clientele, or Korean grocery-stores opening stores in non-Korean neighbourhoods (Marcuse, 1997). The enclave therefore is a source of strength working bottom-up towards equality and integration and counteracts processes as gentrification. In order to achieve this beneficial concentration, the spatial policy in the Netherlands needs to change. The increasing prosperity will lead to a larger choice in space set for those who share in this prosperity and to an increasing concentration in the neighbourhoods where the housing and the living quality leaves much to be desired of those who fail to integrate adequately into this development (van Kempen and Ĺ&#x;ule Ă–zĂźekren, 1998). As a result of this the social networks (bonding social capital) threaten to fall into decline, which makes the advantages of ethnic concentration disappear. The role of spatial policy should be to enhance the availability of employment opportunities for those who find themselves outside the employment process, to enlarge the housing opportunities for groups with a low income outside the neighbourhoods of concentration and to improve the quality of the housing and the residential environment of the neighbourhood. According to van Kempen et al. (1998) the goal should not be to counteract the ethnical concentration, but to ensure that concentration is a result of the positive choice of the residents. In my graduation proposal this line of thought is translated into a strategy for an urban regeneration strategy for a neighbourhood in Rotterdam.
Fig. 7.3 Strengthening bonding capital for progressive integration
Fig. 7.4 Taxonomy of the ghetto, the enclave and the citadel by Marcuse (1997) showing the proposed shift of renewal policy: instead of the fear of ghettofication, a new approach of ethnical concentration as cultural enclaves