limited IPP

BHANU YADAV sales@EQmag.net

Independent Power Producer

MANAGER MARKETING :

GAZALA KHAN hayat@EQmag.net

KW Kilawatt kWh

Kilowatt Hour

MoIT

Ministry of Industry and Trade

MW Megawatt MWp Megawatt Peak NEM

Net Energy Metering

PDP

Power Development Plan

PEP

Philippine Energy Plan

PLN

Perusahaan Listrik Negara

Renewable Energy

RTS

Rooftop System

RUPTL Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik SREDA Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority VEPG Vietnam Energy Partnership Group

GRAPHICS & LAYOUT :

RATNESH JOSHI

CHARTS & TABLES DESIGN :

ABHISHEK SARAI

SUBSCRIPTIONS :

RISHABH CHOUHAN rishabh.eqmag.net@gmail.com

Disclaimer, Limitations of Liability

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INTRODUCTION TO SOUTH EAST ASIA SOLAR PV MARKET

outh-East Asia's market for electricity is majorly dominated by hydropower in the renewable segment. The use of energy from fossils and hydro still plays a significant role in energy generation. In this report, we have covered countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos. The most common analysis which has been drawn from this report is that all the mentioned countries have a huge target for renewable, and want to add maximum capacity in the Power mix in the coming future especially Solar PV. The cost of Solar PV has gone down multiple times from the past few years due to advancements in technology, so renewable energy particularly Solar which was only for the developed nations, now the countries are building Solar PV projects just to reduce the overall cost of generation. Solar PV Power becomes the major source of new electricity generation in the region, all the foreign investment in the South-East Asian countries is going into renewable especially Solar Power, as there is huge pressure on those countries who had signed Paris Agreement to reduce their carbon emission.

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VIETNAM Vietnam installed Solar PV capacity has cross 16 GW by 2020. By 2030, the Vietnamese government has set a target to increase the country’s Solar Power generation capacity. Solar Power will be developed from the capacity of about 17 GW in the period of 2020-2025 to about 19-20 GW in 2030. The ratio of Solar installed capacity accounts for 17% of the total installed capacity by 2025 and 14% of the total installed power capacity by 2030. Solar and Wind Energy will be substantially developed in the future, with the ratio of capacity reaching over 42% in 2045. The ratio of renewable energy sources (including large-scale hydropower) will reach 53% of the total capacity in 2045. The ratio of renewable energy (excluding hydropower) in the PDP8 (Power Development Plan) has increased to almost 30% in 2030, while such ratio in the amended PDP7 (Vietnam Power Development Plan) was only at 16.3%. The major changes include: until 2030, onshore and nearby-shore Wind Power will develop an additional capacity of 9 GW, and offshore Wind Power will develop an additional capacity of 2 GW to 3 GW, Solar Power will develop an additional capacity of 7 GW, Biomass Power will be reduced by 0.5 GW, and small-scale hydropower will be reduced by 1.8 GW. As the country coming back from the pandemic, the electricity demand is expected to increase by over 9 percent from 2021 in the coming decade. The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MoIT) in a draft report estimate that Vietnam needs around $128.3 billion of investment to build its electricity industry from the period 2021-2030. Out of the total $128.3 billion, $32.9 billion will be used to build the power grid while the other $95.4 billion is needed for power generation. So, for the 2021-2030 period, the average annual investment needed will be about $12.8 billion annually. Many of Vietnam's new accomplishments with Solar based energy can be credited to feed-in-tariffs (FiT). FiTs energize investment in renewable space by ensuring an above-market cost for developers. Since they involve in long-term contracts, FiTs help relieve the risk innate in renewable energy power generation. After the expiration of the old FiT program in June 2019, the government finalizes new Solar FiTs in April 2020 which was 10-24% lower than the previous across the country but are different by project type (utility-scale, rooftop, and floating solar). To get the benefit of new FiT rates, the developers had to commission the projects by 31st Dec 2020. Due to delays in the approval, project developers got very little time to commission the projects, also due to a supply chain issue affecting the delivery of the Solar PV module, along with the pandemic situation in the country, developers were not able to commission their project on time to get the benefit of FiTs. In Jan 2020, the Ministry of Industry and Trade submitted a proposal that traces a pilot program on direct Power purchase agreement (DPPA) mechanisms. DPPA program would permit energy makers to sell and transfer Power to corporate consumers as opposed to going through state-owned discoms. The proposition sets two years for executing the pilot program and spreads out the measures for participating developers and private consumers.

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For many years, Vietnam depends on Coal as the cheapest source to fulfill the energy needs of the consumers. Technology innovation and growing awareness about climate change have made renewable energies affordable. In 2017, there was no such attractiveness for Solar energy, so there was no such strategy to boost Solar. By the end of 2019, Vietnam takeover Malaysia and Thailand to become one of the largest Solar PV installers countries in South-East Asia. In the 2020 calendar year, the country installed more than 11.5 GW of Solar PV of this more than 9 GW comes from rooftop Solar which is more than the overall installed rooftop capacity of the Indian Subcontinent and reach 16.64 GW of the cumulative installed Solar capacity. The reason for the surge in rooftop Solar installations in the country was due to the FiT deadline by 31st December 2021, where utility-scale projects were not able to be installed due to approval delays from the government. So, to reap the benefit of FiT, there was a rush of distributed Solar installations in 2020.

ROOFTOP SOLAR GROWTH On 5th July 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) issued Decision 2023/QD-BCT which launched the Rooftop Solar Promotion Program for the 2019-2025 period (RTS Program) with the overall objective to promote the development of the market for rooftop Solar technology. The program aims to install 100,000 Rooftop Solar (RTS) systems or the equivalent of 1,000 MWp by the end of 2025. As per EVN and the Vietnam Energy Partnership Group (VEPG), there was a major growth of 2,345% year over year in 2020 from 2019 where the installed capacity under the rooftop Solar segment was just 378 MWp to 9.583 GWp. The installations were exponential in the first half of 2020, even though pandemic and country-wide lockdown were imposed, also the installation in the last month of 2020 was fabulous. The growth in rooftop Solar was driven by the FiT2 policy were $0.0838/kWh over 20 years for the project with commissioned due date on or before 31st December 2020 which was finalized at the starting of April 2020. By the end of December 2020, a total of 105,212 rooftop Solar systems (RTS) with a capacity of 9,730.87 MWp were installed in Vietnam (end of November 2020: 74,281 systems/2,875.5 MWp). During December 2020, 30,931 rooftop Solar systems with a capacity of 6,855.4 MWp were newly installed.

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Power Mix in Vietnam

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The country prime minister approves the PDP VIII (Power Development Plan Eight). The fundamental substance of PDP VIII incorporates development planning of Power plants and transmission networks with the voltage from 220kV up in the domain of Vietnam (interconnected force frameworks with the adjoining nations) in 2021–2030 with a vision up to 2045.

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POLICY

Specific Policies proposed for the new National-level Power Development Plan (new PDP VIII), the scope of the new PDP VIII covers Power sources and Power transmission grid development planning for voltage levels of 220kV or larger in Vietnam during the 2021 to 2030 period, with a vision towards 2045, including facilities connected with grid systems of Vietnam's neighbouring countries. Power development should be one stride ahead to guarantee power supply for socio-economic development along with public safety. Guarantee the interest of various sectors, particularly the private sector, in power development. The Master Plan should be open and distinguish arrangements of major and national level significant Power sources, arrangements of significant Power transmission networks with voltage level from 220kV and focused on projects during the 2021 to 2030 period; with a direction towards creating the Power transmission grid for voltage levels of 220kV during the 2031 to 2045 period. Ensure development in Power source and load in different regions of the country. Focus on suitable advancement of power sources using RE Power. Economic and efficient use of power (energy efficiency). Develop upgraded and smart grids that connect to Vietnam's neighbouring countries. Develop the power market and encourage different sector’s players to participate in power development and investment. Develop the Power sector adaptively with environmental change and ensure sustainable development that is consistent with the national strategy on green growth.

SOLAR PV PROJECT In July 2021, Sharp Energy Solutions Corporation (SESJ) commissioned a 45 MWp of a Solar Power plant in Ninh Thuan Province with the collaboration of T&T Group Joint Stock Company (T&T) and Ninh Thuan Energy Industry Joint Stock Company. In December 2020, Sharp Energy Solutions Corporation completes a mega Solar Power plant of 50 MW in Binh Dinh Province. The project was a consortium of Vietnam Viet Renewable Energy Joint Stock Company and local construction company as well as NSN Construction and Engineering Joint Stock Company. In September 2019, the Dau Tieng Solar PV projects comprising two Solar Power plants with a combined capacity of 420 MW was built by Vietnam’s Xuan Cau Holdings and Thailand’s B.Grimm Power Public, within the semisubmerged land at Dau Tieng Lake with an investment of about 9.1 trillion VND ($391.3 million). In October 2020, Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Phu Yen TTP Joint Stock Company (Phu Yen JSC) signed a $186 million loan agreement to build a 257 MW of Solar PV plant in Hoa Hoi, Phu Yen Province. The country has a huge pipeline of Solar PV projects which are going to get commissioned in the coming months of 2021 and starting of 2020. Due to the delay in approval many utility-scale projects which were going to get commissioned in 2020 were not able to come online which force the developers to go for the Solar rooftop as they have to get the benefit of FiT which was going to end by 2020. There are lots many projects which didn’t avail the

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benefit of FiT, the government is going to start the reverse auction for those projects. As the FiT incentives were almost over in 2020, so whatever future projects will be tendered will go through reverse auction. The country is also working with the transmission and distribution tenders as due to the sudden surge in the Solar Projects in 2020 there is a demand for transmission and distribution lines in the country, which was also among the top priority in the new National-level Power Development Plan (PDP VIII). Also, Vietnam has become the manufacturing hub for the Chinese Solar manufacturing units especially Solar PV cells and modules, which is again a positive sign for the investment in the renewable sector. During the pandemic, the country installed more than 9 GWp of Solar Rooftop projects which have surpassed many Solar producing countries in the South-East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand overall. In the 2020 calendar year (CY), the country surpasses India - which is the world’s third-largest Solar market by installing more than 11.5 GW in a single year, where India installed less than 4 GW in CY 2020.

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THAILAND The Ministry of Energy has reviewed energy master plans during the year 2018-2037 inconsistent with the national economic and social development plan. In 2019, the National Power Development Plan (PDP) and AEDP (Alternative Energy Development Plan) have been approved where the total energy production from renewable energy has been targeted to 36% by 2037. The Energy Ministry is inspecting the Power purchase tariff for excess power and has vowed to work everything in such a manner so that the objectives can be satisfied. Thailand presently produces around 3,000 MW from Solar, and the objective for 2037 is 15,574 MW. In the new PDP program, there is a target to achieve 10 GW of Solar PV rooftop installations. In the new PDP plan, which was approved by National Energy Policy Council. Under the new PDP, Thailand’s Power production capacity will have 67 percent growth from 46,090 MW by 2017 to 77,211 MW by 2037. The PDP sets a goal of a new power capacity of 56,431 MW, of which renewable energy projects are planned to account for 20,766 MW or about 37 percent. By 2037, the country’s energy generation is expected to come from natural gas (53 percent), non-fossil fuels (35 percent), and coal (12 percent).

INSTALLED CAPACITY The installed power capacity of Thailand along with imports from other countries was around 46.1 GW. Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand operating its own power plants of around 16 GW EGAT (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand) also purchases bulk electricity from 11 Independent Power Producers (IPPs), from Small Power Producers (SPPs) totaling 9,473.95 MW, and from neighbouring countries, namely Lao PDR and Malaysia totaling 5,720.60 MW. Of the total installed generating capacity in the country, ~32% were supplied by IPPs, while 9.47 GW is being supplied by small Power producers. Thermal and combined cycles contribute 8% and 17.92% of the total capacity as of July 2021.

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Ministry of Energy has developed the Thailand Integrated Energy Blueprint (TIEB) with a focus on energy security, to supply energy in response to the energy demand which is consistent with the rate of economic growth, the rate of population growth, and the growth of urban areas, and diversified energy to the appropriate resources. Economy, taking into account the energy costs are reasonable and not an obstacle to the economic and social development of the country in the long term. Reforms in fuel price structure in line with costs and the tax burden reasonable to level up to national energy utilization performance with the promotion of energy efficiency. Ecology increased domestic renewable energy production and produce energy with high-performance technologies to reduce the impact on the environment and community.

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The installed Solar PV capacity by 2020 has reached around 3 GW. In the 2020 calendar year, there were no Solar projects commissioned due to the ongoing pandemic, also new energy minister has revised the PDP, with a focus on improving rooftop Solar. The authorities will also extend the end of the 2021 deadline, to begin commercial operations, for many approved, ongoing renewable energy projects. The yearly installation was slow from the past few years, as the installation in 2016 was exponential when the government develops the country's Integrated Energy Blueprint.

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Thailand generates around 10 percent of its electricity from renewable sources, of a total energy generation capacity of around 45 GW. As of April 2018, renewable energy supplied about 15 percent of total Power consumption in Thailand. The Thai government has also decided to raise the non-hydro renewable target from 20 percent to 30 percent by 2036. Regarding the capacity for renewable energy generation, Thailand’s Solar energy accounts for about 3.3 GW, which has more than doubled since 2014 and is halfway toward its 2036 Solar target of 6,000 MW. Though Thailand’s Wind capacity is not as large as that for Solar, it is over 600 MW, which is a fifth of its 2036 Wind target of 3 GW. Natural Gas is the main fuel source for the generation of electricity, and account for more than 70% in the past decade. In the past few years, the share of renewable electricity generation sources has increased predominantly and hydro is the major contributor while Solar and Wind generation accounts for a small share.

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SOLAR PV PROJECT In July 2021, B.Grimm Power-Energy China (China Energy Engineering Corporation) consortium has completed work on its hydro-floating Solar hybrid project at Sirindhorn Dam for EGAT, the completion allowed the first synchronization of the 45 GW floating Solar farm, which operates in tandem with the 45GW hydro Powerhouse at Sirindhorn Dam. In February 2021, Greenyellow has commissioned 2 MW of floating Solar Power plant. The plant has been deployed in one of the historic sites of local agro-food company SPM group. The 6,000 Solar panels used for the project occupy, will produce 2.8 GWh of low-carbon electricity per year, covering up to 20 percent of the annual energy consumption of the site. In March 2020, Total Solar Distributed Generation has signed a binding contract to provide 25 MWp of Solar rooftops for 24 facilities of food companies in Betagro.

Source: EGAT

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EGAT POLICY 1. Promote access to energy with reliability and reasonable price by conducting research and development to increase efficiency and stability in electricity generation by renewable energy and transmission system development to support renewable energy. 2. Reduce the impact of climate change by improving the process of electricity generation by fossil fuel and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions and pollution in the electricity generation process . 3. Promote continued and sustainable economic growth by developing the electricity generation system to be adequate for the demand and to be stable and reliable, developing and improving the electricity transmission system and smart grid, developing infrastructure, increasing local employment, developing EGAT dams and Power plants to become tourism spots and learning center, and promoting occupational health and safety management . 4. Promote energy and environmental conservation, including the support of sustainable production and consumption using the management of hazardous waste arising from the electricity generation process, circular economy development, demand-side management, and smart city development. 5. Conserve and restore the ecosystem, upgrade sustainable access to water resources, and promote sustainable agriculture by reduction of impact from electricity generation process, efficient water management, implementation of environmental projects to stop land degradation, and promotion of organic farming according to Sufficiency Economy Philosophy to create biodiversity and food security. EGAT complies strictly with the law, regulations, standards, and requirements in the environment. EGAT has implemented environmental management system according to the international standards and the corporate social responsibility activities continuously to give knowledge of the organization and increase the understanding and acceptance of EGAT leading to sustainable development. Conclusion Thailand is moving towards a renewable source of electricity from natural gas, as the cost of generation from Solar has come down from the past few years. 2020 was a slow year for new projects from renewable sources especially Solar, but 2021 is showing the positive sign for Solar installation, already 45 MW of Solar hybrid projects at Sirindhorn Dam have been commissioned. The move towards Solar is the only way to reduce the import of electricity from a foreign country which constitutes more than 12% of the total installed generating capacity.

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MALAYSIA Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Ministry (KeTSA) energy transition plans for 2040 to target 40 percent of its power generation from renewable energy (RE) sources of 18 GW. As a part of this plan, it has set 31 percent power generation from RE by 2025 and 40 percent by 2035, as its energy transition plan until 2040. The installed RE capacity is having around 8 GW by the mid of 2021 and plans to increase 18 GW more than the double capacity by 2035. Solar will be the largest share among the RE capacity, also Ministry is planning to introduce a utility-scale BESS (Battery Energy Storage System) of 500 MW from 2030-2034. This will push the RE capacity in the Peninsular from the current 4,430 MW to 10,944 MW in the coming 15 years. Under the Paris Climate Agreement, Malaysia is planning to reduce the carbon emission intensity from the Power sector by 45 percent in 2030, and 60 percent in 2035 compared to the 2005 level. By 2033, more than 7 GW of coal-based thermal plants are going to expire the PPA, and the government doesn’t have any such plans to set up a new coal-fired power plant, again the operation of these plants will be dependents on future technologies and the cost of adaptability. The eliminating of coal plants should be a continuous process to guarantee a balance between climate safety and the energy demand of the economy.

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The first Solar PV tender was delivered in 2016 with a total capacity of 200 MW in Peninsular Malaysia and 50 MW in Sabah, followed by the second round in 2017 with an aggregate total capacity of 360 MW in Peninsular Malaysia and 100 MW in Sabah/Labuan. The third round of LSS tender opened up in February 2019 for an expected $490 million (RM2 billion) worth of projects with a total capacity of 500 MW with an expected commissioning date in 2021. Of the total 500 MW, four projects of 350 MW bids below the average gas generation cost of $0.056 per kWh, while the other 135 MW utility-scale bid goes to $0.078 per kWh, the competitive tariff price were due to technological advancements and open bids for the tenders.

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The Energy and Natural Resources Ministry (KeTSA) has introduced the Net Energy Metering (NEM) 3.0 program to provide an opportunity for more users to install the Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on the roofs of their respective buildings for an electricity bill reduction. NEM 3.0 program involves three initiatives – Program NEM Rakyat, Program NEM GoMEn (Government Ministries and Entities), and Program NOVA program (Net Offset Virtual Aggregation). The first initiative is NEM Rakyat, a program for domestic consumers which has a total capacity of up to 100 MW. Applications for quota allocation under NEM Rakyat be submitted to the Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) from 1st February 2021 until 31st December 2023 and are available on a ‘first-come, first-served basis. The application fee will be charged at a rate of RM10 per kilowatt ($2.36034/kW) applied for. The second initiative under NEM 3.0 is NEM GoMEn, which aims to lower the electricity bills for government buildings and offices. Applications for quota allocation under the GoMen program may be submitted to SEDA from 1st February 2021 until 31st December 2023 and are available on a first-come, first-served basis. The application fee will be charged at a rate of RM10 per kilowatt ($2.36034/kW) applied for. Under this program, approximately 100 government agencies in Peninsular Malaysia will enjoy total savings of RM6 million ($1.416 million) per month on their electricity bills. Guideline for Solar PV Installations in Peninsular Malaysia Total capacities eligible for application under the NEM 3.0 Programme in Peninsular Malaysia are up to 100,000 kW for domestic consumers, as well as the government agency. Maximum capacity of the PV Installation under domestic consumers shall be for a single-phase up to 4 kW and three phases up to 10 kW, while under government agency the maximum capacity of the PV Installation shall not exceed 1,000 kW. Consumer shall engage with the Distribution Licensee or any party approved by the Commission to conduct NEMAS for Installation above 72 kW.

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Costs of any works required for the connection of the Solar PV Installation to the distribution system shall be borne by the Consumer. Each study shall be valid for one year commencing from the date of the Distribution licensee’s approval of the study. For the capacity of not more than 72 kW, there shall be no analysis by the distribution licensee, and the Consumer shall ensure that the exported Power shall be less than the existing capacity of the Distribution Licensee and Consumer’s equipment. Design, calculation, drawings, Installation, testing, and commissioning of the PV installation and the interconnection to the distribution system shall be certified by Energy Laws for electrical works, Registration of Engineers Act 1967, or Architects Act 1967 for the structure of mounting the PV panels. Under the Programme, the credit to the Consumer shall be based on prevailing energy rate in kWh in the gazetted tariff for the Consumer, the net credit shall be allowed to roll over for a 16 maximum of twelve months within the settlement period. Any available energy after the period shall be forfeited. No rollover of credit for any excess energy will be allowed after the ten years as stated in the guidelines.

SOLAR PV PROJECTS In February 2021, a 116 MWp Coara Solar announced the successful financial closing and commencement of the construction of the Coara Marang Solar farm. The project is developing by Germany ib Vogt GmbH under the third round of large-scale solar. In October 2020, Solarvest Holdings Bhd commissioned a 13 MW floating Solar plant in Dengkil, Selangor, plant was built on an ex-mining lake for WD Solar Sdn Bhd which is part of the WD Group whose principal activities are in the sand mining and transport sector. In October 2020, Scatec Solar commission the 47 MW Redsol Solar PV plant in Northwest Malaysia. In December 2020, Hanwha Energy commissioned a 48 MW Solar Power Plant in Chuping. It signed a Power purchase agreement with Malaysia’s state-run Power supplier TNB in March 2018 as part of the second round of the large-scale solar Project. In February 2020, BayWa r.e. renewable energy GmbH commissioned a 39 MWp Solar Park in the state of Pahang, which was later sold to Malaysia’s renewable energy-focused independent Power producer reNIKOLA Sdn Bhd Conclusion Apart from the NEM scheme, Malaysia has also introduced the Large-Scale Solar (LSS) competitive bidding program to drive down the cost of energy for the development of large-scale solar photovoltaic plants. The NEM 3.0 program provides an opportunity for more users to install Solar PV systems on the roof of their respective buildings or homes for an electricity bill reduction. Johor pushes for approval of RM1.4billion Solar project in Pengerang with the combined installed capacity of 450 MW. Also, Public Islamic Bank Bhd (PIBB) has taken green energy one step further with its Solar panel financing for residential houses. All these measures showing positive signs for the development of the Solar PV market in the country.

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PHILIPPINES The government’s long-term vision packaged under the “AmBisyon Natin 2040” expects that by 2040, the Philippines will have a strongly rooted, comfortable, and secure life. To realize this vision, the Department of Energy responded with the formulation of the Philippine Energy Plan (PEP) 2018-2040 that embodies a clear set of objectives, such as increase the production of clean and indigenous sources of energy to meet the growing economic development of the country; Decrease the wasteful utilization of energy through the use of energy efficiency tools and strategies; and Ensure the balance between the provision of reliable and reasonably priced energy services, support for economic growth, and protection of the environment. The Energy outlook 2018-2040 of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation’s (APEC) target to reduce the energy intensity of the country by 25% in 2030, to 45% in 2035 (2005 base year), while the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2016-2025 target reduction in energy intensity of 20 percent in 2020 and 30 percent by 2025 with a revised target of 32-35 percent under the APAEC Phase II 2021-2025.

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The implementation of the FiT (feed-in-tariff) scheme in 2010, which offered a guaranteed fixed-rate payment on a per kilowatt-hour for electricity sales for qualified renewable energy producers has brought about the influx of RE technologies in the country. As of November 2020, a total of 1.3 GW capacity has been installed under the FiT System since its promulgation in July 2010, composed of 500 MW installation targets for Solar, 400 MW Wind, 250 MW Biomass, and 146 MW Hydro. Also, stranded capacities accounted for about 360 MW to 380 MW of Solar PV projects that had been excluded in the FiT incentive scheme and an additional 100 MW from biomass installations. For the first auction, the government will look after the plants or the capacities that were not able to make it to the FiT.

“POWER MIX IN PHILIPPINES”

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RENEWABLE GENERATION The renewable energy generation crossed 22,000 GWh by 2019, which was being dominated by geothermal followed by hydropower as per data given by the department of energy. There is a push towards renewable projects, many pipelines solar projects are coming online in 2021, as the government has targeted around 2 GW of renewable projects to be commissioned in the calendar year 2021.

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POLICY To fully avail of the fiscal and non-fiscal incentives under the RE Act, the Department of Energy (DOE) issued the guidelines on the Duty-Free Importation37 on 13 February 2020. Pursued Consumer- centered Policies help the “prosumer” to further revitalize the prospects of the renewable energy landscape. Feed-In-Tariff System offered a guaranteed fixed-rate payment on a per kilowatt-hour for electricity sales for qualified renewable energy producers has brought about the influx of RE technologies in the country. Enhanced Net-Metering Program for Renewable Energy Systems to improve the current policy and commercial arrangements. This will help the off-grid area, also to educate and protect the electricity end-user. 3rd Open and Competitive Selection Process (OCSP3), to encourage greater participation of prospective investors in RE development. The new policy allows 100 percent foreign ownership of large-scale geothermal exploration, development, and utilization Projects.

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Green Energy Auction Policy (GEAP) to facilitate the procurement of renewable projects through a competitive selection process. Renewable Energy Market (REM) Rules establishes the market for the trading of RE Certificates (RECs) between and among trading participants. Accelerated RE Position. From 2019 to 2020, a total of 173 renewable energy service contracts (RESCs) were awarded and once these projects are commercially developed, could potentially provide an aggregate generating capacity of 7,690 MW into the energy system. The awarded contracts cover 85 Solar service contracts with a total potential generating capacity of 2,740.1 MW, 55 hydropower with 1,523.7 MW, 17 Wind with 3,380.1 MW, 10 biomasses with 45.9 MW, and three geothermal with capacities that are not yet determined. Department of Energy issued a policy on the adoption of the guidelines of energy conservation, where Solar PV and renewable energy technologies are now required in new and existing buildings. The new building construction and retrofit of buildings shall comply with the minimum requirements specified in the guidelines on Energy Conserving Design on Buildings, owners are also allowed to sell their surplus RE to the local power unit, which is at a maximum of 100 kW, but may increase in the future.

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Eligible Solar Power Plants for Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) Compliance for On-Grid and Off-Grid Areas in Philippines

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SOLAR PV PROJECTS

In May 2021, 50 MW of Solar PV Plant has come online in Bulacan is a joint venture of MGen Renewable Energy, Inc. (MGreen) and PowerSource Energy Holdings Corp. with an investment of $84.47 million (PHP4.25 billion). In July 2021, Modern Energy Management (MEM) commissioned 63 MW for AC Energy in the Luzon region, MEM provided engineering, design, and construction services, alongside its Filipino partner, Sidcore Consulting. In December 2020, Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation (PSPC) commissioned 1.8 MWp at Tabangao refinery unit (refinery unit is not under operation) in Batangas City. In March 2016, Equis Pte. Ltd. (Equis) commissioned 132.5 MW of Solar PV project in Cadiz City, Negros Occidental. The Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) is still working on the pricing formula for the targeted ‘tariff ceiling’ that shall be instituted for the 2 GW of renewable energy (RE) capacity auction targeted by this year. The regulatory body has not finalized the ceiling tariff for renewable portfolio standards auction, even they are planning whether there will be the same ceiling tariff for the RE technologies or there will be different tariff based on the technologies such as Wind, Solar, Small hydro, Biomass, and others. Earlier, ERC indicated that the proposed ‘green energy tariff’ benchmark that will serve as the price ceiling for the RE auction will likely be lower than the prevailing FiT for the RE technologies. In the second wave of FiT-incentivized RE developments, the tariff set for Solar had been at P8.69 per kilowatt hour ($0.17170/kWh), the Wind was at P7.40 ($ 0.14502) per kWh, while the degressed rate for biomass was at P6.5969 ($0.12928) per kWh, and hydro at P5.8705 ($0.11504) per kWh. There is no FiT rate decided yet for ocean or tidal in-stream technologies. The ERC is studying the experience of the other countries for renewable energy pricing. In other RE business sectors in Southeast Asia – Vietnam FiT for Solar oriented is now nearly low contrasted with the Philippines at 9.35 US cent or P4.48 per kWh comparable at current peso-US dollar exchange and Wind at 8.50 US cents or a likeness P4.08 per kWh. To attract potential investors, the ERC has to come out with a final ceiling tariff, as time goes on, the country will be losing the investors. As of now, whosoever will be bidding for the RE projects, the bidder has to match with L1 tariff to won the bids. RE projects movement in the Philippines are seen speeding up beginning this year due to the rollout of the Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) strategy, an impetus plot that gives a market to RE produced electricity in light of the commanded level of RE supply that the appropriation utilities will obtain as a part of their overall portfolio. For the year 2021, the Department of Energy (DOE) has to auction at least 2 GW of renewable capacity. This program will increase the RE capacity in the grid. This program will help RE generators in getting power supply agreements and selling their energy through a reasonable benchmark cost. Other mechanisms are the Net Metering Program and the Green Energy Option Program (GEOP) – the second one will engage consumers to straightforwardly source or fulfill their power needs from their preferred RE providers; while in net metering, end-users could deliver their power and may inject surplus into the grid and there is a cost-balancing plan with their utility providers on that. The country is also focusing on hydrogen for the local industry given that it is seen as the fuel of the future, which comes for new investment opportunities for the investors. Also, the Department of Energy signed a memorandum of understanding with Australia-based research and development firm Star Scientific Ltd to explore the potential of hydrogen as an energy source as a Southeast Asian country heavily dependent on imported coal and fuel oil, hopes to be able to utilize hydrogen as a fuel for vehicles and also part of its future energy mix.

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SINGAPORE Solar energy is the most promising renewable energy source for electricity generation, is also clean, generates no emissions, and contributes to Singapore’s energy security. The Energy Market Authority (EMA) has been taking proactive steps to facilitate its deployment while ensuring that power grid stability is maintained. Getting Solar energy connected to the power grid has become faster in the country, from twenty-seven days to seven days. Due to land constraints and weather conditions, large-scale Solar installation is a challenge, so to increase the share of Solar in the energy mix EMA started focusing on the R&D area, particularly in forecasting and energy storage. The government has initiated SolarNova program to accelerate the deployment of Solar PV systems. This program helps to promote and aggregate demand for Solar PV across government agencies to achieve economies of scale, as well as drive the growth of Singapore’s Solar industry. The SolarNova program will generate an estimated 420 GWh of Solar energy annually. This is about 5% of Singapore’s total energy consumption. In 2018, PUB (Public Utilities Board) and EDB (Economic Development Board) unveiled plans for large-scale Solar photovoltaic systems to advance the growth and adoption of Solar energy in Singapore. So, in 2021 Sembcorp and National Water Agency PUB, has officially opened the Sembcorp Tengeh Floating Solar Farm at the Tengeh Reservoir with an installed capacity of 60 MWp.

INSTALLED CAPACITY The installed capacity of Solar by the end of 2020 was around 330 MW, again in July 2021 Sembcorp Floating Solar Singapore and National Water Agency PUB has commissioned 60 MWp Sembcorp Tengeh Floating Solar Farm at the Tengeh Reservoir. The additional capacity of 253.1 MWp of Solar PV installed capacity is expected to be commissioned by the end of 2021 which also includes 60 MWp of floating Solar by Sembcorp in July 2021. Of the total installed Solar PV capacity in the country, 53% coming from the private sector as per the Energy Market Authority, while 37.6% of the Solar installations were commissioned in Town Councils & Grassroots units. Also, top contributors based on number of Solar installations were Town Councils & Grassroots 2,415 installations (52.7%), Residential 1,482 installations (32.3%).

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QUARTERLY SOLAR PV INSTALLATIONS The total installed capacity of grid-connected Solar PV systems was 443.6 MWp as of the end of 1Q 2021. This was a 3.7% (16 MWp) increase from the preceding quarter, attributed to 141 new installations in 1Q 2021. There was a lower quarter-on-quarter Solar growth in Q1 2021 (3.7%) as compared to Q4 2020 (7.5%). There is a consistent installation of Solar capacity even during the covid-19 situation, the installations have slowed down during the same period, but it’s ramping up post-pandemic. Most of the installations are coming from the rooftop segment due to land constraints, even the largest Solar PV project comes from floating Solar at the Tengeh Reservoir of 60 MWp.

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GREEN PLAN 2030 The government unveiled a wide-ranging “Green Plan” that included steps such as Solar energy deployment will quadruple to 1.5 GWp by 2025, including covering the rooftops of HDB (Housing & Development Board) blocks with Solar panels. By 2030, Solar energy deployed will be five times that of today, with at least 2 GWp, capable of powering about 350,000 households a year. Tap green energy sources from the ASEAN region and beyond, through electricity imports. Increase efficiency with each new generation of gas-fired power plants to reduce emissions (such as through adopting new, advanced, combined-cycle gas turbines).

ELECTRICITY GENERATION LICENCE The electricity licensing requirements for Solar PV systems will be based on the aggregate of the Alternating Current (AC) inverter capacities (“installed generation capacity”) at the point of connection to the grid. Any person who engages in the generation of electricity with a Solar PV system with an installed generation capacity of 1 MW or more but less than 10 MW is required to apply to EMA for a Wholesaler (Generation) Licence. For an installed generation capacity of 10 MW or more, the entity has to apply for a Generation Licence. All relevant licenses should be obtained before any turn-on of Solar PV installations.

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Conclusion

Singapore is planning to achieve more than a GWs of Solar PV capacity by 2025, as the country has too many potentials for renewable especially Solar but the major challenges lie to land constraints like the size of the country is less than Los Angeles. The results of which the largest Solar projects in the country are not utility-scale projects rather than floating Solar project even face some space constraints when it comes to floating Solar which forced the country to pledge to have its peak greenhouse gas emission by 2050 and wants to achieve net-zero emission in the second half of the 21st century behind other developed nations. Many multinational conglomerates such as Amazon, Google, Shell are pledging to use Solar PV as their source of electricity in the country which is giving a boost to the country’s target of net zero-emission.

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INDONESIA To accomplish the target of 23% of the renewable power blend, presently arriving at 11.2%, the Indonesian government is as of now looking into the guideline identified with sustainable power, particularly Solar PV, promising that it will be the progressive policy for sunlight-based improvement in Indonesia. During the Asian Solar Summit 2021, it was announced that in response to accelerating renewable energy deployment, the government made some alterations in Minister Decree No. 49/2018 about the Solar rooftop, related to the net meter tariffs. Net-metering tariffs will be 1:1, which was only 1:0.65, and also better restart period from every three months now the restart period will be every six months. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) as the state-owned utility company is also discussing the new Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik plan (RUPTL- National Electricity Supply Plan) and are planning to increase the share of renewable up to 48% of power generation in its 2021-2030 national electricity plan from the previous 20192028 plan of 30%. As a power company, PLN controls owns, and operates approximately 70% of generation capacity in Indonesia. PLN is also the sole buyer of electricity produced by IPPs including electricity from renewable energy. In total, PLN controls over 63,336 MW of generation capacity by the end of 2020. At the end of 2020, PLN controls and operates 100% of transmission and distribution networks, which extends to a total length of the 61,334-kilometer circuit (kmc), and a total substation capacity of 150,038 MVA. The government is targeting to have 24 GW of installed capacity of environment-friendly electricity by 2025 and will go up to 38 GW by 2035. The government has prepared strategies to develop Solar energy, which include the development of large-scale Solar Power Plants on mining sites that are not in operation and also on unproductive land, floating Solar Power plants, rooftop Solar Power plants, and, conversion of steam-generated Power plants to Solar PV Plant. The government plans to use Sumba Island in East Nusa Tenggara as a Solar energy project location, which has the potential to produce 1.8 GWh of electricity per year, 25 percent above the national average. According to data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the total installed capacity of the Steam Power Plant (PLT) has reached 35,220 MW, followed by gas and steam plants (20,537 MW), geothermal plants (2,131 MW), and others (2,200 MW).

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POWER MIX The total installed power capacity of the country has crossed over 70 GW, of that thermal account for around 60 GW, where thermal Power generation will be dominated by coal-based electricity generation. The PLN energy mix for coal accounts for over 60% in 1H 2021. The thermal capacity is expected to cross 90 GW by 2030 maintaining its dominance in the country. The contribution of renewable energy (except hydro) among the total mix contributes very less share, of this Solar energy having negligence share among the total Power mix as well as in the renewable energy mix which is less than 1.5% by 2020. Among the renewable power mix, hydropower and geothermal energy take a giant share of around 58.48% and 20.36% respectively. There are lots of challenges in the Indonesian market for the growth of Solar PV such as lack of financing, land constraints, awareness, policies. As the cost of Solar Power generations has come down drastically from the past few years, now generating Solar Power is much more efficient than thermal Power generations. Also, the new 2021-2030 plans will help the renewable market to grow in the country and increase the share of the energy mix. As a part of the target, Solar energy needs to contribute above 6.5 GW of installed capacity by 2025.

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In 2000, renewable Power capacity in Indonesia was 1.3 GW which increases to 4.3 GW in 2020. Renewable Power capacity is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.5% to reach 14.9 GW by 2030. By 2030, the country is expected to produce 62.2 TWh of its electricity from renewable sources which will only be around 13% of total power generation in the country.

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The country is estimating to generate around 56.4 GW of new plant capacity by 2028, but the share of thermal power capacity will be high even in the new national electricity plan of 2021-2030, again the execution of this planned capacity depends on the favorable policy, and funding from the government side. Many new investors are planning to invest in the Solar Power plant of the energy mix, even government wants to increase the share of renewable particularly Solar energy in the Power mix. As per the Paris Agreement which had been signed by Indonesia in 2016, they are bound to reduce carbon emission and increase the share of renewable energy in the power mix.

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The government’s initiative to expand nationwide generation capacity through the Fast Track and 35 GW Programs provides a strong growth trajectory for PLN, with 56.4 GW of new generating capacity targeted by 2028.

SOLAR PV PROJECT The government’s initiative to expand nationwide generation capacity through the Fast Track and 35 GW Programs provides a strong growth trajectory for PLN, with 56.4 GW of new generating capacity targeted by 2028.

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Conclusion Given the lack of state budget and government subsidy on renewable energy, Indonesia mainly relies on private and public investments. Nonetheless, many investors are hesitant to fund renewable energy development due to greater risks as opposed to returns on investment. Moreover, inconsistent regulations still exist in the country. The country lags in the development of renewable energy. Indonesia has only tapped into about 2 percent of the combined potential of geothermal, Solar, Wind, Hydro, and Biomass energy sources, and only 12 percent of its electricity comes from renewables. The government should pay more attention to renewables and sustainability by allocating a larger portion of the state budget and providing more stimulus for renewable energy development. Indonesia should also accelerate the development of regulations for renewable energy. The government has to be committed to prioritizing this agenda. Regulations and laws governing the price of electricity and renewable energy should be seen as an urgent matter. In addition, various funding alternatives such as issuing green bonds or supporting renewable energy start-ups should also be carried out. This will not only help Indonesia meet its RE mix targets but also help secure a sustainable economy. The government is also planning to halt the import of fossil fuel and LPG by 2030 and accelerating Solar PV Power projects. This is a positive sign for the development of other renewable sources of energy.

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BANGLADESH The country has huge potential for renewable energy especially Solar PV installation, as it is surrounded by the top Solar PV market globally such as China and India. The country receives a moderate level of Solar radiation on daily basis (GHI 4.5 kWh/m2), which can be converted into reasonable sources of energy through the photovoltaic route. Installed capacity of Solar contributes around 70% of the total renewable installed capacity in the country, which is a positive sign but if we consider the overall contribution of Solar PV from all other sources of Power, Solar installed capacity contributes just 2.12% as per the latest available data provided by Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA). Thermal Power still contributes a dominant share in the energy mix, which has more than 80% of the installed generation capacity in the country. It is also observed that Coal will be the major contributor to electricity generation as the country opted to increase its dependence on coal to 30 percent in 2041 from 7 percent in the current scenario. Heavy Fuel Oil and High-Speed Diesel are the major sources of electricity generation after gas (45%). It is only reasonable to state that among all types of RE sources, Solar energy, especially Solar PV technology is the most relevant and promising one for Bangladesh. It has experienced a remarkable growth trend globally in the last few years as well. The global weighted average Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of large-scale Solar PV plants has significantly dropped, while the market has grown and investment in the sector has increased. The installed capacity of the country has crossed 25 GW from all sources of energy, the installed capacity of the Solar PV was around 532.69 MWp, followed by Hydro with 230 MW, Wind with just 2.9 GW. Wind Power remained unexplored, most recent study conducted by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in the country, the preliminary results of this technical potential analysis reported that for Wind speeds of 5.75–7.75 ms-1, there are more than 20,000 km2 of land with a gross Wind potential of over 30 GW.

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POWER MIX Available data shows that country has to generate capacity of 24,414 MWp from conventional sources while power from renewable sources is lagging far behind at 766.32 MWp, which is around 3 percent of the total generation capacity.

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Numbers from the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) show that among different renewable energy sources, PV Solar leads the sector with 532.69 MWp generation capacity, while it is followed by hydro with 230 MWp capacity, 2.9 MWp from Wind, 0.69 MWp from Bio-gas and 0.4 MWp from Biomass. Bangladesh is far behind Pakistan and India, among its South Asian neighbours in utilizing renewable energy resources for electricity generation. The Power System Master Plan (PSMP) 2016 had set a target to reach the renewable energy’s share to 10 percent of total power generation capacity (2470 MW) by 2021 – a major focus was supposed to be on exploiting the potential of Solar energy to achieve the goal.

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POLICY Renewable Energy Policy in 2008 comes up with multiple significant objectives. This policy mandates that 10% of the total Power demand by 2020 should be sourced from various RE sources. In absolute terms, this means that at least 2 GW has to be generated from RE sources by 2020. The Power division of the Government of Bangladesh has already started investing notable resources in expanding the national grid and developing the RE-based offgrid electrification sector.

SOLAR PV PROJECT There are seven Solar PV projects in the Solar Park with an installed capacity of over 130 MWp which contributes more than 24% of the total installed Solar capacity. Solar Home System (SHS) having 49.33% overall installed capacity, there are 6.02 million cumulative installations of SHSs in predominantly off-grid areas of Bangladesh, making it the largest off-grid RE program in the world. Despite huge potential, grid-connected electricity consumers are yet to reap the benefits of Solar PV energy. Off-grid electrification through the Solar Home System Programme has seen its peak in the year 2013, and since then it is in the declining phase mainly due to the widespread electrification program undertaken by the Government of Bangladesh. Solar Rooftop System with net-metering installed around 25 MW, and contributed less than 5% of the installed capacity.

NET METERING CRITERIA

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A consumer shall be considered eligible to apply for net-metering when the following clauses or conditions are complied with: Any three-phase consumer will be considered eligible for the net metering system. The output AC capacity of the renewable energy converter can be a maximum of 70% concerning the consumer’s sanctioned load.

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The prosumer should be a current customer of the Utility that is responsible for the supply of electricity in the area. New applicants for electrical connections, can apply for net-metering while applying for new connections, following the net-metering guidelines. The applicant should not have any outstanding arrears before making the application. The only electricity that is produced from renewable energy sources can be connected to the grid under net metering. The applicant must either be the legal owner or have legal permission from the owner(s) or his legal representative(s) to install the proposed renewable energy system on the premise. Any empty space on the roof or facades of buildings, car parking areas, garages, factories or industrial buildings or sheds, or similar buildings are suitable. Also, land within the consumer’s own premises or any other suitable area accepted by Utility where Utility meter exists. The prosumer shall consume the electricity at the point of RE electricity generation, and only export the excess amount to the grid. Interconnection standards shall comply with the interconnection rules and standards set by the Utility or other relevant governing authority. The maximum output (AC) capacity of the installed RE system under Net energy metering (NEM) cannot be more than 10 MW. In the case of medium-voltage (MV) consumers, the installed capacity of the renewable energy system cannot be more than 70% of the rated capacity of the distribution transformer or, the cumulative capacity of the distribution transformers.

ISSUE IN SOLAR MICRO GRID As part of an initiative, “Remote Area Power Supply System (RAPSS)”, to ensure access to electricity people living in remote areas, 26 Solar mini-grids, with their total generation capacity of 5 MW, were set up at different off-grid areas of the country, these are mostly the remote islands of the country. Under the RAPSS concept, the government allowed private investors to set up Solar PV Power plants and install mini-grids for a tenure of 20 years with financial support from the two financing agencies (IDCOL and Private Investors) and sell electricity directly to the consumers of these remote areas. The state-owned Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) made 80 percent of the financing in the projects while private investors have to invest 20 percent. But due to political pressure, the power distribution company expanded their power supply to this area where mini-grid consumers were there, therefore consumers of the mini-grids gave up their connections from mini-grids and started taking new connections from power distribution utilities which put the sponsors and IDCOL in serious financial trouble. To save the losses of the investors and IDCOL, the distribution entities start purchasing Power from mini-grids. As the Solar home system in Bangladesh is the largest contributor among the total Solar PV installed capacity, many mini-grid were set up across the country to provide electricity to the citizen of the country to the remote areas.

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Conclusion The country is taking many steps to increase its share of renewable energy in power generation for sustainable development goals. In 2021, the state-owned Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh Limited (EGCB) and Marubeni Corporation signed a contract for implementing a 100 MW Solar Power plant at Sonagazi in the Fenni district. This comes to achieve a target to generate 10 percent of electricity under the national policy on renewable energy. Recent developments in Solar Power technology show great hope for meeting the almost 100 percent power demand of the country from a renewable source. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has found three sites for floating Solar projects that, once installed, will be able to generate a total of 61 MW of electricity. The three sites were Barapukuria pit lakes in Dinajpur for 45.9 MW plant, Jhenidah's Joydia baor (lake) a 9.1 MW plant, and Jashore's Bukbhara baor a 6 MW plant. But the major challenges lie with the acquisition of land. The cost of Solar system development in Bangladesh would be further cheaper due to the low labor cost, even the Solar PV modules price has come down from the past few years. The growing industrial expertise of the country also helps manufacture floating pontoons, Solar PV panels, and other accessories locally. The resulting employment generation and value addition will be significant to the national economy.

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SRI LANKA Sri Lanka has substantial potential for renewable energy resources, and the government also has given policy directives to go for high amounts of renewable energy. Solar, Wind, Biomass, and Hydro are the proven resources being commercially developed at present. With the establishment of the Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority (SLSEA) which becomes the custodian of the renewable energy resources, and is the focal national entity for implementing renewable energy development programs in the country. The cabinet of ministers has approved the development of 100 MW of Siyamabalanduwa Solar Power project through private sector investment, Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB), which runs the national grid will build a transmission line from Ampara to Medagama to take the Power once the completion of the project. The government has set the target to achieve 70% of renewable energy in the national grid by 2030. The state minister along with SLSEA set the goal to develop sustainable energy sources in the country. In 2020, Lanka Electricity Company (LECO) and the University of Moratuwa (UoM) launched a pilot project consisting of a commercial microgrid and a research and development facility that will study renewable energy and smart grids. Earlier in March 2020, CEB was looking for proposals for 20 Solar Power projects ranging in size from 3 MW to 10 MW, the government was planning to purchase 150 MW of Solar PV Power by end of 2020, the investment in the Solar PV sector is expanding to increase the renewable capacity in the overall Power mix. The ceiling price for the tender was LKR 15.60 ($0.086)/kWh. The utility informed that 80% of the proposed tariff will be re-adjusted based on fluctuations in the exchange rate. The country has huge potential for Solar, also having more than 250 MW of planned Solar Park projects by 2026.

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The installed Solar Power capacity in the country was around 230 MW by 2020, there are many initiatives taken by the Ministry of Energy to increase Solar capacity in the country such as the introduction of micro-grid projects where grid availability is not there. Due to Covid 19, the pace of Solar PV installations has reduced, by the end of 2020, the cabinet of ministers has approved 100 MW of Solar Park at Siyamabalanduwa. The installations were slow in 2020, where the country installed just 15.5 MW of Solar PV capacity. Between 2019 and 2025, Sri Lanka aims to add 1,564 MW of total Solar PV Power capacity, in this large-scale Solar accounts for 1,034 MW, 330 MW from rooftop Solar, and 200 MW of floating Solar PV Power projects, under its Renewable Energy Development Plan Phase I 2019-2025.

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According to the Energy Policy in Sri Lanka, it is expected to ensure energy security through supplying cleaner, secure, economical, and reliable energy to provide convenient, affordable energy services to support socially equitable development in Sri Lanka. This policy aims to realize carbon neutrality by 2050. The long-term generation expansion plan prepared based on energy policy by Ceylon Electricity Board for the period 2020-2039, focused on the development of renewable energy to achieve the said targets. The long-term generation expansion plan illustrated that the projected target of total other renewable energy capacity is planned to increase from 1,245 MW in 2020 to 4,330 MW by 2039.

ROOFTOP SOLAR The “Energy Banking Facility “commonly known as the “Net Energy Metering Facility” for electricity consumers was introduced in Sri Lanka in 2010 by the Ministry of Power and Renewable Energy, Ceylon Electricity Boards, and Lanka Electric Company. The consumer is not paid (no financial compensation) for the export of energy but is given credit (in kWh) for the consumption of the same amount of energy for subsequent billing periods. The Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) has launched an accelerated Solar development program in 2016 to promote rooftop Solar installations in the country. This was further enhanced by introducing another two schemes. “Net Accounting” is an extension to the existing new metering scheme where the consumer is compensated for the exported energy with a two-tier tariff for 20 years. The generating capacity of the facility is limited to the contract demand of the consumer. The third scheme is the “Net Plus” scheme where the consumer can install a Solar PV generation unit and all the generated energy will be exported to the grid.

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Issue In the current scenario, FiT is allowed only for a system of less than 10 MW, which has restricted the advantage of economies of scale especially for Wind Power and has made interconnection of generation at 33kV a fact as developers do not want to pay for a deep connection. It is significant to increase the transparency of the power sector for attracting private investment at reasonable prices. The agreements between Transmission Licenses and generation licensees are of utmost importance as it may be that in the future, both CEB and private developers may be competing to supply renewable energy to the CEB Transmission Licenses. The current Law requires public sector participation for the development of renewable energy facilities with an installed capacity beyond 25 MW. This boundary has required the assessment of alternative mechanisms to develop Power generators from renewable energy sources enabling private participation while ensuring participation of the public sector.

SOLAR PV PROJECT In March 2021, Panasian Power PLC commissioned a 3 MW ground Solar plant in Matara, Panasian Power is also the equity investor and led all aspects of the construction including in-house engineering, design, site acquisition, acquiring permissions, simulation, and procurement. The company uses the latest Trina bifacial Solar panels, and the bankable inverter (Sungrow). In February 2020, a 42-kW floating Solar Power plant has come online in Sri Lanka as the country’s first floating Solar project. This floating Solar project is the result of a collaboration between the University of Jaffna and the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (HVL). In March 2019, a floating Solar Power project in Maduru Oya reservoir in Mahaweli Economic Zone was proposed by the government: Power, Energy, and Business Development Ministry and Canadian Commercial Corporation had agreed to set up a 100 MW of floating Solar PV Power plant. In January 2017, the Solar One Ceylon Power Station of 12.56 MW has been commissioned at Welikanda in the Polonnaruwa District. The project was equipped with JA Solar’s polycrystalline modules. In December 2016, LOLC Group and Faber Capital Limited opened a 10-MW photovoltaic (PV) park in the country. SagaSolar Power built the facility on 45 acres of land in Baruthankanda, Hambantota district. In October 2016, a 20 MW of Solar PV plant has been commissioned by Laugfs Power (Pvt) Ltd. in the Hambantota district. Conclusion Sri Lanka moving towards an upper-middle-income economy, need for power has been expanded and it constrained the nation to rely upon alternative energy like fossil fuels. This reliance on non-renewable energy sources has contributed to more GHG emissions. The country is expecting carbon neutrality by 2050. So, it is creating and embracing domestic, renewable sources of energy to satisfy its developing need for energy. Barriers such as grid integration, institutional, financial, informative, and regulatory are the key challenges for developing Solar PV throughout the country. The government is issuing Solar PV tenders in the country, also trying to attract foreign investors, but due to the unstable political and economic situation, the country is also poised to take significant steps following the lead set by India and several other countries.

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NEPAL The major renewable source of energy comes from Hydro Power, which has the potential of over 80 GW, of which around 40 GW of production seems to be economically and technically feasible. The installed Solar PV Power capacity of the country has reached just the 60 MW mark due to topography challenges. The difficulties have been experienced in the rapid extension of the national grid due to remote topography, dispersed settlement patterns, and the limited financial resources of the government. Only limited efforts have been done in providing clean and reliable energy from other sources of renewable energy except for Hydropower. The geographical profile is not helping the grid extension to remote locations due to high infrastructure costs, lack of grid loads, and losses followed by limited government budget. To get more Solar installations in the country, it is necessary to create a conducive environment that will selfmotivate and mobilize local institutions, rural energy user groups, non-government organizations, cooperatives, and private sector organizations for the development and expansion of renewable energy resources. The development of more off-grid Solar projects has been an important part of enhancing rural access.

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SOLAR PV PROJECT In February 2021, Mithila 2 Solar PV Station got commissioned with a 10 MW installed power capacity. The Solar PV system was developed by Eco Power Development Company through a 25-year power purchase agreement of NPR 7.30/unit (approx. $0.063/unit). In October 2020, the Butwal Solar Power Project of 8.5 MW connected to the national grid, was built by Ridi Hydropower Company with an investment of NPR 700 million ($5.95507million).

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In 2020, Nuwakot Solar Power Station got commissioned its full 25 MW, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) owned this project while Risen Energy has built the facility and provides engineering, procurement, and construction contractor along with the operation and maintenance for five years.

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Conclusion The country should open its market for foreign investors to do projects in Solar PV, as there are lots of remote locations in the country where electricity has not been reached due to a lack of transmission lines. Off-grid or mini-grid is the best solution at least for the time being to electrify the whole nation. Even though hydropower potentials are huge but due to a lack of fund support from the international agency, it has not yet been explored. Emphasis will be given to the necessary study and research for reducing the cost of Solar energy technology and its efficient use. Development of Solar PV technologies will be encouraged by setting up pilot projects in different provinces, necessary public awareness activities will be launched to increase the use of solar cookers, solar pumps in the low laying region. A Solar energy map for the whole of Nepal needs to be prepared to know the actual potential and irradiation level of a different location, which will attract the foreign investor, along with favorable renewable energy policy especially Solar PV.

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MYANMAR Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan 2018-2030 shown many actions plan to address climate change. One of the significant strategies is to achieve 100% of electrification by 2030, also plans to expand renewable energy to 2,000 MW by 2030 as an active member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA). Hydro Power is the main source of electricity generation making up to two-thirds of the total electricity produced in the country. Myanmar has also introduced an ambitious renewable energy goal (except hydro), which is to increase the share of renewables in electricity production to 12 percent by 2025. In the yearly investment proposal at the commission's first meeting for the year 2021, 40 MW of Solar PV Power projects in Mandalay, Sagaing and Magway regions has been planned. A large part of the population in the country has no access to electricity, which can be met by off-grid Solar PV installations, microgrids, and so on. Currently, less than 60% of the population has access to electricity which means millions of populations have not accessed reliable electricity. A total of 450,000 people in rural Myanmar can expect to receive access to electricity following an agreement between the government and World Bank. The two parties have agreed to channel $3.5 million in funds towards generating Solar PV energy in offgrid areas of the country. Getting electricity with Solar PV technology in off-grid areas is important for improving the livelihoods and living standards of rural people. The growth of Solar PV in the country is a challenge as per the survey conducted by World Bank, in remote areas, Solar Home Systems (SHS) was used and provided by the Department of Rural Development, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation of Myanmar. Myanmar’s SHS are built with low-quality substandard material and they cannot work for longer periods. Solar panels, batteries, inverters, and charge controllers are Solar equipment and are available in the market towns. Most of this equipment is cheap and of low quality imported from China and India, and with little guidance on how to install it. Such as Solar PV batteries are weak, drop voltage immediately from 12.9 volts to 11.3 volts, and last for one or two years maximum, for the inverters 90 percent reported that they did not work.

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Ministry of Electricity and Power (MOEP) noted that the current power generation mix of Myanmar in 2021 is hydroelectricity 40%, 34% from natural gas, and 14% from Solar with an expected total rise of over 8,100 MW. The country could only utilize electricity around 34% before 2016 but with emphasis on national electrification under the new government, the rate increased to 56% in 2020. The MOEP plans to bump it up to 75% by 2025 and total electrification by 2030. The average electricity usage of a person was at 263 kWh in 2015-2016. It had jumped to 432 kWh in 2019-2020, an increase of 169 kWh per citizen of the country.

Generation Mix in Myanmar (2021)

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Power Mix in Myanmar (2021)

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SOLAR PV PROJECT In June 2019, a 40 MW Solar PV Power plant was commissioned in Magway Region, this project was the initial phase, the other three phases will add 130 MW to the grid in Minbu township. The Minbu Solar Park represents the first phase of a 170-MW project. In January 2021, Shwe Taung wins tender for three Solar Power projects in Myanmar, the three solar power plants, in Aungchanthar, Nyaungpingyi, and Ohntaw, have a total capacity of 100 MW and will provide power generated by renewable energy to Myanmar’s electricity grid. The Ministry of Electricity and Energy allocated all Solar PV capacity tendered of 1,060 MW in its first procurement process for utility-scale projects. The largest winners were Chinese companies such as Sungrow Power Supply Co Ltd and China Mechanical Engineering Corporation, State Power Investment Corporation, China Gezhouba Group, and Xian LONGi Clean Energy Co Ltd. Sungrow claimed nine sites and CMEC eight, while the most successful local firms were Shwe Taung Group and Khaing Lon Gems.

PROJECT BANK IN MYANMAR The government has started infrastructure plans for new major investments which may cost billions of dollars. The plans include a $510 million Solar Power project covering Kyaukpahtoe, Monywa, Ngapyawdine, Nyaungbingyi, and Ohntaw that aims to supply electricity to people in the Sagaing Region with an estimated capacity of 300 MW. This project will also include a $240 million Solar PV Power plant in Wundwin Township, Mandalay Region with an installed capacity of 150 MW. The government also plans to implement the 150 MW Myaungtagar Solar PV project covering Taungoo, Tharyargone, Thephyu, Kamarnat, and Minhla in Bago Region, and another 150 MW Myaungtagar Solar Power project in Yangon Region. Each project will cost $225 million. Another Solar Power project is proposed for Belin, Letpanhal, Myingyan, Thapyaywa, and Taungtawgwin with an installed capacity of 200 MW which may cost $340 million. A Solar Power project planned in Chauk, Taungtwingyi, and Tanyaung in Magwe Region is also listed in the project bank, it will cost $170 million and have a capacity of 100 MW. Moreover, the government plans to establish a $240 million Solar PV plant in Nabuaing township in the Mandalay region with an installed capacity of 150 MW and an average annual Power generation of 305 GWh. It also listed a $106 million Power and agriculture project involving the establishment of a Solar PV Power plant in Hlaingtharyar Township, Yangon Region which has an installed capacity of 100 MW and an average annual generation of 221 GWh. Additionally, the government plans to implement the 40 MW Shwekyin PV Power, agriculture, and hydro project in Shwe Kyin, Bago Region at an expected cost of $45 million. It is also developing the $43 million, 40 MW Kun Solar PV Power, agriculture, and Solar Pv Power and hydropower project in Phyu Township, Bago Region.

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Conclusion Almost half of the population in the country has no access to electricity, so government should introduce a minigrid program or off-grid Solar PV projects for easy access to a remote location. In June 2020, Miller Centre for Social Entrepreneurship pilot program was launched to access electricity in rural and off-grid communities. More recently, it was announced that the Ministry of Electricity and Energy plans to also build floating Solar Power to augment electricity generation under a hydro-Solar hybrid system. This is to ensure that the country’s rapidly increasing electricity demands are met using a mix of energy generation sources. The country has an incredible potential for Solar energy, but the government still has a lot of work to do to unleash the potential and attract foreign direct investments into the Solar industry. In 2020, there was a positive response from the Chinese companies for a ~1 GW Solar PV tender. As the potential is huge in the country for renewable energy, with the help of favorable policy, the country can achieve its target of 100% electrification by 2030.

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CAMBODIA The country has huge potential for renewable energy as the demand is growing exponentially high every year. As the cost of producing electricity through Solar PV has gone down by 85 percent since 2010, the development of renewable energy is a significant solution to accelerate power sector development. Cambodia will expand its Solar energy investment by 12 percent by the end of 2020 and increases to 20 percent over the next three years. The country plans to expand its renewable energy portfolio to 450 MW by 2022. Cambodia's Power Development Master Plan 2020–2030 estimates that the country will have an additional installed electricity generation capacity of 24,384 MW, contributed mainly by LNG (9,600 MW), hydro (5,927 MW), and coal (5,140 MW) by 2050. The country has two major targets which they set earlier such as by 2020, all villages in the country should have access to electricity and by 2030, at least 70 percent of total households in the country should have access to quality grid electricity. The law and policies are not favouring the smooth flow of Solar PV rooftop installations in commercial space. As the tariff for Solar rooftop systems has a different tariff structure from the grid than those who don’t have Solar PV rooftop systems.

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POWER MIX The installed power capacity in the country has crossed 2.5 GW, Hydropower is the dominating source of electricity generation and has more than 1.3 GW of installed capacity, followed by a non-renewable source such as natural gas, and other thermal plants. Solar PV installed capacity is also increase, as many new under-development projects are there, even in 2021 many new projects got commissioned, as the government has the plan to increase the renewable energy capacity to 450 MW by 2022.

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SOLAR PV PROJECT In Sep 2020, a 30 MW Solar PV plant got commissioned in Pursat province, the Solar project was implemented by Schneitec Infinite Co Ltd with an investment of $29 million, while Jinko Solar was the supplier of modules for this project. In March 2021, a 60 MW Solar PV project got commissioned in southwestern Thma Koul district’s Anlong Run while the project was financed by Risen Energy. In March 2021, a 39 MW Solar PV Power plant in far north western Banteay Meanchey province has been connected to the national grid, JA Solar was the module supplier whereas Shanxi Electric Power Engineering did the EPC for the project. Prime Road Power Co won the first stage of bidding for the completion of a 60 MW Solar PV Power plant, which is part of the National Solar Project and will be financed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) via a concession loan. Also, bidding for the second stage 40 MW Solar PV project opened in February 2021 and is still under process, Asian Development Bank (ADB) is financing the project, which is being monitored by Electricite du Cambodge. Other Solar PV projects such as the 30 MW Solar PV plant in Banteay Meanchey province were invested in by Ray Power Supply Co Ltd. Conclusion There are lots of potential for Solar PV in the country, also many top global Solar PV companies are showing interest to invest in the Solar projects, also Asian Development Bank is supporting by providing loan to the country for Solar PV development. The country has provided electricity to more than 97 percent of all villages across the country stated by the energy ministry, which had previously announced a goal to provide electricity to 100 percent of all villages by 2021 or 2022. Still, many reforms are needed in the renewable energy sector especially Solar. RE development requires the government’s political will and actions in establishing a favorable business environment, effective institutions, and providing financial support. A considerable amount of RE potential remains untapped, so there are ample opportunities for advancing RE development in response to the growing electricity needs and ultimately to achieve continued economic development and environmental sustainability.

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LAOS The installed capacity in the country has crossed 20 MW for Solar which is far less compared to other countries of the same geographical. Even though the major contribution of electricity generation comes from Hydropower. The overall installed Power capacity in the country was around 8 GW by 2020, as Lao People's Democratic Republic has an abundance source of water across the country, most of the Solar PV project which should be set up on the water reservoir of hydro projects. Solar irradiance on Lao PDR is between 3.6-5.5 kWh/m^2, with sunshine 1800-2000 hrs/year. With such Solar energy potential, if photovoltaic technology was used (overall efficiency of 10%), it would generate 146 kWh/m2/year. The Lao Government and shareholders of Nam Theun 2 hydropower plant will develop Nam Theun 2-Solar, which is expected to become the world’s largest hybrid floating Solar project. With an installed capacity of 240 MWp, the plant will be built on a 3.2 sq. km surface area of the reservoir of Nam Theun 2.

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The Wealth Power Group of Vietnam along with two other partners going to develop Solar PV Power projects in Champasak and Sekong provinces with an estimated capacity of 500 MW. As there are lots of opportunity for the Solar PV projects, if these projects will come online, will supply 10 percent of their electricity output for the domestic market and 90 percent will be exported to neighbouring countries, particularly Vietnam and Myanmar. The country has fewer Solar projects which are currently generating electricity. Due to lack of policy, funding and foreign investment in Solar are not accelerating, the Power mix for Solar PV installed capacity was less than a percentage. Many announcements in the Solar PV segment are happening these days, such as 1,200 MW of floating Solar PV project at Nam Ngum 1 dam reservoir which will become the largest floating Solar project globally when commissioned.

CONCLUSION ON SOUTH EAST ASIA REPORT South-East Asian (SEA) countries are at the heart of the Global Solar PV Market. The government of different countries in SEA has set a target to increase the percentage of renewable energy by 2025 to support the growth of renewable energy nationally. Various policies, a framework is established within their countries for the development of renewable energy, especially Solar PV. The optimal utilization of renewable energy can improve the economy of the South-East Asian countries and support industrial and commercial growth especially Myanmar, Cambodia, Nepal, and others who are importing electricity from other countries to fulfill the growing demand of their developing economy. South-East Asian countries have become an attractive destination for renewable energy investors, which is helping the electricity cost to come down drastically comparing with the previous decade. Large-scale Solar PV project becomes an issue in a different part of the countries in South East Asian region due to hilly terrain across the country but floating Solar PV project is trending, especially to those regions which have an abundance of water bodies due to its large number of hydropower dams, thermal power ponds, and man-made reservoirs. Many countries have set the target for renewable energy by 2025, 2030, 2050 to become 100% carbon-free emission country by sourcing electricity from renewable sources especially Solar PV.

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Articles inside

CONCLUSION ON SOUTH EAST ASIA REPORT

SOLAR PV PROJECT MYANMAR…………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………43

POWER MIX

SOLAR PV PROJECT LAOS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………50

SOLAR PV PROJECT NEPAL…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………41

SRI LANKA ROOFTOP SOLAR……..................………………………………………………………………………….…………………….…………39

POWER MIX

ISSUE IN SOLAR MICRO GRID

BANGLADESH

INDONESIA

POWER MIX

ELECTRICITY GENERATION LICENCE

SOLAR PV PROJECT

QUARTERLY SOLAR PV INSTALLATIONS

PHILIPPINES

ROOFTOP SOLAR GROWTH ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…........0

SOLAR PV PROJECT

MALAYSIA

SOLAR PV PROJECTS

SOLAR PV PROJECTS

POLICY

VIETNAM