H.O.M.E.
holistic original mixed efficient
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H.O.M.E.
Semester: MSc02 Course: Architecture & Design Period: February-May 2014 Project group: 13 Supervisor: Anne Kirkegaard Bejder Technical supervisor: Olena Kalyanova Larsen
brice desportes mikkel troelsen oksana pugajeva patricia scarpa antelo thaisa kleinubing
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ABSTRACT This project was developed by group 13, as part of MSc.2 in Architectural Design, Aalborg University. The theme is ‘Sustainable Housing’, and concerns the development of dwellings classified as Nearly Zero Energy Building (ZEB) [1]. The main objective is to fulfil the local building requirements and the European directive 2010, article 9, [2] determining that up to year 2020 all the buildings have to be classified as Nearly Zero Energy Building. These buildings must be designed in order to have a very low energy demand which is covered by renewable energy. The project was made following the Integrated Design Process method, which its main goal is to integrate architectonic and engineering considerations in a holistic way from the early stages of the project. [3] During the project development, considerations about the diverse sustainable aspects were taken, such as climatic conditions, urban environment, user behaviour, passive and active strategies, energy and indoor environment requirements. The project report contains the presentation of the final proposal for the dwelling complex, the initial research, analysis, final proposal and the design process. Also the technical calculations and software simulations can be found in the appendix. The technical drawings are attached in the separate folder. 5
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NTRODUCTION
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PROBLEM DEFINITION: The world is facing major climatic changes in the 21st century, which is already creating global disasters and ecosystem failure. To counteract this change, Denmark has made a plan to be 100% reliant on renewable energy for buildings’ construction until 2035 and including transportation until 2050 [4]. This will require changes on the way people live and move through the environment in order to limit a global temperature increase of no more than two degrees before the end of the century. To make an immediate impact on this development, the most important factors have to be taken into consideration. In Denmark most of the energy is used in buildings and transportation. To reduce the energy consumption for private transport the city must be densified, where dwellings, labor and leisure activities are mixed and easily accessible, it also should contain good conditions for soft traffic. By increasing the density in the city a new problem is presented: How to
attract people who live in the suburbs and use the car the most, to move to a dense urban environment? During the development of this project, this question must be solved by combining the high density dwellings with traditional suburban qualities, creating an attractive and sustainable way of living. 8
ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION The chosen site is located in the heart of Aalborg, Denmark with an area of 13.000 m2. The assignment is to design a housing complex with an average height of no less than three levels and a building percentage between 100 and 200 %. Up to 20% of the floor area may contain other functions and there must be a ½ car parking space per housing unit and adequate parking for bicycles. The project has to present a design proposal for a single family dwelling of 115 m2 with access to at least 20m2 of outdoor area as well as another unit that will be determined by the group. [5] In the given lecture Design Principles – designing holistic Zero Energy Buildings Part 1, Anne K. Bejder says: “The design has to be developed with focus on holistic solutions where architecture, comfort, indoor environment and user behaviour are integrated parts of a unified building concept.” [6] Usability and comfort should be considered during the dwelling design within limited areas, it should also provide privacy, promote social interaction and implement suburban qualities in the urban context. Regarding energy consumption, the units as well as the whole complex must hold zero energy standard and still respect aesthetics parameters in an attractive way. 9
METHODOLOGY The chosen guiding method for this project is the Integrated Design Process, developed by Mary-Ann Knudstrup. It focuses on integrating knowledge from engineering and architecture, from early phases of the project, promoting the interaction between each other in order to solve the problems connected to the design of sustainable buildings. [3] Another aim of this method is to keep a fluid work process, enabling a continuous evaluation of the design, making sure it doesn’t deviate from the overall problem and concept. The method is divided into 5 phases: Initiating problem, Analysis, Sketching, Synthesis, and Presentation. The Initiating problem provides the basis of the project and the questions to be answered, e.g. “How do you make sustainable living possible?” This can change many times through the project development to incorporate more design criteria to which the design can be measured against. This way, he process is driven forward while the design becomes more defined. All the information and different analysis are gathered in the Analysis phase, where the focus is on the context of the design, looking at
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social, urban, architectural, natural context. This is the phase where different analysis methods can be appliedsuch as, Kevin Lynch’s ‘Image of the City’ etc. The focus of the Sketching phase is to expand the idea basis, material research, logistics, structural system etc. from which the design will emerge. During this phase the number of design proposals will broaden. Later the group will analyze the proposals they like the best and use those criteria for further sketching iterations. The Sketching phase will lead into the synthesis phase where the design comes together. In this stage, the logistics of the building and site, the construction, the form and materials etc. is going into one unity. The Presentation phase covers all the material used to present and explain the project. It could be done in different forms of renderings from hand drawn sketches to computer models.
PROBLEM/IDEA
ANALYSIS
SKETCHING
PRESENTATION
SYNTHESIS
Fig. 1 Integrated design process graph [3]
NEW KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION OPTIMIZATION
ARCH. AND ENG.KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION SELECTION
S
S
IDEA
IDEA
SKETCHES
PROGRAMME
OPTIMIZATION REWRITING
S
IDEA SKETCHES
PROPOSAL Fig. 2 Integrated design process - Sketch phase diagram[5] 11
CONTENT 0. PREFACE ABSTRACT PROBLEM DEFINITION ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION METHODOLOGY
5 8 9 10
1.INTRODUCTION APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY VISION ZEB DEFINITION TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
14 15 16 17
2.ANALYSIS USERS AND THEIR NEEDS DWELLING TYPOLOGIES IN DENMARK DANISH HOUSE ANALYSIS URBAN ANALYSIS KEVIN LYNCH ANALYSIS MICROCLIMATE RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES
20 22 23 24 30 32 37
3.CONCEPT
42
4.PRESENTATION PROGRAM MASTERPLAN - Perspective
48
BLOCK
12
- Ground Floor - First Floor - Sections - Sun Orientation - Wind Orientation
49 50 51 52 54 55
- Floor Plan and Section - Facade - Construction/Mechanical Ventilation System - Flat - Indoor Comfort
56 58 59 60 62
TOWER
WINDOWS FACADE EXPRESSION MATERIALS ENERGY REQUIREMENT RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION CONCLUSION
64 66 68 70 72 74 75 76 77 78 81
5.DESIGN PROCESS
84
REFLECTION REFERENCES ILLUSTRATION LIST APPENDIX
91 92 93 94
-Facade - Section - Construction/Mechanical Ventilation System - Flat - Indoor Comfort
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APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY In the past few decades, sustainability appeared to shape architecture to its needs. Awareness of climatic changes transformed dramatically the way architects and engineers create their buildings. They are no longer allowed to think only about aesthetics, function, and techniques, sustainable architecture is asking for more, for analysis, prediction and calculation. Although the term sustainability is widely used, its definition still remains quite broad. The sustainable city is a dense city, where space is compact and efficient, reducing need for transportation and stimulating intense urban activity and social, cultural and economic interaction. [7] According to the book Sustainable, Compact, City from Pedersen statistics by 2050, 75% of population will live in cities, meaning people should find a way to live in a more dense environment, while maintaining good living conditions and privacy. Social sustainability can be achieved, by bonding the community and reinforcing relationships between neighbors. Dense environment will mix multiple user groups and people with different income levels, culture and ethnicity, providing different scenarios on how they interact. This coexistence will allow different forms of how they benefit from each other.
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It is important to create a sense of belonging to the place, while keeping it safe and promoting well-being and physical activity. Moreover, nowadays, sustainable living is focusing on users’ behaviour as much as it is concentrating on society issues. The design should be a holistic solution, where users are an active part of it, with the ability to control technical systems, such as temperatures, ventilation, and daylight. The second aspect is the economic sustainability, which aims to save on building construction and operation and attract users with high income, who normally would prefer to live in the suburbs. Living in a dense city gives an opportunity to be close to all the daily activities, from leisure to labor, being more inter-independent. Moreover, the costs for having a car in Denmark can be high even for wealthy families. Living in the dense environment, these families can save a good amount of money since they can live without a car. This aspect also includes an opportunity for new investments as sustainable neighborhood could be a driver for further development of the area. Finally, environmental sustainability is an important part of the dense city. According to statistics, buildings have a great impact on environment, since they are responsible for 20% of all water consumption and up to 40% of all energy use, gas emissions and solid waste generation. [7] Environmental sustainability expects new buildings to be designed to minimize pollution and dramatically reduce energy use. Pollution can be reduced by careful selection of the materials, for example materials with low embodied energy or non-toxic components. Moreover, urban densification decreases the amount of cars used
every day and promotes walking or biking. Passive strategies help to reduce the energy consumption. Micro climate analysis on sun, wind, temperatures and precipitation helps to establish a framework for the orientation, form and layout of the building designed in a delicate balance between compactness, resource consumption and demands for good daylight conditions and indoor and outdoor spatial qualities. Environmental sustainability promotes the use of renewable energy instead of fossil fuels.
VISION The project’s plot is situated in the center of Aalborg in a densely built area, it is therefore inconceivable to simply import suburban housing units inside it. As much as the design has to focus on architecture, comfort and indoor environment quality, it has to sit on a strong urban background for it to function with its surroundings. Our prime intention is then not to treat it as a sustainable island but as a crucial addition to the city of Aalborg with regards to people while satisfying energetic demands. To conclude, the project will be based on social, economic and environmental sustainablility aspects. Each of them has its value and only by respecting all three aspects, sustainable living will occur. 15
ZEB DEFINITION The definition of a ZEB building is quite broad. It depends on many parameters and understanding of sustainability. In this project we will be designing a NET ZEB building with highly reduced energy demand on heating, hot water and ventilation, while providing healtly living environment.
Secondly, renewable energy installations will be applied in order to cover energy demand and appliances of the residental part of the project. As the site has the opportunity to be connected to the network (district heating) the project will use this advantage. By 2035 Denmark is planning to use 100% renewable or waste energy, meaning that connection to the grid will help to reach NET ZEB standards for the whole project. (Fig. 3) The project will aim to reduce the embodied energy on the life cycle of the project, by carefully selecting materials, delivery, construction principles and standardization as well as possibility to recycle and reuse. 16
se energy u
kWh/m²
First of all, the goal of the project is to design buildings where the energy demand does not exceed the energy performance framework of the Br10 Class 2020. It can be acheived by using highly insulated envelopes with a high degree of air tightness, as well as smart sun and wind orientation and position and size of the windows, which will balance the heat gains and heat losses.
balance
0
energ
y pro ducti on
2015
2050
201x
years
Fig.3 Relation between enegy production and use during the years
TECHNICAL PARAMETERS To achieve a nearly zero energy building, there are several factors that have to be satisfied. With regards to the energy frame, the required standard is 20 kWh/m2 for a building built in 2020, and that is what the design has to fulfil. This can be achieved by applying passive strategies, which will mostly be heat avoidance in the summer and heat gain in the winter and special considerations about the insulation have to be taken in order to reduce the heating energy consumption. When making a tight envelope to reduce energy for heating, it’s important to consider the indoor air quality. The goal settled for the project is to meet the Class II requirements as stated in CR 1752. [1] This has to do with ventilation and how much dissatisfaction is allowed. To meet this goal, it is relevant to look at the wind conditions to make the most effective ventilation strategy, without causing exessive draft. This should affect the form, orientation and positions of the windows in the buildings. This can also be done with thermal buoyancy, but it is not as effective.
PARAMETER
GOAL
Energy frame PARAMETER
Class 2020 GOAL
Energy neutrality Energy frame
Life cycle=renewable Class 2020 energy
Indoor quality Energy air neutrality
minimun Class II Life cycle=renewable ( CR1752 standard )energy
Indoor aircomfort quality Thermal
Class minimun I, min. for heating Class inII winter season 21ºC and max. for cooling in ( CR1752 standard ) summer season 25 ºC
Daylight Thermal comfort
Class average I, min. for DF heating in winter > 2% season 21ºC and max. for cooling in preferably DF > 5% summer season 25 ºC
Ventilation Daylight
average DF > 2% maximise natural preferably DFventilation > 5%
Ventilation Energy source
minimise fossilventilation fuels maximise natural
minimise fossil fuels parameters for the project Energy source Fig. 4 Technical Regarding the Thermal comfort, the goal is to reach a Class 1 building, with at least 21 degrees and at most 25 degrees. [1] One of the most important strategies is the regulation of the intake of solar radiation between summer and winter. If natural ventilation proves inconvinient for ventilating in the winter, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery can be applied. To achieve the NET ZEB standard, the complex will be categorized as a NET Zero source energy complex, which produces as much renewable energy as the fossil fuels used for operation and a appliances. Different technologies will be considered to produce renewable energy on the site. For the heating supply, the complex will be connected to the local district heating system.
There also has to be enough daylight in the buildings, promoting good internal athmospheres and colaborating to energy saving. In this case at least 2% of Daylight but preferably more than 5% should be achieved. This will have a role when the master plan is made, to ensure that every building gets light. It is therefore relevant to make sun studies of the area, to examine the existing conditions. But if there is too much thermal energy from the sun, there is a risk of overheating in the summer.
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ANALY
SIS 19
USERS AND THEIR NEEDS As mentioned before in the group vision description, social sustainability also aims to bond the community and reinforce relationships between neighbors. This project will be focusing on different users, as the intention is to create a dynamic and vibrant living space, where people with different income levels, culture and ethnicity co-exist and benefit from each other. The main target is young families that normally would prefer to live in low dense residential areas. Moreover, the project will also provide different typologies to accommodate students and elderly people.
YOUNG FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN
There are some special qualities in the suburban life that make it so attractive to young families and should be offered in the dwellings’ design. However, the project is not considering inserting single-family houses in the city center, simply reproducing this typology. It will rather propose a design with some familiar features of the suburban living, but will assume a more urban and dense approach, to be part of the city life. The outdoor area, which is part of the assignment, should represent, in this urban and dense context, a large part of the suburban dream. This garden needs to be safe enough for children to play in unsupervised. It also needs to be a place where the parents do not have to be afraid to put their toddlers down to sleep, in the fresh air. 20
The apartment itself has to be comparable to a small house, with some of its characteristics reinterpreted in a limited space. It has to be able to accommodate the individual tastes of each family, without needing a complete layout change. However, the group focused on the important fact that the apartment needs to be well designed and easier to inhabit than changeable. About 40% of families in Denmark have pets [8], hence, it should also be in close proximity to large open areas, where the family can walk their dog. The need for proximity to open areas also is related to the practice of open air activities. Running, walking or playing are part of a healthy lifestyle. In the suburbs there is a high degree of privacy and reduced noise from neighbors and traffic. This privacy allows people to interact with each other without being forced to do it through poor sound insulation. This way, social activities between neighbors should also be considered and promoted. This user group will generally work during the day, and be at home mainly after 4 pm. They are aware of climactic changes and the need for a sustainable way of life, hence, a sustainable identity will be attractive.
STUDENTS
Aalborg is a university city, in the last few decades its functions have been transformed from industrial to educational. Every year the number of students is growing, therefore the city needs more student housing.
The city centre is a perfect location for students, with opportunities for entertainment, shopping, services and so on. From the interaction with local families and elderly people, eventual extra income opportunity as cleaning, baby sitting or dog walking, could become a big advantage and would attract many students. private garden secure playground
easy access
spacious appartment
special care
pets barbeque
FAMILY WITH KIDS
shopping, services
flexible layout
parking for bike, car institutions
ELDERLY PERSON
health care
entertainment
STUDENT(s)
balcony
possibility of an extra income
ELDERLY PEOPLE
Elderly people living alone, above all, are looking for an opportunity to socialize. Being close to families and students they can have a more interesting interaction and supporte by these social relations. Their apartments should have an easy access and provide outdoor spaces. Some elderly people would prefer to live in a suburban area, however for others, the city center is more attractive, as it provides better health care and quicker access to services and commerce. It should be considered that elderly people might also have pets.
ACTIVE USERS
The project is aiming to involve people into the building´s operation. After all, architecture is for people and these residents should be an active part of it. They should be able to control and adapt their environment, while being aware of the impact it has on the energy use and over the global situation. It is extremely important to inspire people to follow principles of sustainable living. Building with complex and effective technical installations is not efficient enough if the residents are not aware of their actions and behaviour.
Fig.5 User groups and their needs 21
% of overal dwellings amount
50 40 30 20 10 0 single family housing
social housing
private rental flats
average m²
DWELLING TYPOLOGIES IN DENMARK 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Denmark
Sweden & UK
Netherlands
% of overal dwellings amount
Fig. 6 Relation between amount of m² per person in different European countries
50 40 30
Danes are obsessed with their homes, they treat them as something very intimate and important. Danish people spend a great part of their income in their homes and they are usually spacious, with an average of 51m2 per person. This number shows that Denmark has highest average number of square meters per resident compared to other European countries such as Sweden, UK, and Netherlands (Fig. 6). [9] This characteristic can be related to the Danish specific climate conditions that, due to the many cold and dark months, the open air activities are reduced creating the need to stimulate the use of private spaces. According to the statistics in the book Housing in Denmark from Hans Kristensen, about 42% of Danes live in single family houses (Fig. 7). Their choice is determined by many aspects, such as possibility of having a garden, larger amount of rooms as well as privacy and opportunity to decorate or extend it in the future. The typical single-family-house household is a married couple whose children have moved away from home. Nowadays the number of young people aged 30-35 who live in single family houses has decreased, transforming this age group into the main target for the project. Social housing and flats are less popular in Denmark, only 21% and 17% of the population is living there. (Fig. 7) This is because social housing gives less space, freedom and sometimes is associated with people with low income. The same is related to the flats that isolate the users from green open areas. [9]
20 10 0 single family housing
social housing
private rental flats
Fig.7 Relation between the percentage of danes living in in different houses typologies
22 70
DANISH HOUSE ANALYSIS Although the cost of the single-family house is much higher, it still remains the most popular dwelling type in Denmark. Because of the welfare society, residents can afford to buy a house even if only one of them is employed. [9] By analyzing typical family houses floor plans, it’s possible to have a deeper understanding of the Danes’ needs and preferences. One of the most important characteristics is the existence of the bryggers, or laundry, right in the entrance. This habit is also related to the weather conditions. Rainy and snowy days create the necessity for quick and easy access to store wet and muddy objects and clothes before accessing the living rooms. For the same reason, the toilet is also located very close to the entrance, usually with direct access to the laundry. The project is not aiming to reproduce houses from suburbs merely inserting them into the city center environment. However, will consider these particular local traditions to create dwellings able to attract the same users that usually will live in single-family houses like the analyzed ones.
Bryggers/Laundry
Bathroom
Kitchen
Living space Fig. 8 Plans of single family houses in Aalborg
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PLOT LOCATION
AALBORG
URBAN ANALYSIS
Fig.9 Location of Aalborg on Denmark’s map
PLOT LOCATION - AALBORG, DENMARK
Aalborg is the third largest municipality in Denmark, with around 197,500 inhabitants. And the city of Aalborg, with around 120,000 inhabitants, is the fourth largest city in Denmark. Aalborg is the economic, cultural and educational center of Northern Denmark. The city is geographically located in a privileged point for crossing the Limfjord, therefore it has always been the link to the northern part of Jutland as well as to Norway and Sweden. [10] With its theatres, symphony orchestra, Opera Company, performance venues, and museums such as Aalborg Historical Museum and the Aalborg Museum of Modern Art, Aalborg is an important cultural hub for the whole region. In recent years, it had a perceptible change from being an industrial city to the present state with transformation of the former industrial areas into culture and knowledge institutions, offices and residential dwellings. This changes follow not just the continuous Danish construction of the welfare state, but represent the intentions of the municipality and inhabitants to drive the city to a sustainable future, since Aalborg has for many years been a pioneer in the field of sustainable development. Already in 1994, the city was involved in the efforts of putting local sustainability on the European agenda. This started to happen with the 24
Fig.10 Map of the Municipality of Aalborg and plot location
creation of the Aalborg Charter, a statement expressing that municipalities and their citizens have a great responsibility in creating environmental, social and economically sustainable communities. The statement was followed by the Aalborg Commitment, that forced local authorities to pursue sustainable development through obligations to set specific goals and actions within the following 10 embracing themes: Governance, Local management towards sustainability, Natural common goods, Responsible consumption and lifestyle choices, Planning and design, Better mobility, less traffic , Local action for health, Vibrant and sustainable local economy, Social equity and justice and Local to global. Besides the actions in the diverse aspects previously listed, sustainable mobility is also a key subject for Aalborg’s sustainable development and it was of extreme importance in several specific initiatives in the city for the past years. One of them was the Cycling City project were the goal was to become, as the title suggests, a Cycling City - with good conditions for cyclists, good parking facilities for bicycles, a fast way to get to and from educational institutions and work using the bike and where cycling is a good alternative to the cars. [11] These initiatives, together with the promotion of low and zero-energy building construction, densification of the urban area, and development of renewable energies, engage Aalborg municipality in the Danish commitment to be 100% free of fossil fuel by 2050 [4] . Becoming once more a reference in the sustainable development for the whole international scene.
PLOT LOCATION
Fig. 11 Aalborg aerial view 25
URBAN ENVIROMENT The chosen plot is located in Aalborg city center, surrounded by a big range of activities, services and transport options, with a very efficient urban infrastructure. However, it is not part of the historical medieval center, easilly reachable by foot, where the heritage architecture and urban fabric could limit the extend of the proposed intervention.
VES
TERBR
O
The plot is surrounded by two main traffic lines. The line of Vesterbro Street gives access for cars, bicycles and public transport, several bus stops are located there. The other line is a railway, running on the south-west part of the site creating a connection not only between different parts of Aalborg, but also between different municipalities. Two stations, Vestby and the Central station, are located within walking distance from the site. The area has close connection to the green corridor coming from the Southern part of the city. This green area initiates in the suburbs passing through the Sculpture park and the Kildeparken, meeting the site through the cemetery. However, at the moment, the railway is cutting off this connection that could be used to extend it and connecting it to the dense urban centre. This connection is important to avoid eventual flooding, since the permeable green areas can store the rain fall delaying its absortion in the municipal collecting system.
historiske museum
katedralskole
Moreover, the area is rich of cultural institutions, such as the Museum of Modern Art, Aalborg Congress and Cultural center, Historical Museum of Aalborg and the main Budolfi Church. Also located from a walking distance, is the waterfront with its new buildings and the public pool. The Katedralskole (high school of Aalborg) is located right next to the site and at the moment is also separated from the surrounding areas because of the train line. In addition, in direct vicinity with the plot, there are many buildings currently used by the hospital, that will be transfered for a new structure. Hence, after the transferrence, this buildings will be available for new uses.
budolfi kirke
cemetery
skulpture park kunsten kildeparken
Project Plot Main Streets 26
Green Spaces
Fjord Train Line
Main Streets
Train Line Fig.12 Urban Quality Map
Fig. 13 Panoramic Plot View1
Fig. 14 Panoramic Plot View 2
PHOTOS In order to better understand the plot, some pictures were taken in different periods of time to better get an impression on the site’s atmosphere.
2
In View 1 (Fig. 13) the picture is taken from the outside of the terrain facing North, where it is possible to see the hospital building and the back facade from the buildings facing Vesterbro, presenting the city dynamic skyline as well as the main materiality used in the surroundings. The majority of the adjacent buildings are built in brick as well as using the block typology. In View 2 (Fig. 14) the picture is taken from the inside of the terrain facing South, where the railway is located. Two different seasons are represented in the pictures.
1
Fig. 15 Aerial Plot View - Picture view location 27
B
B
BB
B
A
A
A
A
PLOT TOPOGRAPHY The terrain is currently used as a parking lot and is mostly flat with no significant slope or irregularities. However, the train track that disrupts the plot in the South-West direction has its lowered independent level. Starting on Vesterbro from -5,0 meters in relation to the plot level, the tracks ascend A slowly along the plot until reaching the site level. (Fig.16) The existing greenery is scarce, since big part of the plot is covered with asphalt and the area is organized to place as many cars as possible. However, along the train track, we can find a row of trees that work as a noise barrier especially in the green season, since they are deciduous species.
A
A
AA
B
B
B
BB +5
0
-5
Fig.16 Topography plan
Plot
Fig.17 Plot Section AA Plot
Fig.18 Plot Section BB 28
9-15 floors
6-9 floors
2-4 floors
1-2 floors
Fig.19 Building height map
Fig.20 Modern vertical building 1960
Fig.22 Detached family house 1900
Fig. 21 Funky Style buildings 1930
Fig.23 Decorated facade building 1900
ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGIES AND HEIGHT VARIATION The skyline of the area can be described as dynamic, since the height of the buildings is changing from 1 up to 15 floors (fig.19). This variety represents not just the different architectural existing typologies but also the various periods of intervention around the plot. The chosen site is surrounded by 4 main different typologies. At the Northern border of the plot is possible to find some examples of the traditional Danish architecture with its half-timbered buildings constructed in the beginning of the 20th century (Fig.23). They are elements derived from the expansion of the medieval city and the old urban tissue. At the North-Eastern border, on Vesterbro Street, it is possible to find examples of the unique Functional Architecture, result from the expansion of the urban net and traffic lines in the 30’s.(Fig.21) With visible modern features, the height is increased but the red tiles respect the cladding tradition. Across the train track, on the Southern border, a very green and low dense neighborhood begins, consisting of several single-level or detached houses. (Fig.22) Concluding the plot girth, in the North-Western border it’s possible to find the latest added architectonic style. The modern buildings that host the municipal hospital Aalborg Sygehus Nord, built in 1959 (Fig.20). The towers have variable height from 8 up to 15 floors and are extremely contrasting with the surroundings, especially due to its concrete facade and lack of decorative elements, characteristics from the construction period. 29
KEVIN LYNCH ANALYSIS As an analytical approach to the site, it has been decided to apply Kevin Lynch’s method to better understand how individuals perceive and navigate in this specific urban landscape. In his book The Image of the City, Lynch reported that users understand their surroundings in consistent and predictable ways, forming mental maps with five elements: Paths, Districts, Edges, Nodes and Landmarks. [15]
URBANSGADE
GAASEPIGEN SQUARE
PATHS
To reach the chosen plot, there are not many paths available, since the terrain is isolated by the train track and a few buildings, interrupting the street’s flux. The two main access paths come respectively from the streets of Vesterbro and Urbansgade. (Fig. 22) As referred in the previous analysis, Vesterbro (Fig. 22) is the main arterial route through the city, connecting not just the districts but also municipalities. One of its principal characteristics is the traffic and commercial area existence, as well as its lively environment during the whole day, with an intense pedestrian flux. In the early 30’s, a project to overhaul the street network, replacing the original winding narrow streets by wider ones, radically changed Vesterbro’s original characteristics. The new functionalist architecture contributed to its actual aspect, creating a very strong identity but also a disruption with the original urban grid. Part of this project was the renovation of the Gaasepigen Square (Fig. 22), which nowadays acts as the entrance gate to the site. It mainly collects in its area the flux that comes from the Eastern part of the city, where the historical center and commercial areas are located, but also the flux from the Southern part from the parks and cultural buildings. The other, secondary path to the plot, is Urbansgade Street (Fig. 22), unlike the first one, this is smaller and quieter, connecting the plot with the NorthWestern part of the city crossing the current Hospital structure.
VESTERBRO
arterial
local
collector
special (pedestrian) Fig. 24 Kevin Lynch Map - Paths
DISTRICTS AND EDGES
It is possible to say that the chosen plot is in itself an Edge were different districts meet, reinforcing its isolation. The area cannot be classified as part of any one of this different districts and could be seen as a void or a gap between all them. (Fig. 23) Here, the original urban tissue (middle dense), originated from the medieval city and expanded later in the suburban direction meets the functionalist architecture of the modern Vesterbro (high dense mixed use). Besides that, there is also the modern and functional concrete structure from the hospital towers (public service) and the residential neighborhood (low dense). (Fig. 23) This characteristics confer to the plot a special potential to reconnect the city, adding spatial qualities to all the different districts. 30
low dense residential high dense mixed use
cemetery public services middle dense edges Fig. 24.1 Kevin Lynch Map - Districts and Edges
Fig.25 Cimbrertyren
Fig.26 Budolfi Kirke
Fig.27 Gaasepigen Square
Fig.28 Jens Bangs Gade
Fig.29 Jomfru Ane Gade
Fig. 30 Crossroad - Prinsensgade and Vesterbro
LANDMARKS AND NODES
node
landmark
Fig.30 Nodes and Landmarks
The area is extremely urbanized and contains all kind of services, with a constant flux of pedestrian and cars, hence, the main Nodes and Landmarks are connected to these fluxes. (Fig. 30) The main node is the so called Cimbretyren (Fig. 24) where the pedestrian route intersect the main traffic line, Vesterbro. The unique sculpture of the Bull creates at the same time the Landmark that will symbolize the own Vesterbro street and the sharp atmosphere changes. Another landmark is the Jomgfru Anne Gade (Fig.28), not directly connected to the site, but reachable in a walking distance. This street is the main ‘night life’ spot for the city and municipality. In the same way, but for different purpose, the Budolfi Kirke is one of the most important Landmarks in the city. (Fig.25) Directly connected to the site, the Gaasepigen Square (fig.26) is at the same time a Landmark and a Node, connecting pedestrian and traffic lines and being the main entrance to the site. Another important Node is the crossroad between Prinsensgade and Vesterbro (fig.29), connecting these two intense traffic lines and the site directly to the main train station. From this node, it is possible to access the site. From this analysis, it is possible to understand the particularities of this plot, that, isolated by diverse urban tissue and architectonical typologies, besides the train line, gives numerous possibilities to the development of the project. Towards the potential for reconnection, creation of a unique landmark, and the free use of building typologies. Moreover, the existing structure indicates that the plot should be densified to optimize the privileged location. 31
SUN ANALYSIS Sun exposure is an important factor, as it will affect the building’s orientation, form, height and so on. Therefore, careful sun analysis was done as part of the investigation. In Denmark there is a great difference between the length of the day throughout the year. The shortest day is December 21, with 6:40 hours of daylight while the longest day is June 20, with 17:55 hours of daytime. Daylight does not mean direct sunlight and even if the cloud coverage is high (90% in winter and 65% in summer), a sun analysis was performed. [12] Using SketchUp’s sun and the geo location of the model, approximately one image every five minutes was created to show the amount of direct light reaching the ground level of the plot during the whole day. Three main dates were selected for the analysis: equinox (20th March, 22nd September Fig.31) and the two solstices (June Fig 32 and December Fig.33). Furthermore, an analysis over the whole year was done (Fig.34) The images were superimposed and, as a result, they clearly show Summer the Solstice lack of sunlight in December in specific areas. These results will help theSouthgroup to position the 12.00h ~57,5º SE 10.15h ~48º buildings and the different functions and uses at ground level. Later, a moreSun Angle at 12 o´clock SW 14.15h East 07.30h ~28º 21/06 ~57,5º detailed analysis related to heights took place. SW 17.15h 1
2
3
1
E-NE 05.30h ~12º W-NW 19.30h
4
22.17
14.45
21/03 & 21/09
2
2
12.00h ~57,5º EastSouth 07.30h ~28º SWSE17.15h 10.15h ~48º
3
SW05.30h 14.15h ~12º E-NE W-NW East19.30h 07.30h ~28º
3 1
4
1 2
21/06 ~57,5º Sun Angle at 12 o´clock 21/03 & 21/09 ~34º
3 1
21/12 ~10,5º 21/06 ~57,5º
2
21/03 & 21/09 ~34º
3
21/12 ~10,5º
E-NE 05.30h ~12º W-NW 19.30h
4
1
1 2
3 4
2
1
1
3 2
3 4
4
21/12
SW 17.15h
2
1
3
09.15
Sun Angle at 12 o´clock South 12.00h ~57,5º Summer Solstice SE 10.15h ~48º SW 14.15h
2
21/12 ~10,5º
3
Fig. 31 Sun Path and Angles 32
Fig.32 20th of March/ 22nd of September, direct sunlight at ground level
07.25
21/06
1
21/03 & 21/09 ~34º
23
04.20
16.40
Summer Solstice
2
Fig. 33 20th of June, direct sunlight at ground level
Fig.36 21st of December, 6m height
Fig. 34 21st of December, direct sunlight at ground level
Fig. 37 21st of December, 18m height
AG
E E AV
GE
RA
80%
RA
AVERAGE AVER
GE ERA AV
AVE RAGE
RA
RA
GE
E AV
70%
GE
AV E
90%
60%
AV
G
EA VE
G RA GE AV RAGE AV ER AGE AVER A E
E
E
50% 40%
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 38 The median daily cloud cover
Fig. 35 Whole year analysis, direct sunlight at ground level
The aim of the further investigation was to find out at what height in the worst case scenario (December, Fig 36 and 37), is it possible to get as much direct sunlight as possible. The analysis of the sun paths (Fig. 31) also gave the group insights about the size of the openings that would be optimum according to the residents needs as well as for the shading shapes required to control sun heat intakes. Later in the project, the high cloud coverage (Fig.38) will have to be taken into consideration, making it questionable for sun power to be the dominant source of energy. On the other hand, the strategy for using direct sunlight will be based on these studies. 33
60 mm
60 days
40 mm
40 days
PRECIPITATION AND HUMIDITY Aalborg has a humid continental climate with warm summers and no dry season. The area within 40 km of Aalborg Weather Station, located in the Southern suburbs of the city, is covered by croplands (66%), oceans and seas (17%), grasslands (9%), lakes and rivers (4%), and forests (3%). [12]
20 mm
AVER AGE RAINFAL L DAYS-AVER
Despite the high chance of precipitation, the chance of snowfall is quite small. The snowfall season spans from November to April with its peak in January, occurring in 37% of the days with a median depth of 8.8 cm. The relative humidity typically ranges from 53% to 97% over the course of the year. The air is driest around May (below 63%) and it is most humid around December (exceeding 93%). [12]
S-AVE LL DAY
RAGE RAINFALL DAYS
0
20 days
0 Jan
Over the entire year, the most common forms of precipitation are moderate and light rain, and moderate snow. During the warm season (June to September), there is a 55% chance of precipitation. During the cold season (November to March), there is a 71% chance of precipitation. Even though the average rainfall days are quite constant with 20 days per months, the volume of precipitation is much higher with a strong increase at the end of the summer and in autumn with a peak in October with 70mm (Fig. 39). [12]
AGE R AINFALL DAYS-AVERAGE RA INFA
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 39 Precipitation during the year
25°C 20°C 15°C 10°C 5°C
MAX
0°C
MIN
-5°C Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 40 Average temperatures 34
SW
ES SSW
N
NNW
NNE NE ENE
WSW
E
WSW
ESE
SW
ES
ES
SSE
S
SSW
Fig.41 Windrose summer
SSE
S
Fig.42 Windrose winter
N
NNE
NW
NE
WNW
ENE
14 m/s
W
ENE
W
ESE
NNW
NE
WNW
E
W
SW
NNE
NW
WNW
SSW
N
NNW
NW
SSE
S
12 m/s
E
TEMPERATURE AND WIND
10 m/s WSW
ESE
8 m/s
SW
6 m/s 4 m/s
M AX
ES
ER AG AVSSW E AVSE R AG ESSEAVE GE A AGE AVER RA VER
2 m/s 0 m/s
AGE AV ER
AG E AVER A GE AVE R AGE
MIN
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 43 Wind speed
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Insolation, kWh/m²/day
0.44
1.13
2.47
4.03
5.60
5.96
5.92
4.62
3.06
1.51
0.66
0.31
Clearness, 0-1
0.33
0.41
0.48
0.51
0.55
0.53
0.55
0.52
0.49
0.41
0.38
0.31
Temperature, °C
1.75
1.42
2.91
6.07
10.88
14.32
16.79
17.03
13.64
9.87
5.61
2.88
Wind speed, m/s
8.17
7.34
7.14
6.35
5.92
5.36
5.69
5.86
6.73
7.36
7.37
7.55
Precipitation, mm
46
30
38
36
45
51
66
62
67
69
67
54
Wet days, d
17.1
12.1
14.0
11.9
12.0
11.8
13.3
13.0
15.4
16.8
18.6
17.5
The temperature typically varies from -2°C to 21°C and is rarely below -7°C or above 25°C. The warm season lasts from June 2nd until September 7th with an average daily high temperature above 17°C. The cold season lasts from November 20th to March 22nd with an average daily high temperature below 6°C (Fig. 40 and 44). [12] Over the course of the year, typical wind speeds vary from 1 m/s to 8 m/s, rarely exceeding 14 m/s. The highest average wind speed of 6 m/s occurs around January, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 8 m/s. The lowest average wind speed of 5 m/s occurs around June, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 7 m/s. The wind is mainly coming from the west in summer and from the south west in winter (Fig. 43). [12] These parameters will also influence our design in terms of protection against the strong winter winds and in terms of optimization of the weaker summer western winds to promote natural ventilation.
Fig.44 Summary of the weather conditions ( red-maximum, blue-minimum ) 35
Fig. 45 Sun energy analysis in Europe 36
Fig.46 Wind speed analysis in Europe
RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES There are many forms of renewable technologies available, but not all of them are equally suited for the Danish climate. In this section there will be a comparison between some of the options.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
Geothermal Energy is the heat that can be extracted from the earth. This can be done through several mediums, but is always through tubes dug into the ground. These can be either vertical or horizontal, and can be placed in water. Geothermal energy is most effective near the edges of the tectonic plates, where there is the most thermal activity in the earth. Because Denmark is situated far into the Eurasian plate, it is less effective. [13]
HYDRO ENERGY:
The use of rivers, currents or the tide can create large amounts of energy. Since Denmark is flat, and has no rivers to speak of, that aspect is not interesting. When talking of wave energy, Denmark has a large coastline, but because the energy is created by wind travelling over large distances, the best locations for wave energy is along the western coasts, where England shields Denmark. [13]
SOLAR ENERGY:
Solar Energy is increasing its popularity. However, in Denmark there is around 1000 kwh/ m2 per year, which is about a third of what can be collected in more effective areas. In Denmark, solar energy has its drawbacks because of the seasons. In summer when there
is no need for heating and less need for lighting, the potential energy is the highest. However, in the winter where there is need for heating and lighting, there is much less sun. As seen in diagram (Fig.45) there are also very few days with direct sunlight. [13]
WIND ENERGY:
As seen in the diagram (Fig.46), the wind speed in Aalborg is around 6 m/s which makes it excellent for wind power. The wind is unpredictable, but its speed increases during the winter, allowing it to produce more energy when it is most needed. [13] All the different technologies have their advantages and disadvantages. The solution used in this project will be a mix of Solar and Wind energy. This way, by dividing the production, there will be a more stable production. New research from DONG-Energy shows that a good combination between solar and wind power can save energy on the supplementing energy production, because the solar and wind patterns complement each other on an hour, day and even yearly basis. [14] There is, for example, more sun and less wind during the summer in day time, but less sun and more wind during the winter season in night time. A combination can, therefore, contribute for a more coherent and balanced energy system in a future, where renewable energy supplies the majority of the consumption. The surplus energy will be used to recharge the communal cars. 37
38
ANALYSIS SUMMARY To sum up this analysis, the given plot is currently situated in a well connected, under-exploited area with a lot of potential. Its surroundings are heterogeneous typology-wise as well as function-wise. The targeted user groups are wide spanning from students to elderly and families with children. The climatic analysis shows also a very heterogeneous site with unevenly distributed sunlight and wind throughout the year. As an answer to these various results and considerations, the project can be allowed to take radical directions and have strong and dynamic driving forces. The implementation of a sustainable landmark will also be highly considered.
39
40
41
CONCEPT Following the analysis, some elements were defined as main urban and architectonic strategies to reach the project aim.
URBAN FABRIC
Instead of reinforcing the plot isolation, the project is intended to extend it to the vibrant life of the city center, taking into consideration the existing urban fabric and main connections. This projectual decision will start to define the master plan of the area. The streets and the squares will, therefore, define the shapes of the blocks. Following again the urban surroundings, most of the ground level of the plot will contain public functions and will be accessible for everyone. It will contain different shops and cozy cafes that, ideally will have their activities related to the sustainable life, selling organic food, equipment for bikes, etc.
ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPE:
Another strategy used in the project is the artificial landscape, which will be a tool to solve different problems and achieve special qualities in the outdoor spaces. As described in the previous analysis, currently the site is isolated from the southern part of the city by the train line that produces noise and lack of privacy. The landscape will slope gently from its highest point next to the train, providing quality green spaces for the residents and the general public. It will also create a connectionbridge between the two sides, meaning that the city center now will be connected to the existing green corridor with its cemetery, Sculpture Park and so on. The project is also aiming to improve the quality of the outdoor spaces of the school located just across the train line, and the artificial landscape is a tool to do it.
TYPOLOGIES:
The project wants to highlight the idea of the future sustainable cities with dense environment. This strategy involves high risen buildings that can provide the desired density. As it was mentioned before, the project is not aiming to insert suburban houses into the city center, it is rather looking for another solution where the qualities of the suburban life are added to what is found in the city. The strategy of using towers gives an opportunity for a better control of the indoor comfort and environment as well as, with a small foot print, liberate open space on the ground level to be used by public and residents. Another Typology used in the project are the urban blocks, which are very typical and seen all around Aalborg. It creates the necessary relation to the existing urban fabric. However, this block typology will be designed in a way that allows to provide high living standards in every apartment. The variation in the typologies also serve to please different kind of users, ensuring a mix and lively environment. 42
A parking lot will be placed below it, with all the needed car and bike parking spaces, meaning it will protect the site from the noise, acting as a barrier and offsetting the buildings from the railway improving privacy. It will also isolate the car traffic from the rest of the plot. This strategy is both functional and aesthetic, allowing such outstanding green area with a lot of sunlight to attract families, who normally would prefer to live in the suburbs, associating it with the fields or forests which exist there. All these factors work together in order to show that the sustainable living should not be seen as a sacrifice from current standards.
SOCIAL INTERACTION:
As the intention of the project is to bring the young families from the suburbs, the apartments should provide a high level of social interaction and maintain privacy. The project will provide green and urban spaces with different degrees of privacy. The ground level will be mainly public with a shopping street, squares, a park and a playground, but the key feature of the ground level is the social hub. It will become the main distribution node of the project, reinforcing social interaction between residents.
This green rooftop area will be divided into small gardens giving an opportunity for families/residents to cultivate vegetables or flowers, associating this space with suburban gardens, where people socialize with their neighbors while working. The level of privacy will grow as the height increases, allowing each apartment to have a private outdoor space, semi-closed or closed, depending on wind conditions and season. This space will associate with a backyard of the house, isolated from neighbors.
HIGH QUALITY APARTMENTS FOR EVERYONE
One of the main goals of the project is to achieve excellent and attractive living conditions for each resident. In order to achieve that, the master plan will consist of many different volumes. On the one hand this approach will require more insulation, but it allows the group to control the quality and comfort of each apartment in a better way. Usually towers are not associated with the suburban single-family houses, but it gives a great opportunity to optimize the orientation of each apartment to achieve excellent daylight conditions and natural ventilation adding great view and high privacy level.
The social hub will contain a number of communal workshops, where the community will provide tools and machines, stimulating hobbies, activities and sharing attitude, since the residents won´t need anymore an individual complete toolkit. These workshops could be either for woodwork or bicycle repair, and the people using the spaces would have some common ground on which to interact with each other, incorporating the same functions of garages in the countryside. Also areas for cooking and hosting parties or events will be located in the complex.
Every apartment in the tower will have east-west facade and will have opportunity to enjoy the sun from the private terrace both in the morning and in the evening. Same strategy will be used to design the blocks, giving them good orientation, reinforcing natural ventilation and creating dynamic double height spaces.
Another strategy to stimulate social interaction is transforming the cutouts of the plinth into lobbies to access the towers, and at the same time the student residence and other activities located in the tower base, which will create a platform for the social interaction between neighbors. The entrance hall will continue to the green rooftop used only by the residents.
43
CHOICE OF MATERIALS
One of the strategies is to minimize the embodied energy of the construction. First, the project will reuse materials from the demolished buildings. For example, the concrete panels can be used to build the structure for the artificial landscape and parking. The aluminum plates and steel can be used to make installations on the site, such as urban furniture or sculptures. Secondly, materials with lower embodied energy will be used for the construction. The main materials used will be cross laminated timber, brick, ceramic tiles and rockwool for insulation. These materials will be produced and delivered to the site from the factories, which are located close to Aalborg. For example, “Lilleheden” is a timber manufacturer located 67 km from Aalborg, and “Rockwool” is located 40km away.
energy loss, heat recovery will be applied. The system of timber shutters will be applied to avoid overheating in summer. It will be a movable system, which will give opportunity for the residents to control the indoor environment. Because of the high wind velocity, shutters will be placed not directly on the facade, but will slide under the brick or ceramic cladding. This will allow extra protection and also will give a special aesthetic expression to the facade. Semi closed outdoor terraces will be used throughout the seasons as they will have higher temperatures than the outside space. Moreover they will be used for the ventilation during summer. Since two terraces will be located on the same line, they will ensure good cross ventilation.
CONSTRUCTION
MAINTENANCE
The prefabrication of the elements will ensure fast and easy construction, meaning they will require less energy use and less refuse on site.
The towers will have a separate technical level with an easy access. It will give opportunity for an easy maintenance and control of the systems. The wind turbines will have a separate access for each of them.
RECYCLE
OPERATION The passive strategies will be used to ensure highly reduced energy demand. Based on the wind analysis previously done, the natural ventilation will be applied for both towers and blocks. It will be achieved by creating pressure difference across the apartments. Gardens will be used to reinforce natural ventilation. The mechanical ventilation will be applied for bathroom and kitchen all year long, however it will also be used for the living spaces during the winter. In order to minimize 44
In case the project needs to be demolished in the future, the group has already thought about the possibilities of recycling the materials used for the construction. The cross laminated timber elements could be burned in order to provide energy, and the ceramic tiles and brick could be recycled and used for new constructions.
RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONTROL The project aims to highly decrease the use of energy and at the same time to produce pure energy from a renewable source. According to the group´s analysis, the combination of solar and wind power can save on the supplementing energy production, because the solar and wind patterns complement each other on an hour, day and yearly basis. The master plan and especially the towers give the opportunity to use both sources. The orientation and design of the towers will be determined according to the wind and sun analysis.
The position of the wind turbines and solar panels will be set according to the different tests taken place, using different softwares and will be a part of the integrated design process, where aesthetics and expression meet the technical performance.
Fig. 47 Concept Diagrams 45
46
47
PROGRAM
The project is divided into residential, communal, commercial and office functions. There are also two parking lots available, the biggest one for residents and the smallest used for office workers. The residential functions are placed in three different towers placed on top of plinths and four blocks strategically located in the plot. The commercial area is mainly located on the grounfloor. The communal functions are placed in a hub directly connected to the parking lot and the commercial street, making them a passage way for both residents and public.
residential
The density achieved is around 155% which goes according to the group’s vision about sustainable living.
parking
landscape renewable installations railway communal commercial
office
FLOORS
TOWERS
HIGH TOWER 15 PLINTH TOWER 8 HUB TOWER 9
BLOCKS
5
AREA 4380m2
TOWERS
6955m2
83 16 14
PLINTH
1040m2
LOBBIES
621m2
392
GARDENS
970m2 13966m2
AMOUNT FLATS
FAMILIES STUDENTS ELDERLY
INHABITANTS
OCCUPATION RESIDENTIAL
72%
COMERCIAL
12%
COMMUNAL
11%
OFFICE
13%
TOTAL FLOOR - AREA - RATIO 155% 48
TOTAL
RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS
OTHERS
COMMUNAL 1528m2 COMMERCIAL 1610m2
TOTAL
OFFICE
1678m2
PARKING1
635m2
PARKING
4155m2 5451m2 19417m2 Fig. 48 Masterplan Levels and related funcions
MASTERPLAN TOP VIEW - PERSPECTIVE
The perspective of the masterplan illustrates the integration of the project into the surroundings, the roofs that have PVs and the connections going to and from the site. As shown in the design strategies, the green continues to the south of the plot and
the Gaasepigen square forms the entrance to the site and the curve from Vesterbro continues into the plot. There is a clear contrast between the dense building mass and the open green landscape.
Fig. 49 Masterplan Top View 49
MASTERPLAN - GROUND FLOOR
The groundfloor of the masterplan shows the layout of the commercial functions, the parking structure and the offices.
Fig. 50 Masterplan Ground Level 50
MASTERPLAN - FIRST FLOOR
The first floor of the masterplan show the layout of the landscape and the various fuctions found in the project.
Fig. 51 Masterplan First Floor 51
MASTERPLAN - SECTION The masterplan section highlights some of the most important features in the design, the lobby and the social hub.
B A
A
Fig. 52 Sections Location B
Fig. 53 Lobby detail
Fig 54. Social Hub detail
Fig. 55 Masterplan Section AA 52
Fig. 56 Masterplan Section BB
Fig. 57 Main Square View 53
MASTERPLAN - SUN ORIENTATION
The sun analysis made it possible to place the PVs in the most optimal locations, where there is as little shade as possible.
54
Fig.58 Masterplan Direct Sun -December
Fig.59 Masterplan Direct Sun - June
Fig.60 Masterplan Axonometry - Direct Sun -December
Fig. 61 Masterplan Axonometry - Direct Sun -June
MASTERPLAN - WIND ORIENTATION
The wind simulation helped to form the layout of the towers’ flats, to ensure good cross ventilation. It also provided the information for the placement of the wind turbines.
Fig. 62 Masterplan - Sun Radiation - June /Autodesk Vasari
Velocity (m/s)
Fig.63 Masterplan - Sun Radiation - December/ Autodesk Vasari
PRESSURE Pa 51.582
13.778
20.296
11.932
-10.990
9.742
-42.227 -73.563
Fig.64 Wind Simulaton 25 Meters High/ Autodesk Flow Design [App, page 93]
Fig.65 Wind Simulation - Pressure/ Autodesk Flow Design [App, page 93]
55
BLOCK - FLOOR PLANS AND SECTION
In the bottom of the blocks there is commerce, represented in fig. 66 in white. The blue flats are single height on top of the commercial part. The yellow and brown flats have double high living room and kitchen. The brown flats are situated in the angle of the blocks, altering the layout of the sleeping quarters by making the terrace single height, compared to the double height in the other flats.
single height flat double height flat corner height flat
Fig. 66 Block Levels Diagram single height flat double height flat corner height flat
fourth level
thirg level
Fig. 67 Block Section 56
A
A
Fig. 68 Block Floor plan Fourth Level
A
A
Fig. 69 Block Floor plan ThirdLevel 57
BLOCK - FACADE
The facade of the blocks are made primarily in brick to get a stronger connection to the surrounding city. The residential part with the heavy brick is contrasted in the commercial part, by a lighter expression, that lifts the building. The access ways in glass divide the building mass, making it less dense and show the division of the flats.
1
Aluminium rail with brick cladding
2
10 mm ventilated air space
3
Water repellent layer
4
150 mm Rockwool Batts with vertical laths c/c 600 mm
5
Vapor barrier
1
6
200 mm cross laminated solid timber plate
2
7
160 mm cross laminated solid timber plate
3
8
40 mm pressure resistant insulation
4
9
100 mm concrete floor
5 6
7
8
9
Fig. 70 Block - Structural Detail
Fig. 71 Block - Facade 58
BLOCK - CONSTRUCTION / MECHANICAL VENTILATION The structural system in the blocks are made of glulam solid timber plates, that takes the forces in both directions. Concrete slabs makes the foundation of the terrace and gardens. The ventilation channels run along the axis of the building and have intake and outlets along its span.
Fig. 72 Block - Mechanial Ventilation
cross laminated timber shear walls cross laminated timber shear walls cross laminated timber and concrete floor panels concrete slabs mechanical ventilation and water pipes
Fig. 73 Block - Structural Scheme 59
A
B
B B
A
A
Fig. 74 Block - Flat Floor Plan - First Level
B
B
A
Fig. 75 Block - Flat Floor Plan - Second Level 60
BLOCK - FLAT
The flat in the blocks take inspiration from the suburban house. The front door leads into a transition area with easy access to an utility room. The interior is finished in light materials to illuminate the double height living room and the kitchen with a mezzanine. The mezzanine is a small secluded space for reading and playing, like an indoor treehouse. The stairs divide the functions of the flat, leading up from the common areas to the bedrooms. The rooms are lit along the walls, to create contrast between light and shadows, to give the private rooms intimacy and calm.
Fig. 76 Flat Section AA Ventilation Scheme
Fig. 77 Flat Section BB 61
BLOCK - INDOOR COMFORT
The lighting conditions inside the blocks are suitable for different activities. The illuminance distribution is relatively homogenous(Fig. 80). The daylight enters at key points, without flooding the spaces. The indoor climate was evaluated in BSim and is within the frame of a Class II building both in terms of temperature and CO2 level. [App, page 94] To simulate indoor comfort of the flat we chose the worst case scenario: one of the top duplexes situated at the top of the northern wing. Having a double height, a facade facing north and being the last level we expected performance to be average. As a result we had to play with the window positioning and their opening ratio. On one side, we had to reduce
overheating in the summer partly due to the double height winter garden. On the other side, we had to maximize solar gain during winter in order to reduce heating consumption because of the large volume and its position in the block. All of this having the intention to keep the same language that we had on the tower for esthetic and economical reasons. A particular difficulty was in the master bedroom where we had to remove completely the windows facing south (which allowed us then to position PVs on the facade) because of large overheating during summer. The windows were transferred to the north-west facade and made thinner in order to minimize the angle of penetration of the sun. As it was not enough, the surface materials were also changed in the winter garden to increase its thermal mass, delay its heat gain and therefore reduce the transmission towards the master bedroom.
Fig. 78 Block Flat interior view 62
Bedrooms [°C]
30
Living Room[°C] 20
Master Bedroom[°C] Stairs [°C]
10
Terraces [°C] Outdoor [°C]
0
Bathroom [°C] -10
Bathroom South [°C] Fig. 79 Indoor temperature graph- yearly basis/ Bsim Software
DF % 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
DF % >10 >7,5 >5 >3 >2
Fig. 81 December 21th- 12pm - Overcast /Velux Software Fig.82 June21th- 12pm - Sunny Closed Shutters /Velux Software
Fig. 80 DF - Master bedroom/Dial Europe Software 63
TOWER - FACADE
The light expression in the facade makes the towers less imposing, and makes them easier to view as part of the city. When seen from Vesterbro the elevated statue at the Gaasepigen square relates to the height of the towers. The turbines of the towers can be seen from far away, this
makes the area easily identifiable, while branding and promoting sustainability. The lightness of the facade contrasts the heavy plinth. This gives a tectonic relationship between the two elements, with the heavy plinth supporting the light tower.
Fig.83 Tower - General Overview From Vesterbro Street 64
Fig.84 Tower - General Overview From the Park
Fig. 85 Tower - Facade 65
TOWER -SECTION
In the section it is shown how the technical floor is open towards the south to get more natural light into the lobby to make a more attractive and usable space. The potential interaction between the renewable energy sources is illustrated well here, the PVs are mounted on the south side of the building, where there is the most solar radiation, and the tubines are placed where the wind speeds are highest.
The access structure in the lobby goes around its circumference to connect to both the tower and the small flats, to concentrate the flow of people, and set the stage for social encounters. The lobby is defined by the timber canopy spreading out across the bottom of the tower. The user will circle this structure on their way up to the tower, seeing the sun filter through the beams.
Fig. 86 Tower - Section BB 66
Fig. 87 Lobby Interior View 67
TOWER - CONSTRUCTION
The structure of the tower is made of glue laminated timber posts and beams supporting composite Cross Laminated Timber / concrete floor slabs. The staircase, lift shaft and the shear walls dividing the two apartments are also made of CLT. The ventilation and water pipes are
destributed from the technical floor up through the structure. The circulation is placed in the middle of the towers, and the wind turbine modules are placed at the locations with the most intense wind conditions. The module itself is the same for all three towers, except for the location and rotation (Fig. 89).
beams and shear walls
TYPE A APARTMENT 115m²
colums
TYPE B APARTMENT 115m²
floor panels beams and shear walls
TYPE C APARTMENT 55m²
mechanical ventilation colums waterfloor pipes panels
WIND TURBINE MODULE
mechanical ventilation water pipes
CIRCULATION
DUPLEX FLOOR DUPLEX FLOOR TYPE A APARTMENT 115m²
TYPE B APARTMENT 115m²
TYPE C APARTMENT 55m²
WIND TURBINE MODULE
CIRCULATION
TYPICAL FLOOR
TYPICAL FLOOR TYPE A APARTMENT 115m²
TYPE B APARTMENT 115m²
TYPE C APARTMENT 55m²
WIND TURBINE MODULE
CIRCULATION
TECHNICAL FLOOR
Fig. 88 Tower - Structure and Mechanical Ventilation System 68
TYPE A APARTMENT 115m²
TYPE B APARTMENT 115m²
Fig. 89 Tower - Flats Layout Combination Scheme
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM In the example flat (Fig. 90) the mechanical ventilation and water pipes are shown. There is air intake in every room exept the bathrooms, and outlets in bathrooms, kitchens and from the circulation.
The size of the ventilation pipes were calculated using formulas [App, page 96] and resulted in reorganizing the position and size of the furniture in the flat.
air in air out water pipes
air in air out water pipes
Fig. 90 Tower Flat Floor Plan - Mechanical Ventilation System 69
A
A
B
BB
A 70
Fig. 91 Tower Flat Floor Plan
TOWER - FLAT
The flat is organized from the same principles as the masterplan in a series of expanding and contracting spaces, with light coming in along the walls in the rooms, creating a contrast between light and shadow. This gives the rooms a more intimate feeling compared to the open common areas that are well lit throughout the day from the two terraces to the east and west. This creates more functional spaces for work and activity.
The terraces can be closed off during the winter to extend the summer season and make the terraces usable for a longer period of the year. As seen in Fig. 94 the temperature in the terrace remains higher than the outdoor temperature.
temp. inside +4째C
temp. outside -1째C
Fig. 92 Tower Flat - Section AA
_ _ _ _ _
+ + + + + Fig. 93 Tower Flat - Section BB Summer Cross Ventilation
temp. inside +4째C
temp. outside -1째C
Fig. 94 Tower Flat - Section BB Winter Heat Intake 71
TOWER - INDOOR COMFORT
The indoor comfort of the tower was evaluated in BSim and is within the frame of a Class II building. [App, page 95] The daylight factor is above two percent in all of the living room and kitchen, which are concidered the workplaces in the flat (Fig. 96-98). To simulate the indoor comfort of the apartment an average flat situated in the middle of the highest tower was chosen. The principal difficulty
was the correct implementation of the angles of the facades. Having used a fair amount of common sense and many wind studies beforehand, the first iteration was already performing well . Our attention was then set on the size of the windows and their respective percentage of opening parts. Some minor reconsiderations about the interior organisation resulted from those. These further analysis helped us to define a clear and strong window and facade composition strategy.
Fig. 95 Tower - Flat Interior Overview 72
25
Bedrooms [°C]
20
Living Room[°C]
15
Master Bedroom[°C]
10
Stairs [°C] Terraces [°C]
5
Outdoor [°C]
0
Bathrooms [°C]
-5
Bedrooms [°C] Fig. 95 Indoor temperature graph- yearly basis/ Bsim Software
30
Living Room[°C] 20
Master Bedroom[°C] Stairs [°C]
10
Terraces [°C]
DF %
0 -10
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Outdoor [°C] Bathroom [°C] Bathroom South [°C]
DF % >10 >7,5 >5 >3 >2
Fig. 96 December 21th- 12pm - Overcast /Velux Software
Fig. 97 June21th- 12pm - Sunny with Closed Shutters
Fig. 98 DF - Master bedroom/Dial Europe software 73
WINDOWS
The design of the windows was an essential part of the project, as it affected architectural expression, atmosphere inside the apartment and technical performance. Mainly, windows are floor to floor height (Fig. 98), giving opportunity to achieve a desired effect of verticality on the facade. Meanwhile, it creates a special atmosphere inside the bedrooms. The vertical window, brings a lot of light to one corner of the room, allowing to place a working table. By contrast , the rest of the room is illuminated with diffused light (Fig. 98). This solution was also chosen in order to reinforce our intention of bringing residents to the living room, which has much more light because of the terraces. It created different atmospheres in the flat more intimate in bedrooms and more social and warm in the living room.
The balance between the number of openings and overheating is one of important aspects when aiming to achieve a ZEB building. Our intention was to maintain a large amount of the openings, as it gives a lot of quality to the apartment. In order to achieve the balance between heat gains and heat losses, a system of sliding shutters were designed. The timber shutters are located behind the facade, which protects them from the wind, therefore it will require less maintenance. This system allows to control and personalize thermal and visual environment of the apartment. As residents will be controlling their environment according to their needs it will create a dynamic expression of the facade.
AT IL
DI
FLOOR TO FLOOR WINDOW
IO
N
According to our calculations in BSim, in order to achieve a good natural ventilation in the summer 30% of the window area should be possible to open. The dimensions of the ventilation openings and their position, affected
the expression of the building, giving to it a bit more of a human scale. The ventilation windows are located on the top, which allows to maintain the natural ventilation during non-occupied hours. Often natural ventilation is not possible, because of security reasons, this is resulting in overheating, therefore the position of the ventilation windows have been placed carefully.
T
DS
E US FF
VEN
L UN T
IGH D IR
EC
UN TS
SL ID
IN G
HT LIG
SH UT
TE RS
reflective wall
Fig. 98 Windows and Shutters Diagrams
In order to achieve Zero Energy Building, the project is using solar and wind energy. Both systems were designed within the integrated design process, where aesthetic and technical parameters are influencing the decisions. On the tower, solar panel were placed on the south facade at 60° angle. This position allows to get the most of the sun energy in the winter. It also allowed to create a special expression of the facade, when looking from the street people do not see the PVs, but timber lamellas (Fig. 91). This also allowed to ventilate the backside of the panels, which could be overheated and therefore be less productive.
60°
VISIBLE FR0M THE STREET
Fig. 91 Facade Integration - Solar Panels Diagram 74
FACADE EXPRESSION
When people enter the site, they are facing a clear statement: Sustainability. The high towers have prominent wind tubines integrated in the facade and the blocks have photovoltaic panels draped from the roof down over the facade. The glazed PV panels contrasts the heavy brick wall. The change in material at the base of the blocks is used
to differenciate between functions. The wind turbines on the landscape blend in with the trees and the vertical elements on the site.
Fig. 92 Masterplan General Overview 75
MATERIALS
Fig. 93 Glulam Solid Timber Panels
These panels have a number of beneficial qualities, both structurally and aesthetically. They can be made in a large variety of shapes and sizes. They are light weight compared to their concrete counterparts, and can therefore be assembled with lighter machines. They can be differentiated depending on the use of the timber, cross laminated for equal force characteristics in both directions or f.ex. laminated veneer lumber, for enhanced strength in a single direction, useful f.ex. as a beam. When compared to other structural materials, timber is the only one that reduces the CO2 by binding it within the wood. One cubic meter of this timber can contain about 0.8 tonnes of CO2. By building in wood, the construction time and cost can be reduced. This material offers a large degree of design flexibility by being bi-axial. They can be made with precision, because of the CAD and CNC production method. The structural characteristics are comparable to concrete in strength. There is a factory in Hirtshals, about 67 km away from the project site. The wooden aesthetic creates a strong bond to nature, which makes the observer feel more at ease and at home. It is a warm and welcoming material, that has an interesting surface with a lot of variations.
Cembritt PLAN plates, is a maintenance free fiber cement facade cover, that is colored all the way through the material. It repels both water and dirt. As the facade ages the color will fade and give some natural variations in the expression which makes it more rustic as time goes by. The floor to ceiling windows and the plates will create a vertical reinforcement, that will accentuate the height. The plates will be in light colors, which in combination with their size will make the towers seem more elegant. Cembrit has their factory in Nørresundby and is very close to the site, which again reduces the energy needed for transportation. Fig. 94 Fiber cement cover
Brick is a timeless material. It is appealing to look at when new, and only gets more textured and interesting as it ages. Brick is very durable and has been used for more than 10.000 years. It is found in all danish cities and everyone can relate to its size and texture. In the project the bricks create a connection to the rest of the city, and integrate the new buildings into the existing typology.
Fig. 95 Brick wall 76
As the population increase and the forests of the world diminish, there is a greater focus on getting more plants into architecture. This is also to make the cities more attractive to people who desire the surburbian qualities. The plants filter out the pollution and dust, while providing shade to cool the air. This will reduce the temperature and increase the air quality on the site, which in turn will benefit the air used for ventilation.
Fig. 96 Greenery
The panels will be mounted in a system on the tower, that optimizes the angle. The presence of photovoltaic panels has become synonymous with sustainability and has a degree of branding in it.
Fig. 97 Solar panels
The vertical wind turbine creates a low noise landmark, that signals sustainability in an elegant way. The verticality of the rotor makes it blend with tall greenery.
Fig. 98 Wind turbine 77
ENERGY REQUIREMENT Energy need is calculated using Be10 software, according to energy requirements in the Danish Building Regulations for Br10 Class 2020.
1,8 l/s m² and 2,35 l/s m² respectively. It was calculated using CR1752 standard with regard to Class II indoor air quality. [App, page 92]
PARAMETERS USED FOR CALCULATIONS:
Internal heat supply. The number of 1,5 W/m² is used for people load and 2,26 W/m² is used for appliances load, based on the formula [App, page 92], explained in Dokumentation af energineutralitet [16].
Heated floor area: for the block only residential area is calculated, commercial and communal areas on the groun floor are not included.
Heat supply: District heating
Transmission losses: external walls, roof and floor facing technical level. Linear transmission losses: windows and doors, cold bridges of the terraces, perimeter of the technical floor. Windows: precise orientation of the windows, permanent shading in the terraces and temporary shading on the south-east, south and west facade during summer. Ventilation: Natural ventilation is used in the living spaces during summer and mechanical ventilation with a heat recovery in winter. Bathroom and kitchen have mechanical ventilation with heat recovery all year long, with
Heat distribution plant: length of the heating pipes is twice the length of the building. Pumps: 4 pumps with nominal power 40W. for the tower model and 3 pumps for the block. Domestic hot water discharge pipes: The pipes within the heated space is calculated using the provided formula L=n*2*(e-1)*h, the lengh of the pipes outside the heated space is twice the length of the building. Hot water: District heat exchanger
TOWER
BLOCK
ENERGY FRAME
16.7 kWh/m²
18.4 kWh/m²
TRANSMISSION LOSS
6.4 W/m²
4.7 W/m²
78
ENERGY NEED
214.108 kWh/year
APPLIANCES
210.808 kWh/year
TOTAL
424.916 kWh/year
RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION Because of the increased height that the towers provide, the facade mounted turbines are expected to be affected by 8.5 m/s resulting in 8000 kWh/year per turbine. The small turbines in the landscape are expected to produce 5000 kWh/year from an average wind speed of 6 m/s. The big 9M turbines will be 16 meters high and affected by an average wind speed of 7.5 m/s. This will produce 30.000 kWh/year per turbine. The turbines only produce 38 dB of noise. [App, page 96] Photovoltaic panels are quickly becomming more effective and more varied. They come in a range of colors and can have a glazed or mat surface. They can be shaped as tubes or transparent film, but these alterations comes with decreased efficiency, so the primary panel chosen for the project was the JA Solar Holdings JAM6-72-310/SI that has an efficiency of 16%.
Fig. 99 Wind turbine V5
With the photovoltaic and turbine production, the annual production is 556.400 kWh
TURBINE PRODUCTION TURBINE
Amount
Annual Power Output
Production
kWh/year
kWh/year
FACADE MOUNTED VISIONAIR5
UNIT 17
8000
136.000
STAND ALONE VISIONAIR5
3
5000
15.000
STAND ALONE 9-M
2
30000
Fig. 100 Wind turbine 9-m
60.000
TOTAL
211.000
PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCTION SOLAR RADIATION
PANEL EFFICIENCY
SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
PRODUCTION
SIGN
AREA A
ANGLE
ANGLE FROM SOUTH
SR
Aeff
Seff
E
kWh/m
UNIT
m
BLOCKS ROOF
1565
5o
0o
1000
16%
85%
212.000
TOWER FACADE
363
60o
0o
1124
16%
85%
55.000
TOWER ROOF
252
45o
0o
1163
16%
85%
40.000
PARKING SKYLIGHTS
281
o
30
45
1100
6%
85%
16.000
BLOCKS FACADE
190
90o
0o
900
16%
85%
22.400
2
kWh/year
2
o
TOTAL
345.400
TOTAL
556.400 kWh/year 79
80
CONCLUSION This project introducing Sustainable Architecture in the urban fabric is a good example of Contemporary Architecture designed according to Nordic climate and to its surroundings. Using integrated design strategy it establishes new typologies, improves the connections in the city and meets energy requirements set by Danish Building Regulations. By creating an artificial landscape and attracting different social groups, the plot is reconnected to the city. Instead of the former pocket filled with a dead parking lot, the project brings life inside it allowing people to come, stay or pass through. Different typologies as well as their sustainable nature will attract different user groups and will provide the city center with new and enriching experiences.
81
82
83
SUMMARY
As a point of departure, the principal flow lines were used to divide the plot, because of the intention of merging the site with the urban context, as stated in the urban analysis. According to the sun studies, a green area was placed on the western part of the plot, as it is the most exposed to direct sunlight throughout the year.
84
To create a barrier against the noise of the train, the parking garage is placed against the railway.
In this suggestion, the concept focuses in the contrast between very dense towers located on plinths that contain commerce as well as the open areas in the surroundings.
Besides connecting the city, the idea was to create green connections over the railway to provide the city with a green corridor. Block typologies were used to connect the project to the existing surroundings.
This model works with horseshoe blocks with different heights, to get more sun into the spaces. The connections to the other side of the railway are still present.
To make the connection between the different spaces in the city, a very prominent path was created through the site having alternative paths through the blocks.
After placing the parking next to the railway, a green area is created on top in order to provide a public garden to the city.
MASTERPLAN
In this section of the report, the sketching phase will be presented, taking as the starting point the analysis previously done. The picture in the first column shows the basis of the iteration. After the first studies, some of the most sketched forms and shapes were translated into models for a better understanding of the spatiality. Digital modelling was also used in order to easily visualize how the buildings were distributed on the site.
In this phase, the paths that pass through the site can be seen very clearly. The building mass is concentrated to contrast against the landscape.
In this model the building mass moves onto the railway, to make it a more central part of the site. It opens up the site to the west towards the green area.
It is visible that both the plinths with towers and the green island define the two paths going through the site. Here the three plinths take over the function of the park by having a green roof.
The plinths are divided into one big and one small. This is made to get a functional roof area and to maximize the sunlight on the plot, by having most of the towers towards the north.
The three plinths and two blocks create the paths and a square in the middle of the site. The building volume moves onto the railway to create a stronger connection with the other side.
The block towards the west creates a separation between the recreational landscape and the more intense residential and commercial area.
SUMMARY
MASTERPLAN
From the first stage, the idea of locating towers over plinths on the site was kept due to the objective of having high density. Towers also provide a highly customizable form that can be turned and adapted to the weather conditions, to achieve the best indoor climate and light conditions possible.
The curving path from Vesterbro is continued through the site and connects to the other side of the railway. This will bring more activity on the plot with the students using the path in the morning and afternoon, while also being able to use the landscape in their breaks.
85
MASTERPLAN
TOWER 86
Placing the tower in the middle, creates a lobby, a more socially vibrant and accessible space and gives more freedom to rotate. The light conditions are sufficient and studied with Sefaira. [App, page 93]
In this sketch the relation between the railway and parking garage is explored. Openings are studied to let daylight into the parking garage.
The southern plinth is rotated slightly to create a wedge shape. This was done to define the space as more than just a road. It opens up the path towards the green area and narrows it towards the city.
Result of a workshop. Block apartment with a double height living room and a transversal garden that separates the common part of the dwelling from the sleeping quarters.
A system of movable shutters was introduced. It was divided in six independent modules to give more control to the user, regarding the expression of the facade and interior’s atmosphere.
BLOCK
SUMMARY
The block typology is enhanced to define spaces towards the hospital building and the block on Vesterbro. This provides some semi-public spaces, which makes it easier to supervise playing children.
Evaluation of tower location. Placing on the edge, allows to keep the continuity of the structure, however it creates a hard edge on the street, increasing the wind velocity.
TOWER
The tower shapes and positions of the turbines were determined using aerodynamic considerations. Double skin strategy was explored to improve natural ventilation.
A social hub will be located in the centre of the plot, used for bike parking, car sharing and giving access to common areas, such as workshops and gaming rooms. The urban space was also improved and defined.
The needed PV panels was estimated to 4000m2, from the assumption of 200% built area, with 40 kWh/m2 for operations, lighting and appliances, which amounted up to 1.000.000 kWh.
To integrate the PVs into the design, different solutions were explored. Tilted roofs towards the south, increase their efficiency. But resulted in reducing the quality of the space and the expression of the building.
The blocks will be clad in brick, to create a connection to the local urban context.
SUMMARY
MASTERPLAN
The interior plan follows the blocks’ principle of having two gardens, one on either side, to ensure usability throughout the day. The are only tweo apartments per floor to assure cross ventilation and good daylight.
BLOCK
The southern plinth is removed and replaced with block typologies. This will also be the central access from the parking garage.
87
MASTERPLAN
TOWER 88
Despite the angles, the tower could be constructed using 4 main modules for the floor and 2 modules for the walls.
The social hub was detailed in order to provide neccessary amount of cars and bikes. At this point it also started to connect all buildings together.
A technical floor was introduced in the towers in order to separate it from the plinth. It also allowed to free space in the lobby and the plinth.
Cross laminated timber was chosen as a loadbearing structure. The plan was rationalized in order to follow the structural elements and for economic reasons.
BSim studies were used to estimate the indoor conditions. The windows of the master bedroom that were creating problems of overheating were designed having in mind the BSim results.
BLOCK
SUMMARY
The more defined urban space allowed us to place the hub and the squares as well as to determine the third tower’s position. The double skin facade and its aerodynamic shape allowed to create a special expression of the facade and improve ventilation performances.
Double skin idea is dropped because of some security reasons. The tower shape is changed in order to create good cross ventilation. Wind turbines are placed on the façade according to the wind simulations.
TOWER
The plan of the slim tower is changed to reflect the contractions and expansions that occur through the master plan. The gardens provide a high amount of daylight in the apartment.
According to our desire to separate the expression of the tower from the plinth and the blocks, different material solutions were explored. Our intention was to make the towers to look weightless.
The solar panels on the tower are placed using a system that allows optimal angling for both winter and summer, while creating a different expression from the ground.
In this iteration of the plan, the garden towards south is prioritized. A new type of flat was designed to resolve the corner issue. An additional access area was included to create a functional transition zone.
A similar expression of PVs, as on the tower was applied to the blocks. Since they are not as well orientated as the towers, the PVs lose efficiency, and the expression of the facade is undesirable.
SUMMARY
MASTERPLAN
The BSim study of the tower influenced the windows in the master bedroom, which had problems with overheating. The tower was also rotated and the results analysed in BSim, to get the best orientation.
BLOCK
Plinths define the urban spaces and social hub is the main gathering point. The roofs of the towers angled, in order to maximize the area and
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REFLECTION Sustainable design will always be a demanding and challenging task for an architect, as it requires to get both aesthetics and technical parameters working side by side. In the context of contemporary society, Sustainability is building up to become a very important and discussed issue on a daily basis, and because of that the public is becoming more aware of it. The job of an Architect is to be able to create buildings that will attract the clients both by its aesthetical characteristics but also by having a low energy demand. For that, the architect will have to work on an integrated design basis in order to fulfil all the demands that a housing complex expects, such as interior and outdoor quality spaces as well as having reduced energy consumption. Designing through a sustainable perspective sets out new standards amongst architects which need to explore variety and multidisciplinarty on a higher level than in the past, given their importance into realization and perception of good architecture.
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REFERENCE 1. Larsen, Olena K. Lecture 1 ZEB: Introduction to the course. Aalborg University, Febuary 3 2014. 2. www.ec.europa.eu 3.Hansen, HTR & Knudstrup, M-A 2005, ‘The Integrated Design Process (IDP): a more holistic approach to sustainable architecture’. i S Murakami & T Yashiro (red), Action for sustainability: The 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference. Tokyo National Conference Board, s. 894-901 4. http://www.ens.dk/politik/dansk-klima-energipolitik/regeringens-klima-energipolitik/vores-energi 5.M. Lauring Introductory Lecture: Project Intro for Msc Architecture and Design 2. semester. 2014 6.A. Bejder Lecture : Design Principles – Designing Holistic Zero Energy Buildings Part 1. 2014 7.P. Pedersen , Sustainable, Compact, City, Bæredygtig Kompakt By, Bøger, Bog. 2009 8. http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/Nyt/2000/NR499.pdf 9. Housing in Denmark. red. / Hans Kristensen. København : Centre for Housing and Welfare - Realdania Research, 2007. s. 10-19 10.Local initiative for sustainable development - Sustainability Strategy 2008 – 11, www.aalborgkommune.dk 11.Aalborg Sustainable Mobility 2010, City of Aalborg, Technical and Environmental Department, www.aalborgkommune.dk 12. http://weatherspark.com 13. Biseniece, Zane. Master Thesis: Wind and Architecture. Aalborg University, 2012. 14. www.dongenergy.com/da/innovation/developing/pages/vind_og_sol. aspx 15. K. Lynch, The image of the City, 1960 16. http://www.boligplus.org/konkurrence/konkurrencens-indhold/energikrav-boligplus/dokumentation 92
ILUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 to Fig. 7; Fig.12 to Fig. 19; Fig. 24 ;Fig. 32 to 93: Own ilustrations Fig. 8 and 9 : danish houses floor plan: http://www.aku-aalborg.dk/ Fig. 10: Google map - www.google.com/maps Fig. 11: Aaalborg picture - http://www.forsyning.dk Fig. 13 and 14; Fig. 20 to 23; Fig 25 to 30: Own pictures Fig. 31: Sun Path - Anne Bejder Lecture Design Principles – designing holistic Zero Energy Buildings Part 1.
Fig. 93: Timber construction picture - http://crosslaminatedtimber.files.wordpress. com Fig. 94: Fiber cement cladding - http://www.cembrit.dk Fig. 95: Brick wall - http://www.genealogyintime.com/GenealogyResources/ Wallpaper/Brick-Wall-Images Fig. 96:Greenery - http://natesjobsearch.files.wordpress.com Fig. 97:Solar Panel - http://solar-panels.findthebest.com Fig. 98:Wind turbine - http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/hawts-vs-vawts Fig. 99; Fig.100: Turbine diafgrams - Urbangreenenergy.com
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APPENDIX BE10 BLOCK
VELUX, DF ANALYSIS
94
BE10 TOWER
MASTERPLAN - WIND SIMULATION GROUND LEVEL
LOBBY - DAYLIGHT CALCULATION
95
BSIM BLOCK 35000
qHeating
30000
qCooling
25000
qInfiltration
20000
qVenting
15000
qSunRad
10000
qPeople qEquipment
5000
qLighting
0 1
-5000
qTransmission
-10000
qMixing
-15000
qVentilation Sum
-20000 700 600 500 400 Co2(ppm)
300 200 100 0 1
2
3
Co2(ppm)
96
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
BSIM TOWER
qHeating
20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1 -5000 1 -10000
qHeating
qCooling
qCooling
qInfiltration
qInfiltration
qVenting
qVenting
qSunRad
qSunRad
qPeople
qPeople
qEquipment
qEquipment
qLighting
qLighting
qTransmission
qTransmission
qMixing
qMixing
qVentilation
qVentilation
Sum
Sum
-15000 460 440 420 400
Co2(ppm)
380 360 340 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12
Co2(ppm)
97
BIKE PARKING SYSTEM
DECIBEL SCALE
98
CALCULATIONS CALCULATION OF THE VENTILATION RATES FOR THE KITCHEN AND BATHROOM IN THE TOWER.
A= Vl/v
A- area of the ventilation pipe (m²) Vl-necessary air flow supply (m³/s) v-air speed (m/s)
The optimal air speed is 4m/s, as it does not create a lot of noise. According to Category II exhaust air flow in kitchen is 20l/s and in bathroom 15 l/s. Amount of bathrooms and kitchens-29. Bathroom area- 6,8-9,4m²
A=2,613/4=0,65325 m² Calculations for 14 small apartments in the tower.
15 × 28/233,6=1,8 l/s q=(1 olf ×28) + 0,2×49×14=165,2olf Kitchen area-8,5m² 20 × 28/246,5=2,35l/s
Vl= 10 ×165,2/ (1,4-0,05)=1220 l/s =4392 m3=1,22 m3/s A=1,22/4=0,305 m² Calculations for 3 apartments in the block.
CALCULATION OF THE AIR EXCHANGE RATE IN ONE APARTMENT. q=(1 olf ×6) + (1,2 olf ×6) 0,2×104×3=75,6olf Vl= 10 ×75,6/ (1,4-0,05)=560 l/s =2016 m3=0.56 m3/s It assumed that 4 people live in the apartment, according to the given tables such people loads were chosen: adult - 1 olf; children - 1, 2 or 1,3 olf depending on age building material load- 0,2 olf c=1,4 the experienced air quality is determined on the background of the PD (PD is percentage of dissatisfaction) ci=0,05 represents the level of pollution in cities
A=1,22/4=0,14 m²
q=(1 olf ×2) + 1,2 olf +1,3 olf + 0,2×104=25,3olf
Qb=560kwh/year Qp=335kwh/year Qp=1.6kwh/year
Vl=10 ×25,3/ (1,4-0,05)=187 l/s
CALCULATIONS OF THE APPLIANCES IN BIG AND SMALL APARTMENTS. Q=(Qb+Qp×n + Qa×A)/A
Qb- base load (kWh/year) Qp-person load(kWh/year) n-number of occupants Qa-land dependent load (kWh/year) A-gross floor area (m²)
Apartment of 104m² Q=(560+335×4+1,6×104)=2066 kWh per year =2,26 W/m² n=187×3600/ 10008280,8=2,39 h-1 Apartment of 51m² CALCULATION OF THE AIR EXCHANGE RATE IN ALL APARTMENTS TO FIND OUT THE DIMENTIONS OF THE VENTILATION PIPES.
Q=(560+335×2+1,6×51)=1311 kWh per year =2,93 W/m²
Calculations for 14 the big apartment in the tower.
CALCULATION EXAMPLE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCTION IN BLOCKS
q=(1 olf ×28) + (1,2×28) + 0,2×104×14=352,8olf Vl= 10 ×352,8/ (1,4-0,05)=2613 l/s =9406,8 m3=2,613 m3/s
A - Area Aeff - Effectiveness of PV Seff - System effectivness SR - Solar Radiation E - Produced energy
99
100