Benashvili kompiuteris perif mowyobilobebi 2 e naw by Goga

a. benaSvili

kompiuteris periferiuli mowyobilobebi II nawili

`teqnikuri universitetiâ&#x20AC;?@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

a. benaSvili

kompiuteris periferiuli mowyobilobebi II nawili

registrirebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier

Tbilisi 2009

naSromSi warmodgenilia periferiuli mowyobilobebis standartebi, maxasiaTeblebi, muSaobis principebi. kompiuterTan SeerTebis sakiTxebi. ganxilulia Tanamedrove tendenciebi periferiuli mowyobilobebis ganviTarebis sferoSi. saxelmZRvanelo gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis fakultetis 2201 `kompiuteruli sistemebi da qselebi~ specialobis studentebisTvis da magistrebisTvis.

recenzenti asoc. profesori l. imnaiSvili

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 ISBN 978-99940-952-9-2 (yvela nawili) ISBN 978-9941-14-543-8 (meore nawili) http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

Sinaarsi Tavi 1 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4.

Tavi 2 2.1. 2.2. 2.3.

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

videokontrolerebi da monitorebi

videokontrolerebi da videoreJimebi . . . . videointerfeisebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . monitorebi eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiT Txevadkristaluri monitorebi . . . . . . . . .

8 14 23 28

monacemebis magnituri Senaxvis mowyobilobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

muSaobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wakiTxva/Caweris Tavakebis konstruqcia . . . monacemebis kodirebis saSualebebi . . . . . .

36 40 50

drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi

56 56

3.2. 3.3. 3.4.

drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis konstruqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . diskis logikuri struqtura . . . . . . . . . . . diskuri mowyobilobebis standartebi . . . . drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis CarTva . . .

61 64 69

Tavi 4

vinCesteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.

vinCesteris muSaobis principi da maxasiaTeblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vinCesteris konstruqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vinCesterebis standartebi. konfigurireba vinCesteris logikuri struqtura . . . . . . . vinCesteris CarTva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RAID-masivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75 86 107 112 125 131

Tavi 5

monacemTa optikuri Senaxvis saSualebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1.

CD-ROM diskuri mowyobilobebis konstruqcia da diskebis damzadebis teqnologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kompaqt-diskebis logikuri struqtura . . . CD-ROM diskuri mowyobilobebis maxasiaTeblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kompaqt-diskebis formatebi . . . . . . . . . . . . kompaqt-diskebis failuri sistemebi . . . . . CD-R da CD-RW teqnologiebi kompaqt-diskebze Cawera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DVD-diskebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. 5.7.

literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi 3 3.1

4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6.

141

142 147 157 161 173 178 187

192

Sesavali kompiuteris mowyobilobebs, romlebic gankuTvnilia gare samyarodan informaciis misaRebad da gare samyarosaTvis informaciis misawodeblad, p e r i f e r i u l i m o w y o b i l o b e b i ewodeba. es termini jer kidev 60-ian wlebSi damkvidrda, rodesac gamomTvleli manqanis im dros yvelaze ZviradRirebuli centraluri nawili ganTavsebuli iyo calke dgarSi, romelTanac kabelebis saSualebiT sxvadasxva periferiuli mowyobilobebi erTdeboda. amJamad rigi periferiuli mowyobilobebisa (mag. diskuri mowyobilobebi) kompiuteris centralur nawilTan erTad erT korpusSi Tavsdeba. gamoTvliTi teqnikis ganviTarebasTan erTad gamoCnda axali, wina Taobebis eleqtronul-gamomTvlel manqanebTan (egm) SedarebiT bevrad ufro mZlavri da mcire zomis egm-ebi, romelTac personaluri kompiuterebi ewoda. personaluri kompiuteris centralur nawilTan erTad periferiuli mowyobilobebic viTardeba. periferiuli mowyobilobebis daniSnulebaa kompiuterisTvis programebisa da monacemebis miwodeba da kompiuteris muSaobis Sedegebis adamianisTvis misaRebi formiT gamoyvana, an sxva kompiuterze gadacema. kompiuteris centralur nawilTan erTad periferiuli mowyobilobebic mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobeben personaluri kompiuteris SesaZleblobebs da gamoyenebis sferos.

saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia videokontrolerebi da monitorebi, drekadi, xisti da optikuri diskuri mowyobilobebi, informaciis magnituri da optikuri Caweris principebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia periferiuli mowyobilobebis rogorc zogadi daniSnuleba da moqmedebis principebi, aseve maTi konstruqcia, standartebi, maxasiaTeblebi, konfigurirebisa da servisis sakiTxebi.

Tavi I videokontrolerebi da monitorebi

gaaCnia ekrans da ufro maRalia misi gadawyvetunarianoba. meti gadawyvetunarianoba monitoris ekranis farTis erTulze meti informaciis asaxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. Tumca meti gadawyvetunarianoba yovelTvis ar ganapirobebs gamosaxulebis ufro maRal xarisxs. ekranis gamosaxuleba informatiulia manamde, sanam gamosaxulebis simWidrove da monitoris gadawyvetunarianoba gamosaxulebis calkeuli detalebis identificirebis saSualebas iZleva.

monitori informaciis vizualuri gamosaxvis saSualebas warmoadgens. signalebi, romelsac iRebs monitori (ricxvebi, simboloebi, grafikuli informacia, sinqronizaciis signalebi), videokontroleris mier formirdeba. amrigad, monitori da videokontroleri erTgvar tandems warmoadgens, romelic optimaluri muSaobisTvis Sesabamisad unda daregulirdes. monitoris funqcionirebis ori reJimi arsebobs: teqsturi (AN â&#x20AC;&#x201C; alphanumeric) da grafikuli (APA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; all pixels adressable). monitoris muSaobis reJims videokontroleri gansazRvravs, romelic, Tavis mxriv Sesabamis instruqciebs iRebs operaciuli sistemidan da Sesabamisi draiverebidan. teqstur reJimSi ekrani pirobiTad striqonebad da svetebad iyofa. amasTan erTad, yoveli calkeuli ujredi piqselebis matricas warmoadgens. Tavad piqseli (picture element) monitoris ekranis rastris minimaluri asaxvadi elementia. grafikul reJimSi ekranis TiToeuli piqseli cal-calke imarTeba, rac nebismieri formis gamosaxulebis gamosaxvis saSualebas iZleva. horizontaluri da vertikauri xazebis raodenobas, romlis asaxvis SesaZleblobac monitors gaaCnia, ekranis gadawyvetunarianoba (resolution) ewodeba. rac ufro metia ekranis horizontaluri da vertikaluri xazebis raodenoba, miT meti piqseli

standarti MDA MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) personaluri kompiuteris sawyis modelebSi gamoiyeneboda. luminoforis naTebis feridan gamomdinare ferebis Semdegi kombinaciebi gamoiyeneboda: mwvane/Savi, an TeTri/Savi. MDA standarti grafikul reJims mxars ar uWers da ekranze mxolod teqsturi informaciis asaxvis saSualebas iZleva. mas erTaderTi gadawyvetunarianoba gaaCnia _ 80 striqoni/25 svetze. TiToeuli simbolosTvis 9x14 piqselze matrica gamoiyeneba.

1.1. videokontrolerebi da videoreJimebi personaluri kompiuterebis ganviTarebasTan erTad videostandartebic viTardeboda. sxvadasxva videostandartebs Soris realizebulia SeTavsebadobis principi qvevidan zeviT, rac, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, Tanamedrove kompiuterebSi Zveli programebis CatvirTvis SesaZleblobasac iZleva.

amrigad, mTliani gadawyvetunarianobaa _ 720/350 piqselze. MDA reJimSi muSaobs operaciuli sistema MSDOS-is garemos rigi programebisa. standarti CGA CGA (Color Graphic Adapter) standarti MDA videokontrolerebis Semdeg ganviTarebas warmoadgens. CGA videokontrolerebs grafikuli reJimis mxardaWera gaaCniaT da ekranze ferad gamosaxulebas gadascemen. teqstur reJimSi CGA videokontroleri MDA videostandartSi muSaobs, xolo grafikul reJimSi muSaobis ori varianti gaaCnia: - 640/200 piqseli gadawyvetunarianoba da orferiani gamosaxuleba; - 320/200 piqseli gadawyvetunarianoba da oTxferiani gamosaxuleba.

cxrili 1.1 EGA videokontroleris standartuli ferebi intensiuroba

wiTeli

mwvane

lurji

Black

Blue

Green

Cyan

Red

Magenta

Brown

Light gray

Dark gray

Light blue

Ligh green

Ligh cyan

Ligh red, pink

Ligh magenta

Yellow

White (bright)

feri

standarti EGA EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter) standarti grafikuli adapterebis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens. standartuli 16 feri sami ZiriTadi feris (wiTeli, mwvane, lurji) SereviT da intensiurobis cvlilebiT miiReba (cxrili 1.1). tipiur EGA videokontrolers 640/350 piqseli gadawyvetunarianoba gaaCnia. igi MDA da CGA reJimebsac uWers mxars. videokontroleris muSaobis reJims, operaciuli sistemisa da videodraiveris saSualebiT, mimdinare programa gansazRvravs.

standarti VGA VGA (Video Graphic Array) Tanamedrove videostandartebis safuZvels warmoadgens. standarti VGA MDA, CGA da EGA standartebsac iTavsebs. standartuli VGA videokontroleri 640/480 piqseli gadawyvetunarianobas uzrunvelyofs 16, an 256 feriT. fe-

rebis raodenoba videomexsierebis moculobazea damokidebuli. cxrilSi 1.2 warmodgenilia standartuli 15kontaqtiani VGA gasarTis kontaqtebis daniSnuleba. cxrili 1.2 VGA gasarTis kontaqtebi kontaqti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

signali wiTeli mwvane lurji monitori ID 2 logikuri nuli (monitoris TviTtestireba) wiTeli analoguri signalis damiweba mwvane analoguri signalis damiweba lurji analoguri signalis damiweba gasaRebi damiweba sinqronizaciisTvis monitori ID 0 monitori ID 1 striqonebis sinqronizacia svetebis sinqronizacia monitori ID 3

gadacemis mimarTuleba gamosasvleli gamosasvleli gamosasvleli Sesasvleli _ _

standarti Super VGA (SVGA) grafikaze orientirebuli programebi bevrad ukeT da swrafad muSaoben ekranis maRali gadawyvetunarianobis SemTxvevaSi. zogierTi programa arc ki instalirdeba, Tu dayenebuli gadawyvetunarianoba da videokontroleri mis moTxovnebs ar Seesabameba. amitom VGA standartma Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova e.w. SVGA standartis saxiT. SVGA erTian standarts ar warmoadgens. videokontrolerebi sxvadasxva gadawyvetunarianobas gvTavazoben _ 800/600, 1024/768, 1280/1024 da a.S. miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa, yovel maTgans SVGA standarts miakuTvneben. SVGA videokontrolerebis sxvadasxva mwarmoeblebis specifikaciebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, Tumca VGA da SVGA videokontrolerebis gasarTebi identuria.

_ _ _ _ Sesasvleli Sesasvleli gamosasvleli gamosasvleli Sesasvleli

ferebis reJimebi amJamad sami ZiriTadi reJimi gamoiyeneba: HiColor, Real Color, True Color. Cveulebrivi VGA videokontroleris videomexsierebaSi Cawerili informacia oTxTanriga, an rvaTanriga kods warmoadgens. kodi videoadapteris kontroleris mier TvrametTanriga sityvad gardaiqmneba (eqvs-eqvsi biti wiTeli, mwvane da lurji ferebisTvis). video kontroleris SemadgenlobaSi Sedis cifrul-analoguri gardamqmneli, romelic mocemul cifrul informacias analogur formaSi gardaqmnis da awvdis monitors.

HiColor, Real Color, True Color reJimebSi mexsierebaSi Caewerili ricxvi pirdapir gadaecema cifrulanalogur gardamqmnels, amitom mocemul sityvaSi yoveli piqselisTvis feris informacia sruli mniSvnelobiT Caiwereba.

ferebis raodenobis Semdgom zrdas azri ara aqvs, radgan adamianis Tvali mxolod 2 milioni ferisgan Semdgar palitras aRiqvams.

1.2. videointerfeisebi HiColor HiColor reJims moqmedebaSi mohyavs 215=32768 ferisgan Semdgari palitra. TiToeuli piqselisTvis gamoyofilia 15 Tanrigi. TiToeuli feris (wiTeli, mwvane, lurji) gradacias 5-5 biti emsaxureba. Real Color Real Color reJimi mxars uWers 216=65536 fers. es reJimi HiColor reJimis analogiuria, Tumca yoveli piqselis kodirebisTvis ara 15, aramed 16 bitia gamoyofili. informaciis ganawileba ferebs Soris araTanabaria. igi efuZneba adamianis Tvalis speqtralur mgrZnobiarobas, romelic maqsimums aRwevs mwvane ferisTvis. swored amitom mwvane ferisTvis damatebulia me-6 biti. True Color True Color reJimi mxars uWers 224=16,7 milion, an 232 fers. TiToeuli piqseli 24, an 32 TanrigiT kodirdeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi yoveli ferisTvis (wiTeli, mwvane, lurji) 8-8 biti, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi wiTeli da lurji ferebisTvis 10-10 biti, xolo mwvane ferisTvis _ 12 biti gamoiyofa.

interfeisi ISA salte ISA (Industry standart architecture â&#x20AC;&#x201C; samrewvelo standartuli arqiteqtura) mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi personaluri kompiuterebis standartul universalur saltes warmoadgenda. arsebobda 8-, 16- da 32-Tanriga (EISA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Extended ISA) (nax. 1.1) versiebi. amJamad ISA salte moralurad moZvelebulia. Pentium III da ufro Tanamedrove arqiteqturebs ISA (EISA) standartis mxardaWera aRar gaaCniaT.

nax. 1.1. 32-Tanriga EISA sloti

lokaluri salte VESA lokaluri salte VESA (VESA Local Bus _ VLB) videoeleqtronikis standartebis asociaciis (Video

Electronics Sdandart Association _ VESA) mier damuSavda. VESA saltis Seqmnis aucilebloba videomonacemebis gadacemisTvis EISA saltis arasakmarisma gamtarunarianobam ganapiroba. VESA salte warmoadgens ara absoluturad axal mowyobilobas sistemur plataze, aramed EISA saltis gafarToebas videomonacemebis gadacemisaTvis (nax. 1.2). Tumca videoplatebis garda sxva tipis (magaliTad IDE, SCSI vinCesterebis da a.S) VLB kontrolerebic gamoiyeneboda.

salte PCI salte PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect â&#x20AC;&#x201D; periferiuli komponentebis damakavSirebeli) damuSavda firma Intel-is mier da Tanamedrove kompiuterebisTvis de-faqto standarts warmoadgens. Tanamedrove plata-kontrolerebis umetesoba PCI standarts miekuTvneba. Tumca Tanamedrove programebis mxridan videosistemaze sul ufro mxardi datvirTvis pirobebSi, rac gansakuTrebiT mkafiod grafikisa da videos kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi vlindeba, PCI saltis SesaZleblobebi (standartuli PCI saltis samuSao sixSirea 33 mhc, xolo gamtarunarianoba _ 133 mbaiti/wmSi) sakmarisi ar aris. amitom grafikuli qvesistemisTvis calke saltis damuSaveba gaxda saWiro.

grafikuli salte AGP

nax. 1.2. sistemuri platis fragmenti VESA saltis slotiT

VESA standaris videokontrolerebi gamoiyeneboda IBM-AT-386 da IBM-AT-486 modelis personalur kompiuterebSi. Tanamedrove kompiuterebs VESA salte aRar gaaCnia.

firma Intel-ma daamuSava daCqarebuli grafikuli porti (Accelerated Graphics Port - AGP) (nax. 1.3). AGP PCI saltis gafarToebas warmoadgens, Tumca absoluturad damoukidebelia misgan da qmnis maRali swrafqmedebis mqone calke magistrals videokontrolersa da kompiuteris sistemur logikas Soris. PCI saltisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic warmoadgens universalur saltes ramdenime slotiT, AGP efeqturi specializirebuli saltea videokontrolerisaTvis (nax. 1.4).

kis North Bridge an Memory Controller Hub mikrosqemis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. AGP sistemas gaaCnia grafikuli kontrolerebis mxardaWera rogorc sistemur platis mikrosqemebis krebulSi, aseve gare videoplata-adapterebSi. AGP saltis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia: â&#x20AC;˘

nax. 1.3. grafikuli porti AGP

PCI saltisagan gansxvavebiT, romelSic misamarTi da monacemi droSi gancalkevebulad, multipleqsirebuli saltis gamoyenebiT gadaicema, AGP saltes calke samisamarTo da calke monacemTa salteebi gaaCnia, rac misamarTisa da monacemis erTdrouli gadacemis saSualebas iZleva;

â&#x20AC;˘

maRali swrafqmedebis misaRwevad AGP salte gansazRvrulia, rogorc pirdapiri, uSualo (point-topoint) interfeisi. igi procesorsa da mexsierebas ara saerTo saltiT, aramed pirdapir, sistemuri logi-

monacemTa konveiruli damuSaveba; 1996 wels firma Intel-is mier realizebul iqna AGP1.0 specifikacia. mocemuli specifikaciis mixedviT salte muSaobs 66 mhc sixSireze, iyenebs 3,3 v Zabvas da 1x an 2x reJimebs (x _ erT taqtSi gadacemuli monacemebis raodenoba). 1998 wels gamovida AGP2.0 (4x), xolo 2003 wels _ AGP 3.0 (8x) versia. samuSao Zabva 1,5 v-mde iqna Semcirebuli. cxrilSi 1.2 warmodgenilia AGP reJimebis parametrebi. bevr Zvel sistemur platas mxolod 3,3 v-iani AGP 1x da 2x videoplatebis mxardaWera gaaCnia. 1,5 v Zabvaze momuSave videoplatis 3,3 v-ian slotSi moTavseba iwvevs rogorc videoplatis, aseve sistemuri platis dazianebas. amis Tavidan asacileblad AGP specifikaciiT gansazRvrulia gansxvavebuli kon-

nax. 1.4. AGP videokontroleri

struqciis slotebi 1,5 da 3,3 v-iani videoadapterebisaTvis. agreTve arsebobs universaluri slotebic, romlebSic orive tipis videoadapteris dayenebaa SesaZlebeli. cxrili 1.2 AGP reJimebis parametrebi AGP standarti

AGP 1x AGP 2x AGP 4x AGP 8x

Tanrigianoba, biti

saltis sixSire, mhc

monacemTa ciklebi/ taqti

32 32 32 32

66 66 66 66

1 2 4 8

monacemTa gadacemis siCqare, mbaiti/wm 266 533 1066 2133

AGP Pro 1.0 specifikaciiT gansazRvrulia gazrdili sigrZis sloti. orive boloSi damatebulia kontaqtebi kvebis miwodebisTvis. damatebiT kvebis signalebs saWiroeben videokontrolerebi, romlebic 25 vt-ze met energias moixmaren (maqsimumi _ 110 vt). AGP 1x da AGP 2x videokontrolerebis dayenebis Tavidan asacileblad damatebiTi kontaqtebi slotis erT boloSi saxuraviT ifareba. AGP Pro videokontroleris dayenebis win saxuravi unda moixsnas. AGP Pro slotSi Cveulebrivi AGP 4x da AGP 8x videokontrolerebis dayenebacaa SesaZlebeli. garda maRali swrafqmedebisa, AGP interfeisi ZiriTad operatiul mexsierebasTan swrafi uSualo miRwevis SesaZleblobiTac gamoirCeva.

ramdenadac AGP videoadapters ZiriTadi operatiuli mexsierebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia, videomexsierebis moTxovnileba mcirdeba. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samganzomilebiani obieqtebis swrafi vizualizaciisTvis da videosTan muSaobis dros, rodesac intensiurad xdeba mexsierebis didi moculobis gamoyeneba.

salte PCI Express PCI Express saltis gamoSveba kidev erTxel adasturebs personaluri kompiuteris interfeisebis paraleluridan mimdevrobiT arqiteqturaze gadasvlis tendencias. PCI Express maRali swrafqmedebis mqone mimdevrobiTi saltea. momavali 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi PCI Express specifikacia personaluri kompiuteris universaluri salteebis dominirebadi arqiteqtura iqneba. igi mTlianad Secvlis standartul paralelur PCI saltes. nax. 1.5-ze warmodgenilia sistemuri platis fragmenti PCI da PCI Express slotebiT. PCI Express saltis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia: â&#x20AC;˘ arsebul PCI saltesTan da sxvadasxva mowyobilobebis programul draiverebTan sruli SeTavsebadoba; â&#x20AC;˘ spilenZis, optikuri da sxva saSualebebiT realizebuli fizikuri SeerTeba;

nax. 1.5. sistemuri platis fragmenti PCI Express x1, PCI Express x16 da paraleluri PCI slotebiT

• yoveli gamomyvanis maqsimaluri gamtarunarianoba, rac saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes saltis formfaqtori da Rirebuleba, gamartivdes platebis konstruqcia, gadaiWras signalis mTlianobasTan da SeferxebebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi;

• kvebis reJimis marTvis SesaZlebloba. PCI Express salteze monacemebis gadacema xdeba dupleqsur reJimSi. am dros monacemebi erTdroulad miiReba da gaicema gamtarebis ori diferencialuri wyvilis saSualebiT, romlebsac zolebs, an trasebs uwodeben. monacemTa gadacemis siCqare erTi mimarTulebiT, TiToeuli trasisTvis, 250 mbiti/wm-s aRwevs. amasTan erTad, TiToeuli salte SeiZleba 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 an 32 trasas Seicavdes (nax. 1.6). magaliTad, maRali gamtarunarianobis mqone 16-trasiani PCI Express x16 salte, romelic Tanamedrove videointerfeisis saxiT gamoiyeneba, erTdroulad monacemTa 16 bitis gadacemis saSualebas iZleva da misi siCqarea 4 gbiti/wm-Si.

• sinqronizaciis `CaSenebuli~ sistema, rac saltis sixSiris swrafi Secvlis SesaZleblobas iZleva; • sixSirisa da Tanrigianobis gazrdis saSualebiT saltis gamtarunarianobis zrdis SesaZlebloba; • molodinis mcire dro, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi programebisTvis, romlebic izoqronul (droze damokidebul) reJimSi monacemebis (magaliTad, nakaduri videomonacemebis) miwodebas moiTxoven. • adapterebis `cxeli~ komutaciis da `cxeli~ Secvlis saSualeba (kompiuteris gamorTvis gareSe);

nax. 1.6. PCI Express slotebi

PCI Express saltis sixSiris gasazrdelad IBM kompaniis mier SemuSavebuli 8b/10b kodirebis sqema gamoiyeneba, romelic signalebis avtosinqronizacias ganapirobebs. PCI Express saltis sixSire dReisaTvis 2,5 ghc-s Seadgens, xolo momavalSi SeiZleba 10 ghc22

mde gaizardos, rac spilenZis gamtarebisTvis teqnologiur zRvars warmoadgens. sixSiris zrdis potenciuri saSualeba da erTdroulad 32 trasis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba saSualebas iZleva PCI Express salteze monacemebis gadacemis siCqare gaizardos 32 gbiti/wm-mde.

romelsac eleqtronuli `zarbazani~ ewodeba. kaTodi (8) varvaris ZafiT (5) xurdeba da eleqtronebs gaisvris. kaTodi specialuri masalebiT ifareba, romlebic, rogorc wesi, esm-ebis umsxvilesi mwarmoeblebis mieraa dapatentebuli.

1.3. monitorebi eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiT Sav-TeTri monitorebi monitoris korpusSi moTavsebulia eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki (esm) da misi kvebis wyaroebi. esm-is SigniTa mxares moTavsebulia bade. rodesac badeze dadebiTi Zabva zemoqmedebs, eleqtronebi aRigznebian da sxivi ekranisken miemarTeba, romelic garkveuli drois Semdeg naTdeba. uaryofiTi Zabvis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi piriqiT _ eleqtronebi ganidevnebian da bades ar gaivlian. am dros ekrani Savia. amrigad, badeze zemoqmedi Zabva ekranze Sesabamisi bitebis miRebas ganapirobebs. aseTi meqanizmi orobiTi eleqtronuli signalis displeis Ria da muq wertilebad gardaqmnis saSualebas iZleva. esm-s (nax. 1.7) ZiriTadi elementia eleqtronuli `zarbazani~, romelic eleqtronebis nakads ekranisken `gaisvris~. esm-is wina nawili Signidan luminescenturi feniTaa dafaruli. esm-s balonSi (9) vakuumia Seqmnili. eleqtronuli sxivis (2) misaRebad gamoiyeneba mowyobiloba, 23

nax. 1.7. Sav-TeTri eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki 1 _ magnituri gadamxreli sistema; 2 _ eleqtronuli sxivi; 3 _ mafokusirebeli eleqtrodis xvia, 4 _ luminofori, 5 _ varvaris Zafi, 6 _ grafitis fena, 7 _ maRalvoltiani bude, 8 _ kaTodi, 9 _ baloni, 10 _ ekrani, 11 _ mafokusirebeli eleqtrodis gulana, 12 _ mmarTveli eleqtrodi, 13 _ kineskopis gamomyvanebi, 14 _ anodi.

mmarTvel eleqtrodze (modulatorze) (12) miwodebuli Zabvis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia eleqtronuli sxivis intensivobis Secvla da, aqedan gamomdinare, gamosaxulebis sikaSkaSis Secvlac. mmar-

Tveli eleqtrodis garda, Tanamedrove esm-ebis `zarbazani~ Seicavs mafokusirebel eleqtrods (3, 11), romelic sxivs ekranis saWiro wertilSi afokusirebs, damaCqarebel eleqtrods, romelic `zarbaznis~ SigniT eleqtronebis damatebiTi aCqarebas uzrunvelyofs da anods (14). `zarbaznis~ datovebisas eleqtronebi anodis mier damatebiT aCqardeba. anods warmoadgens kineskopis konusis zedapiris metalizebuli safarveli, romelic `zarbaznis~ amaCqarebel eleqtrodTanaa SeerTebuli. amis Semdeg sxivi magnitur gadamxrel sistemas (1) gaivlis, romelsac sxivis mimarTulebis Secvla SeuZlia. eleqtronuli sxivi ekranze (10) ecema, romelic luminoforiTaa (4) dafaruli. eleqtronebis bombardirebisgan luminofori naTdeba. swrafad moZravi sinaTlis `laqa~ ekranze gamosaxulebas aformirebs. eleqtronebidan gamomdinare luminofori uaryofiT muxts iZens da iwyeba meoradi emisia _ luminofori Tavad gamoyofs eleqtronebs. amis Sedegad mTlianad milaki uaryofiTad imuxteba. amis Tavidan asacileblad milakis mTeli zedapiri damiwebis gamtarTan SeerTebuli grafitis safuZvelze damuSavebuli specialuri feniTaa (6) dafaruli. kineskopi gamomyvanebiT (13) da maRalvoltiani budiT (7) erTdeba.

feradi monitorebi Sav-TeTri monitorebisgan gansxvavebiT, feradi monitorebi (nax. 1.8) sam eleqtronul `zarbazans~ Seicavs _ wiTeli, mwvane da lurji ferebisTvis (1).

nax. 1.8. feradi eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki. 1 _ eleqtronuli `zarbaznebi~; 2 _ eleqtronuli sxivebi; 3 _ mafokusirebeli xvia; 4 _ gadamxreli xviebi; 5 _ anodi; 6 _ `niRabi~; 7 _ luminoforis wiTeli, mwvane da lurji `marcvlebi~; 8 _ luminoforis `niRabi~ da `marcvlebi (gadidebuli)~

Sesabamisad ekranze (7) datanilia luminoforis sami saxe _ wiTeli, mwvane da lurji ferebisTvis (8). `wiTel~ luminofors sxivi mxolod wiTeli `niRbidan~ ecema, mwvanes _ mxolod mwvanidan, xolo lurjs _ mxolod lurjidan. es miiRweva `zarbaznebs~ da ekrans Soris ganTavsebuli metaluri `mesriT~, romelsac `niRabi~ ewodeba (nax. 1.9).

nax. 1.9. sxvadasxva tipis `niRbebi~

rastruli `gaSla~ ekranze gamosaxulebis misaRebad horizontalluri `gaSlis~ dros eleqtronebis `kona~ ekranze daaxloebiT 50 mkwm-Si gaiSleba, aformirebs ra horizontalur striqons ekranze. amis Semdeg sxivi asrulebs horizontalur ukusvlas ekranis marcxena kidisken, raTa horizontaluri `gaSlis~ Semdegi xazi aagos. mowyobilobas, romelic striqon-striqon aformirebs gamosaxulebas, rastruli `gaSlis~ mowyobiloba ewodeba. Tanamedrove monitorebSi rastruli `gaSlis~ ori ZiriTadi saxeoba gamoiyeneba: â&#x20AC;˘

striqonuli 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 da a.S.;

â&#x20AC;˘

striqonis gamotovebiT _ 1-3-5-7-..., xolo amis Semdeg _ 2-4-6-8-... da a.S. horizontaluri `gaSla~ wrfivad zrdadi ZabviT kontrolirdeba, romelic horizontaluri gadaxris firfitebze zemoqmedebs. firfitebi eleq-

tronuli `zarbaznis~ marcxniv da marjvniv aris ganTavsebuli. vertikaluri `gaSla~ ufro nela zrdadi ZabviT kontrolirdeba, romelic vertikaluri gadaxris firfitebze zemoqmedebs. firfitebi eleqtronuli `zarbaznis~ zeviT da qveviT arian ganTavsebulni. `gaSlis~ ciklebis garkveuli raodenobis Semdeg (Cveulebriv 400-dan 1000-mde) vertikaluri da horizontaluri gadaxris firfitebze Zabva vardeba da sxivi ekranis zeda marcxena kuTxeSi brundeba. mTliani gamosaxulebis aRdgena Zveli monitorebisTvis wamSi 30-dan 60-mde sruldeboda. Tanamedrove eleqtronul-sxivur monitorebs gamosaxulebis wamSi 150-jer da metjer ganaxlebac SeuZliaT.

1.4. Txevadkristaluri monitorebi eleqtronul-sxivuri monitorebi sakmaod didi zomisaa da mZimea. amitom portatiuli kompiuterebisTvis saWiro gaxda displeis absoluturad gansxvavebuli teqnologiis damuSaveba. swored aman ganapiroba Txevadkristaluri monitorebis Seqmna. Txevadkristaluri teqnologia sakmaod rTulia, ganxorcielebis ramdenime varianti gaaCnia da swrafad icvleba. amJamad SeimCneva Txevadkristaluri monitorebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis da gaiafebis tendencia, ramac ganapiroba maTi farTo gamoyeneba samagido kompiuterebSic. 28

Txevadi kristalebi blant organul molekulebs warmoadgenen, romlebic iseve moZraoben, rogorc siTxis molekulebi, Tumca kristaluri struqtura gaaCniaT. Txevadi kristalebi aRmoCenili iqna avstrieli mecnieris, reiniceris mier, 1888 wels. maTi gamoyeneba 1960 wlidan, kalkulatorebisa da saaTebis displeebSi daiwyo. muSaobis principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: rodesac molekulebi erT rigSi arian ganTavsebulni, kristalis optikuri Tvisebebi damokidebulia zemoqmedi sinaTlis mimarTulebaze da polarizaciaze. eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi molekulebis rigi da Sesabamisad optikuri Tvisebebi icvleba. Tu Txevad kristalze sinaTlis sxivi zemoqmedebs, Tavad Txevadi kristalidan gamomavali sinaTlis sxivis intensivoba SeiZleba eleqtrobis saSualebiT kontroldebodes. Txevadkristaluri displeis TiToeuli piqseli or gamWvirvale elqtrods Soris moTavsebuli molekulebis fenisgan da ori mapolarizebeli filtrisgan Sedgeba, romelTa polarizaciis sibrtyeebi, rogorc wesi, urTierTperpendikularulia. Txevadi kristalebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi pirveli filtris mier gatarebuli Suqi praqtikulad mTlianad blokirdeba meore filtris mier. eleqtrodebis sibrtye, romelic kontaqtSia Txevad kristalebTan, specialuradaa damuSavebuli molekulebis erTi mimarTulebiT orientaciisTvis.

TN (Twisted Nematic) matricaSi es mimarTulebebi urTierTperpendikularulia. amitom Zabvis ararasebobis SemTxvevaSi molekulebi vintismagvar struturaSi damwkrivdeba. es struqtura Suqs iseTnairad gardatexs, rom meore filtramde misi polarizaciis sibrtye mobrundeba da misi gavliT Suqi danakargebis gareSe gaivlis. Tu ar CavTvliT pirveli filtris mier arapolarizebuli Suqis naxevris STanTqmas, ujredi gamWvirvaled SegviZlia CavTvaloT. Tu eleqtrodebze Zabvaa miwodebuli, molekulebi cdiloben velis gaswvriv daewyon, rac maT xraxnisebr struqturas amaxinjebs. am dros drekadobis Zalebi amas ewinaaRmdegeba da Zabvis gamorTvisas molekulebi sawyis mdgomareobaSi brundeba. velis sakmarisi sididis SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad yvela molekula paraleluri xdeba, rac struqturis aragamWvirvalobas ganapirobebs. Zabvis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia gamWvirvalobis marTva, Tu mudmivi Zabva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iqneba miwodebuli, Txevadkristaluri struqtura, ionebis migraciis gamo, SeiZleba degradirdes. am problemis mosagvareblad cvladi deni, an polarobis Secvla ujredis yoveli damisamarTebis dros (struqturis gaumWvirvaloba velis polarobaze ar aris damokidebuli) gamoiyeneba. mTel matricaSi yoveli ujredis cal-calke marTvaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca maTi raodenobis gazrdisas es rTulad Sesasrulebelia, radgan izrdeba saWiro eleqtrodebis raodenoba. amitom faqtiurad yovelTvis gamoiyeneba damisamarTeba stri-

qonebisa da svetebis mixedviT. ujredebSi gamavali Suqi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi, Tumca umetesad Suqis xelovnuri wyaro gamoiyeneba. gare ganaTebisgan damoukideblobis garda igi agreTve astabilebs gamosaxulebis Tvisebebs. Txevadkristaluri displeis ekrani paralelurad ganTavsebuli ori minis firfitisgan Sedgeba. firfitebs Soris moTavsebulia hermetuli sivrce Txevadi kristaliT. orive firfitas uerTdeba gamWvirvale eleqtrodi. bunebrivi, an xelovnuri sinaTle ukana firfitis mxridan ekrans Signidan anaTebs. firfitebze miyvanili eleqtrodebi gamoiyeneba Txevad kristalSi eleqtruli velebis Sesaqmnelad. ekranis sxvadasxva adgilebze gansxvavebuli Zabvebi zemoqmedeben, rac gamosaxulebis agebis saSualebas iZleva. ekranis wina da ukana firfitebze miwebebulia polaroidebi, radgan teqnologiurad displei polarizebul Suqs saWiroebs. amJamad Txevadkristaluri displeebis gansxvavebuli tipebi gamoiyeneba. ganvixiloT erT-erTi maTgani _ Twisted Nematic, TN (nax. 1.10). displeis ukana firfitas gaaCnia miniaturuli horizontaluri Rarebi, xolo wina firfitas _ vertikaluri Rarebi. eleqtruli velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi molekulebi am Rarebis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba. radgan Rarebi erTmaneTis mimarT perpendikularulad aris ganTavsebuli, Txevadi kristalis molekulebi 900-iT moRunuli aRmoCndeba.

displeis ukana firfitaze ganTavsebulia horizontaluri polaroidi. is mxolod horizontalurad polarizebul Suqs atarebs. displeis wina firfitaze imyofeba vertikaluri polaroidi. is mxolod vertikalurad polarizebul Suqs atarebs. firfitebs Soris Txevadi kristali rom ar arsebobdes, ukana panelidan gatarebuli horizontalurad polarizebuli Suqi blokirebuli iqneboda wina firfitaze myofi vertikaluri polaroidis mier. am SemTxvevaSi ekrani mTlianad Savi iqneboda. Tumca molekulebis gaRunuli kristaluri struqtura, romelsac Suqi gaivlis, cvlis Suqis polarizaciis sibrtyes. eleqtruli velis ararse-

gamWvirvale eleqtrodebi

vertikaluri filtri

Txevadkristaluri molekula horizontaluri filtri Suqfiltri nax. 1.10. Txevadkristaluri displei

bobis SemTxvevaSi Txevadkristaluri ekrani mTlianad anaTebs. Tu firfitis garkveul monakveTebs Zabva miewodeba, gadaRunuli struqtura irRveva da mocemul adgilebSi Suqis gavla blokirdeba. Zabvis miwodebisTvis ori midgoma gamoiyeneba. iaffasian pasiur matricul indikatorSi orive eleqtrodSi gamtarebi erTmaneTis mimarT paralelurad arian ganTavsebulni. magaliTad 640/480 displeis ukana firfitis eleqtrodi 640 vertikalur gamtars Seicavs, xolo wina firfitis eleqtrodi _ 480 horizontalur gamtars. Tu Zabva erT-erT vertikalur gamtars miewodeba, xolo Semdeg Zabvis impulsebi _ erT-erT horizontalur gamtars, SesaZlebelia Zabvis cvlileba garkveuli pozicis piqselSi da misi gaSaveba. Tu igive Sesruldeba Semdegi piqselebisTvis, SesaZlebelia gaSlis striqonis miReba, romelic analogiuria eleqtronul-sxivuri monitoris striqonisa. gamosaxuleba, rogorc wesi, ekranze wamSi 60-jer ganaxldeba, raTa miRebul iqnas mudmivi gamosaxulebis STabeWdileba. meore midgomaa aqtiuri matriculi indikatoris gamoyeneba. igi bevrad Zviria pasiur indikatorTan SedarebiT, Tumca ukeTesi xarisxis gamosaxulebis miRebas uzrunvelyofs. perpendikularulad ganTavsebuli gamtarebis ori jgufis nacvlad aqtiuri matriculi indikatoris erT-erT eleqtrodze piqselis yovel poziciaSi miniaturuli gadamrTveli gaaCnia. gadamrTvelebis mdgomareobis cvlilebis safuZvelze ekranze, miwodebuli bitebidan gamomdinare, Zabvebis sxvadasxva kombinaciebis Seq-

mnaa SesaZlebeli. mocemul gadamrTvelebs Txelafskiani tranzistorebi (Thin Film Transistor, TFT) ewodebaT. xolo Sesabamis tipis ekranebs _ TFT displeebi. amJamad nouTbuqebis da avtonomiuri Txevadkristaluri displeebis umetesoba TFT teqnologiis safuZvelze iwarmoeba. aqamde Cven aRvwereT Sav-TeTri monitorebis muSaobis principi. rac Seexeba ferad Txevadkristalur monitorebs, isini igive principebiT muSaoben, Tumca maTi detalebi bevrad rTulia. TeTri feris wiTel, mwvane da lurj ferebad dayofisTvis piqselis yovel poziciaSi optikuri filtrebi gamoiyeneba. amitom es ferebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad aisaxeba. mocemuli sami feris safuZvelze nebismieri feris miRebaa SesaZlebeli. amrigad, Txevadkristaluri monitori Sedgeba eleqtronikisgan, romelic amuSavebs Semaval videosignals, Txevadkristaluri matricisgan, ganaTebis modulisgan, kvebis blokisgan da korpusisgan. swored CamoTvlili elementebis erToblioba gansazRvravs monitoris maxasiaTeblebs, Tumca zogierTi maTganis maxasiaTeblebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.

Txevadkristaluri monitorebis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi â&#x20AC;˘

gadawyvetunarianoba _ horizontaluri da vertikaluri zomebi, romlebic piqselebSi gamoisaxeba. eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiani monitorebisgan gansxvavebiT, Txevadkristalur monitorebs mxo-

•

lod erTi, `mSobliuri~ gadawyvetunarianoba gaaCnia. danarCeni mniSvnelobebi interpolaciis gziT miiRweva.

Tavi 2 monacemebis magnituri Senaxvis mowyobilobebi

piqselis zoma _ mezobeli piqselebis centrebs Soris manZili. uSualod ukavSirdeba fizikur gadawyvetunarianobas.

2.1. muSaobis principi

•

ekranis zomebis Sefardeba (formati) _ siganis simaRlesTan Sefardeba, magaliTad 5:4, 4:3, 5:3, 8:5, 16:9.

•

xedvadi diagonali _ Tavad panelis zoma, romelic diagonalze izomeba.

•

kontrastuloba _ sxvaoba yvelaze naTeli da yvelaze muqi wertilebis sikaSkaSeebs Soris.

•

sikaSkaSe _ Suqis raodenoba, romelic displeis mier gamoiyofa. Cveulebriv izomeba kandelebSi kvadratul metrze.

•

gadarTvis dro _ minimaluri dro, romelic sWirdeba piqsels sikaSkaSis SecvlisTvis.

•

xedvis kuTxe _ kuTxe, romlis SemTxvevaSic kontrastis Semcireba garkveul mniSvnelobas aRwevs.

•

matricis tipi _ teqnologia, romlis mixedviTacaa damzadebuli Txevadkristaluri matrica.

personalur kompiuterebSi informacia inaxeba matareblebze, romlebic magnituri, an optikuri teqnologiebis safuZvelze muSaobs. monacemebis magnituri Senaxvis mowyobilobebSi orobiTi monacemebi warmodgenilia brtyel diskze ganTavsebuli mcire zomis liTonis magnituri nawilakebis saxiT. wakiTxvis dros isini orobiTi monacemebis saxiT gaiSifreba. xist da drekad diskebze magnituri damgroveblebis muSaobas safuZvlad udevs eleqtromagnitizmis movlena. eleqtromagnitizmis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gamtarSi eleqtruli denis gatarebisas mis garSemo magnituri veli warmoiqmneba da piriqiT, gamtarSi, romelzedac cvladi magnituri veli zemoqmedebs, eleqtruli deni warmoiqmneba. magnituri velis polarobis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi eleqtruli denis mimarTulebac icvleba. diskuri damgroveblis Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki Seicavs U-tipis feromagnitur gulanas da masze daxveul koWas (xviebs), romelSic eleqtruli deni tardeba. am dros Tavakis gulanaSi magnituri veli warmoiqmneba (nax. 2.1). denis mimarTulebis cvlilebisas magnituri velis polarobac icvleba. amrigad, Tavakebi eleq36

tromagnitebs warmoadgenen, romelTa polarobac Zalian swrafad icvleba eleqtruli denis mimarTulebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad.

magnituri veli gulanis Riobze vrceldeba. Tu Riobis maxloblad moTavsebulia sxva feromagnetiki (matareblis magnituri fena), magnituri veli swored masze lokalizdeba, radgan feromagnitur masalas, haerTan SedarebiT, bevrad naklebi magnituri winaaRmdegoba gaaCnia. Riobis gadamkveTi magnituri veli feromagnitur matarebelze ikvreba da iwvevs matareblis elementaruli magnituri nawilakebis (domenebis) polarizacias magnituri velis zemoqmedebis mimarTulebiT. magnituri velis mimarTuleba da Sedegad, domenebis narCeni damagniteba, damokidebulia TavakSi eleqtruli denis polarobaze. drekadi magnituri diskebi Cveulebriv mzaddeba lavsanis, xolo xisti magnituri diskebi _ aluminis, an mina-keramikis fuZeSreze. muSa fena, rogorc wesi, rkinis zeJangisgan mzaddeba, sxvadasxva danamatebiT.

magnituri velebi, romlebic cariel diskze arsebuli magnituri domenebiT iqmneba, SemTxveviTadaa orientirebuli da diskis nebismier makroskopul monakveTze erTmaneTs akompensirebs. amitom narCeni damagniteba nulis tolia. matarebelze magnituri velis miwodebisas nawilakebi, romlebic Riobis qvemoT aRmoCndeba, Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakis mier warmoqmnili magnituri velis zemoqmedebis mimarTulebiT orientirdeba. rodesac magnituri domenebi garkveuli mimarTulebiT mwkrivdeba, maTi magnituri velebi erTmaneTs aRar akompensireben, rac iwvevs Sesabamis monakveTze gamokveTili magnituri velis Seqmnas. warmoqmnili lokaluri magnituri veli iqmneba magnituri nawilakebis simravliT, romlebic, rogorc erTi mTliani, ise funqcionireben da erTi mimarTulebis magnitur vels qmnian. amrigad, Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakis xviaSi impulsuri formis cvladi denis gavlisas, mbrunav diskze iqmneba niSniT (mimarTulebiT) gansxvavebuli narCeni damagnitebis mqone monakveTebis Tanmimdevroba. Cawerili informaciis Semdgomi wakiTxvisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is zonebi, romlebSic narCeni magnituri velis niSani (mimarTuleba) icvleba. magnituri Tavaki monacemebis Cawerisas diskze niSnis cvlilebis zonebs aTavsebs. monacemebis yoveli bitis (an bitebis) Cawerisas diskis specialur adgilebSi niSnis cvlilebis zonebis Tanmimdevroba iwereba. am velebs bituri, an gadasvlis ujredebi

xvia matareblis daumagnitebeli matareblis fena nawilakebi Riobi

gulana

matareblis damagnitebuli (gasworebuli) nawilakebi

diskis gadaadgilebis mimarTuleba

nax. 2.1 Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki

ewodeba. amrigad, gadasvlis ujredi diskis specialuri velia, romelSic Tavaki niSnis cvlilebis zonas aTavsebs. gadasvlis ujredis geometriuli zoma damokidebulia Caweris sataqto signalis sixSireze da diskis brunvis siCqareze. diskidan informaciis wakiTxvisas Tavaki muSaobs, rogorc niSnis cvlilebebis deteqtori da yoveli aseTi zonis gadakveTis dros Zabvis impulsebs gamoimuSavebs. im monakveTebSi, sadac niSnis Secvla ar xdeba, impulsebis gamomuSaveba ar xdeba. nax. 2.2-ze warmodgenilia wakiTxvis da Caweris signalebis (impulsebis) formebis damokidebuleba diskze Caweril niSnis cvlilebis zonebze.

Casaweri monacemebi marTkuTxa formis talRovan impulsebs warmoadgenen, romlebic Zabvis dadebiT da uaryofiT mniSvnelobebs Seesabameba. isini iwveven magnituri matareblis polarizacias Sesabamisi mimarTulebiT. wakiTxvis dros Tavaki niSnis cvlilebis zonebs aregistrirebs da Sesabamis impulsebs gamoimuSavebs. niSnis cvlileba Tu ar xdeba, Zabvis impulsic ar gamomuSavdeba. sataqto sixSiris cnobili mniSvnelobis safuZvelze diskuri mowyobilobis eleqtruli sqema gansazRvravs impulsis (niSnis cvlilebis) Sesabamisobas gadasvlis ujredebTan.

Tavakis xvia magnituri nakadis mimarTulebis cvlileba

diskis magnituri fena

2.2. wakiTxva/Caweris Tavakebis konstruqcia

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki RiobiT

diskis brunvis mimarTuleba

Caweris signali wakiTxvis signali

diskuri mowyobilobebis warmoebis teqnologiis gaumjobesebasTan erTad viTardeba wakiTxva/ Caweris Tavakebis konstruqcia. diskuri mowyobilobebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebze Semdegi tipis Tavakebi gamoiyeneboda: •

ferituli;

•

metaliT RiobSi (MIG);

•

Txelafskiani (TF);

•

magnitorezistuli (MR);

•

giganturi magnitorezistuli (GMR).

nax. 2.2. informaciis Cawera da wakiTxva magnituri diskidan

ferituli da metaliT RiobSi Tavakebi moralurad moZvelebulia da Tanamedrove diskur mowyobilobebSi aRar gamoiyeneba. magnitorezistuli Tavaki magnitorezistuli (Magneto-Resistive _ MR) (nax. 2.4) Tavaki damuSavebulia firma IBM-is mier da pirvelad gamoyenebuli iqna 1991 wels, 1 gbaiti tevadobis mqone vinCesterebSi. magnitorezistuli Tavaki deteqtoria, romelic damagnitebis zonaSi cvlilebebs aregistrirebs da gardaqmnis maT signalebad, romlebic, rogorc monacemebi, ise interpretirdeba. magnituri Caweris dros adgili aqvs erT problemas. magnituri matareblis domenebis zomebis Semcireba (rac Seuqcevadi procesia da ganpirobebulia Caweris simWidrovis zrdis tendenciiT) Tavakis signalis donesac amcirebs. am dros izrdeba `xmauris~ namdvil signalad miRebis albaToba. problemis gadasawyvetad saWiroa efeqturi Tavakis gamoyeneba, romelic meti sizustiT gansazRvravs signalis arsebobas. swored aseT efeqtur Tavaks warmoadgens magnitorezistuli Tavaki. magnitorezistuli Tavaki monacemebs Semdegnairad kiTxulobs: TavakSi gaedineba susti mudmivi deni. magnitorezistobis efeqtis Tanaxmad sxvadasxva polarobis narCeni damagnitebis monakveTebis gavlisas Tavakis winaRoba icvleba. winaRobis cvlileba TavisTavad ganapirobebs Tavakze Zabvis var-

dnis da Sesabamisad TavakSi gamavali denis Zalis cvlilebas. magnitorezistuli efeqti mxolod wamkiTxavi Tavakis agebis saSualebas iZleva. amitom Tanamedrove damgroveblebSi gamoyenebuli magnitorezistuli Tavaki sinamdvileSi erT konstruqciaSi gaerTianebuli ori Tavakia. monacemebis Casawerad gamoiyeneba Txelafskiani (TF) Tavaki, xolo Casawerad _ magnitorezistuli Tavaki. feritul, metaliT RiobSi da Txelafskovan Tavakebs erTRiobian Tavakebsac uwodeben, radgan rogorc wakiTxvisaTvis, aseve CawerisaTvis erTi Riobi gamoiyeneba. erTRiobian TavakebSi saWiroa kompromisze wasvla Riobis zomasTan dakavSirebiT. wakiTxvis dros saWiroa SedarebiT mcire zomis Riobi (wakiTxvis gadawyvetunarianobis gasazrdelad), xolo Caweris dros _ SedarebiT didi zomis Riobi, radgan saimedo CawerisaTvis magniturma nakadma unda SeaRwios muSa fenis mTel siRrmeze. magnitorezistul TavakSi es problema gadaWrilia, radgan TiToeul Tavaks gansxvavebuli zomis Riobi gaaCnia. Txelafskovani (Camweri) Tavaki diskze SedarebiT ufro ganier bilikebs aformirebs, vidre es saWiroa magnitorezistuli (wamkiTxavi) Tavakis muSaobisTvis. aseT konstruqcias kidev erTi upiratesoba gaaCnia: wamkiTxavi Tavaki magnituri xelSeSlebis gavlenas sxva bilikebidan naklebad ganicdis.

nax. 2.3-ze warmodgenilia magnitorezistuli Tavaki.

IBM-is

tipiuri

nitorezistuli Tavaki (Giant Magnitoresistive - GMR) (nax. 2.4).

gamyofi

nax. 2.3. magnitorezistuli Tavaki

Tavakis wamkiTxav elements magnitorezistuli sensori warmoadgens, romelic rkina-nikelis (NiFe) afskisgan Sedgeba. magnituri velis gavleniT rkinanikelis afskis winaRoba icvleba. gverdiTi, an SemTxveviTi magnituri velis zemoqmedebisgan wamkiTxavi elementis dasacavad maekranirebeli (gamyofi) fena gamoiyeneba. rkina-nikelis da maekranirebeli fenebi gamoyofilia maRali eleqtruli winaaRmdegobis mqone feniT. Caweris simWidrovis gazrdasTan erTad magnitorezistuli elementebis zomebic mcirdeba. Tanamedrove TavakebSi gverdiT kontaqtebs Soris arsebuli rkina-nikelis afskis sigane 0,5 mikrons ar aRemateba. giganturi magnitorezistuli Tavaki 1997 wels firma IBM-is mier warmodgenili iqna magnitorezistuli Tavakis axali, bevrad ufro maRali mgrZnobiarobis mqone tipi _ giganturi mag-

nax. 2.4. giganturi magnitorezistuli Tavaki

GMR efeqti SemdegSi mdgomareobs: magnituri velSi moTavsebul, sxvadasxva liTonebis uTxelesi fenebisgan Semdgar gamtars winaRobis cvlilebis farTo diapazoni gaaCnia. giganturi magnitorezistuli TavakebSi gamoiyeneba magnituri liTonebis ori fena, romelTa SuaSic moTavsebulia aramagnituri masalisgan damzadebuli gamyofi fena. erT-erTi magnitur fena fiqsirebulia, anu mas gaaCnia winaswar arCeuli magnituri orientacia, xolo meore _ Tavisufalia, rac orientaciis Tavisufal cvlilebas gulisxmobs. rodesac Tavisufali da fiqsirebuli magnituri fenebi erTi da igive magnitur orientacias iReben, saerTo winaRoba mcirdeba, xolo Tu Tavisufali magnituri fena iRebs fiqsirebuli magnituri fenis sawinaaRmdego orientacias, mTliani winaRoba mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. gigantur magnitorezistul Tavakze magnituri diskebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli susti magnituri ve-

lis zemoqmedebisas Tavakis Tavisufali magnituri fenis nawilakebi icvlian orientacias fiqsirebuli fenis mimarT, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis saerTo winaRobas.

Caweris zedapiruli simWidrove Caweris zedapiruli simWidrove magnituri diskis Sefasebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumia. misi gansazRvrisTvis bilikze Caweris wrfivi simWidrove (BPI â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Bits Per Inch) mravldeba diuimSi arsebul bilikebis raodenobaze (TPI â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tracks Per Inch) (nax. 2.5). Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi am parametris mniSvnelobaa 10-20 gbiti/diuimi2, xolo eqsperimentul modelebSi _ 40 gbiti/diuimi2. bilikebis raodenoba diuimze (TPI)

bilikebis raodenoba diuimze (TPI)

bilikis bitebi

bitebis raodenoba diuimze (BPI)

Caweris maRali zedapiruli simWidrove

Caweris dabali zedapiruli simWidrove

nax. 2.5. Caweris simWidrovis grafikuli warmodgena

AFC teqnologia Cveulebriv damgroveblebSi gamoyenebul xist diskebs mxolod erTi magnituri fena gaaCnia. informaciis Caweris simWidrovis gazrda SesaZlebelia mxolod magnituri monakveTebis zomebis SemcirebiT. magram zomebis zRvruli Semcireba supermagnetizmis efeqts iwvevs, romelic magnituri monakveTebis TandaTanobiTi ganmagnitebiT gamoixateba. 1990 wels IBM-is specialistebma aRmoaCines, rom liTonuri ruteniumi yvelaze efeqturi aramagnituri masalaa, romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia gigantur magnitorezistul TavakebSi gamyofi fenis saxiT. Tumca aRniSnuli aRmoCena realizebuli iqna mxolod 2001 wels, rodesac IBM-ma gamouSva 80 da 120 gbaiti tevadobis Deskstar GPX damgroveblebi. nax. 2.6-ze warmodgenilia Cveulebrivi erTfeniani da AFC matareblebi. damgrovebeli, romelSic liTonuri ruteniumis fena gamoiyeneba, AFC (antiferomagnituri ormagi feniT) damgrovebeli ewodeba. liTonuri ruteniumis uTxelesi (sami atomis sisqis) fenis gamoyenebis Sedegad Caweris simWidrove 25 gbaiti/diuimi2-mde gaizarda. or magnitur fenas Soris moTavsebuli liTonuri ruteniumis uTxelesi fena am fenebis magnituri nawilakebis erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT orientaciis saSualebas iZleva. samfeniani konstruqcia Cveulebriv magnitur fenasTan SedarebiT fizikurad ufro sqelia, magram nawilakebis sapiris-

piro orientaciis Sedegad matarebeli funqcionirebs, rogorc erTi fena bevrad naklebi saerTo sisqiT. AFC damgroveblebSi Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebs ufro mWidro Canaweris gakeTebis saSualeba eZleva. am dros damgroveblis tevadoba izrdeba Caweris xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe. magnituri nawilakebi Cveulebrivi matareblis zedapirze

giganturi magnitorezistuli Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki

AFC matareblis zeda fenis magnituri nawilakebi

monacemTa perpendikularuli (vertikaluri) Senaxvis sistemebi praqtikulad yvela vinCesterSi da sxva diskur damgrovebelSi monacemTa horizontaluri Cawera gamoiyeneba. am dros magnituri nawilakebi matareblis zedapiris mimarT horizontalurad ganTavsdeba. monacemTa perpendikularuli Caweris meTodi monacemebis Caweris simWidrovis mniSvnelovnad gazrdis saSualebas iZleva, radgan vertikalurad orientirebuli nawilakebi diskze bevrad nakleb adgils ikavebs horizontalurad Caweril nawilakebTan SedarebiT (nax. 2.7). vertikaluri Caweris sistema

horizontaluri Caweris sistema xvia

xvia

Camweri velebi

or magnitur fenas Soris moTavsebuli ruteniumis fena

AFC matareblis qveda fenis magnituri nawilakebi

nax. 2.6. magnituri fenebi Cveulebriv da AFC matareblebSi

matareblis damagniteba

Camweri velebi

Camweri fena rbili qvefena

nax. 2.7. Caweris horizontaluri da vertikaluri (perpendikularuli) sistemebi

perpendikularuli Caweris meTodi SemoTavazebuli iqna jer kidev 1976 wels, Tumca misi praqtikuli realizacia moxda mxolod 1989 wels, 2,88 mbaitian drekad diskebSi. vinCesterebis wamyvani damamzadebeli kompaniebi intensiurad muSaoben perpendikularuli Caweris teqnologiis srulyofaze, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis Caweris simWidrovis gazrdas amJamad umaRlesi maCveneblebis mqone AFC (antiferromagnetically coupled) samuSao feniT dafarul vinCesterebTan SedarebiT. gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom matarebelze informaciis perpendikularuli Caweris meTodis realizacia SesaZlebels gaxdis Caweris simWidrovis 500-1000 gbaiti/diuimi2-mde gazrdas. Tumca perpendikularuli Caweris meTodis realizaciis SemTxvevaSi saWiro gaxdeba Tavakebis da vinCesteris sxva elementebis konstruqciis mTliani Secvla. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aseTi modernizacia sakmaod did TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo GMR da AFC teqnologiebi jer-jerobiT akmayofileben Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, vertikaluri Caweris teqnologiis farTod gavrceleba uaxloes periodSi naklebsavaraudoa.

2.3. monacemebis kodirebis saSualebebi magnitur matarebelze cifruli monacemebi analoguri formiT inaxeba. Caweris signalSi impulsebis optimaluri ganawilebisTvis cifruli monacemebi miewodeba specialur mowyobilobas, romelsac koder-dekoderi (coder-decoder) ewodeba. es mowyobiloba orobiT monacemebs gardaqmnis eleqtrul signalebad, romlebic optimizirebulia Casawer bilikze niSnis cvlilebis zonebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT. cifrul monacemebTan muSaobis dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba sinqronizacias eniWeba. Cawerisas da wakiTxvisas uaRresad mniSvnelovania niSnis cvlilebis yoveli momentis zusti gansazRvra. sinqronizaciis ararsebobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios niSnis cvlilebis momentis araswori gansazRvra da aqedan gamomdinare, informaciis damaxinjeba. gadamcemi da mimRebi mowyobilobebis muSaoba mkacrad unda iyos sinqronizebuli. sinqronizaciis ori zogadi saSualeba arsebobs: â&#x20AC;˘

sinqrosignalis gadacema arxis saSualebiT;

â&#x20AC;˘

kavSiris

specialuri

sinqrosignalis gaerTianeba monacemTa signalTan da maTi erTi kavSiris arxiT gadacema. sinqronizaciis pirveli meTodi damgroveblebSi Semdegi mizezis gamo ar gamoiyeneba: davuSvaT 0vani bitis Cawera diskze xdeba erTi polarobis domenebis saxiT. maSin 10 nulovani bitis Caweris Se-

degad diskze miiReba 10 erTnairi, mimdevrobiT ganTavsebuli monakveTi. warmovidginoT, rom moxda mcire darRveva makodirebeli mowyobilobis sinqronizaciis sqemaSi. sataqto signalebis sixSiris mcired gazrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios makodirebeli mowyobilobis mier grZeli, cvlilebis zonebis armqone 10ujrediani velis monacemTa 9 ujrad warmodgena da piriqiT, sinqronizaciis sixSiris Semcirebis Sedegad makodirebelma mowyobilobam 10-ujrediani veli SeiZleba waikiTxos, rogorc 11-Tanriga monacemi. matareblebze monacemTa Cawerisas agreTve unda gaTvaliswindes erTi sapirispiro faqtori: Tavakebis da damgroveblebis damzadebis teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi zRudaven diskze cvlilebis velebis raodenobas. amitom damgroveblebSi sinqronizaciis meore meTodi gamoiyeneba. igi kodirebis specialuri sistemebis gamoyenebiT realizdeba. kodirebis sitemebi rogorc grZeli erTgvarovani velebis Tavidan acilebis, aseve cvlilebis velebis optimaluri raodenobis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. sixSiruli modulacia (FM) kodirebis FM (Frequency Modulation) meTodi gamoiyeneboda 1970-ian wlebSi, 80 kbaitian drekad diskebSi da bevr sxva mowyobilobaSic. amJamad FM modulacia aRar gamoiyeneba.

modificirebuli sixSiruli modulacia (MFM) cxrilSi 2.1 warmodgenilia monacemTa bitebsa da niSnis cvlilebis velebs Soris Sesabamisoba MFM modulaciis dros. MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation _ modificirebuli sixSiruli modulacia) meTodi, FM meTodTan SedarebiT, niSnis cvlilebis zonebis raodenobis orjer Semcirebis da diskis sasargeblo moculobis orjer gazrdis SesaZleblobas iZleva. amitom MFM meTodiT Caweril diskebs zogjer diskebs ormagi simWidroviTac uwodeben. cxrili 2.1 monacemTa biti

MFM kodireba niSnis Secvlis zonebis Tanmimdevroba NT* TN NN

1 0, wina TanrigSi 0 0, wina TanrigSi 1 T _ aris niSnis Secvla; N _ ar aris niSnis Secvla.

kodirebis MFM meTodi amJamad 1,44 mbaitian drekad diskebSi gamoiyeneba. kodireba Caweris velis sigrZis SezRudviT (RLL) kodireba Caweris velis sigrZis SezRudviT (Run Length Limited - RLL) amJamad kodirebis yvelaze ufro popularuli meTodia. kodirebis RLL meTodi

sa, magram maTi gamoSveba SemdgomSi dabali saimedobis gamo Sewyda. kodirebis erTi da imave sistemisTvis SesaZlebelia aTasobiT sxvadasxva variantis arCeva. cxrilSi 2.2 warmodgenilia RLL 2,7 kodirebis erTerTi farTod gavrcelebuli varianti. monacemebis 2, 3 da 4-bitiani jgufebi Sesabamisad 4, 6 da 8-bitur ujredebad gardaiqmneba. kodirebis meTodi niSnis cvlilebis velebs Soris araumcires 2 da araumetes 7 gadasvlisgareSe ujredis (garbenis) arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.

FM meTodTan SedarebiT 3-jer, xolo MFM meTodTan SedarebiT 1,5-jer meti informaciis ganTavsebis saSualebas iZleva vinCesterze. RLL meTodis mixedviT ara calkeuli bitebi, aramed bitebis jgufebi kodirdeba, ris Sedegadac niSnis cvlilebis zonebis garkveuli Tanmimdevrobebi iqmneba. RLL meTodi IBM-is mier iqna damuSavebuli da Tavdapirvelad did manqanebSi gamoiyeneboda. 1980-ian wlebSi am meTodis gamoyeneba vinCesterebSi daiwyes, xolo amJamad faqtiurad yvela damgrovebelSi gamoiyeneba, drekadi diskebis garda. RLL kodireba or ZiriTad parametrs efuZneba: gadasvlebis armqone zonebis minimalur (garbenis sigrZe) da maqsimalur (garbenis zRvari) raodenobas. am parametrebis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia kodirebis sxvadasxva meTodebis miReba. praqtikulad RLL 2,7 (garbenis minimaluri sigrZe _ 2, garbenis zRvari _ 7) meTodi gamoiyeneba. FM da MFM meTodebi RLL meTodis konkretuli variantebia (Sesabamisad RLL 0,1da RLL 1,3), Tumca am meTodebs ufro Cveuli, FM da MFM terminebiT aRweren. RLL meTodis iSviaTad gamoyenebuli variantia RLL 3,9. zogjer mas gaumjobesebul RLL-sac (Advanced RLL - ARLL) uwodeben. RLL 3,9 meTodis gamoyenebiT mniSvnelovnad izrdeba diskze informaciis Caweris simWidrove, magram mcirdeba saimedooba. iyo mcdeloba ARLL kontrolerebis vinCesterebSi gamoyenebi-

nax. 2.8-ze warmodgenilia vinCesterze `X~ simbolos (ASCII kodi _ 01011000) Cawerisas formirebuli signalebis diagrama kodirebis sxvadasxva sistemebisTvis.

cxrili 2.2 RLL 2,7 kodireba monacemebis bitebi niSnis Secvlis zonebis Tanmimdevroba 10 11 000 010 011 0010 0011

NTNN TNNN NNNTNN TNNTNN NNTNNN NNTNNTNN NNNNTNNN

FM (RLL 0,1), monacemTa gadacemis erTjeradi sataqto sixSire

MFM (RLL 1,3), monacemTa gadacemis gaormagebuli sataqto sixSire

(RLL 2,7), monacemTa gadacemis gasammagebuli sataqto sixSire

T _ aris niSnis Secvla; N _ ar aris niSnis Secvla. - _ bituri ujredebis sazRvrebi

Tavi 3 drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi (Floppy Disk Drive - FDD) personaluri kompiuterebis uZvelesi periferiuli mowyobilobebia. informaciis matareblis saxiT isini 3,5’’ diametris disketebs iyeneben. disketaze informaciis damaxsovreba xdeba misi damagnitebis SecvliT. magnituri velis Secvla ganapirobebs magnituri nawilakebis orientacias `CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~, an `samxreTi-CrdiloeTi~ mimarTulebiT, rac Seesabameba logikur mdgomareobebs `1~ da `0~.

nax. 2.8. X~ simbolos Cawerisas formirebuli signalebi FM, MFM da RLL 2,7 kodirebis sistemebisaTvis

3.1 drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis konstruqcia konstruqciulad drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi mcire raodenobis eleqtronul da didi raodenobis meqanikur elementebs Seicaven. amitom diskuri mowyobilobis saimedo muSaobisTvis aucilebelia amZravi meqanizmis mdgradi muSaoba. diskuri mowyobiloba oTxi ZiriTadi elementisgan Sedgeba: muSa Zrava; muSa Tavakebi; Tavakebis amZravi; mmarTveli eleqtronika.

muSa Zrava muSa Zrava disks abrunebs da mxolod maSin CairTveba, rodesac diskur mowyobilobaSi moTavsebulia disketa. Zrava uzrunvelyofs disketis brunvis mudmiv siCqares _ 300 br/wT. diskuri mowyobiloba kompiuterSi horizontalurad, an vertikalurad unda dayendes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi brunvis siCqaris mudmivoba SeiZleba dairRves. diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakebi diskuri mowyobilobebi aRWurvilia ori kombinirebuli TavakiT. TiToeuli Tavaki informaciis rogorc Caweris, aseve wakiTxvisTvis gamoiyeneba. ramdenadac drekadi diskebi ormxrivia, erTi Tavaki emsaxureba diskis zeda, xolo meore _ qveda zedapirs. TiToeuli Tavaki rTul mowyobilobas warmoadgens, romelSic wakiTxva/Caweris Tavaki or wamSlel Tavaks Sorisaa moTavsebuli (nax. 3.1). TiToeuli Tavaki aRWurvilia zambariT da disks garkveuli wneviT eWireba. amrigad, wakiTxva/Caweris operaciis Sesrulebisas Tavaksa da disks Soris uSualo kontaqts aqvs adgili. ramdenadac diskis brunvis siCqare mxolod 300 br/wTia, wneva ar qmnis xaxunTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul problemebs. Tumca xaxunis Sesamcireblad diskebi mainc ifareba specialuri SemadgenlobebiT.

Tavakis bloki

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki bilikis mimarT Tavakis gadaadgilebis mimarTuleba

`gvirabisebri gasufTavebis~ Tavakebi

nax. 3.1. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakis konstruqcia

Caweris meTodi drekad diskebze Cawera xdeba `gvirabisebri gasufTavebis~ meTodiT. bilikze monacemebis Cawerisas damatebiTi Tavakebi Slian magnitur informacias bilikebis gare sazRvrebis gaswvriv _ asworeben bilikebs. amrigad, TiToeul bilikze monacemebi viwro `gvirabSi~ iwereba, rac erTi bilikis signalebis mezobeli bilikis signalebiT damaxinjebas gamoricxavs. Tavakebis amZravi Tavakis ganlagebas im bilikis mimarT, romelzedac Cawera an wakiTxva sruldeba, pozicionireba ewodeba. Tavakebis pozicionireba bijuri Zravis ba58

zaze agebuli amZravis saSualebiT sruldeba. amZravi Tavakebs wrfivad, ori mimarTulebiT _ diskis centrisken, an kidisken amoZravebs. bijuri Zrava zustad gansazRvruli kuTxiT trialdeba da Cerdeba. am dros Tavaki sasurvel bilikze yendeba. bijur Zravas uwyveti pozicionireba ar SeuZlia. gadadgilebis TiToeuli biji diskis Semdeg bilikze gadasvlas gansazRvravs. amZravs marTavs diskuri mowyobilobis kontroleri, romlis brZanebebis mixedviTac Tavaki SeiZleba nebismieri bijiT gadaadgildes amZravis gadaadgilebis sazRvrebSi. magaliTad, 25-e bilikze Tavakebis pozicionirebisTvis amZravma unda miiRos brZaneba nulovani cilindridan 25-e poziciaSi bijuri Zravis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb. drekad diskur mowyobilobebSi dayenebuli amZravi garkveuli bijiT gadaadgildeba, romelic diskis bilikebs Soris manZiliT ganisazRvreba. Tanamedrove diskuri mowyobilobebi aRWurvilia mob째

runebis 1,8 bijuri kuTxis mqone amZraviT. ramdenadac zeda da qveda Tavakebi erT meqanizmzea damontaJebuli, isini mxolod erTdroulad gadaadgildeba. kompiuteris CarTvisas Tavakebis amZravi specifiur xmas gamoscems da Tavakebis sawyisi pozicionirebiT diskur mowyobilobas amowmebs. nax. 3.2-ze warmodgenilia standartuli ormxrivi drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis, xolo nax. 3.3-ze _ diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakebis konstruqcia.

damgroveblis saxuravi

disketis mimmarTvelebi disketis Casadebi Riobis saxuravi

Cawera/ wakiTxvis Tavaki diskis amosaRebi samagrebi meqanizmi

wina paneli indikatori knopi diskis amoRebisTvis

kvebis gasarTi interfeisis plata Spindeli diskis tipis sensori Zravas magniti (xviebi damalulia Spindelis qveviT)

nax. 3.2. standartuli 3,5-diuimiani diskuri mowyobiloba

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki (mxare 1) Tavakebis urika

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki (mxare 0)

nax. 3.3. diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakebis bloki

mmarTveli eleqtronika eleqtronuli sqema moTavsebulia diskuri mowyobilobis qveda mxares. igi marTavs muSa Zravas, Tavakebis amZravs, Tavakebs, diskis gadamwodebs da agreTve Semdeg funqciebs asrulebs: gadascems signalebs diskur mowyobilobasa da diskuri mowyobilobis kontrolers Soris; gardaqmnis TavakebiT wakiTxul, an Caweril monacemebs.

nax. 3.4. diskis bilikebad da seqtorebad dayofa

3.2. diskis logikuri struqtura informaciis Cawerisa da wakiTxvisTvis aucilebelia diskis garkveul monakveTebad dayofa, anu diskis logikuri struqturis Seqmna. amisTvis diski unda daformatdes. diskis daformateba programulad, operaciuli sistemis saSualebiT sruldeba. drekadi diskisTvis rogorc dabali, aseve maRali donis daformateba erTdroulad sruldeba. daformatebis Sedegad diskze iqmneba bilikebi, seqtorebi (nax. 3.4) da iwereba operaciuli sistemisaTvis aucilebeli informacia _ fesvuri katalogi da failebis ganlagebis cxrili. daformatebis Sedegad diski or nawilad iyofa (nax. 3.5): •

sistemur velad;

•

monacemebis velad.

sistemuri veli

monacemebis veli

failebis ganlagebis cxrili CamtvirTavi Canaweri

fesvuri katalogi

nax. 3.5. diskis struqtura

monacemTa velis daniSnulebaa failebis Senaxva. sistemur velSi iwereba: •

diskis CamtvirTavi Canaweri _ Boot Record;

•

failebis ganlagebis cxrili _ FAT (File Allocation Table);

•

fesvuri katalogi. operaciuli sistema TiTqmis mTlianad arezervebs diskis gare biliks (biliki 0) Tavisi saWiroebisTvis. 0-vani bilikis 1-eli seqtori CamtvirTavi seqtoria (Boot Sector) da masSi CamtvirTavi Canaweri (Boot Record) iwereba. CamtvirTavi Canaweri mokle programaa (ramdenime aseuli baiti), romelic kompiuteris operatiul mexsierebaSi CamtvirTavi (sistemuri) diskidan operaciuli sistemis CatvirTvas uzrunvelyofs. sistemuri velis Semdeg nawils ikavebs FAT. igi diskze orjer iwereba (meore egzemplari pirvelis kopioa). FAT-is saSualebiT operaciuli sistema gansazRvravs, Tu ra failebia diskze Cawerili da romel seqtorebSi arian isini ganTavsebulni. FAT diskze Cawerili failebis nebismier cvlilebas asaxavs. operaciuli sistema disks hyofs klasterebad. klasteri aris diskis umciresi nawili, romelic operaciulma sistemam failis CawerisTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenos. klasteris zoma diskis tipzea damokidebuli da SeiZleba erTi, an ramdenime seqtorisgan Sedgebodes. rac ufro metia FAT-is elementis Tanrigianoba, miT ufro met klasterTan SeuZlia operaciul sistemas muSaoba. drekadi diskebisTvis FATis elementebis sigrZe 12 bitia. FAT-is saSualebiT operaciuli sistema gansazRvravs diskuri sivrcis ganawilebas, amitom FAT diskis yvelaze ufro kritikul ubans warmoadgens

da maqsimalur dacvas moiTxovs. amitom diskze FATis ori kopio iwereba. maT Soris muSaobisas mxolod pirveli kopio gamoiyeneba. meore kopios mxolod dazianebuli diskebis da informaciis aRmdgeni programebi mimarTaven. sistemuri velis bolo nawils fesvuri katalogi ikavebs. diskze saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba qvekatalogebis Seqmnac. yoveli failisTvis arsebobs katalogis elementi, romelic failis saxels, gafarToebas, bolo redaqtirebis TariRsa da dros Seicavs. amas garda, katalogis elementSi failis sawyisi klasteris nomeri da atributebi iwereba, romlebic failis maxasiaTeblebis registraciisTvis gamoiyeneba. fesvuri katalogis TiToeuli elementis sigrZe 32 baitia, amitom erT 512-baitian seqtorSi 16 elementi Tavsdeba. diskis TiToeuli tipisTvis fesvuri katalogis moculoba fiqsirebulia. magaliTad, 3,5’’ formatis da 1,44 mbaiti moculobis diskze fesvuri katalogisTvis gamoyofilia 14 seqtori, romelSic SeiZleba 224 (16X14=224) failis Sesaxeb informaciis Cawera.

3.3. diskuri mowyobilobebis standartebi IBM standartis personalur kompiuterebs 5,25diuimiani da 3,5-diuimiani drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis mxardaWera gaaCnia. zogierTi parametri yvela diskur mowyobilobaSi erTnairia (seqtoris 64

zoma, mxareebis da FAT-ebis raodenoba), xolo zogierTi _ gansxvavebuli. 5,25-diuimiani drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi moralurad moZvelebulia. Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi praqtikulad mxolod 3,5-diuimiani drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi gamoiyeneba. 3,5-diuimiani disketebi nax. 3.6-ze warmodgenilia 3,5-diuimiani diskis konstruqcia. disks gaaCnia Camketi, romelic diskis muSa zedapiris mtvrisgan dacvas uzrunvelyofs da avtomaturad mxolod maSin iReba, rodesac diski Cadebulia diskur mowyobilobaSi. Riobi Cawera/wakiTxvisaTvis

Camketi Rrmuli diskis CavlebisaTvis

fanjara diskis Cawerisgan dacvisaTvis

Riobi 1,44 mbaitiani diskebisTvis

nax. 3.6. 3,5-diuimiani disketi

disketis erTi kuTxe CaWrilia, rac icavs mas diskur mowyobilobaSi araswori Cadebisgan. diski

mxolod maSin trialebs, rodesac is sworedaa Cadebuli diskur mowyobilobaSi. disks gaaCnia Riobi plastmasis CamketiT. Tu Riobi dafarulia CamketiT, diskidan SesaZlebelia monacemebis rogorc wakiTxva, aseve Cawera da daformateba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi diskidan mxolod monacemebis wakiTxvaa SesaZlebeli. Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi umetesad gamoiyeneba 3,5-diuimiani diskuri mowyobiloba 1,44 mbaitiani diskebiT _ standarti HD (High Dencity). 720 kbaitiani diskuri mowyobilobebi _ standarti DD (Double dencity _ ormagi simWidrove) moralurad moZvelebulia da aRar gamoiyeneba. HD standartis diskebSi monacemebis Caweris simWidrove (18 seqtori bilikze) orjer metia DD standartis diskebTan SedarebiT (9 seqtori bilikze), rac HD diskis moculobis 1,44 mbaitamde gazrdis saSualebas iZleva. damuSavebulia agreTve 3,5-diuimiani diskuri mowyobilobebi, romlebic samuSaod 2,88 mbaitian drekad diskebs iyeneben (standarti ED). ED standartis diski Caweris zemaRali simWidroviT gamoirCeva (36 seqtori bilikze). diskis magnituri fenis safuZveli bariumis feritia. ED standartis diskebSi, sxva standartis diskebisgan gansxvavebiT, Caweris vertikaluri meTodi gamoiyeneba. am dros magnituri domenebi orientirebulia vertikalurad, ufro kompaqturad da ara horizontalurad, rogorc sxva standartis drekad diskebSi.

ED standartma farTo gavrceleba ver hpova maRali Rirebulebis da jer-jerobiT naklebad gavrcelebuli vertikaluri Caweris meTodis gamoyenebis gamo. cxrili 3.1 warmodgenilia 3,5-diuimiani drekadi diskebis parametrebi. cxrili 3.1 drekadi diskebis daformatebis parametrebi diskis moculoba, kbaiti mxareebis (Tavakebis) raodenoba bilikebis raodenoba TiToeul mxareze seqtorebis raodenoba bilikze seqtoris moculoba, baiti seqtorebis raodenoba klasterSi FAT-is sigrZe seqtorebSi FAT-ebis raodenoba fesvuri katalogis sigrZe seqtorebSi fesvur katalogSi elementebis maqsimaluri raodenoba seqtorebis saerTo raodenoba diskze programulad miRwevadi seqtorebis raodenoba

2880 2 80

1440 2 80

720 2 80

36 512 2 9

18 512 1 9

9 512 2 3

15 240

14 224

7 112

5760 5726

2880 2847

1440 1426

koercitiuli Zala da magnituri fenis sisqe koercitiuli Zala aRniSnavs magnituri fenis daZabulobas, romelic aucilebelia diskze monacemebis sworad CawerisTvis. koercitiuli Zala, iseve rogorc magnituri fenis daZabuloba, estredebSi (e) izomeba. maRali koercitiuli Zalis mqone diskze 67

CawerisTvis saWiroa SedarebiT Zlieri magnituri veli, xolo mcire koercitiuli Zalis mqone diskebze Cawera ufro susti magnituri veliT xdeba. amrigad, rac ufro dabalia koercitiuli Zala, miT ufro mgrZnobiarea diski. diskis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia magnituri fenis sisqe. rac ufro viwroa magnituri fena, miT ufro nakleb zegavlenas axdens diskis erTi monakveTi meoreze. amitom viwro magnituri fenis mqone diskebs axasiaTebT diuimze meti informaciis Caweris SesaZlebloba xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe. cxrilSi 3.2 warmodgenilia sxvadasxva standartis 3,5-diuimiani diskebis magnituri safaris parametrebi. cxrili 3.2 diskebis magnituri safaris parametrebi zemaRali ormagi maRali simWidrove simWidrove simWidrove (DD) (HD) (ED) bilikebis simWidrove 135 135 135 (TPI) wrfivi simWidrove 8717 17434 34868 (BPI) magnituri fenis Co Co Ba safuZveli koercitiuli Zala, e 600 720 750 sisqe, mikrodiuimi 70 40 100 Caweris polaroba horizonhorizonvertikataluri taluri luri magnituri safaris parametri

3.4. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis CarTva drekad diskur mowyobilobebs ori standartuli gasarTi gaaCnia: â&#x20AC;˘

gasarTi diskur mowyobilobasa da FDD kontrolers Soris mmarTveli signalebis da monacemebis gacvlisTvis;

â&#x20AC;˘

gasarTi diskuri mowyobilobis kvebisTvis.

FDD kontroleri IBM XT personalur kompiuterebSi vinCesterisa da drekadi diskuri mowyobilobisTvis cal-calke kontrolerebi gamoiyeneboda. IBM AT-286 modelidan dawyebuli kombinirebuli kontroleri _ CombController gamoiyenes, romelic rogorc vinCesters, aseve drekad diskur mowyobilobebsac marTavda. Tanamedrove sistemur platebSi FDD kontroleri CaSenebulia sistemuri platis chipset-Si. sistemur plataze damontaJebulia specialuri gasarTi kabelis SesaerTeblad (nax. 3.7). diskuri mowyobilobebi kontrolers brtyeli, 34-gamtariani kabelis saSualebiT uerTdeba (nax. 3.8). kabelSi 6 gamtari gadabrunebulia. am gamtarebiT damgroveblis arCevis da amZravis CarTvis signalebi gadaicema. kabelis mavTulebis gadabruneba aucilebelia ori drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis dayenebis SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis sxvadasxva saxelebis misaniWeblad (A: da B:). FDD1 gasarTTan SeerTebul drekad diskur

mowyobilobas eniWeba saxeli A:, xolo FDD2 gasarTTan SeerTebul drekad diskur mowyobilobas _ saxeli B:.

HDD kontroleris gasarTebi FDD kontroleris gasarTi nax. 3.7. sistemur plataze arsebuli FDD da HDD gasarTebi

feradi markirebuli mavTuli Pin=1

FDD 1gasarTi FDD 2 gasarTi

FDD kontroleris gasarTi

nax. 3.8. 34-gamtariani kabeli diskuri mowyobilobis SesaerTeblad

pirveli FDD kontrolerebi ganTavsebulni iyvnen calke plataze da oTxi drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis SeerTebis saSualebas iZleodnen. monacemTa gadacemis siCqare 30-35 kbaiti/wm-s aRwevda. Tanamedrove FDD kontrolerebi mxolod ori drekadi diskur mowyobilobis CarTvis SesaZleblobas iZleva, Tumca monacemebis gadacemis siCqare gazrdilia 62 kbaiti/wm-mde standartuli 1,44 mbaitiani diskuri mowyobilobebisTvis da 125 kbaiti/wm-mde _ damagroveblebisTvis, romelTac 2,88 mbaiti moculobis ED diskebis mxardaWera gaaCniaT. Tu sistemur platas FDD kontroleri ar gaaCnia, SesaZlebelia specialuri plata-adapteris gamoyeneba (nax. 3.9).

cxrili 3.3 standartuli diskuri mowyobilobis gasarTis kontaqtebi kontaqti 2

kategoria

signali

Sesasvleli

High/normal density Unused

Sesasvleli

Unused

gamosasvleli

Index

Sesasvleli

Motor Enable 0 A diskuri mowyobilobis Zravas CarTva

Sesasvleli

Drive Select 1 B diskuri mowyobilobis aqtivizacia

Sesasvleli

Drive Select 0 A diskuri mowyobilobis aqtivizacia

Sesasvleli

18 20 22 24 nax. 3.9. FDD adapteri 26

cxrilSi 3.3 warmodgenilia standartuli diskuri mowyobilobis gasarTis kontaqtebis daniSnuleba. 71

daniSnuleba Caweris maRali/normatiuli simWidrove damamzadeblis specifikacia damamzadeblis specifikacia ineqsuri Riobis identifikacia

Motor Enable 1 B diskuri mowyobilobis Zravas CarTva Sesasvleli Tavakis gadaadgilebis Direction mimarTuleba Select Sesasvleli impulsi Tavakis Step gadaadgilebisTvis Sesasvleli monacemTa Cawera Write Data Sesasvleli signali monacemTa Wtite Gate zemodan gadawerisaTvis gamosasvleli Tavakis nulovan Track 00 bilikze gadayvana gamosasvleli Write Protect diskis dacva cvlilebebisgan

5,25-diuimian diskur mowyobilobebSi gamoiyeneba didi zomis gasarTi, xolo 3,5-diuimian diskur mowyobilobebSi _ iSviaTad didi, xolo umetesad mcire zomis gasarTi. erT-erTi problema, romelic warmoiqmneba Zvel kompiuterebSi 3,5 diuimian diskuri mowyobi-

lobis dayenebis dros, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kvebis bloks SeiZleba gaaCndes didi zomis, xolo drekad diskur mowyobilobas _ mcire zomis gasarTi. am SemTxvevaSi gasarTis meqanikuri gadakeTeba saSiSia, radgan didi da mcire zomis gasarTebis kontaqtebis signalebi gansxvavebulia. am SemTxvevaSi umjobesia specialuri adapteris gamoyeneba, romlis saSualebiTac kvebis blokis didi zomis gasarTi diskuri mowyobilobis mcire zomis gasarTs ukavSirdeba. 2002 wlidan bevrma kompaniam daiwyo personaluri kompiuterebis gamoSveba drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis gareSe. am mimarTulebis ganviTareba portatiuli kompiuterebidan daiwyo, romlebSic kompiuteris korpusSi dayenebuli drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis nacvlad maTi USB versiebi iqna SemoTavazebuli. Legacy-Free arqiteqtura FDD kontrolers saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs. amitom, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, gare drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi gamoiyeneba, romlebic kompiuters USB, Fire-Wire, an paraleluri portis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. personaluri kompiuteris standartuli konfiguraciidan drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis gamoricxvis tendencia ganpirobebulia Flash-damgroveblebis da Mt. Ranier teqnologiis gavrcelebiT, romlis mixedviTac drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis nacvlad CD-RW diskuri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli.

konkategoria taqti 30 gamosasvleli 32 Sesasvleli 34

gamosasvleli

signali

daniSnuleba

Read Data Side Select

monacemTa wakiTxva mimarTva diskis pirvel, an meore mxareze diskuri mowyobilobis mzadyofna

Drive Status

diskuri mowyobilobis kveba diskuri moyobilobebis kvebisaTvis AMP kompaniis mier damuSavebuli, didi da mcire zomis oTxkontaqtiani Mate-N-Lock gasarTebi gamoiyeneba (nax. 3.10).

1 2 3 4

_ _ _ _

4 3 2 1

(+12 v) yviTeli (miwa) Savi (miwa) Savi (+5 v) wiTeli

_ _ _ _

(+12 v) yviTeli (miwa) Savi (miwa) Savi (+5 v) wiTeli

nax. 3.10. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis kvebis gasarTebi

Tavi 4 vinCesteri

4.1. vinCesteris muSaobis principi da maxasiaTeblebi vinCesteri personaluri kompiuteris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. iseve rogorc drekad diskze, vinCesterSic informacia diskis magnitur fenaze iwereba. vinCesteris mbrunav diskebze monacemebi Caiwereba da waikiTxeba universaluri Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebis saSualebiT. TiToeuli diski dayofilia bilikebad da seqtorebad (nax. 4.1). TiToeuli seqtoris sainformacio moculoba 512 baitia.

vinCesteri Sedgeba ramdenime _ Cveulebriv ori, an sami diskisgan. Tumca arsebobs 11 da meti diskisgan Semdgari mowyobilobebic. informacia diskebis orive mxareze iwereba. erTtipiuri (erTmaneTis qveviT ganlagebuli) bilikebi cilindrebad erTiandebian (nax. 4.2). gare cilindri (0) Sua cilindri Siga cilindri diskebi

seqtori

gare biliki (0)

nax. 4.2. vinCesteris cilindrebi

TiToeuli diskuri zedapirisTvis Sesabamisi Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakia gaTvaliswinebuli. yvela Tavaki erT saerTo dgarzea damontaJebuli da erTdroulad (sinqronulad) gadaadgildeba. amitom, vinCesteris logikuri struqturis aRwerisas Cveulebriv cilindrebi (da ara bilikebi) ganisazRvreba.

Sua biliki

Siga biliki

nax. 4.1. vinCesteris diskis bilikebi da seqtorebi

vinCesteri umetesad xistad yendeba personaluri kompiuteris korpusSi, Tumca moxsnadi damgroveblebic gamoiyeneba. vinCesteris ZiriTadi parametrebia: •

tevadoba;

•

swrafqmedeba;

•

umtyuno muSaobis dro.

tevadoba ZiriTad kriteriums vinCesteris arCevis dros warmoadgens misi tevadoba, anu monacemTa maqsimaluri moculoba, romelic SeiZleba Caiweros vinCesterze. vinCesteris tevadoba Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba: V (baiti) = C ⋅ H ⋅ S ⋅ 512 (baiti), sadac C _ cilindrebis raodenobaa; H _ Tavakebis raodenoba; S _ seqtorebis raodenoba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom vinCesterze Cawerili monacemebis maqsimaluri moculoba yovelTvis naklebia vinCesteris tevadobaze, radgan diskuri mexsierebis nawili vinCesterze monacemebis ganTavsebis marTvisTvis gamoiyeneba. zonur-seqciuri Caweris meTodi praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove IDE da SCSI vinCesterSi zonur-seqciuri Caweris wesi (Zone bit recording) gamoiyeneba, romlis mixedviTac sxvadasxva

bilikebi seqtorebis gansxvavebul raodenobas Seicaven. bilikebi, romlebic dacilebulia centridan, SedarebiT grZelia diskis centrTan arsebul bilikebTan SedarebiT, amitom SesaZlebelia maTi met seqtorad dayofa. gare cilindrebis Siga cilindrebTan SedarebiT meti raodenobis seqtorebad dayofa diskis moculobis gazrdis efeqturi meTodia (nax. 4.3). gare zona Siga zona seqtori

nax. 4.3. zonur-seqciuri Caweris meTodi

zonuri Caweris dros cilindrebi jgufebad iyofa, romlebsac zonebi ewodeba. bilikebi, romlebic erT zonas miekuTvneba, erTi da igive raodenobis seqtorebad iyofa. rac ufro axlosaa zona diskis gare kidesTan, masSi Semavali bilikebi, Siga zonebSi moTavsebul bilikebTan SedarebiT, seqtorebis met raodenobad iyofa. Tanamedrove vinCesterebi 10 da met zonad iyofa. moZebnis saSualo dro moZebnis saSualo dro (Average Seek Time) warmoadgens droiT intervals, romlis ganmavlobaSic 78

vinCesteris Tavakebi erTi cilindridan meoreze gadaadgildeba. am parametris gamoTvlisTvis SemTxveviT arCeul bilikebze gadasvlis operaciebis seria unda Sesruldes da moZebnebis jamuri dro operaciebis raodenobaze gaiyos. vinCesteris sapasporto monacemebSi moZebnis saSualo drod umetesad mieTiTeba Tavakebis gadaadgilebis dro diskebis Casaweri zonis siganis mesamedze.

seqtorebs Seicavs Siga zonebTan SedarebiT, monacemTa gadacemis siCqarec maTTvis ufro maRalia. cxrilSi 4.1 warmodgenilia saSualo klasis 120 gbaitiani Maxtor-DiamondMax vinCesteris monacemTa gadacemis siCqareebi. cxrili 4.1 Maxtor-DiamondMax vinCesteris maxasiaTeblebi matareblis seqtorebis brunvis monacemebis zona raodenoba siCqare gadacemis bilikze (br/wT) siCqare gare zona 896 5400 41,29 Siga zona 448 5400 20,64 Sua zona 672 5400 30,97

monacemTa gadacemis siCqare moZebnis saSualo dro damokidebulia mxolod Tavakebis pozicionirebis siswrafeze, xolo monacemTa wakiTxvis siCqare damokidebulia vinCesteris iseT maxasiaTeblebze, rogorebicaa baitebis raodenoba seqtorSi, seqtorebis raodenoba bilikze da diskis brunvis sixSire. CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze gamoiTvleba monacemTa gadacemis maqsimaluri siCqare _ (Maximum Data Transfer Rate, MDTR): MDTR= SPT â&#x2039;&#x2026; 512 â&#x2039;&#x2026; PRM / 60 (baiti/wm), sadac SPT _ seqtorebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa bilikze; PRM _ diskis brunvis siCqarea (br/wT). unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vinCesteris dokumentaciaSi miTiTebul MDTR-ze ufro mniSvnelovani parametria monacemebis gadacemis saSualo siCqare. vinCesteri, rogorc wesi, dayofilia 10, an met zonad, romlebic seqtorebis gansxvavebul raodenobas Seicavs. ramdenadac vinCesteris gare zonebi met

amrigad, monacemebis gadacemis realuri siCqare meryeobs 41,29-dan 20,64 mbait/wm-mde, xolo saSualo siCqarea _ 30,91 mbaiti/wm. saSualo klasis vinCesterebisTvis interfeisis sixSire (ATA 66/100/ 133, SATA) monacemTa gadacemis siCqareze gavlenas praqtikulad ar axdens. Tumca suraTi icvleba maRali klasis vinCesterebisTvis, romlebsac didi moculoba da diskebis brunvis maRali (10000-15000 br/wT) siCqare gaaCnia.

umtyuno muSaobis dro vinCesteris dokumentaciaSi mieTiTeba iseTi parametri, rogoricaa mtyunebebs Soris saSualo statistikuri dro (Mean Time Between Failures,). igi

axasiaTebs mowyobilobis saimedobas, romelic SeiZleba 20000-500000 saaTs da mets Seadgendes. MTBF mosalodneli parametria (garkveuli albaTobiT). mowyobilobis saimedobis Sesaxeb zusti monacemebis misaRebad erTnairi vinCesterebis jgufi unda Semowmdes MTBF-ze daaxloebiT orjer meti drois ganmavlobaSi, rac ararealuria. amitom sapasporto MTBF monacemi vinCesteris realur saimedobas yovelTvis ar Seesabameba. rogorc gamocdileba aCvenebs, Tu vinCesteri umtyunod muSaobs pirveli sagarantio Tvis ganmavlobaSi, is moralur daZvelebamde imuSavebs. vinCesteris Cash-mexsiereba Cash-mexsierebis qveS ara centraluri operatiuli mexsierebis buferi, aramed vinCesteris kontrolerSi arsebuli mexsierebis ujredebi igulisxmeba. Cash-mexsierebis arseboba mniSvnelovnad zrdis monacemebis gadacemis siCqares, radgan vinCesteridan winaswar wakiTxul im monacemebs inaxavs, romlebic procesors didi albaTobiT SeiZleba daWirdes. Cash-mexsiereba yvela Tanamedrove vinCesters gaaCnia. misi moculoba, rogorc wesi, 2-32 mbaits Seadgens.

dascems. diski brunvas agrZelebs da Tavaks Semdegi seqtoris wakiTxvas sTavazobs, xolo kontroleri am dros monacemebis procesorTan gacvliTaa dakavebuli. Semdegi seqtoris wakiTxvisTvis Tavakma diskis mTlian Semobrunebas unda daucados. amitom Zveli modelis vinCesterebis diskebis organizacia xdeboda seqtorebis ara TanmimdevrobiTi ganlagebiT, aramed Interleave-faqtoris mixedviT (nax. 4.4). am SemTxvevaSi Tavakebis pozicionirebisas kontrolers sakmarisi dro gaaCnia monacemebis gadacemisTvis diskis mTliani Semobrunebis gareSe.

nax. 4.4. seqtorebis ganawileba 1:1 da 3:1 Interleavefaqtorebis mixedviT

Interleave diskis brunvisas Tavaki 512-baitian seqtors mTlianad kiTxulobs da monacemebs kontrolers ga-

Tanamedrove kontrolerebi sxva principiT muSaobs, amitom vinCesteris Interleave-faqtori mniSvnelovan rols aRar TamaSobs. vinCesteris seqtorebis uwyveti wakiTxvis organizaciisTvis monacemebi erTdroulad ramdenime seqtoridan ikiTxeba (maT saWiroebaze `winaswarmetyvelebiT~) da buferSi

inaxeba. saWiro monacemebi muSavdeba kontroleris mier, xolo zedmeti monacemebi _ iSleba. vinCesteris seqtorebis uwyveti wakiTxvis meTodis realizacia mas Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, rac vinCesteris kontrolerma plata-adapteridan vinCesteris korpusSi gadainacvla. `CaSenebuli~ kontroleri vinCesteris meqanikisa da eleqtronikis optimaluri muSaobis SesaZleblobas iZleva. vinCesteris Interleave-faqtoris Secvla SesaZlebelia mxolod specialuri programuli saSualebebiT. am dros monacemebi mTlianad nadgurdeba, radgan vinCesteris logikuri struqtura icvleba.

Tu parametrebis Semowmebisas dadginda, rom vinCesteris dazianebis albaToba gaizarda, S.M.A.R.T. sistema kompiuteris BIOS-isTvis gamoimuSavebs Setyobinebas Seqmnili uwesrigobis Sesaxeb. Seagate Technology kompaniis monacemebis mixedviT vinCesteris Secdomebis 60% meqanikuria. swored meqanikuri parametrebi mowmdeba S.M.A.R.T. sistemis mier. IDE/ATA da SCSI damagroveblebisaTvis S.M.A.R.T. sistema 1995 wels iqna realizebuli. standartis damuSavebaSi monawileobdnen kompaniebi: Seagate Technology, Fujitsu, Hewlett-Packard, Maxtor, Quantum, Western Digital. vinCesterebis umetesobaSi Semdegi parametrebi registrirdeba:

S.M.A.R.T teqnologia vinCesteris komponentebis daZvelebis, cveTis, saeqspluatacio reJimebis darRvevis Sedegad diskebze Cawerili informacia SeiZleba daikargos. aseTi SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad vinCesterebis umsxvilesma damamzadeblebma SeimuSaves vinCesteris mdgomareobis Sefasebis da avtomaturi profilaqtikis S.M.A.R.T. teqnologia. S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analisys and Reporting Technology _ TviTtestirebis, analizis da Sedegebis moxsenebis teqnologia) samrewvelo standartia, romelic aRwers vinCesteris Secdomebis warmoqmnis winaswarmetyvelebis meTodebs. S.M.A.R.T. sistemis aqtivizaciisas gansazRvruli parametrebi mowmdeba, rac vinCesteris dazianebis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas iZleva.

•

Tavakis dacileba vinCesteris diskis zedapiridan;

•

vinCestersa da vinCesteris Cash-mexsierebas Soris monacemTa gadacemis siCqare;

•

dazianebuli (bad) seqtorebis raodenoba;

•

vinCesteris brunvebis raodenoba muSaobis ganmavlobaSi;

•

vinCesteris Tavakebis gadaadgilebis raodenoba;

•

diskebis nominaluri siCqariT datrialebis dro;

•

Seferxebebis sixSire monacemebis moZebnis dros;

•

vinCesteris ganmeorebiTi dakalibrebebis raodenoba. yovel parametrs zRvruli mniSvneloba gaaCnia, romlis mixedviTac Secdoma ganisazRvreba. zRvrul mniSvnelobebs vinCesteris damamzadebeli gansazRvravs da misi Secvla SeuZlebelia. 84

4.2. vinCesteris konstruqcia

S.M.A.R.T. sistemis funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia: •

S.M.A.R.T.-Tavsebadi vinCesteri;

•

BIOS, romelsac S.M.A.R.T.-mxardaWera gaaCnia, an vinCesteris specialuri draiveri gamoyenebuli operaciuli sistemisTvis. vinCesteri S.M.A.R.T. Setyobinebas IDE, an SCSI (gamomdinare vinCesteris tipidan) Sesabamisi brZanebiT ugzavnis sistemur BIOS-Si Caweril vinCesteris draivers, xolo es ukanaskneli _ operaciul sistemas. am dros ekranze daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsis Canaweri gamoCndeba: Immediately back up your data and raplace your hard disk drive. A failure may be immitent. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vinCesteri, romlis Semowmebisas gamoCnda Setyobineba S.M.A.R.T.mtyunebis Sesaxeb, nebismier dros SeiZleba gamovides mwyobridan, amitom saswrafod unda SevasruloT monacemebis sarezervo kopireba. Tu BIOS mxars ar uWers S.M.A.R.T.-teqnologias, vinCesteris diagnostikisTvis SesaZlebelia specialuri programuli utilitebis, magaliTad kompania Symantec-is Norton Utilities diagnostikuri programis gamoyeneba.

damuSavebulia vinCesteris bevri sxvadasxva tipi, Tumca yvela maTgani erTi da igive ZiriTadi kvanZebisgan Sedgeba. kvanZebis konstruqcia da gamoyenebuli masalebi SeiZleba gansxvavebulic iyos, Tumca maTi ZiriTadi muSa maxasiaTeblebi da funqcionirebis principebi identuria. tipiuri vinCesteris (nax. 4.5) ZiriTadi konstruqciuli elementebia: korpusis zeda nawili

berketi Tavakis gadaadgilebisTvis Tavakebis diskebi amZravi navreti filtrisTvis (haeris filtri qveviTaa moTavsebuli)

samagri naxvretebi

Sasi

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki

plata mmarTveli sqemiT gasarTi Zravis marTvisTvis kvebis gasarTi gasarTi vinCesteris kontrolerTan SeerTebisTvis

interfeisis gasarTi

nax. 4.5. vinCesteris ZiriTadi kvanZebi

•

diskebi;

•

wakiTxva/Caweris Tavakebi;

•

Tavakebis amZravi meqanizmi;

•

diskebis amZravi meqanizmi;

•

nabeWdi plata mmarTveli sqemiT;

•

kabelebi da gasarTebi;

•

konfiguraciuli elementebi (gadamwodebi da gadamrTvelebi). diskebi, diskebis amZravi, Tavakebi, Tavakebis amZravi meqanizmi moTavsebulia HDA (Head Disk Assembly) korpusSi, xolo nabeWdi plata, konfiguraciuli elementebi da samontaJo nawilebi moxsnadia. diskebi vinCesteri ramdenime disks Seicavs, romlebic erTmaneTis qveviT arian damontaJebulni (nax. 4.6). diskebis raodenoba vinCesteris moculobis erTerTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.

nax. 4.6. magnituri diskebis bloki

HDD (Hurd Disk Drive), an xist diskebze damgrovebels uwodeben. warsulSi vinCesteris diskebi mxolod aluminis naerTebisgan mzaddeboda. Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi saWiro gaxda iseTi damgroveblebis damzadeba, romlebSic mcire zoma da didi sainformacio tevadoba iqneboda Sexamebuli. amitom diskebis ZiriTad dasamzadebel masalad minis (ufro zustad, minisa da keramikis safuZvelze Seqmnili kompozituri masalebis) gamoyeneba daiwyes. minis diski aluminis diskTan SedarebiT ufro xisti da mtkicea. igi temperaturis cvlilebebis mimarT naklebi mgrZnobiarobiT gamoirCeva. diskis magnituri fena diski iseTi nivTierebis feniT ifareba, romelic narCen damagnitebas magnituri velis zemoqmedebis mosnis Semdegac inarCunebs. am fenas muSa, an magnituri fena ewodeba. swored muSa fenaze iwereba informacia. muSa fenis yvelaze ufro metad gavrcelebuli tipebia: •

oqsiduri;

•

Txelafskovani;

•

ormagi antiferomagnituri (antiferromagnetically coupled - AFC).

drekadi diskebisgan gansxvavebiT, vinCesteris diskebi aluminis, an arakristaluri minis safuZvelze mzaddeba. maTi gadaRunva SeuZlebelia, amitom vinCesters agreTve xist diskur mowyobilobas _

oqsiduri fena oqsiduri fena warmoadgens polimerul zedapirs rkinis zeJangiT. oqsiduri fena vinCesteris

diskebze Semdegnairad daitaneba: Tavdapirvelad swrafad mbrunavi aluminis diskis zedapirs polimerSi gaxsnili rkinis zeJangis fxvnilis suspenzia eSxefeba. centridanuli Zalebis zemoqmedebiT diskis centridan xsnari napirebisken miedineba da Tanabrad faravs diskis mTel zedapirs. xsnaris polimerizaciis Semdeg diskis zedapiri ixexeba. amis Semdeg diskze daitaneba kidev erTi, sufTa polimeris fena, romelic sakmarisi simtkiciT da xaxunis mcire koeficientiT gamoirCeva. bolos diski prialdeba. oqsiduri feniT dafaruli diski yviTel, an yavisfer Seferilobas iZens. rac ufro didia damgroveblis sainformacio tevadoba, miT ufro Txeli da swori unda iyos muSa fena. ramdenadac oqsiduri fena sakmaod rbilia, is TavakebTan Sejaxebis dros imtvreva. amitom Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi oqsiduri teqnologia aRar gamoiyeneba. Txelafskovani fena Txelafskovani fena oqsidurTan SedarebiT ufro Txeli da mtkicea. igi eleqtrolizis saSualebiT miiReba. disks ramdenjerme aTavseben sxvadasxva xsnarebis Semcvel abazanebSi, ris Sedegadac igi liTonis afskis ramdenime feniT ifareba. muSa fenas 0,025-0,05 mkm sisqis kobaltis Senadnobi warmoadgens. muSa fena naxevargamtaruli teqnologiis safuZvelze miiReba. specialur vakuumur kamerebSi nivTierebebi da naerTebi airul mdgomareobaSi ga89

daiyvaneba, xolo Semdeg fuZeSreze daitaneba, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi diskis zedapiri warmoadgens. diskze Tavdapirvelad nikelis fosforiti, xolo Semdeg kobaltis magnituri Senadnobi daitaneba. magnituri fena 0,025 mkm sisqis naxSirbadis damcveli feniT ifareba, romelic gansakuTrebuli simtkiciT xasiaTdeba. es yvelaze ZviradRirebuli procesia, radgan vakuumTan miaxloebul pirobebSi tardeba. Txelafskovanma teqnologiam SesaZlebeli gaxada disksa da Tavakebs Soris dacilebis Semcireba da Caweris simWidrovis gazrda. Tavdapirvelad Txelafskovani diskebi mxolod didi tevadobis mqone ZviradRirebul vinCesterebSi gamoiyeneboda, xolo amJamad praqtikulad yvela vinCesteris diski am teqnologiiT mzaddeba. ormagi antiferomagnituri fena Tanamedrove damgroveblebSi amJamad ukve sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs supermagnituri SezRudva. magnituri kristalebis zomebis Semdgomi Semcireba iwvevs maT arastabilurobas da magnituri diskebze informaciis Senaxvis dabal saimedobas. am problemis nawilobriv gadawyvetas warmoadgens vinCesteris diskebis damzadebis uaxlesi teqnologiuri miRweva _ ormagi antiferomagnituri fenebis gamoyeneba. igi diskis muSa fenis sisqis mniSvnelovani Semcirebis saSualebas iZleva. diskebze Caweris simWidrove aRwevs 35 gbiti/diuimi2-ze (teqnologiuri zRvaria 50 gbiti/diuimi2).

ormagi antiferomagnituri fenis matarebeli ori magnituri fenisgan Sedgeba, romlebic gayofilia liTonuri ruTeniumis Txeli, 3 atomis (6 angstremi) sisqis feniT. aseTi mravalfeniani konstruqcia qmnis antiferomagnitur SenaerTs, romelic mTeli diskis masStabiT zeda da qveda magnituri fenebisgan Sedgeba. ormagi antiferomagnituri teqnologia fizikurad ufro sqeli magnituri fenis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. Tumca damgrovebeli funqcionirebs rogorc erTfeniani, romelic magnituri fenis bevrad naklebi sisqiT gamoirCeva. Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebi yovel disks wakiTxva/Caweris ori Tavaki Seesabameba. yvela Tavaki erT moZrav karkaszea damontaJebuli da erTdroulad gadaadgildeba. yoveli Tavaki damontaJebulia zambaraze damagrebuli berketis boloSi, romlis saSualebiTac diskisken miizideba. Tumca drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebisgan gansxvavebiT, vinCesteris muSaobis dros diskebsa da Tavakebs Soris uSualo kontaqts adgili ara aqvs. diskebis brunvisas aerodinamikuri wneva Tavakebis qveviT izrdeba, Tavakebi diskebs wydebian da maT Soris sahaero baliSi iqmneba. diskis sruli siCqariT brunvis dros manZili Tavakebsa da diskebs Soris 0,5-1â&#x2039;&#x2026;10-5 mm-s Seadgens. diskebis brunvis maRali siCqaris da sahaero baliSis siviwrovis gamo magnituri matareblebisTvis mtvris umciresi nawilakic ki saSiSroebas war-

moadgens. amitom vinCesteris korpusis gaxsna mxolod safirmo laboratoriebSia nebadarTuli. avtodayeneba kompiuteris gamorTvisas Tavakebi diskis zedapirze eSveba. am dros diski cvdeba, rac diskidan mcire zomis nawilakebis `amogdebaSi~ gamoixateba. Tu am dros vibracias aqvs adgili, vinCesteris diskebis da Tavakebis dazianebis albaToba mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. diskebis dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad Tanamedrove vinCesterebi aRWurvilia kontaqturi avtodayenebis sistemiT (Contact Start Stop _ CSS), romelic kvebis gamorTvis Semdeg Tavakebis daSvebas uzrunvelyofs ara diskis zedapirze, aramed daxril firfitaze, romelic diskebis zeviTaa ganTavsebuli. dasayenebel adgils Landing Zone, an SemoklebiT L-Zone ewodeba. rodesac kveba CarTulia, Tavakebi arCeul cilindrze moZravi koWis magnituri velis zemoqmedebiT pozicionirdebian. kvebis gamorTvis Semdeg Tavakis konkretul cilindrze Semakavebeli magnituri veli qreba da Tavakma wesiT ukontrolod unda isrialos diskis zedapirze, rac aucileblad daazianebs rogorc Tavakebs, aseve diskebs. vinCesteris dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad Tavakebis bloki SeerTebulia damabrunebel zambarasTan. rodesac kveba CarTulia, magnituri velis Zala zambaris drekadobas aRemateba, magram kvebis gamorTvisas magnituri veli qreba da Tavakebi, zam92

baris gavleniT, avtodayenebis zonaSi (Landing Zone) gadaadgildeba. Tavakebis amZravi meqanizmi Tavakebis amZravebis bevri konstruqcia arsebobs, Tumca yoveli maTgani or ZiriTad tips miekuTvneba: â&#x20AC;˘

nax. 4.7-ze warmodgenilia vinCesteri bijuri ZraviT. amZravis berketi nulovani biliki (SemzRudi)

amZravi bijuri ZraviT;

â&#x20AC;˘

amZravi moZravi koWiT. amZravis tipi damagroveblis swrafqmedebas da saimedobas, temperaturul stabilurobas, mdebareobis da vibraciebis mimarT mgrZnobiarobas gansazRvravs.

RerZi

bijuri Zrava

amZravi bijuri ZraviT bijuri Zrava eleqtroZravas warmoadgens, romlis rotori brunavs mxolod safexurobrivad, mkacrad gansazRvruli kuTxiT. bijuri Zrava damgroveblis gareT yendeba, Tumca misi lilvi Sedis vinCesteris korpusis naxvretSi, romelic hermetuli SuasadebiTaa aRWurvili. bijuri Zravis safuZvelze agebuli meqanizmebis ZiriTadi problema temperaturuli arastabilurobaa. gaTboba-gacivebis dros diskebi gafarToeba-SekumSvas ganicdian, ris Sedegadac bilikebi sawyisi mdebareobebis mimarT inacvlebs. ramdenadac Tavakebis amZravi meqanizmi Tavakebis erT bijze (erT bilikze) ufro mcire manZilze wanacvlebis saSualebas ar iZleva, temperaturuli xarvezebis kompensacia SeuZlebelia. 93

nax. 4.7. amZravi bijuri ZraviT

bijuri Zravebi 1980-1990-ian wlebSi, 100 mb-mde tevadobis vinCesterebSi gamoiyeneboda.

amZravi moZravi koWiT amZravi moZravi koWiT praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove vinCesterSi gamoiyeneba. bijuri Zravisgan gansxvavebiT, amZravi moZravi koWiT ukukavSiris signals iyenebs, rac bilikis mimarT Tavakis mdebareobis zusti gansazRvris da saWiroebis mixedviT koreqciis saSualebas iZleva. amZravi moZravi koWiT, bijur ZravasTan SedarebiT, ufro maRal swrafqmedebas, sizustes da saimedobas uzrunvelyofs.

amZravi moZravi koWiT eleqtromagnitizmis principiT muSaobs. amZravis tipiur konstruqciaSi moZravi koWa xistad uerTdeba Tavakebis bloks da mudmivi magnitis velSi Tavsdeba. koWa da magniti ar arian dakavSirebulni. koWa eleqtromagnituri Zalis zemoqmedebiT gadaadgildeba. amZravs moZravi koWiT fiqsirebuli mdebareobebi ar gaaCnia. Tavakebis gadaadgilebas specialuri meqanizmi _ servoamZravi asrulebs, romelic Tavakebis zusti pozicionirebisTvis Tavakebisa da bilikebis urTierTmdebareobis Sesaxeb informaciis matarebel ukusignals iyenebs. aseT sistemas zogjer sistemas ukukavSiriT, an avtomaturi regulirebiT uwodeben. temperaturis cvlileba amZravis sizusteze ar moqmedebs. diskebis bilikebis poziciebis cvlilebebi SekumSvis da gafarToebis dros servoamZravis mier fiqsirdeba da Tavakebis poziciebi (romlebic winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli) koreqtirdeba. moZravi koWiT amZravis ori meqanizmi gamoiyeneba: â&#x20AC;˘

wrfivi;

â&#x20AC;˘

brunvadi.

turi cdomileba ar gaaCnia (azimuti kuTxea Tavakis Riobsa da bilikis mimarTulebas Soris). erTi cilindridan meoreze gadaadgilebis dros Tavakebi ar brundeba da azimuti ar icvleba.

servoamZravi

Tavakebis gadaadgilebis mimarTuleba

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebi magnitebi moZravi koWebi

nax. 4.8. wrfivi amZravi moZravi koWiT

wrfivi amZravi wrfivi amZravi (nax. 4.8) Tavakebs wrfivad, diskis radiusis gaswvriv gadaaadgilebs. koWebi mudmiv magnitebs Soris Tavsdeba. wrfivi amZravis dadebiTi Tviseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas brunviTi amZravebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli azimu-

Tumca wrfiv amZravebs erTi mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi Tviseba gaaCnia: maTi konstruqcia metismetad masiuria, rodesac damgroveblis warmadobis gazrdisTvis amZravi meqanizmis da Tavakebis masis Semcirebaa saWiro. rac ufro msubuqia meqanizmi, miT ufro meti aCqarebiTaa SesaZlebeli misi erTi cilindridan meoreze gadatana. wrfivi amZravebi bev-

rad mZimea brunvad meqanizmebTan SedarebiT, amitom Tanamedrove damgroveblebSi aRar gamoiyeneba. brunvadi amZravi brunvadi amZravis (nax. 4.9) koWaze Tavakebis berketebis boloebi magrdeba. moZraobis procesSi Tavakebis gadamaadgilebeli berketebi mobrundeba da Tavakebs diskis RerZisken, an kidisken gadaaadgilebs. aseTi konstruqcia SedarebiT msubuqia, meqanizmis swrafi aCqareba problemas ar warmoadgens, rac monacemebamde miRwevis dros amcirebs. brunvis RerZi moZravi koWa

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebi

nax. 4.9. Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebi da brunvadi amZravi moZravi koWiT

brunvadi amZravis uaryofiTi Tvisebaa Tavakebis mobruneba. Tavakis Riobis zedapirsa da bilikis mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe icvleba. amitom diskis muSa zona (romelSic ganTavsebulia bilikebi) Sez97

Rudulia (raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli azimuturi kuTxis dasaSvebi cdomilebis gadaWarbeba). cxrilSi 4.2 warmodgenilia damgroveblis maxasiaTeblebis damokidebuleba amZrav meqanizmze. cxrili 4.2 damgroveblis maxasiaTeblebis damokidebuleba amZrav meqanizmze maxasiaTebeli monacemebamde miRwevis dro temperaturuli stabiluroba mgrZnobiaroba samuSao mdgomareobis arCevis mimarT Tavakebis sawyis mdgomareobaSi avtomaturi dayeneba profilaqtikuri momsaxureba saimedoba

amZravi bijuri ZraviT didi

amZravi moZravi koWiT mcire

dabali

maRali

mudmivi

ar gaaCnia

yovelTvis ar sruldeba

yovelTvis sruldeba

perioduli daformateba dabali

ar sWirdeba maRali

servoamZravi moZravi koWiT amZravis marTvisTvis SesaZlebelia ukukavSiris wredis agebis sami meTodis gamoyeneba: •

damxmare `soliT~;

•

CaSenebuli kodebiT;

•

specializirebuli diskiT. 98

ukukavSiris wredebi mxolod teqnikuri realizaciiT gansxvavdeba da erT mizans _ Tavakebis adgilmdebareobis mudmiv koreqtirebas da Sesabamis cilindrze maT zust pozicionirebas emsaxureba. ukukavSiris wredis muSaobisTvis saWiroa specialuri informacia _ servokodebi, romelic diskze misi damzadebis dros iwereba. servokodebis waSla da koreqtireba SeuZlebelia ara marto Cveulebrivi wakiTxva/Caweris, aramed diskis dabali donis daformatebis drosac ki. damxmare `soli~ damxmare `solis~ meTodis mixedviT mTeli informacia, romelic Tavakis zusti pozicionirebisTvisaa aucilebeli, yoveli cilindris dasawyisSi, bilikis dasawyisis ganmsazRvrel indeqsur Wdemde arsebul winaindeqsur intervalSi, viwro `solis~ saxiT iwereba (nax. 4.10). winaindeqsur intervals vinCesteris kontroleri ar mimarTavs. es monakveTi aucilebelia diskis brunvis araTanabari siCqaris da Caweris sataqto sixSiris arastabilurobis kompensaciisTvis. meTodis uaryofiTi Tviseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom servokodebis wakiTxva diskis mxolod mTliani mobrunebis drosaa SesaZlebeli. es niSnavs, rom Tavakebis poziciebis zusti gansazRvris da maTi pozicionirebisTvis diskma ramdenime bruni unda Sesasrulos.

damxmare soli informacia diskze samomsaxuro kodi bilikze bilikis ganlagebis Tavakis zusti Sesaxeb pozicionirebisaTvis

seqtorebi

nax. 4.10. damxmare `soli~

damxmare `solis~ meTodis uaryofiTi Tviseba Tavidanve naTeli iyo, amitom am meTodma farTo gavrceleba ver hpova. Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi damxmare `solis~ meTodi saerTod aRar gamoiyeneba.

CaSenebuli kodebi `CaSenebuli kodebi~ `solis~ meTodis gaumjobesebuli variantia. servokodebi ara marto TiToeuli cilindris, aramed TiToeuli seqtoris dasawyisSi iwereba (nax. 4.11). ukukavSiris signalebi Tavakebis amZrav meqanizms diskis yoveli brunis dros ramdenjerme miewodeba da Tavakebi saWiro mdgomareobaSi bevrad ufro swrafad pozocionirdeba.

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informacia diskze bilikis ganlagebis Sesaxeb bilikis dasawyisi (indeqsuri Wde) samomsaxuro kodi bilikze Tavakis zusti seqtorebi monacemebiT pozicionirebisaTvis

mocemuli sistemis realizacia gulisxmobs servokodebis mTeli bilikis gaswvriv da ara bilikis, an seqtoris dasawyisSi Caweras. bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi diskze monacemebis Casawerad adgili aRar rCeba. nax. 4.12-ze warmodgenilia vinCesteris sqema specializirebuli diskiT. cilindri servoTavaki bilikebi Tavaki 4 Tavaki 3

nax. 4.11. CaSenebuli servokodebi

`CaSenebuli kodebis~ sistema Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi farTod gamoiyeneba. iseve, rogorc `solis~, aseve `CaSenebuli kodebis~ sistemaSi servokodebi waSlisgan daculia. Caweris nebismieri operacia blokirdeba, rodesac Tavakebi diskis samomsaxuro monakveTebTan aRmoCndeba. amitom servokodebis waSla vinCesteris dabal doneze daformatebis drosac ki SeuZlebelia.

Tavakebis amZravi Tavaki 2 Tavaki 1

Tavaki 0

nax. 4.12. sistema specializirebuli diskiT

sistema specializirebuli diskiT sistema specializirebuli diskiT `solis~ da `CaSenebuli kodebis~ sistemebTan SedarebiT bevrad efeqturia, radgan Tavakebis amZrav meqanizmze servokodebis uwyvet miwodebas uzrunvelyofs.

servokodebi vinCesteris erT-erTi diskis erT mxareze iwereba. am disks specializirebuli ewodeba. specializirebuli diskis gamoyeneba TiTqos mniSvnelovnad unda amcirebdes vinCesteris tevadobas, Tumca imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom servokodebi vin-

101

102

Cesteris sxva diskebze aRar iwereba, sasargeblo diskuri moculoba `CaSenebul kodebTan~ SedarebiT ar mcirdeba. specializirebuli diskis mqone vinCesterebs sainformacio Tavakebis kenti raodenoba axasiaTebT, radgan erTi Tavaki mTlianad servokodebis wakiTxvas emsaxureba. specializirebuli diskis meTodi realizebulia bevr Tanamedrove, didi moculobis vinCesterSi. diskebis amZravi meqanizmi diskebis paketi moZraobaSi Spindeluri (spindle) Zravas saSualebiT moiyvaneba. Spindeluri Zrava uSualo kavSirSia diskebis brunvis RerZTan. masSi Rvedebi da kbilanebi ar gamoiyeneba. Zrava unda iyos uxmauro. nebismieri vibracia diskebs gadaecema, ramac monacemebis wakiTxvis da Caweris dros SeiZleba Secdomebi gamoiwvios. vinCesteris diskebi maSinac brunaven, rodesac maTze mimarTva ar xdeba, amitom vinCesteris dayeneba mxolod horizontalurad, an vertikalurad SeiZleba. Zravis brunvis sixSire mkacrad gansazRvrulia da Tanamedrove vinCesterebisTvis 3600-15000 bruni/wT-s Seadgens. sixSiris stabilizacias avtomaturad asrulebs Zravis mmarTveli sqema ukukavSiriT. Spindeluri Zrava +12v Zabvaze muSaobs da sakmaod did simZlavres moixmars, gansakuTrebiT diskebis sawyisi gaqanebis dros. Tu kompiuterSi ramdenime damgrovebelia dayenebuli, kompiuteris Car103

Tvis Semdeg, ramdenime wamis ganmavlobaSi, did gadatvirTvas aqvs adgili. kvebis blokze maRali datvirTvis Tavidan asacileblad damgroveblebis Zravebi TanmimdevrobiT CairTveba. Spindeluri Zravis dayovnebiT gaSveba IDE da SCSI damgroveblebis kontrolerebSi gaTvaliswinebulia. Spindelur eleqtroZravebSi tradiciulad burTulovani sakisrebi gamoiyeneba. aseTi konstruqciis ZiriTad nakli radialuri dartymebia, romlebic RreCoSi burTulebis ganivi, Cveulebriv 0,1 mikrodiuimiT gadaadgilebis dros warmoiqmneba. radialuri dartymebis Zala sakmaod mcirea, Tumca Tanamedrove damgroveblebSi Caweris simWidrovis gazrda misi ignorirebis saSualebas ar iZleva. problemis gadawyvetas warmoadgens axali, hidrodinamikuri sakisris gamoyeneba, romelSic ZiriTad rols Spindelsa da Zravis miliss Soris ganTavsebuli maRalplastikuri sacxi TamaSobs. sacxis gamoyeneba sakisris radialuri dartymis siganes 0,01 mikrodiuimamde amcirebs, rac vibracias da diskebis gadaxras mniSvnelovnad amcirebs. hidrodinamikuri sakisrebi amJamad maRali klasis vinCesterebSi gamoiyeneba, romlebic brunvis didi siCqariT, monacemTa Caweris maRali simWidroviT da xmauris mimarT mkacri moTxovnebiT gamoirCeva. ramdenime weliwadSi hidrodinamikuri sakisari vinCesterebis umetesobis Cveulebrivi komponenti gaxdeba.

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filtri yvela vinCesters ori sahaero filtri gaaCnia (nax. 4.13): â&#x20AC;˘

recilkuraciis filtri;

â&#x20AC;˘

barometruli filtri. brunvadi amZravi moZravi koWiT

recilkuraciis filtri

haeris nakadebis mimarTuleba

nax. 4.13. haeris cirkulacia vinCesterSi

nabreba. naxvreti aRWurvilia mikrofiltriT, raTa diskebi da Tavakebi gare mtvrisgan daicvas. vinCesteri ar warmoadgens mTlianad hermetul mowyobilobas, amitom atmosferuli wnevis cvlilebasTan erTad, vinCestersa da gare samyaros Soris wnevis gaTanabrebisTvis, haeri gamodis vinCesteridan, an Sedis vinCesterSi savelintacio naxvretidan. es ukanaskneli ki iwvevs vinCesteris Siga `atmosferos~ dabinZurebas, radgan naxvretSi dayenebuli barometruli filtri 0,3 mkm-ze naklebi zomis nawilakebs ver akavebs. amitom damamzadeblebi zRvis donidan simaRlis diapazons miuTiTeben, romelSic SesaZlebelia vinCesteris muSaoba (Cveulebriv -300-dan 3000 m-mde). am SezRudvis Tavidan asacileblad kompania Adstar-ma (IBM-is Svilobili kompania) mTlianad hermetuli vinCesterebi daamuSava (haeri Tavidanve moTavsebulia vinCesteris korpusSi, Tumca gare samyarosgan mTlianad izolirebulia), romelTa gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia zRvis donidan nebismier simaRleze da eqstremalur pirobebSi. aseTi damgroveblebi gankuTvnilia samxedro da samrewvelo miznebisTvis.

recilkuraciis filtris daniSnulebaa diskis meqanikuri nawilebis muSaobis Sedegad miRebuli nawilakebis mocileba. ramdenadac vinCesteris korpusSi haeris garedan miwodeba ar xdeba, vinCesters muSaoba dabinZurebul da mtvrian garemoSic SeuZlia. barometruli filtris daniSnulebaa diskur mowyobilobasa da gare samyaros Soris wnevis gaTa-

gagrileba garemos maRali temperatura diskuri mowyobilobebis muSaobis vadis Semcirebis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtoria. Tbil haers civ haerTan SedarebiT naklebi simWidrove gaaCnia, amitom Tavaksa da disks Soris sahaero baliSis sigane mcirdeba. diskis datrialebisa da SeCerebis dros sahaero baliSi

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106

dagvianebiT iqmneba, ramac SeiZleba diskis zedapiris, an Tavakis dazianeba gamoiwvios. damamzadeblebi vinCesteris umtyuno muSaobis garantias 0-500Cze muSaobisas iZlevian. optimaluri samuSao temperaturaa 200C.

4.3. vinCesterebis standartebi. konfigurireba B vinCesterebi informaciis ganTavsebis wesisa da interfeisis mixedviT klasificirdeba. kompiuterebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebze vinCesteris Semdegi standartebi gamoiyeneboda: • • • • • •

MFM; RLL; ESDI; IDE (ATA); SCSI; SATA. yoveli standartis vinCesteri Sesabamisi kontroleriT imarTeba. MFM, RLL da ESDI standartebi MFM, RLL da ESDI standartis vinCesterebi garegnulad erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba. samive SemTxvevaSi plata-kontroleri gamoiyeneba, romelic ISA interfeisis slotSi yendeba da vinCesters ori kabeliT ukavSirdeba. 34-kontaqtiani kabeliT xdeba mmarTveli signalebis, xolo 20-kontaqtiani kabeliT

107

_ monacemebis gadacema. vinCesteris mmarTveli eleqtronika plata-kontrolerSia ganTavsebuli. MFM, RLL da ESDI standartebi erTmaneTisgan mxolod vinCesterze informaciis Caweris wesiT gansxvavdeba. MFM, RLL da ESDI standartis vinCesterebi moralurad moZvelebulia da Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi aRar gamoiyeneba, Tumca informaciis Caweris MFM meTodi amJamadac gamoiyeneba drekad diskebSi, xolo RLL meTodi _ vinCesterSi. standarti IDE (ATA) IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) dasaxeleba miuTiTebs, rom mmarTveli eleqtronika ara kontrolerSi, aramed Tavad vinCesterSia moTavsebuli. es informaciis gadacemis da miRebis dros mniSvnelovan upiratesobebs ganapirobebs. IDE kontroleri vinCesteris (HDD) kontrolers 40-gamtariani kabeliT ukavSirdeba. IDE vinCesteris dabal doneze daformateba momxmareblis mier ar xdeba, radgan es samuSao damamzadeblis mier ukve Sesrulebulia. momxmarebelma Semdegi operaciebi unda Seasrulos: •

CMOS Setup-Si vinCesteris parametrebis dayeneba;

•

vinCesteris ganyofilebebad dayofa;

•

maRali donis daformateba operaciuli sistemis saSualebiT. IDE standartiT gaTvaliswinebulia ori mimdevrobiT CarTuli vinCesteris muSaobis organizacia. problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom orive IDE damgrovebeli erT interfeiss uerTdeba da imav-

108

droulad TiToeul damgrovebels sakuTari kontroleri gaaCnia. rodesac vinCesteri (da Sesabamisi kontroleri) oria, brZanebebi orive kontrolers erTdroulad miewodeba. konfigurireba iseTnairad unda Sesruldes, rom TiToeuli vinCesteri mxolod misTvis gankuTvnil brZanebebze reagirebdes. amitom calsaxad unda ganisazRvros, romeli damgrovebeli warmoadgens pirvelad, da romeli _ meorad mowyobilobas. pirvelad da meorad damgroveblebs Soris aris mxolod erTi funqcionaluri gansxvaveba: sistemis sawyis mdgomareobaSi dayenebis dros meoradi damgrovebeli pirvelads DASP signals ugzavnis, romliTac Tavisi arsebobis Sesaxeb ityobineba. meoradi mowyobilobis arsebobis signali agreTve meoradi damagroveblis diskis amoZravebis ramdenime wamiT dayovnebas ganapirobebs, rac kvebis blokze datvirTvas mniSvnelovnad amcirebs. ori IDE vinCesteris dayenebis SemTxvevaSi pirveli vinCesteri konfigurirebuli unda iyos rogorc Master, xolo meore vinCesteri _ rogorc Slave. vinCesteris statusi (Master, an Slave) gadamwodis Sesabamis mdgomareobaSi dayenebiT ganisazRvreba. damgroveblebis umetesoba Semdegnairad konfigurirdeba: •

pirveladi (erTi damgrovebeli);

•

pirveladi (ori damgrovebeli);

•

meoradi (ori damgrovebeli);

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•

kabeliT arCeva. cxrilSi 4.3 warmodgenilia ATA (IDE) damgroveblebis gadamwodebis dayenebis wesebi konfigurirebis pirveli sami variantis SemTxvevaSi. cxrili 4.3 vinCesteris konfigurirebis wesi gadamwodis dasaxeleba

erTi damgrovebeli

Master (M/S) Slave Present Cable Select

pirveladi, meoradi, ori ori damgrovebeli damgrovebeli

On Off Off

On On Off

Off On Off

nax. 4.14-ze warmodgenilia sistemaSi momxmareblis mier ori vinCesteris konfigurirebis magaliTi. konfigurireba Master, Slave-is gareSe Master da Slave Slave

nax. 4.14. sistemaSi ori vinCesteris konfigurirebis magaliTi

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kabeliT arCevis reJimis dayenebis SemTxvevaSi orive damgroveblisTvis CS gadamwodi unda dayendes mdgomareobaSi On, xolo danarCeni gadamwodebi _ mdgomareobaSi Off. unda aRiniSnos, rom gadamwodebis konfiguracia zogjer gansxvavebulia ara marto sxvadasxva firma-damamzadeblebisTvis, aramed erTi firmis sxvadasxva modelebisTvis. gaurkvevel SemTxvevaSi vinCesteris dokumentaciiT unda visargebloT. standarti SCSI SCSI vinCesterebi monacemTa gadacemis yvelaze maRali siCqariT gamoirCeva, Tumca maTi ZiriTadi upiratesoba ara maRali siCqare, aramed mTlianad SCSI sistemis didi SesaZleblobebia. SCSI-adapters SeuZlia ara marto vinCesteris, aramed sxva periferiuli mowyobilobebis (CD diskuri mowyobiloba, skaneri, strimeri da a.S.) marTvac, Tu maT SCSI protokolis mxardaWera gaaCniaT. yovel SCSI periferiul mowyobilobas logikuri nomeri (Logical Unit - LU) eniWeba, romlis mixedviTac SCSI-adapteri axdens mis identifikacias da marTvas. SCSI Host-adapters sakuTari BIOS gaaCnia, amitom vinCesteris identifikaciisas kompiuteris BIOSze mimarTva ar xdeba. SCSI vinCesteri kompiuteris BIOS-Si ganisazRvreba rogorc Not Installed.

4.4. vinCesteris logikuri struqtura vinCesteri bilikebad da seqtorebad iyofa (nax. 3.15). yoveli biliki calsaxad ganisazRvreba Tavakis nomriT da rigiTi nomriT diskze (aTvlis mimarTulebaa diskis garedan SigniT). seqtorebis aTvla iwyeba bilikebis dasawyisidan, 1-dan, xolo Tavakebis da cilindrebis aTvla _ 0-dan. bilikze seqtorebis raodenoba SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli (Tanamedrove vinCesterebisTvis 380-700). yoveli seqtori samomsaxuro informacias da monacemebs Seicavs. seqtoris moculoba, rogorc wesi, 571 baitia. seqtoris dasawyisSi iwereba prefiqsi (prefix portion), romlis mixedviTac seqtoris dasawyisi da nomeri ganisazRvreba, xolo seqtoris boloSi _ sufiqsi (suffix portion). sufiqsi Seicavs sakontrolo jams (cheksum), romlis mixedviTac monacemTa Caweris siswore ganisazRvreba. seqtori 1

seqtori 2

cilindri

biliki 0 biliki 1 Tavaki 0 Tavaki 1 Tavaki 2 Tavaki 3 Tavaki 4 Tavaki 5

nax. 4.15. vinCesteris bilikebad da seqtorebad dayofa

111

112

cxrili 4.4 baitebis raodenoba

vinCesteris seqtoris formati

dasaxeleba

aRwera

ID VFO LOCK (geneyvela baiti udris 00h, srulratoris Cavleba deba generatoris sinqronizacia seqtoris identi- seqtoris identifikatoris (ID) fikatoris wakiwakiTxvamde TxvisTvis) SYNC BYTE (sinqronizaciis baiti) ADDRESS MARK (misamarTis Wde)

A1h, kontrolers seqtoris ID monakveTis dawyebis Sesaxeb atyobinebs (moyveba monacemebi) FEh, ityobineba ID velis dawyebis Sesaxeb

113

baitebis raodenoba

TavsarTsa da bolosarTs Soris aris monacemTa veli, romlis moculoba 512 baitia. bilikebze monacemebi ara mudmivi nakadiT, aramed 512-baitiani porciebiT iwereba. cxrilSi 4.4 warmodgenilia standartuli, 571baitiani seqtoris formati. yoveli bilikis dasawyisSi iwereba 16-baitiani POST INDEX GAP (indeqsis Semdgomi intervali), romelic bilikis dasawyisze miuTiTebs, xolo yoveli bilikis boloSi _ 693-baitiani PRE-INDEX GAP (indeqsis wina intervali), romelic bilikis dasasruls miuTiTebs. baitebis mniSvnelobebia 4Eh.

1 1

dasaxeleba

aRwera

baitebis mniSvneloba Tavakebis CYLINDER NUMBER pozicionirebas gansazRvravs (cilindris nomeri) baitis mniSvneloba cilindris HEAD NUMBER nomers Seesabameba (Tavakis nomeri) baitis mniSvneloba seqtoris SECTOR NUMBER (seqtoris nomeri) nomers Seesabameba

CRC

sakontrolo CRC baitebi seqtoris ID monacemebis SemowmebisTvis

WRITE TURN-ON GAP (Caweris CarTvis intervali)

yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. Caiwereba monacemebis ganaxlebis win maTi sxva monakveTebisgan gancalkevebisaTvis

DATA SYNC VFO LOCK (generatoris Cavleba monacemTa wakiTxvisaTvis)

yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. sruldeba generatoris sinqronizacia monacemebis wakiTxvis win

SYNC BYTE (sinqronizaciis baiti)

A1h, atyobinebs kontrolers monacemTa velis dawyebis Sesaxeb

ADDRESS MARK (misamarTis Wde)

512

DATA (monacemebi)

A1h, atyobinebs kontrolers monacemTa velis dawyebis Sesaxeb monacemTa veli

CRC

CRC sakontrolo jami monacemebis SemowmebisTvis

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baitebis raodenoba

dasaxeleba

aRwera

WRITE TURN-OFF GAP (Caweris gamorTvis intervali)

INTER-RECORD GAP yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. dam(Canawerebs Soris zRvevi zona. diskis brunvis sixSiris nominaluri mniSvnelobiintervali) dan gadaxrisas icavs monacemebs waSlisagan

yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. Caiwereba monacemebis ganaxlebis win maTi sxva monakveTebisgan gancalkevebisTvis

diskebis daformateba diskebis daformatebis ori done arsebobs: •

fizikuri, anu dabali donis daformateba;

•

logikuri, anu maRali donis daformateba. drekadi diskebisTvis daformatebis orive done erTdroulad, operaciuli sistemis saSualebiT sruldeba. vinCesterebisTvis fizikuri da logikuri daformateba cal-calke sruldeba da mesame etapic gamoiyeneba, romelic fizikur da logikur daformatebas Soris sruldeba _ diskis ganyofilebebad dayofa. dabali donis daformateba dabali donis daformatebis dros diski seqtorebad iyofa. am dros seqtorebSi prefiqsebi da

115

sufiqsebi Caiwereba. agreTve formirdeba intervalebi seqtorebsa da bilikebs Soris. monacemTa velebi fiqtiuri CanawerebiT, an monacemTa specialuri testuri krebulebiT ivseba. seqtorebis raodenoba bilikze vinCesteris kontrolerze da interfeiszea damokidebuli. dabali donis daformatebas firma-damamzadebeli asrulebs. diskis ganyofilebebad dayofa diskis ganyofilebebad dayofis dros pirvel seqtorSi iwereba specialuri programa, romelic saWiroa operaciuli sistemis CatvirTvisTvis da dayofis cxrili (Partition Table, PT), romelSic iwereba informacia ganyofilebebis Sesaxeb. am seqtors ewodeba mTavari CamtvirTavi seqtori, xolo Canawers _ mTavari CamtvirTavi Canaweri (Master Boot Record, MBR). ganasxvaveben sami tipis ganyofilebas: •

MS-DOS-is pirveladi ganyofileba;

•

MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli ganyofileba;

•

ara-MS-DOS-is ganyofileba. vinCesterze SesaZlebelia erTi MS-DOS-is pirveladi ganyofilebis, erTi MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli ganyofilebis da ramdenime ara-MS-DOS-is ganyofilebis formireba (nax. 4.16). MS-DOS-Si da Windows-Si samuSaod aucilebelia MS-DOS-is pirveladi ganyofilebis arseboba. masSi iqmneba logikuri diski saxeliT C:.

116

MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli ganyofileba

logikuri diski

sistemuri logikuri diski

CamtvirTavi seqtori

MS-DOS-is pirveladi ganyofileba

(logikuri tomis) maqsimaluri moculoba 2 gbaitia, erTi klasteris moculoba sakmaod didia _ 32 kbaiti. amrigad, 1-baitiani failic ki 32 kbait diskur mexsierebas ikavebs, rac vinCesteris moculobis araekonomiur gamoyenebas ganapirobebs. amJamad FAT 16 failuri sistema moralurad moZvelebulia da Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi aRar gamoiyeneba.

ara MS-DOS-is ganyofileba

•

nax. 4.16. vinCesteris logikuri struqtura

MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli ganyofileba SeiZleba erT, an met logikur diskad daiyos, romlebsac sxvadasxva saxelebi eniWeba. Tumca MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli ganyofilebis formireba ar aris aucilebeli. am SemTxvevaSi vinCesteri warmodgenili iqneba erTi logikuri diskiT _ C:. bunebrivia, vinCesteris sruli sainformacio moculoba calkeuli logikuri diskebis sainformacio moculobebis jams Seadgens. vinCesterze Seqmnili ganyofilebebi sxvadasxva failuri sistemebis mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofen: •

FAT 16 (File Allocation Table _ failebis ganlagebis cxrili) _ failuri sistemaa 16-Tanriga damisamarTebiT. FAT 16 sistema mxars uWers klasterebis da aqedan gamomdinare Cawerili failebis sakmaod mcire raodenobas _ 216=65536. ramdenadac FAT 16 standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli ganyofilebis

117

FAT 32 _ Tanamedrove failuri sistemaa 32-Tanriga damisamarTebiT. FAT 32 cxrilSi ganlagebis ujredebs 32-Tanriga ricxvebi Seesabameba, xolo tomis (logikuri diskis) maqsimaluri moculoba 2048 gbaitia. MS-DOS-is garemoSi failis saxelis dasaSvebi sigrZe 11 simboloa (8 simbolo failis saxelisTvis, xolo 3 simbolo _ failis gafarToebisaTvis). Windows-is garemoSi failis saxelis dasaSvebi sigrZe 255 simboloa.

•

NTFS (Windows NT File System _ Windows NT-s failuri sistema) Tanamedrove failuri sistemaa. failis saxelis maqsimaluri sigrZe 256 simboloa, xolo logikuri diskis maqsimaluri (Teoriuli) moculoba _ 16 ebaiti (16x1018 baiti). NTFS-s damatebiTi SesaZleblobebic gaaCnia, romlebic sxva failur sistemebs ar gaaCnia, magaliTad, usafrTxoebis saSualebebi. Windows XP-is gavrcelebamde umetesad FAT 32 gamoiyeneboda. Tanamedrove sistemebSi upiratesoba NTFS-s eniWeba, romelic Windows XP-is `mSobliuri~ standartia. Tumca FAT 32-is dayeneba optimaluri va-

118

riantia Sereul operaciul garemoebSi muSaobis dros, radgan mas mxars uWers praqtikulad yvela operaciuli sistema. maRali donis daformateba maRali donis daformatebis dros operaciuli sistema vinCesterze qmnis struqturebs failebTan da monacemebTan samuSaod. TiToeul ganyofilebaSi (logikuri diski) Seiyvaneba tomis CamtvirTavi seqtori (Volum Boot Sector - VBS) failebis ganlagebis cxrilis (FAT) ori kopio da fesvuri katalogi (Root Directory). am struqturebis saSualebiT operaciuli sistema anawilebs diskur sivrces, poulobs failebs da gverds uvlis diskis defeqtur seqtorebs. yvelaze ufro farTo gavrceleba hpova FAT32 failurma sistemam (nax. 4.17), romlis mixedviTac diski iyofa klasterebad. klasteri diskuri moculobis umciresi erTeulia, romelSic SeiZleba failis Cawera. klasteri ramdenime seqtoris gaerTianebas warmoadgens. ganyofilebebis cxrili (PT) Semdegi Canawerebisagan Sedgeba: •

informacia vinCesteris Tavakebis, bilikebis da seqtorebis Sesaxeb;

•

seqtorebis saerTo raodenoba diskze;

•

failuri sistemis tipi. tomis CamtvirTav seqtorSi (VBS) iwereba failuri sistemis aRwera: •

klasteris zoma;

119

•

FAT-is zoma, tipi da raodenoba.

ganyofilebebis cxrili mTavari CamtvirTavi Canaweri tomis CamtvirTavi seqtori failebis ganlagebis cxrili fesvuri katalogi

saxeli

tipi

TariRi zoma

maCvenebeli

monacemebis veli

klasteri

nax. 4.17. failuri sistema FAT.

fesvuri katalogSi (Roor Directory) aRiwereba diskze ganTavsebuli failebi: maTi saxelebi, tipebi, Seqmnisa da redaqtirebis TariRebi, zomebi, atributebi. amas garda fesvuri katalogi Seicavs failebis pirveli klasterebis misamarTebs. katalogi fesvur katalogSi iseve aRiwereba, rogorc faili. failebis ganlagebis cxrilSi iwereba klasterebs Soris kavSirebi, romlebSic Cawerilia faili. daformatebis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT: •

iseve rogorc ganyofilebebad dayofisas, daformatebis drosac vinCesterze Cawerili monacemebi iSleba; 120

•

arsebobs specialuri programuli utilitebi (magaliTad, Restore), romlebic daformatebis dros waSlili failebis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. Tumca aRdgenis 100%-ian garantias arc erTi maTgani ar iZleva. amitom vinCesteris daformatebamde saWiroa monacemebis sarezervo kopireba.

rametris maqsimaluri mniSvnelobidan umciresi unda SerCeuliyo. cxrilSi 4.5. warmodgenilia vinCesteris CHS maxasiaTeblebis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi BIOS-Si da IDE standartSi.

damisamarTebis meTodebi arsebobs ori ZiriTadi meTodi, romelic ATA vinCesterebis seqtorebis damisamarTebisTvis gamoiyeneba _ CHS (Cylinder Head Sector) da LBA (Logical Block Address). CHS meTodis safuZveli damgroveblis fizikuri struqturaa, xolo LBA meTodi seqtorebis numeraciis ufro martivi da logikuri saSualebaa, romelic ar aris damokidebuli vinCesteris Siga fizikur arqiteqturaze. IDE (ATA) vinCesterebSi Tavdapirvelad damisamarTebis CHS meTodi gamoiyeneboda. vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba iyo SezRuduli da 504 mbaits Seadgenda. SezRudva IDE interfeisis da sistemuri BIOSis gansxvavebuli programuli moTxovnebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tavakebis, cilindrebisa da seqtorebis damisamarTebisTvis IDE interfeisi da sistemuri BIOS Tanrigebis gansxvavebul raodenobas iyenebdnen, amitom maTi erTdrouli muSaobisTvis TiToeuli pa-

vinCesteris IDE (ATA) BIOS maxasiaTeblebi Tanrigi raodenoba Tanrigi raodenoba cilindrebi 16 65536 10 1024 seqtorebi 4 16 8 256 Tavakebi 8 256 6 64

121

cxrili 4.5 vinCesteris CHS maxasiaTeblebi

cxrili 4.5-is mixedviT, vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba SeiZleba iyos V = C ⋅ H ⋅ S ⋅ 512 = 1024 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 63 ⋅ 512 = 504 mbaiti vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculobis SezRudvis daZleva diskis realuri CHS misamarTebis fiqtiur misamarTebSi gadayvaniTaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, Tu vinCesteri 1500 cilindrs da 16 Tavaks Seicavs, gadaTvlis Sedegad BIOS mas aRiqvams rogorc vinCesters 750 cilindriT da 32 TavakiT. Tumca SezRudva realurad mxolod ATA-2 standartis damuSavebis Semdeg moixsna, romelSic damisamarTebis CHS meTodis nacvlad gamoyenebuli iqna LBA meTodi. LBA damisamarTebis realizaciisTvis ori piroba unda dakmayofildes:

122

•

kompiuteri aRWurvili unda iyos ATA-2, an ufro axali standartis interfeisiT;

•

sistemuri BIOS mxars unda uWerdes minimum ATA-2 interfeiss. LBA meTodis Tanxmad yvela seqtori, dawyebuli (0, 0, 1) seqtoridan, romelsac logikuri misamarTi 0 eniWeba, TanmimdevrobiT inomreba. amrigad. CHS misamarTi 28-bitian LBA misamarTad gardaiqmneba. am SemTxvevaSi vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba SeiZleba iyos

V = 65536 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 256 ⋅ 512 = 2 28 = 128 gbaiti . Tumca operaciuli sistemisTvis aucilebelia seqtorebis gadaTvlili mniSvnelobebi. amitom BIOS Tavdapirvelad seqtorebis saerTo raodenobas gansazRvravs, xolo Semdeg gadaTvlis maT CHS monacemebad. am SemTxvevaSi vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba SeiZleba iyos V = 1024 ⋅ 256 ⋅ 63 ⋅ 512 = 8 ,4 gbaiti . 1998 wlis da ufro Tanamedrove sistemur BIOS-ebSi moxsnilia vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculobis 8,4 gbaitiani SezRudva, xolo 2002 wlis da ufro Tanamedrove versiebSi _ 128 gbaitiani SezRudvac. Tumca 128 gbaitiani SezRudvis moxsnisTvis kompiuteri aRWurvili unda iyos ATA-6, an ufro axali standartis interfeisiT. ATA-6 standarti 48-Tanriga LBA damisamarTebas iTvaliswinebs. seqtorebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa 248, xolo vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba 123

_ 248x512=144 petabaiti. Tumca 128 gbaitze meti moculobis vinCesteris SeZenamde unda davrwmundeT, rom Sesabamisi vinCesterebis mxardaWera kompiuteris sistemur BIOS-sac gaaCnia. problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia IDE standartis vinCesterebis maqsimaluri moculobis SezRudvasTan, aranairad ar exeba SCSI standartis vinCesterebs. SCSI standarti Tavidanve maRali klasis vinCesterebTan samuSaod iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, amitom pirvelive SCSI standarti 232 seqtoris damisamarTebis da aqedan gamomdinare, 2 terabaitamde moculobis vinCesterebis mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofda. Tanamedrove SCSI standartis mixedviT SesaZlebelia 264 seqtoris damisamarTeba. amrigad, vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba praqtikulad SeuzRudavia. rac Seexeba sistemuri BIOS-is SezRudvas, mas SCSI vinCesterebisTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba. SCSI vinCesterebis mxardaWera xdeba ara sistemuri BIOS-is, aramed SCSI host-adapteris doneze.

124

4.5. vinCesteris CarTva

nax. 4.20-ze warmodgenilia sistemuri platis fragmenti SATA host-adapterebiT.

Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi umetesad ori IDE host-adapteri _ IDE 1 da IDE2 gamoiyeneba (nax. 4.18).

gasaRebi, romelic gasarTis araswor SeerTebas gamoricxavs

nax. 4.18. CaSenebuli IDE host-kontrolerebi

ATA interfeisi paralelur 16-Tanriga saltes warmoadgens. host-adapteri da mowyobilobebi specialuri 40-, an 80-gamtariani kabeli-Sleifis saSualebiT 4.19) erTdeba. me-20 gamomyvani gasaRebis rols asrulebs. igi ar iZleva kabelis araswori SeerTebis SesaZleblobas. tradiciuli paraleluri ATA interfeisi simartiviT da realizaciis dabali RirebulebiT gamoirCeva, magram misi Semdgomi ganviTareba rig teqnologiur sirTuleebs da Rirebulebis zrdas ukavSirdeba. amJamad paraleluri ATA interfeisis axali standartebi aRar muSavdeba. upiratesoba mimdevrobiT SATA interfeiss mieniWa. 125

IDE gasarTi

kabelis pirveli kontaqtis niSani

1 2 3

kvebis kabeli wiTeli (+5v) Savi (miwa) Savi (miwa) yviTeli (+12v)

nax. 4.19. ATA vinCesteris SeerTeba

SATA interfeisSi wamyvani da marTuli (Master/Slave) mowyobilobebis cneba ar arsebobs. gasarTebi mxolod kabelis boloebSia ganTavsebuli. dis-

126

kuri mowyobiloba kontrolers viwro, mrgvali da drekadi kabeliT uerTdeba, rac mosaxerxebelia SeerTebisTvis da kompiuteris ventilacias aumjobesebs. SATA kabelis maqsimaluri sigrZe SeiZleba iyos araumetes 1 m-sa. nax 4.21-ze warmodgenilia SATA monacemTa kabeli.

ramdenadac gamtarebis raodenoba SATA kabelSi bevrad ufro naklebia paralelur ATA kabelTan SedarebiT, SesaZlebelia bevrad ufro kompaqturi da mosaxerxebeli gasarTebis gamoyeneba. SedarebisTvis, nax 4.22-ze, warmodgenilia tradiciuli paraleluri ATA da SATA gasarTebi. paraleluri ATA-s kvebis gasarTi

paraleluri ATA-s monacemTa kabelis gasarTi

SATA-s monacemTa kabelis gasarTi

SATA-s kvebis gasarTi

nax. 4.20. SATA host-adapterebi

nax. 4.22. SATA da paraleluri ATA gasarTebi

nax 4.21. SATA monacemTa kabeli

127

unda aRvniSnoT, rom SATA interfeisis kvebis gasarTi paraleluri ATA interfeisis kvebis gasarTs zomiT aRemateba. es dakavSirebulia SATA interfeisSi damatebiT +3,3 v Zabvis gamoyenebasTan. SATA gasarTebs specialuri gasaRebebi gaaCnia, rac SeuZlebels xdis sistemur plataze ganTavsebul host-kontrolerTan da diskur mowyobilobebTan maT araswor SeerTebas. nax. 4.23-ze warmodgeni-

128

lia sainformacio da kvebis gasarTis fizikuri SeerTeba diskur mowyobilobasTan.

ramdenadac SATA paraleluri ATA interfeisis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens, momxmarebels, specialuri adapterebis gamoyenebiT, ATA-100 da ATA133 vinCesterebis SATA interfeisTan SeerTeba SeuZlia. nax. 4.25-ze warmodgenilia erT-erTi aseTi adapteri _ HighPoint RocketHead-100.

nax. 4.23. SATA gasarTebis SeerTeba diskur mowyobilobasTan

nax. 4.25. SATA-adapteri HighPoint RocketHead-100.

Tu personaluri kompiteris kvebis bloks SATA standartis kvebis gasarTi ar gaaCnia, specialuri gadamyvani gamoiyeneba (nax. 4.24).

4.6. RAID-masivebi bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi procesorebis warmadoba yovel 1,5 weliwadSi saSualod 2-jer izrdeba, xolo diskebis warmadobis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT suraTi bevrad uaresia. procesoris warmadobis gazrdisTvis monacem-

nax. 4.24. ATA-SATA gadamyvani.

129

paraleluri

damuSavebis

130

teqnologia

gamoiye-

neba. damproeqteblebs didi xania daebadaT azri,

•

rom cudi ar iqneboda Setana-gamotanis mowyobilobebsac SeZlebodaT paraleluri muSaoba. swored am

SCSI-diskebi maRali warmadobiT da arcTu ise maRali fasiT gamoirCeva;

•

erT SCSI-kontrolers ramdenime diskis marTva Se-

ideebma ganapiroba Setana-gamotanis mowyobilobebis

uZlia (8-Tanriga SCSI-modelebs _ 7 diskis, xolo

axali klasis gamoCena, romelsac RAID ewoda.

16-Tanriga SCSI-modelebs _ 15 diskis).

Tavdapirvelad abreviatura RAID iSifreboda

amrigad, RAID-masivis gamoyenebisTvis saWiro

rogorc Redundant Array of Inexpective Disks (iafi diskebis

ar aris raime cvlilebis Setana programul uzrun-

Warbi masivi). Tumca SemdgomSi abreviaturis I simbo-

velyofaSi,

lom Inexpective (iafi) nacvlad Independent (damoukide-

sakmaod xelsayrelia.

beli) aRmniSvnelis daniSnuleba miiRo.

rac

sistemuri

administratorebisTvis

RAID-sistemebs ramdenime dadebiTi Tviseba ga-

RAID idea ZiriTadad SemdegSi mdgomareobs: kompiuteris (Cveulebriv didi serveris) gverdiT yen-

aCnia: •

deba diskebis masivi, diskebis kontrolerebis nacvlad RAID-kontroleri gamoiyeneba, monacemebi RAID-

programuli uzrunvelyofa RAID-masivs erTi didi moculobis diskis saxis aRiqvams;

•

RAID-masivis diskebze monacemebi iseTnairad na-

masivSi kopirdeba da Semdeg Cveulebrivi diskuri

wildeba, rom SesaZlebeli iyos paraleluri ope-

operaciebi sruldeba.

raciebis Sesruleba.

operaciuli sistema RAID-masivs rogorc SLED

amJamad ZiriTadad RAID-masivebis eqvsi done

(Single Large Expensive Disk) _ erT ZviradRirebul didi

gamoiyeneba. termini `done~ tradiciulia, Tumca ar

moculobis disks ganixilavs. amave dros RAID-ma-

aris zusti, radgan doneebs Soris aranair ierar-

sivis warmadoba da saimedoba SLED-diskis analo-

qiul struqturas ar aqvs adgili. ufro zusti iqne-

giur maCveneblebs mniSvnelovnad aRemateba.

boda termini `saxeoba~, anu ubralod arsebobs RAID-

RAID-mowyobilobebis

umetesoba

SCSI-kontro-

diskebis organizaciis eqvsi sxvadasxva varianti.

lers Seicavs, romelic marTavs RAID-masivs da SCSI-

0-vani donis RAID-masivi warmodgenilia nax.

diskebis boqss, romelsac operaciuli diski aRiq-

4.26 a-ze. igi virtualur disks warmoadgens, rome-

vams ise, rogorc erTi didi moculobis disks.

lic zolebadaa (Strips) dayofili. TiToeuli zoli k

SCSI-sistemis gamoyeneba Semdegi mosazrebebiTaa ganpirobebuli:

seqtorisgan Sedgeba. 0-dan k-1-mde seqtorebi ikaveben zols 0, k-dan 2k-1-mde seqtorebi zols 1 da a.S. k=1-

131

132

Tvis TiToeuli zoli erTi seqtorisgan Sedgeba, k=2-Tvis _ ori seqtorisagan da a.S. 0-vani donis RAID-masivSi zolebi Tanmimdevrulad, wriulad iwereba. Caweris mocemul wess diskebze monacemebis ganawileba (striping) ewodeba. nax. 4.26 a-ze warmodgenilia oTxi diskisgan Semdgari RAID-masivi. magaliTad, Tu programuli uzrunvelyofa iZaxebs brZanebas monacemTa blokis wakiTxvisaTvis, romelic oTxi Tanmimdevruli zolisgan Sedgeba da zolebs Soris sazRvridan iwyeba, RAID-kontroleri brZanebas dayofs oTx calkeul brZanebad, romlebic calkeuli

diskebisTvisaa

gaTvaliswinebuli

brZanebebs paralelurad asrulebs. amrigad, viRebT paraleluri Setana-gamotanis mowyobilobas programuli uzrunvelyofis Secvlis gareSe. 0-vani

donis

RAID-masivi

yvelaze

ukeT

did

moTxovnebTan muSaobs _ rac ufro didia moTxovna, miT ukeTesi. Tu moTxovnis dakmayofilebisTvis saWiroa imaze meti zolis CarTva, vidre RAID-masivSi diskebis raodenobaa, zogierTi diski ramdenime moTxovnas iRebs. rogorc ki diski pirvel moTxovnas asrulebs, meore moTxovnis Sesrulebaze gadadis da a.S. kontroleris amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moTxovna dayos amocanis Sesabamisad, swori TanmimdevrobiT gaagzavnos moTxovnebi Sesabamis diskebze da bolos sworad Caweros Sedegebi mexsierebaSi.

133

nax. 4.26. RAID-masivebis arqiteqtura

134

aseTi

midgomis

dros

sistemis

warmadoba

RAID-masivebis Semdeg nairsaxeobas 1-li donis

sakmaod maRalia da misi realizacia arcTu ise

RAID-masivi warmoadgens. igi warmodgenilia nax. 4.26

rTulia.

b-ze. 0-vani donis RAID-masivisgan gansxvavebiT igi

0-vani donis RAID-masivi yvelaze ufro cudad

`namdvili~ RAID-masivia. mocemul struqturaSi yvela

operaciul sistemebTan muSaobs, romlebic dro da

diski dublirebulia. amrigad, 4 sawyisi diski da 4

dro monacemebis mcire porciebs moiTxoven (erT seq-

sarezervo kopio miiReba.

tors mimarTvaze). am SemTxvevaSi muSaobis Sedegebi,

yoveli

Caweris

operaciis

dros

TiToeuli

rasakvirvelia swori iqneba, Tumca aranair parale-

zoli orjer iwereba. wakiTvisas ori kopiodan ne-

lizms da, aqedan gamomdinare, warmadobis mxriv ara-

bismieri SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes. imavdroulad Se-

nair mogebas adgili ar eqneba.

saZlebelia informaciis meti diskidan CatvirTva,

0-vani donis RAID-masivis kidev erTi uaryofiTi mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi saimedoba potenciurad SLED-diskTan SedarebiT ufro dabalia.

vidre amas 0-vani donis RAID-masivi iZleva. aqedan gamomdinare, Caweris dros 0-vani 1-li donis RAID-masivebis warmadoba erTi da igivea, xo-

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT RAID-masivi, rome-

lo wakiTxvis dros 1-li donis RAID-masivis war-

lic oTxi diskisgan Sedgeba da TiToeul diskze

madoba 0-vani donis RAID-masivis warmadobaze ufro

mtyuneba SeiZleba saSualod yoveli 40 000 sT-is

maRalia (maqsimum 2-jer).

Semdeg moxdes. am SemTxvevaSi RAID-masivis mtyuneba

1-eli donis RAID-masivis kidev erT dadebiT

saSualod yoveli 10000 sT-is Semdeg moxdeba da am

Tvisebas misi saukeTeso mtynubamedegoba warmoad-

dros yvela monacemi daikargeba.

gens. Tu diskze xdeba mtyuneba, mis nacvlad kopio

Tu SLED-diskis mtyuneba agreTve saSualod

gamoiyeneba. 1-eli donis RAID-masivis aRdgenac Za-

yoveli 40 000 sT-is Semdeg xdeba, misi saimedoba

lian martivia. amisTvis unda Seicvalos dazianebu-

oTxjer ufro maRalia, radgan igi erT disks warmo-

li diski da moxdes sarezervo kopiodan masze in-

adgens.

formaciis gadawera.

ramdenadac 0-vani donis RAID-masivs aranairi

0-vani da 1-li donis RAID-masivebisgan gansxva-

siWarbe ar gaaCnia, mas `aranamdvil~, an `namdvil,

vebiT, romlebic seqtorebis zolebTan muSaoben, me-2

oRond 0-vani donis~ RAID-masivs uwodeben.

donis RAID-masivi (nax. 4.26 g) sityvebTan da zogjer baitebTanac ki muSaobs. warmovidginoT, rom virtu-

135

136

aluri diskis yoveli baiti or fragmentad iyofa.

me-3 donis RAID-masivi me-2 donis RAID-masivis

TiToeuli fragmentis moculoba 4 bitia. amis Sem-

gamartivebul versias warmoadgens. igi gamosaxulia

deg yovel maTgans emateba gasworebis hemingis kodi.

nax. 4.26 d-ze. am SemTxvevaSi monacemTa yovelis sit-

amrigad, 7 bitisgan Semdgari sityva miiReba, ro-

yvisTvis luwobis 1 biti gamoiTvleba da luwobis

melSic 1, 2 da 4 bitebi _ luwobis bitebia. amis

diskze iwereba. iseve, rogorc me-2 donis RAID-ma-

Semdeg warmovidginoT 7 biti hemingis kodiT da 7

sivis SemTxvevaSi, diskebi zustad unda iyos sin-

diski _ TiTo biti TiTo diskze.

qronizebuli, ramdenadac monacemTa yoveli sityva

aseTi sqemis praqtikuli realizacia SemdegSi

ramdenime diskze unda iyos ganawilebuli.

mdgomareobs: 32-Tanriga monacemis sityvas luwobis 6

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom lu-

biti (hemingis kodi) emateba. Sedegad 38-Tanriga sit-

wobis erTi biti Secdomebis mxolod aRmoCenis da

yva miiReba, romelsac luwobis 39-e biti emateba. mi-

ara gasworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. Tu saubari

Rebuli sityva 39 diskze iwereba. saerTo warmadoba

gveqneba nebismier Secdomaze, bunebrivia es dakvir-

Zalian maRalia, radgan erTdroulad SesaZlebelia

veba sworia. Tumca rodesac saubaria diskis mtyune-

monacemTa 32 seqtoris Cawera. diskis dazianebis Sem-

baze, luwobis biti uzrunvelyofs erTi biti Sec-

TxvevaSi problemebi agreTve ar warmoiqmneba, radgan

domis gasworebas, radgan araswori bitis pozicia

erTi diskis dazianeba 39-Tanriga sityvis mxolod

cnobilia. Tu xdeba mtyuneba, kontroleri gascems

erTi bitis dakargvas iwvevs. am problemas ki he-

informacias,

mingis kodi momentalurad asworebs.

sityvaSi Cndeba luwobis Secdoma, im diskis biti,

Tumca mocemuli sqema moiTxovs yvela diskis sinqronizacias brunvis mixedviT. garda amisa, mis

rom

yvela

biti

nulis

tolia.

romelzedac moxda mtyuneba, unda udrides erTs da igi, bunebrivia, swordeba.

gamoyenebas mxolod maSin aqvs azri, rodesac gvaqvs

Tumca me-2 da me-3 donis RAID-masivebi mona-

diskebis sakmaod didi raodenoba (monacemTa 32 dis-

cemTa gadacemis Zalian maRal siCqares uzrunvel-

kisa da luwobis bitebis 6 diskis arsebobis Sem-

yofen,

TxvevaSi

moTxovnebis ricxvi ar aris meti, vidre erTi diskis

damatebiTi

danaxarjebi

19%-s

Seadgens).

amas garda sakmaod didi datvirTva awveba kontrolers, radgan igi yoveli bitis gadacemis dros unda iTvlides hemingis kods.

Setana-gamotanis

mowyobilobebidan

wamSi

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. me-4 da me-5 donis RAID-masivebi, iseve rogorc sawyisi donis RAID-masivebi, muSaoben zolebTan da

137

138

ara sityvebTan, romelTac luwobis bitebi gaaCniaT da diskebis sinqronizacias ar moiTxoven.

luwobis

diskze

monacemebis

CatvirTvisas

aseTi sirTuleebi SeiZleba didi winaRoba iyos ma-

me-4 donis RAID-masivi (nax. 4.26, e) isevea mow-

Rali warmadobis miRwevisTvis.

yobili, rogorc 0-vani donis RAID-masivi. gansxvaveba

es problema gadawyvetilia me-5 donis RAID-

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom me-4 donis RAID-masivs dama-

masivSi, romelSic luwobis bitebi yvela diskze Ta-

tebiTi diski gaaCnia, romelzedac luwobis zolebi

nabradaa gadanawilebuli da wriulad iwereba (nax.

iwereba.

4.26, v). magram diskis mtyunebis SemTxvevaSi masze Ca-

davuSvaT TiToeuli zoli k baitisgan Sedgeba. yvela zoli unda imyofebodes an-ara damokidebule-

werili informaciis aRdgena sakmaod rTulia, Tumca SesaZlebelia.

baSi da luwobis zoli am damokidebulebis SemowmebisTvis agreTve unda Sedgebodes k baitisgan. Tu diskze mtyuneba moxdeba, dakarguli bitebis aRdgena SesaZlebelia luwobis diskze Cawerili informaciis saSualebiT. aseTi gadawyveta danakargebs diskebze Tavidan gvacilebs, magram mcire gasworebebis SemTxvevaSi warmadobas

mniSvnelovnad

amcirebs.

icvleba

erTi seqtori, informaciis wakiTxva unda moxdes yvela diskidan, raTa luwobis bitebi Tavidan gamoiTvalos da moxdes maTi Tavidan Cawera. amis naclad SesaZlebelia diskidan wina monacemebis da wina luwobis bitebis wakiTxva da maTgan luwobis axali bitebis gamoTvla. magram aseTi optimizaciis

procesis

gamoyenebis

SemTxvevaSic

mcire gasworebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa ori wakiTxvis da ori Caweris operaciis Sesruleba.

139

140

Tavi 5 monacemTa optikuri Senaxvis saSualebebi informaciis Senaxvis optikur mowyobilobebSi monacemTa Cawera da wakiTxva mbrunav kompaqtdiskze, lazeris sxivis da ara magnituri velis saSualebiT sruldeba. kompiuteruli optikuri teqnologiebis standartebi or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

CD (CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW); DVD (DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW). personaluri kompiuteris standartul konfiguracias CD (Compact Disk) diskuri mowyobiloba miekuTvneba. CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory) _ mexsiereba kompaqt-diskze mxolod wakiTxvisTvis) _ informaciis optikur matarebels warmoadgens da mxolod monacemTa wakiTxvisTvisaa gankuTvnili. Sony da Philips kompaniebma 1980 wels warmoadgines musikaluri kompaqt-diskebis pirveli standarti _ CD-DA, romlis formatsac Red Book ewoda. mocemuli specifikaciiT ganisazRvra xmis Cawera-damuSavebis standartebi da diskis diametri _ 120 mm, romelic amJamadac standartulia yvela kompaqt-diskisTvis. Sony da Philips kompaniebma gaagrZeles TanamSromloba da 1984 wels warmoadgines pirveli CDROM (specifikacia Yellow Book). standarti iseT kompaqt-diskebTan muSaobas iTvaliswinebs, romlebze-

141

dac Cawerilia kompiuterul sistemebSi gamoyenebuli monacemebi. kompaqt-diskidan SesaZlebelia mxolod monacemebis wakiTxva. CD-ROM damgrovebeli CD-DA damgroveblisgan mxolod eleqtronuli sqemiT gansxvavdeba, romelic Secdomebis aRmoCenis da koreqciis damatebiT SesaZleblobebs uzrunvelyofs.

5.1. CD-ROM diskuri mowyobilobebis konstruqcia da diskebis damzadebis teqnologia CD-ROM damgroveblis konstruqcia CD-ROM damgrovebeli (nax. 5.1) Semdegnairad muSaobs: 1. naxevargamtaruli lazeri amrekli sarkisken mimarTul mcire simZlavris infrawiTel sxivs gamoimuSavebs; 2. CaSenebuli mikroprocesoridan miwodebuli brZanebebis Sesabamisad servoamZravi moZrav urikas, romelzedac damontaJebulia amrekli sarke, kompaqt-diskis sasurvel bilikze gadaaadgilebs; 3. diskidan areklili sxivi diskis qveviT arsebuli linzis saSualebiT fokusirdeba, sarkidan airekleba da gamyof prizmas miewodeba; 4. gamyofi prizma areklil sxivs meore mafokusirebel linzaze mimarTavs;

142

5. mafokusirebeli linza areklil sxivs fotogadamwodze mimarTavs, romelic sinaTlis energias eleqtrul impulsebad gardaqmnis; 6. fotogadamwodis mier gamomuSavebuli signalebi CaSenebuli mikroprocesoris mier dekodirdeba da kompiuters monacemebis saxiT miewodeba.

fotogadamwodi linzebi

gadis gamWvirvale polikarbonatSi, amitom diskis zedapiri amrekli liTonis (Cveulebriv aluminis) feniT ifareba. aluminis fena, Tavis mxriv, akrilis lakis Txeli damcavi feniT ifareba, romelzedac gamosaxuleba daitaneba. Tumca kompaqt-diskebis masiuri komerciuli warmoeba ara lazeriT amowviT, aramed dapresvis meTodiT xdeba (nax. 5.2). marTalia, minis master-diskze monacemebi swored lazeruli sxiviT amoiwveba, magram aseTi meTodiT aseulobiT da aTaseulobiT diskis damzadeba araekonomiuria. fotorezistuli fenis datana lazeri lazeruli Cawera master-diskis formireba eleqtrolituri formireba

naxevargamtaruli lazeri gamyofi prizma servoamZravi

master-diskis dayofa

nax. 5.1. CD-ROM damgroveblis struqtura

CD-ROM matareblebis masiuri warmoeba kompaqt-diski polikarbonatuli firfitaa. misi diametria 120 mm, xolo sisqe _ 1,2 mm. diskis SuaSi aris 15 mm diametris Riobi. Tu kompaqt-disks wakiTxvis mxridan (qvevidan) SevxedavT, is saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs. informacia spiralur bilikze iwereba, romelic amaRlebuli (pits) da brtyeli (lands) monakveTebisgan Sedgeba. lazeruli sxivi, romelic kompaqt-diskidan monacemebis wakiTxvisTvis gamoiyeneba, Tavisuflad 143

fotorezistuli fena mina lazeriT damuSavebuli fotorezistuli mina fena eleqtrolituri formireba moliTonebuli fena liTonis diski (`mama~) minis master-diski

liTonis matrica (`Svili~) gamlRvari polikarbonatuli masa diskis daStampva

liTonis matrica plastmasis diskis Camosxmuli fuZeSre liTonis matrica plastmasis diskis Camosxmuli fuZeSre

moliToneba

aluminis amrekli fena plastmasis diskis Camosxmuli fuZeSre

damcavi fenis datana

akrilis lakis damcavi fena dabeWdili etiketi akrilis lakis damcavi fena aluminis amrekli fena plastmasis diskis Camosxmuli fuZeSre Rrmulebi da zedapirebi lazeri

saboloo produqti

nax. 5.2. teqnologiuri procesis sqema

144

kompaqt-diskebis damzadeba etapobrvad sruldeba: 1. fotorezistuli fenis dadeba. 240 mm diametris da 6 mm sisqis gaprialebuli minis firfita 150 mikroni sisqis fotorezistis feniT ifareba, ris 2.

Semdegadac 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, 80째C-ze iwveba; lazeruli Cawera. lazeruli Camweri (Laser Beam Recorder _ LBR) lurji, an iasamnisferi Suqis impulsebs agzavnis, romlebic minis master-diskis fotorezistuli fenis gansazRvrul monakveTebs asxivebs da arbilebs; master-diskis formireba. damuSavebuli minis diski natriumis hidrooqsidis xsnariT muSavdeba, romelic lazeriT eqsponirebul monakveTebs gaxsnis da fotorezistul fenaSi Rrmulebs aformirebs; eleqtrolituri formireba. master-diski galvanoplastikis meTodiT ifareba nikelis SenadnobiT. Sedegad liTonis master-diski iqmneba, romelsac `mama~ (father) diski ewodeba; master-diskis dayofa. liTonis matrica minis master-disks scildeba da diskebis partiis damzadebisTvis SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli. liTonis master-diskis mocilebis dros minis safuZveli xSirad ziandeba, amitom, rogorc wesi, ramdenime minis `deda~ (mother) master-disks qmnian; diskebis Stampva. liTonis muSa matrica samsxmelo manqanaSi gamlRvar 18 gram polikarbonatul masaSi Rrmulebis da zedapirebis formirebisTvis

145

gamoiyeneba. muSa temperatur 350째C-ia, dapresvis wneva _ 20000 futi/diuimi2-ze, diskis damzadebis dro _ 3 wm; 7. moliToneba. amrekli zedapiris misaRebad diskze damtvervis meTodiT aluminis Txeli (0,05-0,1 mikroni) fena daitaneba; 8. damcavi zedapiri. aluminis fenis Semdgomi daJangvis Tavidan asacileblad moliTonebul diskze akrilis lakis Txeli (6-7 mikroni) fena daitaneba, romelic ultraiisferi sxivebiT myardeba. 9. saboloo produqti. trafaretuli beWdvis wesiT diskze teqsti, an gamosaxuleba daitaneba, romelic ultraiisferi sxivebis zemoqmedebiT Sreba.

Rrmulebi da zedapirebi informaciis wakiTxva diskis liTonuri zedapiridan areklili dabali simZlavris lazeruli sxivis rxevebis registraciis process warmoadgens. lazeri fokusirebul sxivs diskis qveda mxareze agzavnis, xolo areklili sxivi mgrZnobiare fotoreceptors miewodeba. diskis zedapiridan lazeris sxivi airekleba, xolo diskis Rrmulidan lazeruli sxivis arekvla ar xdeba. diski lazeris da fotoreceptoris (mimRebis) qveviT brunavs. lazeri mudmivad asxivebs sinaTles, xolo mimRebi aRiqvams Suqis naTebas, romelic Rrmulebisa da zedapirebis Tanmimdevrobas asaxavs. areklili signalis yovel cvlilebas, romelic ganpirobebulia Rrmulis sazRvris gadakveTiT, dam146

groveblis mikroprocesori gardaqmnis bitad, romlis mniSvnelobaa `1~, xolo vels, romelic ar Seicavs gadasvlebs _ bitad, romlis mniSvnelobaa `0~. orobiTi Tanrigebis miRebuli krebuli CD-ROM diskis SemTxvevaSi gardaiqmneba monacemebad, xolo CDDA diskis SemTxvevaSi _ xmovan signalebad. Rrmulebi diskis bilikebs aformireben. maTi siRrmea 0,125 mikroni, xolo sigane _ 0,6 mikroni. Rrmulebisa da zedapirebis minimaluri sigrZea 0,9 mikroni, xolo maqsimaluri _ 3,3 mikroni (nax. 5.3) Rrmulebi

0,6 mkm

diskis fiqsirebis veli. fiqsirebis (dayenebis) veli kompaqt-diskis centraluri nawilia. fiqsirebis velSi gakeTebulia Riobi, romliTac diski damgroveblis amZrav meqanizmze Tavsdeba. fiqsirebis veli ar Seicavs raime informacias, an monacemebs;

•

simZlavris dakalibrebis veli (PCA). mxolod Camwer diskebs (CD-D, CD-RW) gaaCnia. PCA-s saSualebiT Camweri diskuri mowyobiloba diskis testirebas asrulebs, ris Sedegadac diskis optimaluri amowvisTvis saWiro lazeris simZlavres gansazRvravs. TiToeuli diskis testireba 99-jer SeiZleba Sesruldes;

•

mexsierebis programirebadi veli (PMA). mxolod Camwer diskebs (CD-D, CD-RW) gaaCnia da sarCevis droebiTi cxrilis (Table Of Content _ TOC) CawerisTvis gamoiyeneba. Caweris seansis dasrulebis Semdeg nulovan bilikze gadaiwereba;

•

nulovani biliki. masze diskis (an seansis) sarCevi iwereba, romelic Seicavs monacemebs yvela musikaluri, an monacemTa bilikis sawyisi misamarTis da sigrZis Sesaxeb. nulovan bilikze agreTve iwereba programuli (monacemTa) velis sigrZe, informacia Caweris yoveli seansis Sesaxeb. kompaqt-diski, romelic Cawerilia mTlianad erTi seansis ganmavlobaSi (Disk At Once – DAO reJimi), mxolod erT nulovan biliks Seicavs, xolo diski, romelic Cawerilia ramdenime seansis ganmavlobaSi _ ramdenime nulovan biliks, radgan Ca-

zedapirebi

1,6 mkm

0,9 mkm (minimumi)

•

3,3 mkm (maqsimumi)

nax. 5.3. kompaqt-diskis bilikis maformirebeli Rrmulebisa da zedapirebis geometria

5.2. kompaqt-diskebis logikuri struqtura biliki da seqtorebi Rrmulebi aformireben erTaderT spiralur biliks xviebs Soris 1,6 mikroni dacilebiT, rac 625 xvias milimetrze Seesabameba. standartuli 74-wuTiani (650 mb) diskis biliki mTlianobaSi 22188 xviisgan Sedgeba. diski eqvs ZiriTad velad iyofa.

147

148

weris yoveli seansi nulovani bilikiT iwyeba. nulovani bilikis sigrZe 4500 seqtoria (erTi wuTi, monacemTa 9,2 mbaiti). igi agreTve miuTiTebs, aris Tu ara diski mravalsesiuri da diskze Semdegi Caweris misamarTs (Tu diskze aris Tavisufali adgili); â&#x20AC;˘

programuli (sainformacio) veli. diskis centridan 25 mm-is daSorebiT iwyeba. programul velSi Tavad monacemebi iwereba;

â&#x20AC;˘

60 mm 58,5 mm 58 mm 25 mm 23 mm 22,35 mm 20,5 mm 7,5 mm centraluri Riobi diskis dasayenebeli veli

veli (PCA)

veli sawyisi monacemTa (PMA) (nulovani) veli veli

damabolovebeli zona. aRniSnavs diskis programuli (sainformacio) zonis dasasruls an Caweris seansis dasasruls mravalsesiuri Caweris dros. damabolovebeli zona ar Seicavs raime informacias da mxolod markeris saxiT gamoiyeneba. pirveli (erTaderTi damabolovebeli zona, Tu diski Cawerilia DAO reJimSi) 6750 seqtors (1,5 wuTi, an 13,8 mbaiti) ikavebs. yoveli Semdegi damabolovebeli zona (Tu diski Cawerilia mravalsesiur reJimSi) 2250 seqtors (0,5 wuTi, an 4,6 mbaiti) ikavebs. diskis fiqsirebis zona, programuli veli, nulovani biliki da damabolovebeli zona yvela tipis kompaqt-disks gaaCnia. CD-R da CD-RW diskebi damatebiT simZlavris dakalibrebis da mexsierebis programirebad velsac Seicavs (nax. 5.4). cxrilSi 5.1 warmodgenilia 74-wuTiani (650 mebibaiti) da 80-wuTiani (700 megabaiti) kompaqt-diskebis ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebi. 80-wuTiani versia 74-wuTianTan SedarebiT xviebis ufro mWidro ganlagebiT gamoirCeva.

spiraluri biliki dayofilia seqtorebad. garbenis siCqare Cawera/wakiTxvis dros Seadgens 75 seqtori/wm-Si. amrigad diskze, romelzedac Cawerilia 74 wuTi musikaluri informacia, SeiZleba maqsimum 333 000 seqtori arsebobdes. TiToeuli seqtori 98 sainformacio blokad (freimad) iyofa. yoveli bloki 33 baits Seicavs, romlidanac 24 baiti musikaluri monacemebia, 1 baiti qvekods (samomsaxuro kodur informacias) Seicavs, xolo 8 baiti luwobaze kontrolisTvis da Secdomebis koreqciisTvis (ECC) gamoiyeneba.

149

150

damabolovebeli zona

nax. 5.4. kompaqt-diskis velebi

cxrili 5.1 kompaqt-diskebis ZiriTadi teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi kompaqt-diskis sigrZe (wT) kompaqt-diskis zoma (mib) wakiTxvis siCqare 1x, m/wm dacileba xviebs Soris, mikroni xviebis raodenoba 1 milimetrSi bilikis mTliani sigrZe, metri Rrmulis sigane, mikroni Rrmulis siRrme Rrmulis minimaluri sigrZe, mikroni Rrmulis maqsimaluri sigrZe, mikroni nulovani bilikis Siga radiusi, mm monacemTa velis Siga radiusi, mm monacemTa velis gare radiusi, mm damabolovebeli zonis gare radiusi, mm monacemTa velis sigane, mm bilikis velis mTliani sigane, mm brunvis maqsimaluri siCqare 1x, CLV**, br/wT brunvis minimaluri siCqare 1x, CLV, br/wT monacemTa velSi bilikis xviebis raodenoba bilikis xviebis saerTo raodenoba *

74* 650 1,3

80 700 1,3

1,6 625 5772 0,6 0,125 0,9 3,31 23 25 58 58,5 33 35,5 540

1,48 676 6240 0,6 0,125 0,9 3,31 23 25 58 58,5 33 35,5 540

212

20625

22297

22188

23986

Mib â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Mebibite (1 048 576 baiti); CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mudmivi wrfivi siCqare.

diskretizacia musikaluri kompaqt-diskebis Caweris dros monacemTa diskretizacia 44100 taqti/wm sixSiriT sruldeba. xmovani monacemebis TiToeuli amorCeva (Sample) marcxena da marjvena arxebis komponents (stereo) Seicavs. arxis komponenti 16-Tanriga ricxviT warmodgindeba. amrigad, SesaZlebelia 65536 sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis miReba, romlebic drois gansazRvrul momentSi arxis xmovani talRebis amplitudas Seesabameba. diskretizaciis sixSire xmovani sixSireebis diapazons gansazRvravs, romelic cifruli Caweris dros SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli. diskretizaciis sixSire rac ufro maRalia, miRebuli Sedegi originalTan miT ufro axlosaa. naikvist-kotelnikovis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sawyisi signalis zusti aRdgenisTvis diskretizaciis sixSire orjer meti unda iyos amorCevaSi arsebul yvelaze maRal sixSiresTan SedarebiT. adamiani maqsimum 20000 hc sixSiris xmovan signalebs aRiqvams. swored amitom Sony da Philips kompaniebma musikaluri kompaqt-diskebis CawerisTvis daaxloebiT orjer meti _ 44100 hc diskretizaciis sixSire gamoiyenes.

151

qvekodebi qvekodebis baitebi damgroveblis mier spiralur bilikze simRerebis, anu xmovani bilikebis (Tracks) mosaZebnad da kompaqt-diskis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis gadasacemad gamoiyeneba. 152

yovel seqtorSi qvekodebi 98 baits ikavebs (erT freimSi _ erTi qvekodis baiti). 2 baiti gamoiyeneba rogorc blokis dasawyisis da dasrulebis markeri, xolo danarCeni 96 baiti _ qvekodis monacemebis Sesanaxad. es 96 baiti, Tavis mxriv, rva 12baitian blokad iyofa, romelTagan TiToeuls P-W aRniSvna eniWeba. umetesad qvekodis P da Q blokebi gamoiyeneba. qvekodis P bloki xmovani bilikis dasawyisis identifikaciisTvis gamoiyeneba, xolo Q bloki sxvadasxva monacemebs Seicavs: •

mocemuli seqtori audioa (CD-DA), Tu sainformacio (CD-ROM). es monacemi ablokirebs CD-DA firsakravze sainformacio diskis gaSvebas, ramac SeiZleba akustikuri sistemis dazianeba gamoiwvios.

•

audiomonacemebi orarxiania, Tu oTxarxiani (oTxarxiani monacemebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba);

•

nebadarTulia Tu ara cifruli kopireba. es monacemi CD-R da CD-RW damgroveblebs ar exeba. igi mxolod CD-DA damgroveblebSi gamoiyeneba, simRerebis cifrul audiokasataze gadaweris blokirebisTvis;

•

simRerebis Caweris dros gamoyenebuli iqna Tu ara damaxinjebebis koreqciis meTodi. es meTodi xmaurs da SiSins amcirebs;

•

diskze audiobilikis (simReris) adgilmdebareoba;

•

audiobilikis (simReris) nomeri;

153

•

mimdinare simReris dasawyisidan gasuli wuTebi, wamebi da blokis (freimis) nomeri;

•

audiobilikebis (simRerebis) ukuaTvla;

•

pirveli simReris dasawyisidan gasuli wuTebi, wamebi da blokis (freimis) nomeri;

•

kompaqt-diskis Strix-kodi;

•

Canaweris saerTaSoriso standartuli kodi (International Standard Recording Code - ISRC). es kodi kompaqt-diskis yoveli audiobilikisTvis (simRerisTvis) unikaluria. R-W blokebi gamoiyeneba specializirebul, magaliTad CD-G diskebSi, romlebSic audiofailebTan erTad SezRuduli moculobis teqsturi da grafikuli informaciac iwereba. Secdomebis gasworeba Red-Book standartis damuSavebis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba Secdomebis gasworebas mieqca. am mizniT luwobaze kontroli da rid-solomonis kodebi (CIRC) gamoiyeneba. Secdomebis gasworebis teqnologia blokebis (freimebis) doneze muSaobs. informaciis Senaxvis dros monacemebis 24 baiti rid-solomonis SifratoriT muSavdeba, ris Sedegad luwobaze kontrolis 4baitiani Q-kodi iqmneba. miRebuli 28-baitiani ricxvi meore Sifrators gadaecema, romelic qmnis damatebiT, 4-baitian luwobaze kontrolis P-kods (kontrolis P da Q kodebi aranair kavSirSi ar aris P da Q qvekodebTan). amrigad, miiReba 32-baitiani ric-

154

xvi (24 sawyisi baiti da luwobaze kontrolis baitebi), romelsac qvekodis baiti (informacia bilikis Sesaxeb) emateba. sabolood yoveli blokisTvis 33-baitiani ricxvi miiReba. nafxaWnebis da fizikuri dazianebis gavlenis minimizaciisTvis, romlebic, rogorc wesi, mezobel blokebs azianebs, blokebSi Cawera araTanmimdevrulad, 109 blokis gamotovebiT sruldeba. es blokebi ara TanmimdevrobiT, aramed sxvadasxva seqtorebSi aris ganTavsebuli, rac TanmimdevrobiT wasakiTx monacemebze nafxaWnebis da fizikuri dazianebebis gavlenas amcirebs. CIRC-teqnologia rogorc audio, aseve CDROM-diskebis Caweris dros gamoiyeneba da 3784 biti (2,6 mm) Secdomis gasworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. musikalur kompaqt-diskebSi damatebiT interpolaciis meTodic gamoiyeneba, romelic 13282 biti (8,9 mm) Secdomis gasworebis saSualebas iZleva. interpolacia monacemebis miaxloebiTi gamoTvlis da gasaSualoebis meTodiT aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. musikaluri firsakravi kompaqt-diskze Caweril cifrul informacias analogur signalebad gardaqmnis, romelic stereogamaZliereblis mier muSavdeba. am dros msmenelma mcire xarvezi SeiZleba verc ki SeamCnios. interpolaciis meTodi CD-ROM-diskebSi ar gamoiyeneba, radgan CD-ROM-diskidan monacemTa araswori wakiTxva dauSvebelia. amitom, CD-DA diskebisgan gansxvavebiT, CD-ROM-diskebi ZiriTad monace-

mebTan erTad didi moculobis damatebiT ECC (Secdomebis koreqciis kodi) informacias Seicavs. diskze monacemTa kodireba 98 blokis erT seqtorad gaerTianebis Semdeg iwyeba informaciis kodirebis procesi _ EFM (Eightto-fourteen Modulation) modulacia. monacemTa yoveli baiti (8 biti) 14-Tanriga kodad gardaiqmneba. kodi iseTnairadaa damuSavebuli, rom ricxvi ar SeiZleba zedized Seicavdes 2-ze nakleb da 10-ze met 0-s. kodirebis mocemul wess, Caweris velis SezRuduli sigrZiT (RLL â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Run Length Limited), ewodeba RLL 2,10 (zogadad RLL x,y, sadac x _ nulovani bitebis velis minimaluri, xolo y _ maqsimaluri sigrZea). cxrilSi 5.2 warmodgenilia N da O simboloebis warmodgena kompaqt-diskze Caweris win, xolo nax. 5.5-ze _ kompaqt-diskze Caweris Semdeg. cxrili 5.2 RLL 2,10 kodirebis magaliTi simbolo orobiTi ASCII kodi RLL kodi

N 01001110

O 01001111

00010001000100

00100001000100

gamaerTianebeli bitebi

nax. 5.5. monacemebis EFM-kodireba kompaqt-diskze

155

156

5.3. CD-ROM diskuri mowyobilobebis maxasiaTeblebi monacemebis gadacemis siCqare monacemebis gadacemis siCqare (DTR) _ maqsimaluri siCqarea, romliTac monacemebi diskidan kompiuteris operatiul mexsierebaSi gadaigzavneba. monacemebis gadacemis siCqare CD-ROM-ebis umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia, romlis miTiTebac yovelTvis xdeba damgroveblis modelTan erTad. monacemTa gadacemis siCqare uSualodaa dakavSirebuli diskis brunvis siCqaresTan. pirveli CD-ROM-ebi, iseve rogorc audio kompaqt-diskebis firsakravebi, monacemebs 150 kbaiti/wm siCqariT gadascemdnen. CD-ROM-ebis Semdegi TaobebisTvis monacemTa gadacemis siCqare am ricxvis jeradia (150 kbaiti/wm). magaliTad, CD-ROM 50x aRniSnavs, rom gadacemis maqsimaluri siCqarea 7500 kbaiti/wm. cxrilSi 5.3 warmodgenilia CD-ROM-ebis monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris damokidebuleba jeradobaze. N-jeradi siCqaris CD-ROM-ebisTvis monacemebis gadacemis siCqare damokidebulia diskze Cawerili monacemebis tipze. Tu informaciis wakiTxva audio kompaqt-diskidan sruldeba, monacemTa gadacemis siCqare 150 kbaiti/wm-Si iqneba (Normal Speed). Tu monacemebis failebi ikiTxeba, maTi gadacemis siCqare SeiZleba iyos 300, 450, 600 da a.S. kbaiti/wm-Si, rac damokidebulia CD-ROM-is maqsimalur siCqareze.

157

cxrili 5.3 CD-ROM-ebis monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris damokidebuleba amZravis muSaobis siCqaris jeradobaze monacemTa gadacemis siCqare, kbaiti/wm

CD-ROM jeradoba 1x 2x 8x 16x 24x 32x 36x 40x 50x 60x

150 300 1200 2400 3600 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000

pirveli CD-diskuri mowyobiloba audiofirsakravs warmoadgenda, romlisTvisac umTavresia monacemTa mudmivi siCqariT gadacema. amitom CD-ROMisTvis, vinCesterisgan gansxvavebiT, mniSvnelovania ara diskis brunvis kuTxuri siCqare, aramed wamkiTxavi meqanizmis mimarT diskis pitebis gadaadgilebis wrfivi siCqare. swored amitom CD-ROM-ebSi Tavdapirvelad informaciis mudmivi wrfivi siCqariT (Constant Linear Velocity, CLV) wakiTxvis meTodi gamoiyeneboda. am SemTxvevaSi diskis brunvis siCqare cvladia da damokidebulia diskze informaciis adgilmdebareobaze (brunvis siCqare mcirdeba diskis centridan kidis mimarTulebiT).

158

Tumca 2400 kbaiti/wm-Si (16x) da ufro maRal siCqareebze monacemebis gadacemisas CLV meTodis gamoyeneba seriozul teqnikur problemebs awydeba. brunvis siCqaris xSiri cvla diskis maRali kuTxuri siCqariT brunvis dros rTuldeba. amitom CDROM-ebis Tanamedrove modelebSi diskis nawilobriv mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT brunvis meTodi (Partial Constant Angular Velocity, PCAV) gamoiyeneba. PCAV meTodi (zogjer CLV-CAV termini gamoiyeneba) centridan kidis mimarTulebiT diskis zonebad dayofas gulisxmobs. monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris sapasporto mniSvneloba mxolod diskis kideebSi arsebuli seqtorebidan informaciis wakiTxvis dros miiRweva, xolo centrTan axlos mdebare seqtorebidan monacemTa gadacemis siCqare TiTqmis orjer ufro dabalia. miRwevis saSualo dro miRwevis saSualo dro (Access Time, AT) aris is dro, romelic damgrovebels diskze saWiro monacemebis moZebnisTvis sWirdeba. miRwevis dro SedarebiT mcirea diskis Siga seqtorebidan monacemebis wakiTxvis dros da diskis gare seqtorebisTvis TandaTanobiT izrdeba. amitom damgroveblis sapasporto monacemebSi miRwevis saSualo dro mieTiTeba, romelic diskis SemTxveviT arCeuli seqtorebidan monacemebis wakiTxvis saSualo droiT ganisazRvreba.

159

CD-ROM-ebis srulyofasTan erTad miRwevis saSualo droc mcirdeba, magram es parametri vinCesteris analogiur parametrs (100-200 mwm CD-ROMisTvis da 8-12 mwm vinCesterisTvis) mainc mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba. aseTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ganpirobebulia maTi konstruqciebis principialuri gansxvavebiT: vinCesterSi ramdenime magnituri Tavaki gamoiyeneba, romelTa gadaadgilebis diapazonic SedarebiT mcirea CD-ROM-is amZravis erTaderT optikur TavakTan SedarebiT. cxrilSi 5.4. warmodgenilia sxvadasxva CDROM-ebis amZravebis miRwevis saSualo dro. cxrili 5.4 CD-ROM-ebis amZravebis miRwevis saSualo dro amZravis siCqaris jeradoba

miRwevis saSualo dro, mwm

1x 2x 3x 4x-6x 8x-20x 24x-34x 36-60x

400 300 200 150 100 80 75

160

5.4. kompaqt-diskebis formatebi Red book - CD-DA standarti Red book 1980 wels, Sony da Philips kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda da kompaqt-diskebis yvela Semdegi specifikaciis safuZvels warmoadgens. standarti Red book diskis geometriul zomebs, audioparametrebs, diskis struqturas, optikur maxasiaTeblebs, modulaciis da Secdomebis gasworebis sistemebs gansazRvravs. Red book standartis safuZvelze musikaluri CD-DA kompaqt-diskebi damuSavda. Red book standartis bolo redaqcia 1999 wels gamoqveynda.

rodesac seqtori Secdomebis koreqciis sqemas ar Seicavs. arsebobs informaciis garkveuli tipi, romlisTvisac savsebiT dauSvebelia Secdomebi, magaliTad kompiuteruli failebi. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia Secdomebis aRmoCenisa da gasworebis aparatis gamoyeneba. Tumca amasTan erTad arsebobs monacemebis sxva tipebic, magaliTad videogamosaxulebebi da xmovani failebi, romelTa wakiTxvisas Secdomebis garkveuli raodenoba dasaSvebia. Secdomebis koreqciis armqone reJimSi Caweris dros diskis ufro did moculoba eTmoba samomxmareblo failebs, magram gamousworebeli Secdomebis gamoCenis albaTobac izrdeba.

Yellow book â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CR-ROM standarti Yellow book warmodgenili iqna Sony da Philips kompaniebis mier 1983 wels, xolo 1989 wels gaformda, rogorc saerTaSoriso standarti CDROM. am standartis mixedviT SenarCunda Red book standartiT gansazRvruli diskis geometriuli parametrebi da daemata Secdomebis koreqciis damatebiTi SesaZleblobebi, ramac cifruli monacemebis saimedo Senaxva gaxada SesaZlebeli. Semotanili iqna agreTve damatebiTi sinqronizacia da saTauri informacia, ramac seqtorebis adgilmdebareobis ufro zusti gansazRvra gaxada SesaZlebeli. Yellow book standartiT seqtorebis dayofis ori reJimi ganisazRvreba: Mode 1, romlis drosac seqtori Secdomebis koreqciis sqemas Seicavs da Mode 2,

Green book - CD-i standarti Green book Sony da Philips kompaniebis mier 1986 wels iqna warmodgenili. Green book aramarto diskis formatia, aramed sruli interaqtiuli sistemis specifikaciaa, romelic televizorTan SesaerTebel firsakravs, audio da videogamosaxulebis realur droSi SemaTanxmebel programul uzrunvelyofas, matareblebs da formatebs Seicavs. CD-i firsakravi faqtiurad calke kompiuteria. igi damuSavebulia Motorola 6800 procesoris bazaze da Microware OS/9 Real Time operaciul sistemaSi muSaobs. CD-i kompaqt-diskebze iwereba saswavlo, saTamaSo programebi, enciklopediebi, musikaluri Canawerebi, kinofilmebi da a.S.

161

162

personaluri kompiuteri CD-i kompaqt-diskebs ver kiTxulobs. Tumca damuSavebulia specialuri draiverebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac kompiuters CD-i failebis wakiTxva SeuZlia. amJamad CD-i standarti moZvelebulia. CD-ROM XA standarti CD-ROM-XA gamoqveynebuli iqna Sony, Philips da Microsoft kompaniebis mier 1989 wels. CD-XA warmoadgens Yellow book standartis damatebas. CD-ROM XA standartis mixedviT Yellow book standarts Green book standartiT gansazRvruli sami funqcia daemata: •

audio da videomonacemebis monacvleoba;

•

Mode 2 seqtorebis gansazRvris gafarToeba;

•

audiomonacemebis SekumSvis standarti _ ADPCM.

fragmentebis monacvleoba CD-ROM XA standartis damgroveblebi monacvleobiT (interleaving) meTods iyeneben. XA standartis mixedviT Caweril diskebSi TanmimdevrobiTaa ganlagebuli iseTi fragmentebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli bunebis informacias Seicavs. yoveli fragmentis dasawyisSi specialuri kodi iwereba, romlis mixedviTac damgrovebeli gansazRvravs, Tu monacemebis romeli tipia (audio, teqsturi, grafikuli) Cawerili mimdinare seqtorSi. fragmentebis Tanmimdevroba SeiZleba nebismieri iyos.

163

miuxedavad imisa, rom monacemebi sxvadasxva seqtorebidan araerTdroulad ikiTxeba, momxmarebels isini sinqronulad miewodeba, rogorc kompaqtdiskis avtorebis mier aris gansazRvruli. seqtorebis reJimebi da formebi reJimi 1 (Mode 1) Yellow book standartis seqtoris formatia. seqtori ECC da EDC kodebs Seicavs, rac sistemis uSecdomo muSaobas uzrunvelyofs. cxrilSi 5.5 warmodgenilia Mode 1 seqtoris formati. cxrili 5.5 Mode 1 seqtoris formati luwobaze kontrolis baitebi Q da P qvekodis baitebi sinqronizaciis baitebi saTauris baitebi monacemTa baitebi EDC baitebi carieli baitebi ECC baitebi baitebis saerTo raodenoba seqtorSi

784 98 12 4 2048 4 8 276 3234

originaluri Yellow book standartis mixedviT reJimi 2 (Mode 2) seqtorSi Secdomebis koreqciis EDC da EDC kodebis arsebobas ar iTvaliswinebs, xolo erT audio, an sainformacio kompaqt-diskze Mode 1 da Mode 2 reJimebis monacvleobiTi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia.

164

Green book standartiT gansazRvrulia sxvadasxva tipis monacemebis erT diskze Caweris SesaZlebloba. am mizniT seqtoris formatSi damatebiTi qvejgufebi (qvesaTauris baitebi) Seitaneba, romlebic SemdgomSi CD-ROM XA standartSic iqna Setanili. amrigad, erT diskze SeiZleba Cawerili iqnas rogorc programebi da samomsaxuro monacemebi, romlebSic dauSvebelia Secdoma, aseve audio da videomonacemebi, romelTaTvisac Secdomebis garkveuli raodenoba daSvebulia. amitom Mode 2 meTodiT seqtorebis Caweris ori forma arsebobs _ Form 1 (cxrili 5.6) da Form 2 (cxrili 5.7). cxrili 5.6 Mode 2 Form 1 meTodiT Cawerili seqtori luwobaze kontrolis baitebi Q da P qvekodis baitebi sinqronizaciis baitebi saTauris baitebi qvesaTauris baitebi monacemTa baitebi EDC baitebi ECC baitebi baitebis saerTo raodenoba seqtorSi

784 98 12 4 8 2048 4 276 3234

Form 2 Secdomebis koreqciis kodebs ar Seicavs, amitom am formaSi iwereba audio da videomonacemebi. Secdomebis koreqciis kodebis mocilebis

165

Sedegad izrdeba seqtorSi Cawerili sasargeblo monacemebis moculoba da monacemebis gadacemis siCqare. cxrili 5.7 Mode 2 Form 2 meTodiT Cawerili seqtori luwobaze kontrolis baitebi Q da P qvekodis baitebi sinqronizaciis baitebi saTauris baitebi qvesaTauris baitebi monacemTa baitebi baitebis saerTo raodenoba seqtorSi

784 98 12 4 8 2324 3234

Orange Book standarti Orange Book warmodgenili iqna Sony da Philips kompaniebis mier 1989 wels. Orange Book sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. I nawilSi CD-MO (magnitur-optikuri) formati aRiwereba, romlis praqtikuli realizacia ar momxdara, II nawilSi _ CD-R, xolo III nawilSi _ CD-RW teqnologia aRiwereba. CD-R standartis aRweriloba dayofilia or tomad. I tomSi Caweris 1x, 2x, 4x siCqareebi, xolo II tomSi, romelic 1998 wels gamoqveynda _ Caweris 8x da 16x siCqareebi ganisazRvra. Orange Book specifikaciiT gansazRvruli CD-R standarti warmoadgens formats erTjeradi CaweriT da mravaljeradi wakiTxviT (Write once Read Mostly, WORM). Cawerili diski Red Book da Yellow Book stan166

dartebis SeTavsebadia, anu CD-DA da CD-ROM damgroveblebis mier ikiTxeba. Orange Book standartis III nawilSi aRwerilia CD-RW teqnologia, romlis mixedviTac diskze SesaZlebelia monacemebis waSla da axli monacemebis Cawera. I tomSi ganisazRvra Caweris 1x, 2x, 4x siCqareebi, xolo II tomSi, romelic 1998 wels gamoqveynda _ Caweris 4x-10x siCqareebi ganisazRvra. Orange Book specifikaciis mixedviT kompaqtdiskze SesaZlebelia mravalsesiuri Canaweris gakeTeba. mravalsesiuri Cawera Orange Book specifikaciis Seqmnamde kompaqtdiskebi mxolod erT sesiad iwereboda. sesia (session) nulovan biliks warmoadgens, romelsac erTi, an ramdenime sainformacio biliki moyveba. nulovani biliki diskze 4500 seqtors (1 wuTi, an 9,2 mbaiti moculobis monacemebi) adgils ikavebs. nulovan bilikze Cawerili monacemebi aCvenebs, aris Tu ara diski mravalsesiuri da diskze Semdegi Caweris misamarTs gansazRvravs. pirveli (an erTaderTi, Tu diski erTsesiuria, anu Cawerilia Disk-At-Once reJimSi) damabolovebeli zona 6750 seqtors (1,5 wuTi, an 13,8 mbaiti moculobis monacemebi) ikavebs. mravalsesiuri kompaqt-diski ramdenime sesias Seicavs. TiToeul sesias sakuTari nulovani biliki da damabolovebeli zona gaaCnia. nulovani bilikis da damabolovebeli zonis arseboba TiToeuli sesi-

167

isTvis aucilebelia, rac diskis sainformacio moculobas amcirebs. magaliTad, 48 sesia momxmareblis monacemebis Caweris gareSec ki TiTqmis mTlianad avsebs 74-wuTian kompaqt-disks. Orange Book specifikaciis mixedviT Caweris sami ZiriTadi meTodi ganisazRvreba: • • •

Disk-At-Once (DAO); Track-At-Once (TAO); paketuri Cawera.

Disk-At-Once Disk-At-Once kompaqt-diskebze Caweris erTsesiuri meTodia. am dros nulovani biliki, monacemTa bilikebi da damabolovebeli zona erTi operaciis ganmavlobaSi, lazeris gamorTvis gareSe Caiwereba. diskze cvlilebebis Setana SemdgomSi SeuZlebelia. Track-At-Once mravalsesiuri diskebis CawerisTvis Cveulebriv Track-At-Once, an paketuri meTodi gamoiyeneba. Track-At-Once meTodiT Cawerisas sesiis yoveli biliki cal-calke Caiwereba (lazeri gamoirTveba da CairTveba), ris Semdegac sesia ixureba. sesiaSi damatebiTi bilikebis Semdgomi Cawera SeuZlebelia. diskis daxurvis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba axali sesiebis damatebac. Track-At-Once meTodiT Cawerili bilikebi, rogorc wesi, 2 wm-iani intervalebiT gamoiyofa. yoveli Cawerili biliki 150 samomsaxuro seqtors Seicavs,

168

romlebic SesvlisTvis, gamosvlisTvis, intervalis SeqmnisTvis da kavSirisTvis gamoiyeneba. paketuri Cawera paketuri meTodi erT bilikze ramdenime Canaweris gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva, rac diskuri sivrcis araracionalur gamoyenebas amcirebs. yovel paketSi oTxi seqtori SesvlisTvis gamoiyeneba, ori _ gamosvlisTvis, xolo erTi _ dakavSirebisTvis. paketis sigrZe SeiZleba iyos cvladi, an fiqsirebuli, Tumca rogorc damgroveblebis, aseve paketuri Caweris programebis umetesoba fiqsirebul sigrZes iyenebs, rac paketebis damuSavebas amartivebs. paketebis Caweris dros umetesad UDF (Universal Disk Format) failuri sistema gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi failebis waSla-Cawera iseve xdeba, rogorc drekad diskze. process marTavs paketuri Caweris programa da failuri sistema UDF. samwuxarod Tanamedrove operaciul sistemebs paketuri meTodis da UDF failuri sistemis mxardaWera ar gaaCnia. amitom Caweris paketuri reJimis realizaciisTvis kompiuterSi saWiroa specialuri draiveris da gamoyenebiTi programis (magaliTad, DirectCD) dayeneba.

ba. feradi suraTi sakamaod maRalxarisxiania da SeiZleba 15-20 mbaiti moculoba gaaCndes. amis Semdeg suraTi kompaqt-diskze iwereba. Cawera Orange book specifikaciis mravalsesiuri Caweris meTodiT sruldeba. ramdenadac monacemebi diskze CD-ROM XA standartSi Mode 2, Form 2 meTodiT iwereba, kompaqt-diskze meti moculobis monacemebis Caweraa SesaZlebeli. Photo CD programuli uzrunvelyofa fotografiis sxvadasxva gadawyvetunarianobiT daTvalierebis da standartuli grafikuli programebiT (magaliTad, Photoshop) damuSavebis saSualebas iZleva. White Book â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Video CD standarti Video CD 1993 wels, Philips, JVC, Matsushita da Sony kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda. Video CD Green Book da CD-ROM XA standartebis safuZvelze Seiqmna. videomonacemebi MPEG-1, xolo cifruli audiomonacemebi _ ADPCM formatSi inaxeba. informaciis sruli moculoba 74 wuTamdea. Video CD diskebi Windows Media Player programis saSualebiT ikiTxeba.

Photo CD standarti Photo CD 1992 wels gamoqveynda. fotofiri kompania Kodak-is warmomadgenlobaSi igzavneba. suraTi skanirdeba da kompiuterulad muSavde-

Super Video CD Super Video CD specifikacia 1999 wels gamoqveynda. igi White Book standartis gafarToebul variants warmoadgens. Super Video CD specifikaciaSi SekumSvis MPEG-2 standarti, ekranis NTSC 480x480 da PAL 480x576 gadawyvetunarianoba gamoiyeneba.

169

170

Blue Book â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CD EXTRA specifikacia Blue Book â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CD EXTRA 1995 wels, Philips da Sony kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda. Blue Book specifikaciis mixedviT kompaqt-diskebSi audio da sainformacio bilikebis gancalkevebisTvis mravalsesiuri teqnologia gamoiyeneba. diskis audio nawili Sedgeba 98 Red Book standartis bilikisgan, xolo monacemTa nawili CD XA, Mode 2 reJimSi iwereba. audio kompaqt-diskebis standartuli firsakravi erTsesiuria da amitom mxolod audio sesias kiTxulobs, xolo personalur kompiuteris CD-ROM kiTxulobs rogorc audio, aseve monacemTa sesiasac. Purple Book specifikacia Purple Book 2000 wels, Philips da Sony kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda. standarti Purple Book gansazRvravs damgroveblebs ormagi simWidroviT _ CD-ROM (DD-ROM) CD-R (DD-R), CD-RW (DD-RW). DD-RW damgrovebeli wakiTxva/Caweris operaciebs standartul CD-ROM, CD-R da CD-RW diskebze asrulebs, Tumca Cawera xdeba ormagi simWidroviT, ris Sedegadac diskis tevadoba 1,3 gbaits aRwevs. DD damgroveblebi mxars uWeren saavtoro uflebebis cifrul dacvas _ musikaluri kompaqt-diskidan kopirebis blokirebas. cxrilSi 5.8 warmodgenilia Purple Book/DD-ROM standartSi, Mode2, Form2 meTodiT Cawerili seqtoris struqtura.

171

cxrili 5.8 Purple Book/DD-ROM standartSi, Mode2, Form2 meTodiT Cawerili seqtori luwobaze kontrolis baitebi Q da P qvekodis baitebi sinqronizaciis baitebi saTauris baitebi qvesaTauris baitebi monacemTa baitebi EDC baitebi baitebis saerTo raodenoba seqtorSi

276 98 12 4 8 2048 4 2352

miuxedavad ormagi moculobisa, DD damgroveblebma farTo gamoyeneba ver hpoves, rac DVD damgroveblebis farTo gavrcelebiTaa ganpirobebuli.

5.5. kompaqt-diskebis

failuri sistemebi

Yellow Book da Semdegi specifikaciebi mxolod monacemTa seqtorebis struqturas aRweren. isini saerTod ar exebian failur sistemas da monacemTa formatebs, romelTa wakiTxvac sxvadasxva operaciul sistemebSi unda Sesruldes. amitom sxvadasxva mwarmoeblebis mier gamoSvebuli pirveli CD-ROM diskebis wasakiTxad Sesabamisi programuli uzrunvelyofis instalacia iyo aucilebeli. personaluri kompiuterebis aparaturuli da programuli uzrunvelyofis mwarmoeblebi CD-ROM diskebis failuri formatis standartizaciiT iyvnen

172

dainteresebulni, rac SesaZlebels gaxdida iseTi kompaqt-diskebis warmoebas, romlebic waikiTxeboda yvela sistemis mier, specialuri draiverebis damuSavebis gareSe. 1986 wels ramdenime kompaniis SeTanxmebuli muSaobis Sedegad damuSavda pirveli standartuli failuri sistema High Sierra, romelmac uzrunvelyo CD-ROM diskebis Tavsebadoba faqtiurad yvela damgrovebelTan. kompaqt-diskebSi amJamad ramdenime failuri sistema gamoiyeneba: • •

High Sierra; ISO 9660 (High Sierra-s bazaze);

• • • • •

Joliet; UDF (Universal Disk Format); Mac HFS (Hierarchical File System); Rock Ridge; Mount Ranier.

High Sierra High Sierra formatis diskebTan muSaobas operaciul sistemaSi CaSenebuli draiveri (Cveulebriv Mscdex.exe) uzrunvelyofs. es draiveri ATAPI aparaturuli uzrunvelyofis draiverTan urTierTqmedebs. ISO 9660 standarti ISO 9660 damuSavda High Sierra formatis safuZvelze, 1988 wels.

173

ISO 9660 nawilobriv gansxvavdeba High Sierra formatisgan, Tumca misi draiverebi High Sierra formatis diskebsac uproblemod kiTxulobs. ISO 9660 standarts sami done gaaCnia. ISO 9660 standartis I done failuri sistemebis gamaerTianebeli formatia, romelic faqtiurad yvela kompiuterul platformas uTavsdeba (maT Soris UNIX-s da Macintosh-s). failur sistemas ramdenime uaryofiTi Tviseba gaaCnia: •

failebis saxeli SeiZleba Seicavdes mxolod did simboloebs (A-Z), cifrebs (0-9) da xazgasmis `_~ simbolos;

•

failis saxelSi da gafarToebaSi simboloebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa 8.3 (Ms-Dos-is SezRudvis safuZvelze);

•

katalogis saxelis maqsimaluri sigrZe 8 simboloa (gafarToeba ar aris nebadarTuli);

•

daSvebulia ara umetes 8 qvekatalogisa;

•

failis saxeli unda iyos uwyveti. II done I donisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom failis saxelis da gafarToebis saerTo sigrZe SeiZleba 30 simbolos Seadgendes (`.~ gamyofis gareSe), xolo III donis mixedviT nebadarTulia failebis wyvetili saxelebi. ISO 9660 standartis Tanaxmad kompaqt-diskis sivrce sam nawilad iyofa: •

Semavali veli (Lead in), romelSic moTavsebulia saTauri (Volume Table Of Contents, VTOC), Canawerebis

174

misamarTebi, bilikebis raodenoba da Canaweris saerTo dro (moculoba); •

monacemTa veli;

•

gamosvlis veli (Lead Out). masSi specialuri Wde Tavsdeba, romelic Canaweris dasasruls aRniSnavs.

Joliet Joliet warmoadgens ISO 9660 standartis gafarToebas. damuSavebulia Microsoft-is mier Widows 95 da ufro Tanamedrove operaciuli sistemebSi gamoyenebisTvis. kompaqt-diskze Cawerisas failuri formati Joliet failebis 64 simbolomde sigrZis saxelebis gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. im programebisTvis, romelTac failebis grZeli saxelebis mxardaWera ar gaaCniaT, standartiT gaTvaliswinebulia 8.3 formatis fsevdosaxelebad gardaqmna. Joliet standartis ZiriTadi Tvisebebia: •

failebisa da katalogebis saxelebis sigrZe SeiZleba maqsimum 64 simbolos Seicavdes;

•

katalogis saxeli SeiZleba gafarToebasac Seicavdes;

•

qvekatalogebis raodenoba SeuzRudavia;

universaluri diskuri formati (UDF) UDF (Universal Disk Format) SedarebiT axali failuri sistemaa, romelic miRebuli iqna samrewvelo standartis saxiT CD da DVD mowyobilobebisTvis. failuri sistema UDF mxars uWers 255 simbolomde sigrZis failebis saxelebs. UDF damuSavda paketuri CawerisTvis. igi CD-R da CD-RW diskebze mcire moculobis monacemebis Caweris standarts warmoadgens. Mac HFS Mac HFS gamoiyeneba Macintosh-is operaciuli sistemis mier da IBM standartis personalur kompiuterTan SeuTavsebelia. Tumca SesaZlebelia kombinirebuli diskebis Cawerac, romlebSic erTdroulad Joliet da HFS, an ISO 9660 da HFS failuri sistemebi gamoiyeneba.

mravalsesiuri Caweris mxardaWera. Tu operaciul sistemas (magaliTad Ms-Dos-is Zvel versias) Joilet standartis mxardaWera ar gaaCnia, failebi wakiTxvisas ISO 9660 standartis mixedviT (mokle saxelebiT) interpretirdeba.

Rock Ridge standarti RRIP (Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol) _ UNIX/POSIX failuri sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli damatebiTi informaciis Caweris saSualebas iZleva. Rock Ridge standarts mxars ar uWers Ms-Dos da Windows operaciuli sistemebi. miuxedavad amisa, Rock Ridge formatSi Cawerili failebi nebismier kompiuterSi ikiTxeba. SeuTavseblobis SemTxvevaSi RRIP gafarToebebi ubralod ignorirdeba.

175

176

•

Mount Ranier standarti Mount Ranier (Easy Write) damuSavebuli iqna Philips, Sony, Microsoft da Compaq kompaniebis mier. pirveli Mount Ranier damgrovebeli (Philips RWDV1610B) 2001 wels gamouSves. Mount Ranier standartis safuZvelze operaciul sistemas CD-RW diskebTan efeqturi muSaobis saSualeba eZleva. CD-RW damgroveblis funqciebi integrirebulia operaciul sistemaSi. amitom diskebze CawerisTvis aRar aris aucilebeli specialuri draiverebisa da programebis gamoyeneba. Mount Ranier standartis realizaciisTvis aucilebelia: â&#x20AC;˘ Tanamedrove CD-RW damgrovebeli, romelic mxars uWers Mount Ranier standarts; â&#x20AC;˘ Tanamedrove operaciuli sistema, magaliTad Window XP, romelic agreTve mxars uWers Mount Ranier standarts. Zveli operaciuli sistemis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi unda dainstalirdes romelime specialuri gamoyenebiTi programa. standarti Mount Ranier saSualebas iZleva CDRW damgrovebeli gamoyenebuli iqnas drekadi da sxva tipis (magaliTad Zip, Super Disk da sxv.) diskuri mowyobilobebis maRalefeqturi alternativis saxiT.

177

5.6. CD-R da CD-RW teqnologiebi. kompaqt-diskebze Cawera CD-R teqnologia CD-R diskebis wakiTxva SesaZlebelia faqtiurad nebismieri standartuli CD-ROM damgroveblis saSualebiT. CD-R diskebi igive principiT muSaoben, rogoriTac standartuli CD-ROM diskebi. lazeruli sxivi fokusirdeba diskis zedapirze, xolo fotoreceptori areklili sxivis parametrebis mixedviT afiqsirebs Rrmuli/zedapiri da zedapiri/Rrmuli gadasvlebis Tanmimdevrobas. Cveulebriv kompaqt-diskSi spiraluri biliki polikarbonatul masaSi iStampeba, anu Rrmulebi da zedapirebi fizikuradaa formirebuli. misgan gansxvavebiT CD-R diskze fizikurad datanilia erTi amaRlebuli spiralur biliki, romelzedac amomwvaria Rrmulebis suraTi. CD-R da CD-ROM diskebis damzadebis procesi TiTqmis analogiuria. orive SemTxvevaSi xdeba gamlRvari polikarbonatuli masis dapresva formis mimcemi matriciT. magram Rrmulebis da zedapirebis nacvlad CD-R diskze spiraluri naRari (pregroove) formirdeba. Tu mas lazeris mxridan SevxedavT, es naRari spiralur amonawevs warmoadgens. spiraluri amonawevis sazRvrebs ganivi RerZis mimarT mcire gadaxrebi gaaCnia (e.w. rxevebi). rxevebis amplituda naRaris siganesTan SedarebiT sakmaod mcirea. naRaris

178

xviebs Soris manZili 1,6 mikronia, xolo rxevebis amplituda _ 0,03 mikroni. CD-R naRaris rxevebis safuZvelze damatebiTi informacia modulirdeba, romelic damgroveblis mier waikiTxeba. sinqronizaciis signali, romelic naRaris rxevebiT ganisazRvreba, droiT kodTan da sxva monacemebTan erTad modulirdeba. mas sawyisi bilikis absoluturi dro (Absolute Time In Pregroove ATIP) ewodeba. droiTi kodi `saaTi: wuTi: wami:~ formatSi gamoisaxeba da kadris Q-qvekodebSi Seiyvaneba. ATIP signali damgrovebels saSualebas aZlevs Caweris win diskuri velis ganawileba moaxdinos. CD-R diskis damzadebis Semdegi etapia centrifugirebis meTodiT organuli saRebavis datana, romelic oqros amrekli feniT ifareba. amis Semdeg diski ultraiisferi sxivebiT gamyarebuli akrilis lakis damcavi feniT ifareba. akrilis lakis feniT dafarul diskze trafaretuli beWdvis meTodiT saRebavis fena daitaneba, romelic diskis identifikaciisTvis da damatebiTi dacvisTvis gamoiyeneba. gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad organuli saRebaviT dafaruli alumini swrafad Jangdeba. swored aman ganapiroba CD-R diskebSi oqros amrekli fenis gamoyeneba. CD-R diskis organuli saRebavis da oqros amrekl fenebs igive optikuri maxasiaTeblebi gaaCnia, rogoric CD-ROM diskis zedapirebs. erTi da igivea

CD-R da CD-ROM diskuri mowyobilobebis lazeris sxivis sigrZec _ 780 nanometri. Caweris dros CD-R diskuri mowyobilobis impulsur reJimSi momuSave lazeris simZlavre daaxloebiT 10-jer izrdeba da organuli saRebavis fe-

179

180

nas 250-300째C-mde acxelebs. aseT temperaturaze organuli saRebavis fena iwveba da faqtiurad gaumWvirvale xdeba. SemdgomSi, diskis wakiTxvis dros, Sesabamis monakveTebSi lazeruli sxivi oqros amrekl fenamde veRar aRwevs da aRar airekleba. am dros igive efeqti miiReba, rogorc areklili lazeruli sxivis CaxSobisas daStampul CD-ROM diskebSi. nax. 5.6-ze warmodgenilia CD-R diskis fenebi da spiraluri naRari, romelic organuli saRebavis fenaSi amomwvar `Rrmulebs~ Seicavs. trafareti lakis damcavi fena oqros amrekli fena organuli saRebavis Camweri fena polikarbonatuli fuZeSre

amomwvari `Rrmulebi~ sawyisi naRari

Camwer/wamkiTxavi lazeri

nax. 5.6. CD-R diskis fenebi

amrigad, wakiTxvis dros, lazeri ararsebul Rrmulebs kiTxulobs, romelTa rolsac dabali

arekvlisunarianobis mqone amomwvari monakveTebi asrulebs. es monakveTebi organuli saRebavis gaxurebisas formirdeba, amitom CD-R diskze Caweras zogjer amowvasac uwodeben. organuli saRebavis fenis amowva cvlis mis optikur Tvisebebs, rac mxolod erTxel SeiZleba moxdes. amitom CD-R diskebs matareblebs erTjeradi CaweriTac uwodeben. CD-R diskebis moculoba CD-R damgroveblebi rogorc 74-wuTian (650 mbaiti), aseve 80-wuTian (700 mbaiti) diskebTan muSaoben. Tumca 80-wuTiani diski zogierTi Zveli modelis CD-DA, CD-ROM damgroveblebis da avtomobilis audiofirsakravis mier ar ikiTxeba. es problema gamomdinareobs damatebiTi 6 wuTi (50 megabaiti) tevadobis misaRebad spiraluri bilikis xviebs Soris manZilis Semcirebidan. amJamad zogierTi damamzadebelis mier iwarmoeba gaumjobesebuli optikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone 90-wuTiani (790 mbaiti) da 99-wuTiani (870 mbaiti) diskebi. maTTan Tanamedrove CD-diskuri mowyobilobebis umetesoba uproblemod muSaobs. CD-RW 1996 wels samrewvelo konsorciumma Ricoh, Sony, Philips, Yamaha, Hewlett-Packard da Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation kompaniebis SemadgenlobiT gamoaqvena formati CD-RW. imave wels gamouSves pirveli CD-RW damgro-

181

vebelic _ MP6200S, romelic warmoadgenda moduls 2/2/6 (2x _ Cawera, 2x _ gadawera, 6x _ wakiTxva) nominaluri siCqareebiT. imave wels Orange Book specifikaciac gamoqveynda, romelmac oficialurad gansazRvra CD-RW standarti. CD-RW damgrovebeli iTavsebs CD-R damgroveblis funqciebsac, anu asrulebs CD-R diskis wakiTxvis da erTjeradi Caweris operaciebs. amitom CD-RW damgroveblebma kompiuteruli bazridan faqtiurad gamodevna CD-R damgroveblebi. CD-RW da CD-R damgroveblebi diskze Caweris operacias erTi da igive principiT asruleben. Tumca CD-RW damgrovebeli CD-RW diskze Cawerili informaciis waSlis da sxva monacemebis Caweris saSualebasac iZleva. paketuri Caweris Sesabamisi programuli uzrunvelyofis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi CD-RW diskebTan iseve xdeba muSaoba, rogorc drekad diskebTan: SesaZlebelia failebis gadaadgileba, gadawera da waSla. CD-RW matareblebi CD-R matareblebisgan oTxi ZiriTadi TvisebiT gansxvavdeba: •

SesaZlebelia arsebuli monacemebis waSla da axali informaciis Cawera;

•

ufro ZviradRirebulia;

•

Caweris ufro dabali siCqare gaaCnia;

•

lazeruli sxivis SedarebiT naklebi arekvlisunarianobiT gamoirCeva. CD-RW diski polikarbonatul fuZeSreze mzaddeba, romelzedac datanilia talRuri formis spi182

raluri naRari. naRaris rxevebi pozicionirebis informacias gansazRvravs. polikarbonatuli fena dieleqtrikuli feniT (izolaciiT) ifareba, romelzedac Camweri fena, kidev erTi dieleqtrikis fena da aluminis amrekli fena daitaneba. muSa fenebis dasacavad diski ultraiisferi sxivebiT gamyarebuli akrilis lakiT ifareba. Camweri fenis zeviT da qveviT moTavsebuli dieleqtrikis fenebis daniSnulebaa Caweris dros polikarbonatuli fuZeSrisa da liTonis amrekli fenis intensiuri gaxurebisgan ekranireba. nax. 5.7-ze naCvenebia CD-RW diskis fenebi da spiraluri naRari. CD-RW diskis Camweri fena vercxlis, indiumis, stibiumis da teluris (Ag-In-Sb-Te) Senadnobs wamoadgens, romelsac polikristaluri struqtura gaaCnia, 20%-iani arekvlisunarianobiT. lakis damcavi fena

dieleqtrikis fena

Camweri fena

li sxivi Camweri fenis nivTierebas 500-700째C temperaturamde axurebs, rac iwvevs mis dnobas. Txevad mdgomareobaSi Senadnobis molekulebi Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba, nivTiereba kristalur struqturas kargavs da amorful mdgomareobaSi gadadis. am dros Camweri fenis arekvlisunarianoba 5%-mde mcirdeba. diskis wakiTxvis dros sxvadasxva arekvlisunarianobis mqone monakveTebi rogorc Rrmulebi da zedapirebi, ise aRiqmeba. CD-RW diskebi SemdgomSi mxolod wakiTxvisTvis rom gamoiyenebodes, procesi amiT dasruldeboda. magram ramdenadac unda arsebobdes CD-RW diskebze axali informaciis Caweris SesaZlebloba, unda arsebobdes Camweri fenis nivTierebis polikristaluri formis aRdgenis saSualebac. am mizniT dabali simZlavris P-waSlis reJimi gamoiyeneba. waSlis dros Camweri fenis nivTiereba 200째C-mde xurdeba, rac dnobis temperaturaze bevrad naklebia, Tumca nivTierebis darbilebisTvis sakma-

Caweris dros lazeri or _ P-Caweris da PwaSlis reJimSi muSaobs. P-Caweris reJimSi lazeru-

risia. aqtiuri fenis 200째C-mde gaxurebisa da Semdgomi TandaTanobiTi gacivebis dros nivTierebis struqtura molekularul doneze gardaiqmneba da amorfulidan kristalur mdgomareobas ubrundeba. nivTierebis arekvlisunarianoba 20%-mde izrdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom lazeris muSaobis am reJims P-waSla ewodeba, uSualod monacemebis waSla ar xdeba. CD-RW diskebSi monacemebis `zemodan gadaweris~ meTodi gamoiyeneba. seqtorebi da monacemebi ki ar iSleba, aramed maTze `zemodan~ xdeba

183

184

polikarbonatuli fuZeSre

aluminis amrekli fena

nax. 5.7. CD-RW diskis fenebi

axali seqtorebis da monacemebis gadawera. Caweris dros lazeri mudmivad CarTulia da sxvadasxva simZlavris impulsebs gamoimuSavebs, ris Sedegadac diskze sxvadasxva arekvlisunarianobis mqone amorfuli da polikristaluri monakveTebi miiReba. CD-RW damgroveblebis siCqare sawyisi Orange book specifikaciis Tanaxmad CDRW diskebis Caweris maqsimaluri siCqarea 4x. 2000 wels gamoqveynda Orange book specifikaciis meore redaqcia _ High-Speed Rewritable, romlis mixedviTac CD-RW diskebis Caweris 4x-10x siCqare ganisazRvra, xolo 2000 wels _ mesame redaqcia _ Ultra-Speed Rewritable, romlis mixedviTac CD-RW diskebis Caweris 8x-24x siCqare ganisazRvra. High-Speed da Ultra-Speed diskebi standartuli diskebisgan gansxvavdeba, amitom maTze Cawera HighSpeed da Ultra-Speed damgroveblebSi unda moxdes. High-Speed da Ultra-Speed damgroveblebi Cveulebriv CD-RW diskebzec iweren, Tumca Cawera unda moxdes diskisTvis gansazRvruli siCqariT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba Setyobineba Secdomis Sesaxeb. CD-damgroveblebis Tavsebadoba. specifikacia Multiread kompaqt-diskebis originaluri _ Red Book da Yellow Book standartebis Tanaxmad kompaqt-diskis minimaluri (28%) da maqsimaluri (70%) arekvlisunari-

185

anoba ganisazRvra. es niSnavs, rom diskis zedapirma unda aireklos sxivebis aranakleb 70%, xolo Rrmulebma _ araumetes 28%. es standartebi 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi damuSavda, rodesac damgroveblis fotomimRebSi gamoyenebuli diodebi maRali mgrZnobiarobiT ar gamoirCeoda. amitom zedapirebsa da Rrmulebs Soris sakmarisi kontrastulobis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli masalis optikur Tvisebebs sakmaod maRali moTxovnebi waeyeneboda. CD-RW diskis zedapirebis arekvlisunarianoba daaxloebiT 20%-ia, xolo Rrmulebisa _ mxolod 5%, rac bevrad naklebia sawyis moTxovnebTan SedarebiT. amitom Zvel (1996 wlamde gamoSvebis) CD-ROM-damgroveblebSi CD-RW diskebis wakiTxvisas garkveul problemebs aqvs adgili. Tanamedrove CD-ROM-damgroveblebi aRWurvilia gaZlierebis avtomaturi regulirebis sqemiT, romelic mniSvnelovnad zrdis deteqtoris sqemis gaZlierebis koeficients. aseTi CD-ROM damgroveblebi uproblemod kiTxuloben CD-RW diskebs, miekuTvnebian Multiread specifikacias da miniWebuli aqvT Sesabamisi logotipi.

5.7. DVD-diskebi ZiriTadi formatis kompaqt-diskebi (CD) 1980 wlidan gamoiyeneba. Tumca mas Semdeg teqnologiebi sakmaod ganviTarda. ufro didi moculobis kompaqt186

diskebi amJamad sakmaod iafia da maTze moTxovni-

riT muSaobs (Cveulebrivi kompaqt-diskuri mowyobi-

leba sakmaod maRalia. video, kompiuteruli da sayo-

lobis wakiTxvis siCqare 150 kb/wm-ia).

facxovrebo teqnikis moTxovnebma DVD-diskebis Seqmna ganapiroba.

samwuxarod wiTel lazerze gadasvlam DVDwamkiTxavebSi ori lazeris da garTulebuli opti-

Tavdapirvelad abreviatura DVD iSifreboda

kuri sistemis gamoyeneba ganapiroba, raTa SesaZle-

rogorc Digital Video Disk (cifruli videodiski), xolo

beli yofiliyo arsebuli musikaluri da kompiute-

amJamad _ rogorc Digital Versatile Disk (cifruli mra-

ruli diskebis wakiTxvac. zogierT Zvel DVD-dam-

valmiznobrivi diski). DVD-diski kompaqt-diskisgan

grovebels aseTi sistema ar gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi

garegnulad ar gansxvavdeba. CD-diskebis msgavsad,

SeuZlebeli xdeba Cveulebrivi kompaqt-diskebis wa-

misi diametric 120 mm-ia, polikarbonatis safuZvel-

kiTxva. zogierTi DVD-damgrovebeli CD-DA da CD-

ze mzaddeba, Rrmulebs da zedapirebs Seicavs, rom-

ROM diskebsac kiTxulobs, Tumca SeiZleba CD-R da

lebic lazeruli diodiT naTdeba da fotodeteq-

CD-RW diskebis wakiTxvis dros gaCndes problemebi. 4,7

toris saSualebiT ikiTxeba. Tumca gansxvavebebsac

gbaiti

moculobis

DVD-diskze

SesaZle-

aqvs adgili:

belia 133 wuTis xangrZlivobis, maRali gadawyvetis

•

DVD-diski Cveulebriv kompaqt-diskTan SedarebiT

(720X480) mqone videoCanaweris ganTavseba. umetes Sem-

Rrmulebis naklebi zomiT (0,4 mikroni 0,8 mikro-

TxvevaSi es sakmarisia (holivudSi gadaRebuli fil-

nis nacvlad) gamoirCeva;

mebis 92% xangrZlivobiT 133 wuTze naklebia). Tumca

Cveulebriv kompaqt-diskTan SedarebiT DVD-disks

zogierT SemTxvevaSi (mag. multimediuri TamaSebis-

ufro mWidro spirali (0,74 mikroni 1,06 mikronis

Tvis, erT diskze ramdenime filmis Cawerisas, sac-

nacvlad) gaaCnia;

nobaro gamocemebisTvis da a.S) SeiZleba saWiro gax-

DVD-teqnologiaSi wiTeli lazeri (0,65 mikroni

des ufro didi moculobis matareblebis gamoyeneba.

talRis sigrZiT 0,78 mikronis nacvlad) gamoiye-

amis Sedegad DVD-diskebis oTxi formati Seiqmna:

•

erTmxrivi erTfeniani diskebi (4,7 gb).

zemoTCamoTvlilma teqnologiurma siaxleebma

•

erTmxrivi orfeniani diskebi (8,5 gb).

diskis moculobis 7-magi zrda (4,7 gb-mde) ganapi-

•

ormxrivi erTfeniani diskebi (9,4 gb).

roba. wamkiTxavi DVD-1x mowyobiloba 1,4 mb/wm siCqa-

•

ormxrivi orfeniani diskebi (17 gb).

neba;

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188

ismis kiTxva, ra saWiroa amdeni formati? pasu-

arc satelekomunikacio mrewveloba. aqcenti gakeTe-

xi martivia: Philips da Sony kompaniebma CaTvales, rom

buli iyo DVD-diskebze Cawerili filmebis gaqira-

momxmareblebisTvis mouxerxebeli iqneboda diskebis

vebaze da gayidvaze. CamovTvaloT DVD-s ramdenime

gadabruneba da SeimuSaves erTmxrivi diskebi ori

standartuli Tavisebureba:

feniT, xolo Toshiba-m da Time Warner-ma gadawyvites, rom aseTi diskebi ver imuSavebdnen da gamouSves ormxrivi erTfeniani diskebi. orfeniani teqnologiis SemTxvevaSi qveda amrekl fenaze zemodan naxevrad amrekli fena daitaneba. imisda mixedviT, Tu sad xdeba lazeris nax. 5.8. ormagi DVD-diski ormagi feniT

fokusireba, is an erTi, an meore fenidan airekleba. informaciis

saimedo

wakiTxvisTvis

qveda

fenis

Rrmulebis da zedapirebis zomebi zeda fenis Rrmulebis da zedapirebis zomebs odnav aRemateba. amitom qveda fenis sainformacio moculoba zeda fenis sainformacio moculobasTan SedarebiT naklebia.

•

filmidan arasasurveli scenebis mocilebis saSualeba;

•

eqvsarxiani audio;

•

masStabirebis SesaZlebloba.

ormxrivi diskebi ori erTmxrivi, 0,6 mm sisqis

es ukanaskneli Tavisebureba DVD-firsakravs

diskis Sewebebis Sedegad iqmneba. yvela standartis

saSualebas aZlevs Tavad gadawyvitos, Tu rogor

diskis Tanabari sisqis uzrunvelyofisaTvis 0,6 mm

CamoWras gamosaxulebis CarCos marcxena da marjvena

sisqis erTmxriv disks cariel safuZvelze awebeben.

kideebi iseTi filmebisTvis, romelTaTvisac siganis

orfeniani ormxrivi diskis struqtura warmodgeni-

da simaRlis Sefardebaa 3:2, raTa xarisxis gauarese-

lia nax. 5.8-ze.

bis gareSe iyos SesaZlebeli maTi gaSveba Tanamed-

DVD-diski damuSavebuli iqna holivudis mTavar studiebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis Sedegad,

rove

televizorebze,

romelTaTvisac

siganis

simaRlis Sefardebaa 4:3.

sayofacxovrebo teqnikis mwarmoebeli 10 (maT Soris

DVD-diskebis kidev erT Taviseburebas warmo-

7 iaponuri) kompaniisgan Semdgari korporaciis mier.

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