q. nanobaSvili
sabuRaltro aRricxvis finansuri analizis safuZvlebi
`teqnikuri universiteti�@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
q. nanobaSvili
sabuRaltro aRricxvis finansuri analizis safuZvlebi
registrirebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier
Tbilisi 2009
wigni rekomendebulia damxmare saxelmZRvanelod sxvadasxva specialobis profesiuli swavlebis studentebisTvis
recenzenti z. gasitaSvili
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-14-410-3 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Tavi III balansirebis principebi
Sinaarsi 3.1.
Tavi I sabuRaltro aRricxva 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5.
sabuRaltro aRricxvianobis istoria sabuRaltro aRricxvis arsi da daniSnuleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sabuRaltro aRricxvis sasagno are, aRricxvis meTodi da damuSavebis etapebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . buRaltruli aRricxvis principebi . . buRaltris profesia da maTi klasifikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 11
3.2. 3.3.
buRaltruli balansi. balansirebis principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sabalanso angariSgebis aRwera . . . . . calkeuli garigebebis asaxva sabalanso angariSgebaSi . . . . . . . . . . gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . . . .
18 26 30
Tavi II finansuri angariSgeba 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6 2.7. 2.8.
finansuri angariSgeba, misi arsi da mizani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . finansuri angariSgebis xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . finansuri angariSgebis komponentebi da elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZiriTadi saSualebebis aRiareba da Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aramaterialuri aqtivebi, maTi aRiareba da Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . Semosavlebisa da xarjebis aRiareba da Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sawarmoTa organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma da kapitalis struqtura sawesdebo kapitalis aRricxva . . . . . . 3
38 40 42 47 62 71 75 84
4
85 88 90 100
warmoebis maqsimaluri mogeba, iq momuSave personalis
efeqturi
optimaluri
struqturis
biznesmenis
moRvaweoba
upirvelesi
da
marTvis
masala, saqmis
romelic
warmoebisaTvis.
aris
profesiuli swavlebis studentebisaTvis imdenad
amocana.
am
amocanis
savaldebuloa, ramdenadac Semdgom etapze isini saqmianobis
aris
saqmianobis,
informaciis
arsebuli
warmodgenili
mravalricxovan
codna
ra
safinanso-sameurneo
saxiT
masalis
ai
unda
warmoebaSi
am
sabuRaltro
Seqmna,
ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiroa mkacri monitoringi ZiriTadad
aucilebelia
informacias.
dokumentebis da
Seicavs
swored
ZiriTadi
kompiuterze
sabuRaltro
realizebis
sistemur
programebs. cxadia, sabuRaltro aRricxvianobis warmoeba dRevandel epoqaSi kompiuteruli da kerZod,
sainformacio
teqnologiebis
gareSe,
warmoudgenelia. aqedan gamomdinare, studentebi,
marTvis
romlebic daeuflebian sabuRaltro aRricxvis
ganxorcielebis garants. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
ZiriTad sqemebsa da dokumentaciebs, amis Semdeg
umtyuno informaciis ar arsebobisas, SeiZleba
maTTvis advili Sesaswavli gaxdeba am sqemebisa
miRebuli
da
Semcirebisa
da
iqnes
gadawyvetilebebi,
warmoadgens
am
am
risk-
faqtorebis
sistematizeba
romelic
daeuflon
efeqturi
araswori ris
samarTavi
Sedegadac
mogebis
nacvlad miiReba seriozuli danakargebi.
dokumentwarmoebis
kompiuteruli
avtomatizebuli,
sistemebis
praqtikuli realizebis mizniT.
sagani `sabuRaltro aRricxvis finansuri analizis
safuZvlebi~
profesiuli
swavlebis
studentebisTvis warmoadgens ZiriTad safuZvels, romlis
Semdgomi
etapia
`kompiuteruli
buRalteriis~ Seswavla. sabuRaltro aRricxvis finansuri analizis safuZvlebSi
Semotanili 5
gvaqvs
is
Seswavla,
ZiriTadi 6
anu
SemdgomSi
am
Tavi I sabuRaltro aRricxva
qonebis
mflobelobis
1.1 sabuRaltro aRricxvianobis istoria
Soris.
aRricxvianobis
istoria
gadanawileba
uflebebis
amisaTvis
angariSis sabuRaltro
adekvaturi
iseTi
moiyvanda
mqone
saWiro
iyo
meTodi,
monawileTa SeemuSavebiaT
romelic
obieqtis
masze
sistemaSi
inventarizebis,
welTaRricxvamde
registrirebisa da sxva aucilebel procesebs.
ramdenime aTasi wlis winidan. es gamowveuli
problemas qmnida is faqtic, rom am dros ar
iyo adamianis sayofacxovrebo moRvaweobiT. am
arsebobda
aTaswleulebis
fuladi
iwyeba
jer
rogorc
kidev
ganmavlobaSi
obieqti,
procesebis
Cvens
aseve
icvleboda
obieqtze
sabuRaltro
mimdinare
aRricxvianobis
arc
sazomi,
saSualebebi aRwerisas
da
angariSebisaTvis
sabuRaltro
saSualebebze,
sazogadoebaSi
mimdinare
socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis
moqceuli. kanonzomieri,
da
politikuri
paralelurad
viTardeboda
cnobili Tixis
arc
martivi
warmoebda
iseT
rogoricaa
firfitebi
da
a.S.
inventaris sabuRaltro materialur
Zveli
asiriuli
da
erTiani
warmoebis
Canawerebi
sxva
papirusi,
xdeboda
sistema, Canaweris
a.S.
da
meTodebi, magram yovelive es cxadia, iyo martiv CarCoebSi
Tvlis
egviptis
babilonuri
am
saSualebebiT
Senaxva
materialuri
romelic
emsaxureboda
informaciis
Sesabamisad
aRricxvis
Sesaxeb,
izrdeboda adamianis moRvaweobis masStabebic,
sameurneo
saqmianobis
romelic
maCveneblebis mixedviT: sagnis dasaxeleba da
sameurneo
procesebic
da
saWiroebda
aRricxvianobis imdroindeli
sabuRaltro
meTodologiis sabuRaltro
daxvewasac.
aRricxvianobis
raodenoba,
pirovnebis
kontrols
saxeli,
Semdegi
visganac
es
sagani miiRes, mimRebis saxeli, TariRi da a.S.
qonebrivi
napovnia Canawerebi, romelic miuTiTebs Zvel
saSualebebis asaxva raime wesis gamoyenebiT da
egvipteSi Tu raodenobrivad rogor gaunawiles
7
8
mizans
ki
warmoadgenda
arsebuli
pirveli
da
meore
ganmavlobaSi
xarisxis
Wis
momsaxureebs,
mTxrel
monebs,
xorbali muSebs,
yaraulebs,
Tvis
iTvleboda faseulad. zed dasmuli iyo TariRi
eqimebs,
da inaxeboda specialur sanaxebSi _ yuTSi an
kancelariis
gadamwerebs da sxv. sainteresoa,
Tixis
TokebiT
iarliyebiT,
da
romelzec
welT aRricxvamde II saukuneSi ukve arsebobda
dasaxeleba da sxva aucilebeli rekvizitebi.
Semosaval-gasavlis
rogorc
iyo
ki.
garda
gasavalis
iyo
aramed,
gamoyvanili
da
ara
yoveli
iyo amisa,
dokumentebi
dokumenti,
papirusze
dafiqsirebuli
boloSi jamic
angariSis
Sedgenili
aRricxvianoba,
egvipteSi,
iluqeboda
ikvreboda
miTiTebuli iyo pasuxismgebeli piri, obieqtis
mTavaria,
Zvel
romelic
Cven
romelic
rom
kalaTaSi,
rac
marto saerTo
Semosavalisa dajgufebuli
da iyo
dRevandeli
sabuRaltro
aRricxvis organizaciuli procedura, mcirediT Tu gansxvavdeba imdroindelisgan.
furclis
angariSis
vxedavT,
XVIII
saukunis
aRricxvamde,
sabuRaltro
ganmtkicebuli xamurapis
babilonSi,
iyo
kanoniT,
Cven
aRricxvianoba
sakanonmdeblo vaWrebi
welT
aspeqtebiT.
valdebuli
iyvnen
calkeuli faseulobis mixedviT. sabuRaltro
ewarmoebiaT TviTangariSi saxelmwifos mimarT
aRricxvaSi SemCneuli uzustoba gamokvleuli
da
iyo
iTvleboda
da
amave
mizezic.
dros
swored
am
miTiTebuli faqtma
iyo
misca
misi
dasabami
sabuRaltro aRricxvianobis ZiriTad sayrdens: sinTezur
da
aRniSnuli
analizur papirusis
angariSs
_
analizuri
angariSi
`qeri~
da
angariSs.
magaliTad,
mixedviT
sinTezur
`marcvleuli~
a.S.
-
`xorbali~,
saangariSo 9
Seesabameboda
fulis
gadacema
xelwerilis
kanondarRvevad.
bankis
gareSe funqcias
asrulebda taZari da savaWro organizaciebi. ase nabij-nabij, wlobiT da saukuneebiT viTardeboda aRricxvianobis buRalterias
da
ixveweboda sistema
Tanamedrove
da
sabuRaltro meTodebi. sakomunikacio
`brinji~,
saSualebebisa da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis
dokumentebi
gamoyenebiT gauCnda SesaZlebloba, gadasuliyo 10
ubralo
fuladi
obieqtisa
da
angariSebidan, iq
mimdinare
nebismieri
awarmoebs sabuRaltro aRricxvas, saxelmwifos
operaciebis
kanonmdeblobis farglebSi. am bolo periodSi,
aRricxvianobis warmoebaze fulad erTeulebSi.
Tanamedrove
dReisaTvis, cxadia, aRricxvianobis warmoebis
gamomdinare, organizaciebi, garda sabuRaltro
gareSe veraviTari meurneoba ver ganviTardeba,
aRricxvisa
radgan
operatiuli da statistikuri aRricxvac.
aRricxvianoba,
saqmianobis
qvakuTxedi,
mZlavri
safuZveli.
istoria,
es
sistemuri romelic
aris
es
aris
biznesis
istoria
samuSao adgilebis mixedviT, sadac sruldeba
erovnuli
sxvadasxva sameurneo samuSaoebi. aseTi samuSao
kontrols,
adgili
procesebis
saamqro, sawyobi, dekanati, departamenti da a.S.
SeiZleba
operatiuli
daniSnuleba
monacemebi,
organizacia, kerZo Tu saxelmwifo struqtura, romelsac Tavis saqmianoba dakavSirebuli aqvs
11
da
ubani,
ganyofileba,
romlebic
pirebis
mier
miiReba
gamoiyeneba yoveldRiurad,
mimdinare samuSaoebis marTvisaTvis. magaliTad,
odiTganve moyolebuli, dRemde, nebismieri
formisa
iyos
adgilebidan,
xelmZRvaneli
1.2. sabuRaltro aRricxvis arsi da
organizaciis
areali
Camoyalibebis,
mimdinare
brunvasTan,
misi
operatiuli aRricxva warmoebs organizaciaSi
aRniSnuli
saxsrebis
aRricxva.
awarmoon
mwyobri
erTiani,
efeqtur marTvas. E
fuladi
arian
SezRudulia organizaciebis CarCoebSi, radgan
Senaxvis obieqtze
moTxovnebidan
warmoebis
uzrunvelyofs
axorcielebs
valdebuli
operatiuli
ganviTarebis
buRalteriis
aRricxvianobis
Rirebulebebis
sameurneo
sameurneo
miuxedavad
am
daniSnulebisa,
sawarmoSi personalis gamocxadebis aRricxva, saamqroSi
gamoSvebuli
produqciis
aRricxva,
dekanatSi leqciebis mimdinareobis kontroli, studentTa akademiuri moswrebis aRricxva da a.S.
operatiuli
informacia
SeiZleba
iyos
mowodebuli sxvadasxva saSualebiT: telefoniT, 12
el. fostiT, zepirsityvierad. aseTi informacia
fasebis
warmoadgens droSi wyvetads, radgan misi miReba
qaRaldebs, qveynis mosaxleobis aRricxvas da
mxolod
gamowveuli.
a.S.
leqcia
monacemebis mosapoveblad farTod gamoiyeneba
aucileblobiT
magaliTad,
Tu
tardeba
romelime
aris saganSi
pedagogis
gamoucxadeblobis
raime
mizeziT
aqedan
inflacias,
gamomdinare,
registraciisa
da
safuZvelze,
aRricxvebi.
aqve
pedagogis
statistika
mTlianad
gamonaxva an sxva RonisZieba iqneba gatarebuli.
operatiuli
aRricxvis,
ra
aRricxvis monacemebs.
informaciis
operatiulad
leqcia
moxdeba
unda
Semcvleli
Cveulebriv
tardeba,
SemTxvevaSi,
operatiuli
informacia
Tu ar
tardeba
sabuRaltro statistikuri
gadaecema.
statistikuri
aRricxva.
statistikuri
sabuRaltro process.
romlebsac gaaCniaT masobrivi maxasiaTeblebi.
sameurneo
aseTi
ganzomilebebis
mecnierebis,
xasiaTdeba
jandacvis,
ganaTlebis,
kulturis,
ekonomikis
dasrulebuli
ekonomikis mdgomareobas ekonomikur obieqtebze,
operaciad.
sxvadasxva
fuladi
gavrcelebisa
da
nebismieri)
daavadebulTa
infeqciis
raodenobriv
maxasiaTeblebs, qveynis samecniero potencials,
qoneba,
aseve
aRricxva.
mTlianad
saxiT, aRniSnul
saxsrebi,
rom
sabuRaltro
operatiuli
da
gansxvavebiT,
asaxavs
uwyvet obieqtis
sxvadasxva
dokumentebSi. faqti,
da
rogorc
warmoadgens
yoveli
romelic
formdeba
wodebulia
sameurneo
dokumentebSi
organizaciis
danaxarjebi,
mogeba,
gasavali da a.S.
socialur mdgomareobas, bazris mdgomareobas, 13
aRvniSnoT,
moRvaweobas
dokumentebis
(an
aRwerebi
aRricxvisgan
igi
da a.S. obieqtebi, kerZod, statistika aRricxavs
saxis
SerCeviTi
iyenebs,
aRricxva
aRricxva, anu statistika swavlobs movlenebs, TvisebebiT
erTdrouli unda
fasian
statistikuri
dakvirvebis
meTodebi,
Tqma
am
da
SemTxvevaSi
miRebuli
gamo,
ar
zrdasa
14
aisaxeba
moZrav-uZravi Semosavali,
sabuRaltro aRricxvis organizebis dros didi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
aRricxvianobis
SromiTi kvartali,
sazomi
Tve
da
(saaTi,
a.S.)
dRe,
kvira,
saSualebas
iZleva
ganzomilebebis gamoyenebas, ris daxmarebiTac
ganisazRvros daxarjuli dro da Sroma. mis
vlindeba
safuZvelze
organizaciis
dawesebulebebis)
(sawarmoo
moRvaweobis
iseTi
xdeba
davalebebis
normireba,
xelfasis angariSi da a.S. fuladi sazomebiT
maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: fuladi saxsrebis an
(lari,
gamoSvebuli produqciis (da sxv.) moculoba,
organizaciis
raodenoba, dro da sxva uamravi maCvenebeli.
moculoba, misi danaxarjebi, biujeti, xarjva,
aqedan
mogeba
sazomi
gamomdinare, sami
saxe:
arsebobs
aRricxvianobis
naturaluri,
SromiTi,
fuladi.
dolari,
da
da
sxv.)
qonebrivi
a.S.
davalebebi,
evro
mis
SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT
finansuri
ganisazRvreba
dgeba
garigebebi,
sawarmoo angariSebi,
balansebi da a.S.
naturaluri sazomebi (cali, kilogrami,
Tanamedrove
buRalteri
valdebulia,
metri, litri da sxv.) gamoiyeneba organizaciis
daakmayofilos finansuri informaciis rogorc
materialuri
SesaZleblobebis,
ZiriTadi
Siga, aseve gareSe momxmarebelTa interesebi. ase
saSualebebis,
mza
da
rom,
produqciis
aRricxvianobisTvis.
misi
a.S.
`buRaltruli
aRricxva
aris
sistema,
daxmarebiT
romelic
zomavs,
xorcieldeba kontroli gamoSvebul da gasayid
finansur
informacias
produqciaze,
xdeba
ekonomikuri (biznes) subieqtis Sesaxeb~.
Sesrulebis
SesaZleblobis
analizi
(magaliTad
sawarmoo
davalebisa
da
Tanazomadobis universitetis
amuSavebs
da
gadascems
garkveuli
sameurneo-
biznesis yoveldRiuri saqmianoba iZleva buRaltrul informacias.
gadamuSavebis Semdeg
inteleqtualur-teqnikuri SesaZleblobebisa da
gamosavalze
Rirebulebis
momzadebuli
finansuri
specialistis
Tanazomadoba).
raodenobis
gamoiyeneba 15
garkveuli monacemebi sxvadasxva 16
miiReba,
mqone
romlebic
pirebis
mier
gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebisas.
magaliTad,
mrCevlebsa
da
menejerebs sWirdebaT yoveldRiuri informacia,
rCevebis
raTa efeqturad marTon biznesi da mudmivad
sawarmos
gaaumjobeson
ainteresebs
miRebul
gadawyvetilebaTa
misacemad
sawarmoTa
saqmianoba
ganapirobebs
mosalodneli finansur
Semosavlis
angariSgebaSi
dayrdnobiT gaitanos wili
biznesidan
iRebs
ainteresebT
sidide.
asaxul
Tu
msesxebeli
sawarmoSi.
droulad
gadasaxdeli ZiriTadi
informaciaze
procenti Tanxa.
datovos,
Seamciros
informacia,
Tavisi
kreditorebs
SeZlebs
Tu
aanazRauros da
an
investori
gadawyvetilebas
gaafarToos mocemul
miRebuli,
sesxad
sagadasaxado
ara
sesxze gacemuli
inspeqcias
informacia ekonomikuri
Sesaxeb. imdenad,
ramdenadac
saqmianobis
finansuri
aZlevs
monacemebi sazogadoebas
samuSao
uzrunvelyofas, saSualebas
klientebisaTvis
sWirdebaT
mdgomareobis
xarisxi. aqcionerebs surT Seafason menejerTa da
brokerebs
mas
xarisxi
adgilebiT angariSgeba
miiRos
ki
informacia
sawarmos ganviTarebis mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb, rac,
Tavis
mxriv,
ganapirobebs
dasaqmebas
profesiuli
sawarmoos
xelmZRvanelobas
sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT. sWirdeba
informacia imisaTvis, raTa SeimuSaos sawarmos strategiuli
da
taqtikuri
ganviTarebis
perspeqtiva.
ainteresebs informacia sawarmos mogebisa da Semosavlebis Sesaxeb, raTa zusti gadasaxadi dauwesos
mas.
upirvelesad finansuri
sawarmos
TanamSromlebs
ainteresebT
damqiraveblis
stabiluroba,
sawarmos
finansur
damokidebuli
maTi
samuSao
adgiliT
ramdenadac
Sromis
mdgomareobazea anazRaureba
uzrunvelyofa. 17
swored
1.3. sabuRaltro aRricxvis sasagno are, aRricxvis meTodi da damuSavebis etapebi sabuRaltro romelzec
aRricxvis
orientirebulia
sasagno
are,
saaRricxvo
operaciebis Catareba, Sedgeba mravalricxovani
da
finansur 18
obieqtisagan da isini SeiZleba gavaerTianoT
emsaxurebian
or ZiriTad jgufSi:
garkveuli, didi xniT, ise, rom ar icvlian
• obieqtebi,
romelic
uzrunvelyofs
garegan
warmoeba-dawesebulebebs
ier-saxes.
maTi
cveTa,
rogorc
organizaciis (sawarmoo da sxv.) sameurneo
teqnikurad, aseve moraluradac, xdeba nel-nela
moRvaweobas;
(Tumca,
• obieqtebi,
romelic
Sedis
organizaciis
teqnikuri
gamo,
pirvel
produqciis
saSualebebi
da
miekuTvnebian
am
sameurneo
saSualebebis
miRebis
moralurad
cveTas gacilebiT ufro adre ganicdian). amis
sameurneo moRvaweobis SemadgenlobaSi. jgufs
saSualebebi
ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
fasi
Sedis
TviTRirebulebaSi,
misi
`sicocxlisunarianobis~ ganmavlobaSi, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia normatiuli dokumentiT. ra
wyaroebi. meore
jgufs
miekuTvnebian
sameurneo
ras
organizaciis
warmoadgens
(sawarmoos)
unda,
Camofaseba,
procesebi, Sesabamisi miRebuli SedegebiT. ganvixiloT,
Tqma
sameurneo
drois
ganmavlobaSi
cveTisa
da
sxva
xdeba
misi
faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
aramaterialuri
aqtivebi.
es
aris
saSualebebi, ra SesaZleblobiT warmogvidgeba
grZelvadiani dabandebis obieqtebi, romelsac
igi
gaaCnia didi Rirebuleba, magram es Rirebuleba
da
ratom
saWiroebs
sabuRaltro
ar aris materialuri faseuloba. magaliTad:
aRricxvianobas.
saSualebebs
inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, resursebis (wyali,
adgens ZiriTadi saSualebebi. Senoba-nagebobebi,
miwa, wiaRiseuli da a.S.) patentebi, gamogonebebi
satvirTo
da sxv. aramaterialuri aqtivebic, ise, rogorc
organizaciis da
teqnikuri warmoadgenen
sameurneo
satransporto
danadgarebi
da
ZviradRirebul
19
avtomanqanebi, a.S.
isini
saSualebebs,
ZiriTadi
saSualebebi,
did
gavlenas
axdens
warmoebis danaxarjebze da normatiuli vadis
20
farglebSi isinic ganicdian cveTas, ris gamoc
saSualebebis
icvleba Rirebuleba warmoebis danaxarjze.
sabrunavi saSualebebi. sawvavi,
energoresursebi,
warmoadgenen
erTjeradi
garkveuli
imis Semdeg, roca ukve viciT sameurneo
saxis
nedleuli
da
sxv.
moxmarebis
sagnebs,
amitom, TavianT Rirebulebas mxolod erTxel
ganvixiloT
ZiriTadi TiToeuli
Sedgeniloba
maTganis
warmoSobis
wyaro, anu Tu saidan SeiZleba am saSualebebis miReba. 1. sakuTari saSualebebis wyaro. igi miiReba
axmaren produqciis damzadebas. cxadia, aseTi
sawesdebo
saSualebebi
aqcionerebze araganawilebuli mogebidan;
mudmiv
warmoebis
ganaxlebas,
mxridan rac
saWiroeben sabuRaltro
fuladi saSualebebi. es aris sawarmoos fuladi
saxsrebi,
romlis
sufTa
mogebidan
da
garkveuli
misi
miRebis
wyaroebi
sabanko
garkveuli nawili inaxeba sabanko angariSebze
sakredito davalianebebi;
erovnuli an nebismieri valutis saxiT. fulad
kreditebi,
3. RirebulebiTi
saSualebebad am bolo dros moiazreba aseve
materialuri
aqciebi, obligaciebi, serTifikatebi da a.S.
sawarmoos
(ganyenebuli)
specialuri
2. kreditebi da sxva sasesxo saSualebebi.
nawili inaxeba organizaciis salaroSi, xolo
gadataniTi
safuZvelze;
fondebidan.
aRricxvianobis gareSe, SeuZlebelia. piradi
kapitalis
saSualebebi.
SeiZleba
sesxebi,
da
naturalur-
saSualebebi.
ganisazRvreba
saqmianobis
specifikiT,
biujetSi
cxadia,
Tanxebi,
romelic
ixarjeba
fondebis saxiT.
gadaricxvas,
sawarmoos
spec.
rac
ZiriTad sam sameurneo procesSia asaxuli: momarageba, warmoeba, gasaReba.
saxiT
sxvadasxva
sxva
mogebis Tanxis nawili, romelic eqvemdebareba gadasaxadis
iyos:
momaragebisa
da
warmoebis
aRricxvianobis Sedegad gegmiuri da saangariSo monacemebis SedarebiT gamovlindeba ekonomia an gadaxarjva da produqciis gasaRebis aRricxvis
21
22
mogeba an wageba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom am
Tu
procesebis
monacemTa damuSavebisaTvis saWiroa sami etapi:
aRricxvis
warmarTva
mxolod
pirdapiri
movaleobaa
Sesabamisi
kontrolis
sruli
saimedo
da
sabuRaltro da
moicavs
ganxorcielebisa
dafuZnebuli,
finansur
monacemTa aRricxva, klasifikacia da Sejameba. ganvixiloT TiToeuli etapi dawvrilebiT.
formirebis
I etapi _ finansuri saqmianobis monacemTa
amocanaTa gadawyvetis kompleqss. am kompleqsis
aRricxva. saaRricxvo sistemis pirveli etapia
erTianobas
biznesis
ewodeba
aRricxvianobis calkeuli SeiZleba
informaciis
da
kompiuterze
meTodi.
sabuRaltro es
meTodi
elementebisgan, mivuTiToT
dokumentwarmoeba
romelTaganac
Semdegi da
Sedgeba
ZiriTadi:
dokumentbrunva,
yoveldRiuri
terminebiT yidulobs
aRricxva. da
yidis
saqmianobis
fuladi
magaliTad,
sawarmo
saqonels,
momsaxurebas,
gaicema krediti, ixarjeba da Semodis fuli. aseT
operaciebs
SemdgomSi
garigebebs
inventarizeba, balansis angariSi, angariSgeba,
vuwodebT. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom biznesSi yoveli
Sefaseba,
qmedeba
kalkulireba
TviTRirebulebisa
da
(produqciis
sarializebo
fasebis
SeiZleba
ar
gaizomos
terminebSi (profkavSirebis muqara gaficvebis
dadgena). yovelive es procesi TanadobaSi unda
mowyobis
iyos
amitom isini ar CaiTvlebian garigebebad.
Sesabamis
debulebebTan,
samoqmedo
instruqciebTan, wesdebebTan da ganmtkicebuli qveyanaSi arsebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT. buRaltruli etapebi. biznesis
informaciis
buRaltruli
damuSavebis
informaciis
yoveldRiuri
saqmianobis
damuSaveba sistemur
analizs gulisxmobs. damoukideblad imisa, Tu
Sesaxeb,
marTvelis
gardacvaleba),
garigeba SeiZleba iyos rogorc ormxrivi, damoukidebel partniorTa Soris faseulobaTa gacvliT (yidva-gayidva, sesxis aReba da sxva), aseve
erTmxrivi
(danakargebi
gamowveuli
stiqiuri ubedurebiTa da qurdobiT, ZiriTadi saSualebebis cveTa da sxva).
rogoria saaRricxvo sistema, xeliT warmoebadi 23
fulad
24
II etapi _ finansuri saqmianobis monacemTa klasifikacia.
biznesis
yoveldRiuri
saqmianobis sruli aRricxva iZleva monacemTa uzarmazar raodenobas, romelTa daumuSaveblad gamoyeneba Znelia. amitom, monacemebs ajgufeben ekonomikuri
Sinaarsis
mixedviT
erTtipiur
garigebebad. III
etapi
_
finansuri
saqmianobis
monacemTa Sejameba. dainteresebul pirTaTvis finansuri
monacemebi
gamosayeneblad
moxerxebuli rom gaxdnen, isini unda Sejamdes. magaliTad, nebismieri savaWro sawarmos Tviur gayidvaTa sruli sia aRsaqmelad Zneli iqneba, miT ufro, rom aseTi informacia TiTqmis aravis sWirdeba. TanamSromlebs ainteresebT calkeuli saxis
produqtis
mixedviT
Sejamebuli
informacia, menejerebi swavloben informacias gayidvebis Sesaxeb ganyofilebebis mixedviT da a.S.
amitom
xdeba
informaciis
Sesabamisi jgufebis mixedviT.
Sejameba
1.4. buRaltruli aRricxvis principebi buRaltruli aRricxvaisa da angariSgebis erTiani
sistema
principebs.
aRricxvis
buRaltruli
sayovelTaod
miRebuli
warmoadgens
aRricxvis
zogad
aRricxvis
principebi
(basmp)
standartebsa
da
koncefcias, romelic gamoyenebuli unda iqnas finansuri saqmianobis Sefasebisa da finansuri angariSgebis
momzadebis
nebismieri
procesSi.
buRaltruli
e.i.
mtkicebulebis
marTebulobas ganapirobebs esa Tu is principi. buRaltruli
principebis
Tanmimdevruli
gamoyeneba
aucilebelia,
radganac
SesaZlebels
xdis
wlis
angariSgeba angariSgebas
mimdinare
SevadaroT da
wina
agreTve
sxva
igi
finansuri wlebis kompaniebis
finansur angariSgebas. bass-iT buRaltruli uwyvetobis, Rirebulebebis Sefasebis,
25
efuZneba
fundamentalurad aRricxvis
Semdegi
mudmivobis, (TviTRirebulebis), myari
fuladi 26
iTvleba principebi: pirvandeli fuladi erTeulis
realizaciis,
sawarmos
(avtonomiurobis),
ormxrivobis,
mTlianobis
fuladi
Sefasebis
saangariSgebo
buRaltruli
aRricxvis
Seswavlis
warmoadgens
mxolod
is
periodis. uwyvetoba,
romlis
drosac
Cveulebriv,
valdebulebebi,
movlenebi
sawarmo ganixileba, rogorc uwyveti procesi,
romelTa
rac
Sefasebaa SesaZlebeli.
misi
funqcionirebis
ganusazRvrelad
momavalSi
fuladi
sazomiT
Tanaxmad, obieqts
aqtivebi da
da
operaciebi,
gamosaxva,
anu
niSnavs.
myari fuladi erTeulis principis arsi
igulisxmeba, rom sawarmos uaxloes momavalSi
mdgomareobs masSi, rom finansur angariSgebebSi
gadawyvetili
asaxuli
ara
gagrZelebas
principis
aqvs
Tavisi
saqmianobis
sxvadasxva
periodis
monacemebi
likvidacia an arsebiTi Sekveca (minimum erTi
stabilur valutaSia gamosaxuli da maSasadame,
wlis ganmavlobaSi mainc).
es monacemebi Sesadarisia.
mudmivoba gulisxmobs, rom sawarmos mier miRebuli
saaRricxvo
principi
gulisxmobs,
rom
romelic
sawarmos Semosavlebis aRiareba da buRaltrul
moicavs finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisa da
aRricxvaSi asaxva aqtivis myidvelze gadacemis,
wardgenis xelmZRvanelobis mier damtkicebul
an
principebs, procedurebsa da wesebs, mudmivad
maSasadame, saqonlis gayidvidan (momsaxurebis
moqmedebs.
gawevidan)
pirvandeli lebis)
principis
politika,
realizaciis
Rirebulebis Tanaxmad,
(TviTRirebuyvela
xarji
pirvandeli RirebulebiT aRiricxeba. aqtivebis SeZenaze
gaweuli
danaxarjebis
TviTRirebulebas warmoadgens.
27
jami
ki,
momsaxurebis
gawevis
miRebuli
momentSi
amonagebi
xdeba.
Semosavlad
aRiardeba da buRaltrul aRricxvaSi aisaxeba myidvelze
sakuTrebisa
da
masTan
dakavSirebuli riskis gadacemisas. sawarmos
mTlianobis
principi
gulisxmobs
imas,
finansur
angariSgebebSi 28
(avtonomiurobis) rom
asaxuli
sawarmos informacia
mxolod sameurneo subieqts exeba da ara misi
SeiZleba
damfuZneblis
kvartali, Tve.
sawarmos
an
mesame
finansuri
mxolod
sawarmos
mxaris
saqmianobas.
angariSgebis buRaltrul
igi
aRricxvaSi
odenobiT
mxare
aqvs.
iwvevs
aqtivebSic princips
da
erTidaigive
cvlilebas
mis
emyareba
igi
Sesabamis ormagi
sawarmos
wyaroebSic.
asaxvis
meTodi
am da
sabalanso toloba:
1.5. buRaltris profesia da maTi
tolobis
darRveva
ramdenadac
gamoricxulia
imaze
aqtivi,
meti
SeuZlebelia,
sawarmom
ramdenic
man
miiRos
Sesabamisi
wyaroebidan resursis saxiT daxarja am aqtivis Sesabamisad.DA saangariSgebo finansuri
periodis
angariSgebebis
wardgenis
principi
momzadebisa
periodulobas
da
gulisxmobs.
Cveulebriv saangariSgebo periodi erTi welia. yoveli
wlis
angariSgeba,
bolos Tumca
mzaddeba
finansuri
saWiroebis
mixedviT,
29
biznesis mniSvneloba
warmatebisaTvis aqvs
saqmiani
udidesi
organizaciis
mier
sakuTari finansuri saqmianobis analizs, rac buRaltruli
aRricxvis
gulisxmobs.
pirvel
gamoyenebas
etapze
sruldeba
garigebaTa zusti aRricxva, Semdeg etapze _
aqtivebi = valdebulebebi + kapitali am
magaliTad
klasifikacia
ormxrivobis principis Tanaxmad, TiToeul ori
iyos,
Sedgena
asaxuli monacemebis safuZvelze xdeba. operacias
naklebic
dagrovili monacemebis klasificireba, Sejameba da maT safuZvelze buRaltruli angariSgebis Sedgena da bolos yvelaze mniSvnelovani da sapasuxismgeblo etapi _ finansuri angariSgebis analizi
anu
kavSiris
damyareba
biznesis
saqmianobasa da mis finansur Sedegebs Soris am qmedebaTa
efeqtianobis
yvelafris agreTve
garda
iseT
(Semowmeba,
Sefasebis
buRaltrebi
samuSaoebs, revizia),
mizniT.
am
asruleben
rogoricaa
auditi
sagadasaxado
deklaraciebis momzadeba, samomavlo Sedegebis 30
prognozireba
da
sxva.
maRalkvalificiuri
serTifikatis mqone sajaro buRalterTa
buRaltris momzadeba Sesabamisad Znelia, igi
nawili
ramdenime
firmebSi
wlis
daZabul
swavlasa
da
praqtikuli muSaobis gamocdilebas moiTxovs. zogierT
qveynebSi
buRaltrebs
damoukidebel muSaobs.
sajaro
arsebobs
sabuRaltro
rogorc
Zalian
mcire, erTkaciani, aseve Zalian Zalian didi, transnacionaluri
sabuRaltro
firmebi
advokatebis msgavsad yofen sajaro, kerZo da
ramdenime aTasi profesionali buRaltrisagan
saxelmwifo buRaltrebad.
dakompleqtebuli StatiT.
sajaro buRaltrebi. sajaro buRaltrebi,
auditi aris serTifikatis mqone sajaro
rogorc wesi, serTifikatis mqone buRaltrebi
buRalterTa
arian.
angariSgebis
serTifikats
mniSvneloba eqimisaTvis
buRaltrisTvis
aqvs, da
igi
profesionalizmze
rogorc misi
licenzias
mflobelis
metyvelebs.
iseTive
sisrulis
mier
kompaniis
Seswavla
dadasturebis
maTi
finansuri
sisworisa
mizniT.
da
buRalteri,
maRal
romelic sawarmos audits axorcielebs, is ar
magaliTad,
SeiZleba iyos am sawarmos TanamSromeli. misi
serTifikatis misaRebad amerikaSi kandidatebi
movaleobaa
weliwadSi orjer abareben gamocdebs sajaro
Semowmeba, razec pasuxs agebs ara marto Tavisi
buRalterTa
institutSi.
profesiuli reputaciiT (rac auditorTa Soris
mdgomareoba
udidesi konkurenciis pirobebSi arsebiTia maTi
serTificirebis TvalsawrisiT sakmaod rTulia,
warmatebisaTvis), aramed `gamiznuli~ Secdomis
ramdenadac jer ar arsebobs serTificirebis
gamoaSkaravebis
saimedo meqanizmi. amitom, qarTvel buRaltrebs
winaSec dgeba.
saqarTveloSi
SesaZlebloba
amerikul dRes
arsebul
eZlevaT
serTificirebis gamocdebi.
31
Caabaros
amerikuli
keTilsindisierad
SemTxvevaSi
Caataros
didi
jarimis
sawarmoebi TavianT finansur angariSgebas yovelwliurad
ukeTeben
32
audits
da
daskvnis
saxiT
awvdian
sawarmos
kreditorebs,
aqcionerebs da sxva dainteresebul pirebs.
biznesis damxmare momsaxurebasac eweva. isini amzadeben
sagadasaxado momsaxureba. biznesmenisTvis
sawarmoTa
prognozirebaSi,
am
konsultaciebs.
gamomdinare deklaraciebis sajaro
udidesi
mniSvnelobidan
sawarmoebi
sagadasaxado
momzadebisas
buRaltrebs.
xSirad
maT
iwveven
avaleben
iseTi
uweven
kerZo buRaltrebisagan
programebis SemuSavebas, romelic minimumamde
sTavazoben
mTels
Seamcirebs sawarmos gadasaxadebis SemuSavebas,
buRaltrebi
romelic
arasaxelmwifo
gadasaxadebs,
arsebuli
sawarmos
kanonmdeblobis
farglebSi.
bevri
sakonsultacio
sajaro
sabuRaltro
momxmarebels farTo
momsaxureba. firma
sakonsultacio
speqtrs
sTavazobs.
Tavis
momsaxurebis
magaliTad,
isini
nebismieri
sididisa
damatebiT
SesaZleblobaTa
SeswavlaSi da sxva. mcire sabuRaltro
formebs,
biznesis
momsaxureba.
firmebis 33
umravlesoba
sajaro
da
tipis
sawarmos
saaRricxvo sistema moqmedebs erTi da igive,
saWiroebs
aTvisebis
saqmianobidan
buRaltruli saaRricxvo sistemis Seqmna.
Tavisi
produqtis
TanamSromlebs
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania:
sawarmo,
axali
kerZo
konkretuli
buRaltruli
saaRricxvo
danergvaSi,
sazogadoebas,
da emsaxurebian mxolod maT.
saerTo
teqnikur
momsaxurebas
organizaciebis
exmarebian sawarmoebs kompiuterze dafuZnebuli sistemebis
fasad
romlebic
warmoadgenen
kerZo
menejerTa
tipis sajaro
gansxvavebiT
honoraris
Seamcirebs
sxvadasxva
buRaltrebi.
garkveuli
minimumamde
finansur
angariSgebebs, adgenen maT biujets. exmarebian
didi mniSvneloba aqvs gadasaxadebis gamoTvlas. samuSaos
yovelTviur
zogadi
principebiT.
Caweris
magram
specifikidan
yoveli
gamomdinare
konkretul
sabuRaltro
teqnikas,
kompiuterul
programebs da sxva.
mcire 34
xarjTaRricxva. gadawyvetilebebis warmoebul codna.
biznesSi misaRebad
produqciaze
magaliTad,
swori
buRaltrebi awarmoeben. magram biznesis Semdgom
mniSvnelovania
saqmianobaze am samuSaos udidesi mniSvnelobis
gaweuli
xarjebis
gamo kompaniaTa nawils StatSi ayvanili hyavs
saavtomobilo
sawarmos
gadasaxadze momuSave buRalteri.
sWirdeba icodes, ra Rirs mis mier gamoSvebul manqanaTa
TiToeuli
gadawyvetilebis
tipi.
magram
misaRebad
bevri
aranakleb
Sida
kontroli.
movaleobaa muSaobis
kompaniis
kerZo
buRaltrebis
calkeuli
Semowmeba,
ramdenad
qvedanayofTa eTanxmeba
maT
mniSvnelovania sxva, sawarmo (manqanebis SeRebva)
saqmianoba
Tu arasawarmo (TanamSromelTa kvalifikaciis
ramdenad efeqtiania esa Tu is operacia da am
asamaRlebeli
Semowmebis Sedegebs gadascemen menejerebs.
programebi)
Rirebuleba.
calkeul
xarjebis
aRricxvas
procesebis
saqmianobaze da
kompaniis
ZiriTad
politikas,
gaweuli
saxelmwifo buRaltrebi. miuxedavad imisa,
dajamebas
rom saxelmwifo organizaciaTa saqmianoba ar
xarjTaRricxva ewodeba. am samuSaosac kerZo
iTvaliswinebs
buraltrebi asruleben.
TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtoris
finansuri
prognozireba,
anu
biujetis
finansur
prognozireba
saSualebas
operaciaTa iZleva,
gegmaa. Sefasdes
miRebas,
aRricxvis
muSaobaSi mainc bevri ram aris saerTo.
Sedgena, fulad terminebSi Cawerili momavalSi Sesasrulebel
mogebis
saxelmwifo organizaciaTa Soris mxolod ori,
sagadasaxado
qaRaldebisa
organoebi
da
fasiani
da birJebis komisia, gamoirCeva
operatiuli Sedegebi manam, sanam adgili eqneba
gansxvavebuli
realur
pirveli iRebs da amowmebs milionobiT kerZo
garigebas,
sabolood
ki
Sedardes
dagegmili da miRweuli Sedegebi. sagadasaxado deklaraciebis
aRricxva.
Sevsebas 35
buRaltruli
saqmianobiT.
pirisa da kompaniis buRaltrul dokumentacias sagadasaxado
ZiriTadad
saWiro
da
dokumentaciis
saSualebiT
momzadebul
sagadasaxado deklaraciebs, meore ki awesrigebs 36
da
aqveynebs
fasiani
qaRaldebis
korporaciaTa
saqmianobis
kanonebs,
arsebuli
gaTvaliswinebiT
gamomSveb
Tavi II finansuri angariSgeba
maregulirebel
registrirebul
2.1. finansuri angariSgeba, misi
moTxovnebis
arsi da mizani
kompaniebs
uwesebs Sesabamis kontrols.
finansuri finansuri
angarigeba
mdgomareoba
ganxorcielebuli struqturulad suraTi
aris da
sawarmos mis
sameurneo
operaciebis
Camoyalibebuli
konkretuli
TariRisaTvis.
angariSgebaSi
asaxuli
momxmareblebs
ekonomikuri
mier
finansuri finansur
informacia
mis
gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis saSualebas aZlevs. aqedan gamomdinare, finansuri
angariSgebis
farTo
mizani
wrisaTvis
momxmarebelTa
sawarmos
finansuri
mdgomareobisa da misi cvlilebebis, sawarmos saqmianobis
Sedegebisa
moZraobis
Sesaxeb
finansur
da
fuladi
informaciis
angariSgebaSi
asaxulia
saxsrebis miwodebaa. informacia
sawarmos aqtivebis, valdebulebebis, sakuTari kapitalis, Semosavlebisa da xarjebis, mogebisa da
zaralis,
moZraobis, 37
sawarmos
mogebisa
da 38
fuladi
saxsrebis
zaralis,
sawarmos
fuladi
saxsrebis
saaRricxvo
moZraobis,
politikisa
da
agreTve,
sxva
2.2. finansuri angariSgebis xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi
damatebiTi finansuri
maCveneblebis Sesaxeb. sawarmos
finansur
mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs
gankargulebaSi resursebi,
struqtura,
ekonomikuri likviduroba
ekvivalentebis
momavali
9 aRqmadoba;
momavalSi
fulisa
da
9 Sesabamisoba;
miRebis
unari.
informacia
mogebisa
da
mflobelTa fuladi
saxsrebis
saangariSgebo
periodSi
momzadeba
da
finansuri
wardgena
xdeba
erTxel mainc. amasTan, calkeuli gamonaklisis saangariSgebo
wlis
bolos,
rogorc
iqnas
maT
ekonomikuri
angariSgebis
xarisxobrivi
saaRricxvo
informaciis
9 Sesadarisoba. aRqmadoba ZiriTadi
Tvisebaa,
angriSgebaSi unda
iyos
misi
daxmarebiT
finansur
mocemuli
informacia
gasagebi
sawarmos
ekonomikuri
saqmianobiT
dainteresebuli yvela pirTaTvis. Sesabamisad iTvleba informacia, Tu igi akmayofilebs
momxmareblebis
SeuZlia
weli emTxveva erTmaneTs da moicavs periods 1
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.
sargebloba
saimedooba aucilebel
39
momxmarebelTa
swori
wesi, saangariSgebo periodi da saangariSgebo ianvridan 31 dekembris CaTvliT.
dros
9 saimedooba;
Soris
ganawilebis wesi dadgenis saSualebas iZleva.
garda,
finansuri
gansazRvros
gansazRvris,
angariSgebis
raTa
iZleva
fuladi
unda
Sedgenis
gadawyvetileba miiRos.
da
finansuri struqturis Sesaxeb sesxze mimdinare moTxovnis
moTxovnebi,
maxasiaTeblebia:
saSualebas
mie
gaTvaliswinebuli
aseTi
gadamxdelunarianoba.
informacia sawarmos
sawarmos
arsebuli
misi
sawarmos
mdgomareobas
angariSgebis
moutanos
informaciis
pirobas
moTxovnebs
ekonomikuri
sargeblianobis
warmoadgens. 40
da
informacia
saimedoa, Tu igi ar Seicavs arsebiT Secdomebs
2.3. finansuri angariSgebis komponentebi da
da ar aris tendenciuri. informacia saimedod
elementebi
iTvleba,
Tu
igi
Secdomebsa
da
iseT
mikerZoebul Sefasebebs ar Seicavs, romelmac gavlena
SeiZleba
iqonios
momxmareblis
mier
miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. Sesadarisoba
finansuri
angariSgebis
mniSvelovani xarisxobrivi maxasiaTebelia. igi gansxvavebuli sawarmos Sedarebis
sawarmoebis
sxvadasxva
an
erTi
da
igive
periodis
saqmianobis
iZleva.
monacemebis
saSualebas
Sesadarisoba problemas warmoadgens sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
aRricxvis
TvalsazrisiT.
organizaciis
arsebobs
specifikis
aRricxvis
rigi
altermatiuli meTodebi, romlebic Tacsdebian sayovelTaod sawarmoebs
miRebul
standartebSi
SeuZliaT
Sexedulebebisamebr maTi gamoyeneba.
da
sakuTari
sawarmos
mier
damtkicebuli
SemuSavebiuli
saaRricxvo
da
politikis
Sesabamisad finansuri angariSgebis momzadeba da
wardgena
momxmareblisaTvis
evaleba
sawarmos direqtorTa sabWos an sxva Sesabamis xelmZRvanel organos. finansuri angariSgebis komponentebia: 1. balansi; 2. mogebisa da zaralis angariSgeba; 3. angariSgeba,
romelic
uzrunvelyofs
informacias: • sawarmos
sakuTar
kapitalSi
nebismieri
cvlilebis Sesaxeb; • sakuTari
kapitalis
cvlilebis
Sesaxeb,
romelic ar aris gamowveuli mesakuTreTa mier kapitalTan dakavSirebul sameurneo operaciebsa
da
maTTvis
kapitalis
ganawilebasTan; 4. fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis angariSgeba;
41
42
5. finansuri angariSgebis axsna-ganmartebiT SeniSvnebi. finansur informacia
sawarmo
moelis
momavalSi
ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebas. angariSgebaSi
dajgufebulia
maxasiaTeblebis
safuZvelzec
asaxuli
aqtivebs
maTi
ekonomikuri
gamoyenebiT
seT
dajgufebas
sargebeli,
mixedviT.
finansuri angariSgebis elementebs uwodeben.
maT
potenciali,
mflobels
radganac
gamoyenebuli
finansuri angariSgebis elementebia:
gaaCniaT
an
romelTa
SeuZlia isini
gacvlili
miiRos SeiZleba
iqnan
produqtis
damzadebis an momsaxurebis gawevis procesSi.
9 aqtivebi;
rodesac produqti an momsaxureba akmayofilebs
9 valdebulebebi;
momxmarebelTa
9 sakuTari kapitali;
arian
9 Semosavlebi;
sawarmoSi fuladi saxsrebis Semosvlas.
9 xarjebi.
xdeba
pirveli
sami
elementebia, sawarmos
buRaltruli
romlis
finansuri
meSveobiTac mdgomareobis
Sefaseba. Semosavlebi da xarjebi ki mogebisa da
zaralis
Sesaxeb
angariSgebis
elementebs
da
amiT
xeli
mzad
Seuwyon
aqtivi
movaleobaa, sameurneo
romelic movlenebis
warmoiSva Sedegad
warsuli
da
romlis
Sesruleba gulisxmobs ekonomikur sargebelSi ganivTebuli resursebis gasvlas sawarmodan. valdebulebebi warmoadgenen organizaciis davalianebebs sxva iuridiuli Tu kerZo pirebis
warmoadgens. aris
sawarmos
arsebuli
materialuri
resursi,
romelic
sameurneo
gadaixadon
isini
valdebuleba sawarmos mimdinare periodis
aqedan balansis
moTxovnilebebs,
an
gankargulebaSi aramaterialuri
warsulSi
movlenebis
Sedegia
momxdari da
ris
mimarT.
TiTqmis
yvela
sawarmo
iRebs
valdebulebebs. yvelaze mdimari kompaniebic ki moxerxebulad
Tvlian
saqonlis
Tu
momsaxurebis kreditSi SeZenas. valdebulebas, romelic am dros warmoiSveba, ewodeba savaWro
43
44
valdebuleba, xolo im individsa Tu kompanias, visac
ekuTvnis
es
davalianeba
_
ewodeba
kreditori.
muxlis saxiT Sedis sabalanso angariSgebaSi. saqmiani
saqmiani Tvlis
valdebulebaTa TiToeuli forma calke
sawarmo
davalianebis
xSirad
sasurvelad
gansxvavebul
formas,
sawarmo
valdebulebebze aqtivebiT.
kreditorebis
pasuxs
agebs
kreditorebs
mimarT
mTeli
ufleba
aqvT
Tavisi valis
kerZod, fuladi saxsrebis sesxebas. nasesxebi
dafarva moiTxovon maSinac ki, Tu es gamoiwvevs
fondebi gamoiyeneba biznesis SedarebiT swrafi
mevale biznesis mTeli resursebis amowurvas.
zrdisaTvis. SeZenil
ase
iqnas
magaliTad,
saqoneli,
SesaZlebelia
romelic
SemdegSi
mogebiT unda gaiyidos, an dainergos axali da ufro efeqtiani mowyobiloba, rac saSualebas
sakuTari aqtivebis
is
kapitali nawili,
aris
romelic
sawarmos rCeba
yvela
valdebulebis dafarvis Semdeg. Semosavali
aris
sawarmos
mier
miscems sawarmos produqciis gacilebiT meti
ekonomikuri
raodenoba
periodSi aqtivebis zrdis an valdebulebebis
awarmoos
valdebulebis
naklebi
formas,
danaxarjebiT.
romelic
warmoiSveba
sargeblis
Semcirebis
gziT,
fuladi saxsrebis sesxebiT, ewodeba saTamasuqo
kapitalis
valdebulebebi.
dakavSirebuli
igi,
savaWro
valdebulebebisagan gansxvavebiT, iTvaliswinebs werilobiT garkveuli
dapirebas
momentisaTvis
raodenobis ZiriTad
formalur
Tanxis
TanxasTan
gansazRvruli
gadaxdaze. erTad
dadgenili procentebic.
45
drois
am
Sedis
TanxaSi winaswar
zrda
rac
gadidebiT
saangariSgebo
sawarmos
sakuTari
gamoixateba,
romelic
araa
sakuTari
kapitalis
mflobelTa damatebiT SenatanebTan. xarjebi sargeblis
aris
Semcireba
sawarmos
ekonomikuri
saangariSgebo
periodis
ganmavlobaSi aqtivebis sawarmodan gasvlis an valdebulebebis sawarmos
zrdis
sakuTari
safuZvelze,
kapitalis
46
rac
SemcirebiT
gamoixateba, romelic mflobelebze kapitalis
rom isini unda imyofebodnen mocemuli sawarmos
ganawilebasTan araa dakavSirebuli.
gankargulebaSi da emsaxurebodnen mas erT welze meti
xnis
ganmavlobaSi,
aucilebelia
maTi
2.4. ZiriTadi saSualebebis aRiareba
aRiareba. saerTaSoriso standartebiT (bass 16,
da Sefaseba
punqti 8) ZiriTadi saSualebebi aRiarebuli unda
sawarmoebi
da
organizaciebi
sameurneo
saqmianobisas iyeneben rogorc grZelvadian, ise moklevadian Sedgeba
aqtivebs.
grZelvadiani
materialuri
aqtivebisagan.
da
aramaterialuri
materialur
aramaterialurisagan
aqtivebi
aqtivebs,
gansxvavebiT,
gaaCniaT
fizikuri forma da warmoebaSi isini gvevlinebian ZiriTadi saSualebebis saxiT. ZiriTadi grZelvadian warmoebas
saSualebebi materialur
emsaxurebian
warmoadgenen
aqtivebs,
romlebic
xangrZlivi
periodis
ganmavlobaSi, momsaxurebis procesSi icviTebian nawil-nawil
da
TavianTi
Rirebulebac
axladSeqmnil produqciaze gadaaqvT aseve nawilnawil, cveTis mixedviT. sawarmos
aqtivebis
SemadgenlobaSi
ZiriTadi saSualebebis Sesatanad, garda imisa, 47
iqnas aqtivebad Tu: a) mosalodnelia, rom sawarmo momavalSi am aqtivebis gamoyenebiT miiRebs ekonomikur sargebels; b) sawarmosaTvis
SesaZlebelia
aqtivis
Rirebulebis saimedo Sefaseba. rogorc
vxedavT
ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
aqtivebad aRiarebis pirveli kriteriumia maTi gamoyenebiT ekonomikuri sargeblis miReba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es SeuZlebelia, saerTaSoriso standartebiT SeiZleba
aqtivis
gauqmdes
miRebis
operacia
yovelgvari
sajarimo
sanqciis gareSe da amdenad ar moxdes mocemuli aqtivis aRiareba. xSir
SemTxvevaSi,
sawarmoebi
aqtivebad
aRiareben iseT ZiriTad saSualebebs, romelTa pirdapir sargebeli,
gamoyenebas
ar
Tumca
aseTi 48
moaqvs saxis
ekonomikuri ZiriTadi
saSualebebi romelTa
emsaxurebian
sxva
gamoyenebac
iseT
aqtivebs,
sawarmos
aZlevs
saSualebas miiRos ekonomikuri sargebeli. ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
ZiriTadi
SeZenis
formebis
mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT TviTRirebulebaSi
aqtivebad
saSualebebis
Semaval
gansxvavebulia,
danaxarjTa
Tumca
yvela
muxlebi SemTxvevaSi
aRiarebis meore kriteriumia maTi Rirebulebis
ZiriTadi saSualebebi unda Sefasdes faqtiurad
saimedod Sefaseba. saerTaSoriso standartebiT
gaweuli xarjebiT.
(bass
16,
punqti
15)
`ZiriTadi
obieqti,
romelic
aRiarebis
kriteriumebs,
saSualebebis
akmayofilebs
aqtivis
sawarmoSi ZiriTadi saSualebebis miReba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes:
unda
naRdi fuliT;
igive
kreditis formiT;
saSualebebis
aqciebze gacvliT;
TviTRirebuleba unda Seicavdes misi nasyidobis
barteruli gacvliT;
fass,
amoRebas
sakuTari ZaliT SeqmniT;
sawarmomde
usasyidlo miRebiT.
Sefasdes
misi
standartiT
Tavdapirvelad
TviTRirebulebiT~. `ZiriTadi
saimporto
baJs,
ukan
dauqvemdebarebel
gadasaxadebs,
transportirebis,
montaJisa
da
samuSao
naRdi
fuliT
mdgomareobaSi mosayvanad saWiro sxva pirdapir
SeZenisas
xarjebs, yovelgvari savaWro fasdaklebisa da
ganisazRvrebas
fasdaTmobis
Soris:
gamoklebiT~.
saqarTvelos
sagadasaxado kodeqsiT aqtivebis RirebulebaSi
maTi
sxvadasxva
montaJisa
xarjebisa;
xarjebi,
agreTve
sxva
xarjebi, romlebic zrdian maT Rirebulebas.
49
Rirebuleba
meTodebiT,
maT
- RirebulebiT, romelic tolia ZiriTadi saSualebebis
dadgmis
saSualebebi
sabalanso
Seitaneba maTi SeZenis, warmoebis, mSeneblobis, da
ZiriTadi
SeZenisa
- mimdinare RirebulebiT;
50
da
montaJis
- wminda realizaciis RirebulebiT;
kreditis formiT ZiriTadi saSualebebis
- gacvlis RirebulebiT.
SeZenisas maTi sabalanso Rirebuleba fasdeba
ZiriTadi saSualebebis Sefasebas SeZenisa
ori meTodiT:
da montaJis xarjebis RirebulebiT ukavSirdeba
•
sabazro fasiT;
gamyidvelisa da myidvelis urTierTSeTanxmebis
•
dasafaravi valis mimdinare RirebulebiT.
Sedegad
aRiarebul
danaxarjebs.
faqtiuri
SeZenili
ZiriTadi
danaxarjebi ganisazRvreba mocemuli saxeobis
Rirebulebis
aqtivebis realuri sabazro fasebiT.
mimdinare
periodisaTvis
aqtivebze
Camoyalibebuli
mimdinare saSualebebis sawarmoo
RirebulebiT Sefaseba
fondebze
sabazro
ZiriTadi
RirebulebiT
mimdinare
meTodiT,
maTi
realizaciiT
misaRebi amonagebis realur Sefasebaze. RirebulebiT Sefasebis
ZiriTadi kriteriumia
ZiriTadi
fondebis mimdinare sabazro fasi.
51
momavalSi
dasafaravi
valis
valis anu
mimdinare
momavalSi
Rirebulebis
dasafaravi
valis
mimdinare Rirebulebis meTodiT, anu momavalSi
funqcionaluri daniSnulebiT da xarisxobrivi msgavsi
realuri
mimdinare Rirebulebis meTodiT, anu momavalSi dasafaravi
maxasiaTeblebiT
bazris
saxis
Sefaseba, romlis dafarvac moxdeba momavalSi,
Zlier
ZiriTadi saSualebebis Sefaseba damokidebulia
saSualebebis
mocemuli
fasebis
realizaciis
gacvlis
safuZvelia
fasebi, xolo SeZenili ZiriTadi saSualebebis
ganxorcieldeba
momentisaTvis
Sefasebis
dakavSirebulia
cvalebadobasTan. wminda
sabazro
saSualebebis
sawarmoo
gadasaxdeli
Tanxis
dRevandeli
diskontirebuli RirebulebiT. kreditis ZiriTadi TiToeuli
formiT
saSualebebis aqtivis
ramdenime
erTdrouli
sabalanso
52
saxis SeZenisas
Rirebuleba
ganisazRvreba
saerTo
valdebulebaSi
mimdinare Rirebulebis proporciuli wiliT. gamomdinare SeZenili
iqidan,
ZiriTadi
Semadgeneli
da,
kompleqsurad
saSualebebis
nawilis
gansxvavebulia
rom
calkeuli
momsaxurebis maSasadame,
imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT TiToeuli
maTi
vada
aqtivis Tamasuqis maTi
sabalanso saerTo
xvedriTi
Rirebuleba, nominalur
wili
saWiroa
RirebulebaSi
gamravldes
Tamasuqis
mimdinare sabazro Rirebulebaze. miwa
daricxuli
30 000:120 000X90 000=22 500
amowurvis
Senoba 50 000:120 000X90 000=37 500
periodi sxvadasxvaa, aucilebelia maTi cal-
dazga 40 000:120 000X90 000=30 000
calke
cveTis
gziT
maTi
aRricxva.
saSualebebis
yoveli
Rirebulebis
Sesabamisad,
ZiriTadi
sul
obieqti
Sefasdes
kompleqsurad
unda
90 000 SeZenil
aqtivze
gveqneba
Semdegi buRaltruli gatareba:
damoukideblad.
magaliTad sawarmom SeiZina miwis nakveTi
debeti 2100 – `ZiriTadi saSualebebi~
masze mdebare SenobasTan erTad. SenobaSi dgas
(miwa, Senoba, dazga) _ 90 000 l
dazga. mTlianad aqtivi anazRaurda TamasuqiT,
krediti 4120 _ `gasanaRdebeli Tamasuqi~
romlis normaluri Rirebulebaa 120 000 lari,
sakuTari
xolo
sabazro
Rirebuleba
_
90
000
lari.
aqciebiT
SeZenili
ZiriTadi
saSualebebis sabalanso Rirebuleba fasdeba:
SeZenili aqtivis Rirebuleba saxeebis mixedviT
•
aqciis sabazro RirebulebiT;
Semdegia:
•
SesaZeni ZiriTadi saSualebebis sabazro
miwa _ 30 000 lari
RirebulebiT;
Senoba _ 50 000 lari dazga _ 40 000 lari sul
•
SesaZeni
ZiriTadi
damoukidebeli SefasebiTi RirebulebiT.
_ 120 000 lari.
53
saSualebebis
54
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
sawarmoebi
aqtivebs
sabazro Rirebulebisa da damatebuli fuladi
cvlian sxva saxis aqtivebze, anu axorcieleben
saxsrebis
ZiriTadi
gacvlas.
gacvlaSi monawile erTi mxaris mier miRebuli
ZiriTadi
mogeba TavisTavad ar niSnavs meoris zarals,
saSualebebis miRebas arafulad aqtivebze maTi
ramdenadac mogebas an zarals gansazRvravs ara
gacvlis gziT. arafulad aqtivebs miekuTvneba
damatebuli
yvela is aqtivi, romelTa gardaqmna yovelTvis
Tanafardoba am aqtivebis sabalanso da sabazro
SeiZleba
Rirebulebas Soris.
saSualebebis
barteruli
gacvla
barterul gulisxmobs
gansazRvruli
raodenobis
fulad
ZiriTadi
aseTi
Tanxis
gacvlis
moculoba,
Sedegad
aramed
magaliTad sawarmo mis kuTvnil msubuq
saSualebebad. barteruli
jamisa.
gacvlis
saSualebebis
gziT
Sefaseba
miRebuli da
asaxva
avtomanqanas cvlis saxarato dazgaSi. msubuqi avtomanqanis sabalanso Rirebulebaa 4000 lari, saxarato dazgis sabalanso Rirebuleba ki _
balansSi SesaZlebelia ori meTodiT: •
sabazro RirebulebiT;
5000 lari. msubuqi avtomanqana bazarze Sefasda
•
aqtivebis RirebulebiT, romelic gacemul
5000 larad. aseTi sameurneo operaciis Sedegad
iqna miRebuli aqtivebis sanacvlod.
msubuqi
rogorc
Sesabamis buRaltrul dokumentebSi asaxavs 1000
wesi,
SeirCeva
is
meTodi,
avtomanqanis
lar
viTarebas. barteruli gacvlisas zogjer xdeba
sawarmo ki rCeba mogebis gareSe, Tumca mas
fuladi
gacvlaSi
aseTi sameurneo operaciis Sedegad zarali ar
monawile an erTi, an meore mxaris mier. am
ganucdia, ramdenadac misi aqctivis sabalanso
SemTxvevaSi
Rirebuleba swored 5000 lari iyo.
miRebuli
damateba
ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
sabalanso Rirebuleba tolia mocemuli aqtivis
saxarato
dazgis
sawarmo
romelic ufro obieqturad pasuxobs realur saSualebebis
mogebas,
mesakuTre
mflobeli
ZiriTadi saSualebebis barteruli gacvla SeiZleba aqciis, obligaciis an sxva fasiani
55
56
qaRaldebis meSveobiTac. am SemTxvevaSi sawarmo
safinanso aRricxvis koncefciis konservatizmis
miRebul
afasebs
principis arsidan gamomdinare, sameurneo wesiT
qaRaldebis
aSenebuli obieqtebis sabalanso Rirebuleba ar
ZiriTad
sanacvlod
saSualebebs
gacemuli
fasiani
unda aRematebodes maT sabazro Rirebulebas.
realuri RirebulebiT.
magaliTad, sawarmom 1 lari nominaluri Rirebulebis
3000
aqcia
gacvala
saxarato
rodesac xarjebi
mSeneblobasTan aRemateba
analogiuri
dakavSirebuli daniSnulebis
dazgaSi. aqciis realuri sabazro fasi Seadgens
obieqtTa
1,40
TanxiT miiReba zarali. maSasadame, igulisxmeba,
lars.
am
SemTxvevaSi
saxarato
dazgis
nasyidobis fasi iqneba 4200 (3000X1,40) lari.
rom
sawarmom ZiriTadi saSualebebi SeiZleba Seqmnas
sakuTari
ZaliT
aSenebuli
Senobebi,
Sedis
yvela
pirdapiri
obieqti
Rirebulebas,
momavalSi
sxvaobis
ver
moitans
ekonomiur sargebels. piriqiT SemTxvevaSi ki sawarmo miiRebs mogebas.
nagebobebi da a.S. Sefasdeba TviTRirebulebiT. TviTRirebulebaSi
aseTi
sabazro
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
sawarmoebi
sameurneo
wesiT mSeneblobisaTvis iReben sesxs. rogorc
(masalebis SeZenis, samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis
wesi,
da a.S.) da arapirdapiri (saerTo sawarmoo
ekonomiuri
SinaarsiT
saerTo sameurneo) xarjebi. arapirdapiri, anu
warmoadgens
xarjs.
zednadebi xarjebi TviTRirebulebaSi Seitaneba
TvalszrisiT unda ganisazRvros, gadasaxdeli
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini uSualod
procenti saprocento xarjs warmoadgens Tu
monawileoben mSeneblobis procesSi, miuxedavad
saWiroa misi kapitalizacia.
da
aRebul
sesxze
ericxeba gadasaxdeli
buRaltruli
procenti. procenti aRricxvis
imisa, rom saerTaSoriso standartebiT zustad
magaliTad, sawarmom Senobis asaSeneblad
araa gawerili zednadebi xarjebis is nusxa,
ori wlis vadiT 8%-iani saprocento ganakveTis
romelic
pirobiT aiRo sesxi 60 000 laris odenobiT.
CairTveba
aSenebuli
obieqtis
sabalanso RirebulebaSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 57
mSeneblobis pirvel wels gaixarja: 58
masalebi
20 000 lari
faqtobrivad
esaa
samuSao Zala
5 000 lari
dakavSirebulia
aqtivebis
zednadebi xarjebi
2200 lari
muSa mdgomareobaSi moyvanasTan.
saerTo zednadebi xarjebi
1600 lari
kapitalizebuli procenti
warmoebis
4800(60000X8%) lari
sul
33600 lari. mSeneblobis meore wels ganxorcieldeba
ZiriTadi
xarjebi,
romelic
SeZenasTan
procesSi
saSualebebi
da
rogorc
viciT
ganicdian
gacveTili
nawilis
odenobiT
ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
mis
cveTas. mcirdeba
pirveldawyebiTi
igive sameurneo operaciebi, mxolod darCenili
Rirebuleba, anu misi TviTRirebuleba. ZiriTadi
Tanxis 26 400 (60000-33600) laris farglebSi.
saSualebebis
usasyidlod ZiriTadi
anu
saSualebebi
aisaxeba
maTi
ZiriTadi
mTliani
miRebuli
gamoklebiT miRebul Tanxas narCeni Rirebuleba,
sawarmos
balansSi
anu misi sabalanso Rirebuleba ewodeba.
RirebulebiT.
aseTi
Sefaseba
xdeba
obieqturad
dadgenili
sabazro
RirebulebiT.
iTqvas,
meTodebsa
rom
aisaxeba
da
pirobebs,
momsaxureobis
SeiZleba
periodSi
TviTRirebulebiT,
isini
aRdgeniTi
RirebulebiT da narCeni RirebulebiT. rogorc aRricxva
wesi,
ZiriTadi
buRalteriaSi
RirebulebiT,
adre
anu
xdeba
misi 59
saSualebebis pirvedawyebiTi
SeZenili
Rirebuleba
ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
gansxvavebulia
Rirebulebebisagan, mier
Tu ganvazogadebT ZiriTadi saSualebebis Sefasebis
cveTis
CuqebiT
saSualebebis
samarTliani,
TviTRirebulebidan
romelic
axladSeZenil
im
gaaCnia
aSenebul
sawarmos ZiriTad
saSualebebs. sxvaobis gasabaTileblad saWiro xdeba aseTi ZiriTadi saSualebebis gadafaseba da
maTi
aRdgeniTi
Rirebulebis
gansazRvra.
ZiriTadi saSualebebis aRdgeniTi Rirebuleba _ esaa
maTi
Tanamedrove
kvlawarmoebis pirobebSi,
Rirebuleba
Tanamedrove
fasebis,
Tanamedrove teqnikis da a.S. gaTvaliswinebiT.
TviTRirebulebiT. 60
garkveuli periodis momsaxurebis Semdeg sawarmom
SeiZleba
moaxdinos
sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli
ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
likvidacia.
buRaltruli aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT, saWiroa ganisazRvros
aseTi
ZiriTadis
kompleqsi,
saSualebebis
Rirebuleba aris Tanxa, romlis miRebas moelis sawarmo
am
aqtivebis
likvidaciidan,
maTi
sasargeblo gamoyenebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, gayidvasTan
dakavSirebuli
mosalodneli
danaxarjebis gamoklebiT. ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
Rirebuleba
warmoadgens
imisaTvis,
rom
salikvidacio
erT-erT
ganisazRvros
elements ZiriTadi
saSualebebis cveTis wliuri Tanxa. aRricxvis ganisazRvros
TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadi
unda
saSualebebis
saaRricxvo erTeuli. ZiriTadi
saSualebebis
saaRricxvo
erTeuls warmoadgens calkeuli inventaruli obieqti.
inventaruli
obieqti
esaa
dasrulebuli mowyobiloba, sagani an saganTa 61
SeuZliaT
2.5. aramaterialuri aqtivebi, maTi aRiareba da Sefaseba
saSualebebis salikvidacio
mTlianobaSi
garkveuli erTi funqciis Sesruleba.
salikvidacio Rirebuleba. ZiriTadi
romelTac
aramaterialuria romlebic
warmoebas
iseTi
aqtivebi,
emsaxurebian
xangrZlivi
periodis (erT welze meti xnis) ganmavlobaSi, ar
gaaCniaT
magram
materialur-nivTobrivi
aqvT
swarmosaTvis
RirebulebiTi moqvT
forma,
Sefaseba
ekonomikuri
da
sargebeli
(mogeba). aramaterialur
aqtivebs
miekuTvneba:
licenzia, patenti, saavtoro ufleba da a.S. aramaterialuri
aqtivebis
buRaltruli
aRricxvis miznebidan gamomdinare, saWiroa maTi Sefaseba. SefasebisaTvis ki aucilebelia aseTi aqtivebis aRiareba. saerTaSoriso standartebiT, aramaterialuri
aqtivebis
aRiareba
miiRweva
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu: 他 mosalodnelia
am
aqtivebis
gamoyenebiT
ekonomikuri sargeblis miReba momavalSi; 62
他 SesaZlebelia
am
aqtivis
Rirebulebis
kavSirurTierToba, interesTa Sejaxebis Tavidan asacileblad.
saimedo Sefaseba. Sefaseba
saxelmwifo grantis (sufsidia, dotacia,
damokidebulia maTi miRebis formaze. sawarmom
saxelmwifo premia) aRiareba _ asaxva xdeba ori
igi SeiZleba SeiZinos, gacvalos sxva arafulad
meTodiT:
aqtivze, Seqmnas TviTon an miiRos saxelmwifo
meTodiT.
aramaterialuri
aqtivebis
ramdenadac
grantis saxiT. saxelmwifo aramaterialuri
saxelmwifo
aqtivebi
unda
Sefasdes
dasafinanseblad
saxelmwifos
Tanxas,
kapital-meTodis
aris
saxelmwifos
sameurneo
gaweuli
daifaros
Rirebuleba
aqtivi
SeiZleba
valdebuleba
aris
Tanxa,
gaicvalos
dainteresebul
mier
gacemul
gamoyenebis
pirobebSi igi pirdapir unda aisaxos sawarmos sakuTar kapitalSi. ramdenadac saxelmwifo grantebis miRebis
saqmianobisaTvis
sawarmosaTvis
amdenad,
wyaros ar warmoadgenen aqcionerebi, amdenad, Semosaval-meTodis
romliTac
sawarmos
mogeba da warmoadgens garkveuli danaxarjebis
daxmareba. realuri
aris
miRebuli
mier warsulSi ganxorcielebuli an momavalSi saxiT
ar
Semosaval-
saxiT
granti
Sesasrulebeli
granti
da
grantis
realuri an nominaluri RirebulebiT.
resursis
kapital-meTodiT
aRiareba-asaxva
arsidan
unda
moxdes
kreditSi,
gamomdinare, ara
aqcionerTa
an
kapitalis
da
saangariSgebo periodebis Semosavlebis saxiT
manZilis~ principiT. es principi gulisxmobs
dafinansebac xdeba am grantis meSveobiT.
mxareTa
Soris
operacias, TiTqos
ar
roca
monawile
arsebobs
raime
SeZenili, gacvlili
im
danaxarjebs,
Sesabamisi
da
sameurneo
daupirispirdes
aramed
saqmis mcodne mxareebs Soris `gaSlili xelis
iseT
maTi
sxva an
arafulad sawarmoSi
romelTa aqtivze Seqmnili
aramaterialuri aqtivi, romelic akmayofilebs 63
64
aramaterialur
aqtivebad
aRiarebis
Camoyalibebul
kriteriums,
unda
zemoT Sefasdes
TviTRirebulebiT (bass 38, punqti 22).
gadasaxdeli xolo
procentis
procentis
TanxiT
ar
kapitalizaciis
icvleba,
SemTxvevaSi,
TviTRirebuleba izrdeba saprocento xarjiT.
magaliTad, sawarmom, gadaxdis ganvadebis
TviTRirebuleba moicavs aramaterialuri aqtivebis SeZenis, Seqmnis an momzadebis xarjebs.
erTwliani
masSi Sedis: Sesyidvis fasi, sabaJo gadasaxadi,
patenti. ganvadebisaTvis igi gadaixdis 20%-s.
ukan
Tu
daubrunebadi
gadasaxadebi,
aseve
pirobiT,
moxdeba
12
000
procentis
larad
xarjad
SeiZina aRiareba,
gamosayeneblad
aramaterialuri
aqtivebis
sawarmo erTi wlis Tavze gadaixdis 12 000
momzadebisaTvis
gaweuli
pirdapiri
lars, procentis kapitalizaciis SemTxvevaSi ki
danaxarjebi. savaWro
TviTRirebulebaSi
fasdaTmoba
SeRavaTebi.
da
ar
Seitaneba
sxvadasxva
saxis
aqtivebis
naRdi
aramaterialuri
_ 14 400 (12 000 + 2400) lars. aramaterialuri aqtivze
fuliT an sxva fuladi aqtivebiT SeZenisas misi
sabalanso
TviTRirebuleba
arafuladi
gadaxdili
fuladi
aqtivi
sxva
arafulad
gadacvlisas
miRebuli
aqtivis
Rirebuleba
sanacvlod
gacemul
aqtivis
sabazro
Rirebulebis
saSualebebis da muSa mdgomareobaSi mosayvanad
tolia. sanacvlod gacemuli arafuladi aqtivis
gaweuli
Rirebulebis
ueWveli
SeuZleblobis
SemTxvevaSi,
xarjebis
tolia.
aramaterialuri
aqtivebis
TviTRirebulebis gadasaxdeli
kreditis
SeZenisas,
dasadgenad,
Tanxisa
da
gasaTvaliswinebelia
garda
sxva
aseve
formiT
xarjebisa, gadasaxdeli
aramaterialuri sabazro
Rirebulebis
ise
procentis
Rirebulebis
aramaterialuri
aRiareba,
aqtivis 65
maSin
TviTRirebuleba
miRebuli
Rirebuleba
tolia.
im
misi
SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac Znelia rogorc sanacvlod gacemuli,
procentis Tanxac. rodesac xdeba gadasaxdeli xarjad
aqtivis
gansaxRvris
miRebuli
damoukideblad
aramaterialuri
gansazRvra,
maSin
gansazRvravs 66
aqtivis sawarmom SeZenili
aramaterialuri
aqtivis
sabalanso
Rirebulebas.
miRebuli
aRmoCenebis
an
mecnieruli
codnis gamoyenebas.
sawarmos SigniT Seqmnili aramaterialuri
ganviTarebis
danaxarjebi
aqtivis TviTRirebuleba moicavs mis SeqmnasTan
daproeqtebis,
dakavSirebuli masalebis, momsaxurebis, Sromis
xarjebs,
anazRaurebis (socdazRvevis CaTvliT) xarjebs,
dakavSirebul
iuridiuli uflebis registraciis mosakrebels,
uzrunvelyofen
zednadeb xarjebs sesxze gadaxdil procents,
sargeblis
miRebas.
Tu igi uSualod ukavSirdeba aqtivis Seqmnas.
danaxarjebis
aRiareba
Tu aramaterialuri aqtivis Seqmnas sWirdeba
aqtivebad.
xangrZlivi
sxva
periodi,
nebadarTulia
sesxis
procentis kapitalizacia. aramaterialuri dakavSirebuli
xarjebi
iyofa
SeqmnasTan kvlevisa
da
ganviTarebis fazebTan dakavSirebul xarjebad. kvleva warmoadgens axali samecniero da teqnikuri
codnis
ganxorcieleul
aseve
SeZenis
originalur
da
mizniT winaswar
da
gamocdis
mecnierul xarjebs.
gaweuli
kvlevasTan
aseTi
momavalSi
momavali misaRebad
aqtivis
konstruirebisa
moicavs
xarjebi ekonomikuri
yvela xdeba
SemTxvevaSi aramaterialur
ekonomikuri xarjebi
sargeblis yovelTvis
ar
ukavSirdeba aramaterialuri aqtivis SeZenas an seqmnas. aseTi xarjebi klasificirdeba rogorc sawarmos
danaxarjebi.
personalis
momzadebis,
maT
miekuTvneba:
reklamis,
sawarmos
reorganizaciis xarjebi da a.S.
magaliTad, axali produqciis Sesaqmnelad
ki
gaweulma sakvlevma xarjma Seadgina 2800 lari,
gulisxmobs axali gaumjobesebuli masalebis,
risTvisac swaramom bankidan aiRo sesxi 1000
produqciis,
laris odenobiT, wliuri 8%-iani ganakveTiT.
dagegmil
procesebis,
kvleva-Ziebas, aparaturis, mowyobilobebis
eqspluataciis
gasawevad 67
ganviTareba
teqnologiuri Sesaqmnelad kvlevis
da
Sedegad
produqciis Sesaqmnelad gaxarjuli iqneba 300 laris
masala.
sanimuSo 68
egzempliaris
damzadebisaTvis muSebs daericxaT xelfasi 500
kotireba
aqtiur
bazarze.
kotireba
niSnavs
laris odenobiT. socialuri dazRvevis Tanxam
saqonlis
fasis
dadgenas
birJaze
moqmedi
Seadgina 130 lari. kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli
sakanonmdeblo
normebis
an
bazarze
xarjebis gamoklebiT gaweul xarjebs sawarmo
Camoyalibebul
pirobebis
aRiarebs
aqtiuri
rogorc
maSasadame,
aramaterialur
aqtivs.
aramaterialuri
aqtivis
TviTRirebuleba tolia ganviTarebis xarjebis jamisa,
romelic
gaweulia
misi
kriteriumis
dakmayofilebis
Seadgens
(300
950
+
50
+
da
lars.
Tuki
130)
procentis
kapitalizacias,
maSin
aramaterialuri aqtivis TviTRirebulebas 9950
iseTi
bazaria,
sadac
aqtivebi,
romlebic
bazarze
iyodeba,
erTgvarovania;
sawarmos saaRricxvo politika iTvaliswinebs sesxis
ki
daculia Semdegi pirobebi:
aRiarebis
dRidan
bazari
gaTvaliswinebiT.
Cveulebriv,
nebismier
garigebis
msurveli
dros
moiZebneba
myidveli
da
gamyidveli;
fasebi sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia. aqtiuri
bazris
ararsebobis
pirobebSi
lars daemateba sesxis procenti _ 80 lari
aramaterialuri
(1000X8:100). aqedan gamomdinare, aramaterialuri
ganisazRvreba
aqtivis TviTRirebuleba iqneba 1030 (300 + 500 +
gaTviTcnobierebul da aseTi gacvlis msurvel
+ 130 + 80) lari.
mxaresTan
SeTanxmebuli
garigebis
Tanxis
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac aramaterialuri aqtivis
formireba
gaerTianebis
gziT.
aramaterialuri Rirebulebis saimedoobas
xdeba
aseT
sawarmoTa
SemTxvevaSi
saWiroa
aqtivebis saimedo
Sefaseba.
uzrunvelyofs 69
realuri Sefasebis
aqtivis
fasis
periodSi
aqtivis
TviTRirebuleba
urTierTdamoukidebel, garigebis
gansazRvra
TanxiT.
xdeba
ganxorcielebuli
bolo
analogiuri
operaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. buRaltrul
balansSi
aucilebelia
aramaterialuri
Rirebulebis
dadgena.
narCeni 70
asaxvis
mizniT
aqtivis
narCeni
anu
sabalanso
Rirebuleba balansSi
aris
Tanxa,
aisaxeba
amortizaciisa
romliTac
nebismieri
da
aqtivi
akumulirebuli
gaufasurebis
Sedegad
mxolod
maSin,
rodesac
dakmayofilebulia
Semdegi pirobebi:
akumulirebuli zaralis gamoqviTvis Semdeg.
sawarmos
mier
myidvelze
gadacemulia
saqonlis flobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela mniSvnelovani riski da sargebeli;
2.6. Semosavlebisa da xarjebis aRiareba da Sefaseba
monawileobas
Semosavlebis aRiarebas safuZvlad udevs `Semosavlebis Semosavlebis
principi~, aRiareba
SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac
valdebulebis
romlis
mxolod
im
aqtivebis
zrdis
an
xarjze
ramdenadac
gaxdeba sawarmos
misi
saimedo
Semosavali
doziT,
asocirebulia
SesaZlebelia
amonagebis
sameurneo
operaciasTan
saimedod gansazRvrulia.
amdenad, uSualod aRiarebas. mixedviT,
meSveobiT
miRebul
miRebuli ukavSirdeba
miRebuli
saerTaSoriso amonagebis
aRiareba
71
da
amonagebs,
Semosavlebis
aRiareba amonagebis
saimedo
sawarmo miiRebs ekonomikur sargebels;
miRebuli roialtis
Tanxis
mosalodnelia, rom mocemuli operaciidan
gaweuli
dividendebiT
sakuTrebis
gansazRvra;
saqonlis realizaciiT, momsaxurebis gaweviT, procentebiT,
romelic
saqonelze faqtobriv kontrols;
Sefaseba.
warmoadgens
im
uflebasTan an ar axorcielebs gayidul
gaizrdeba
sawarmos ekonomikuri sargebeli da rodesac SesaZlebeli
Cveulebriv
Tanaxmadac
moxdeba
Semcirebis
sawarmoo ar inarCunebs uwyvet menejerul
garda
an
momavalSi
ekonomikuri
dakavSirebiT gasawevi
sargeblis
xarji
miRebisa
Semosavlebis aRiarebis umniSvnelo kriteriumia misi
saimedo
Sefaseba.
saerTaSoriso
standartebis
standartebis mixedviT, Semosavlebis Sefaseba
SesaZlebelia
xorcieldeba maTi realuri RiurebulebiT, anu
72
xelSekrulebaSi
Cadebuli
im
Tanxis
ekonomikuri sargeblis moculoba da, piriqiT.
moculobiT, romelic organizaciam unda miiRos
maSasadame,
gaweuli momsaxurebis an miwodebuli saqonlis
gansazRvrisaTvis
sanacvlod.
periodis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlebisa
imave standartiT, Semosavlebis aRiareba SeiZleba
moxdes
saqonlis
miwodebis
an
ekonomikuri
sargeblis
aucilebelia
sididis
saangariSgebo
da am Semosavlebis misaRebad gaweuli xarjebis zusti gansazRvra. amasTan, gaweuli xarjebis
momsaxurebis gawevis momentSi, manamde an mis
aRiareba
Semdeg.
periodSi, romel periodSic moxda am xarjebis
Semosavlebis
damokidebulia
imaze,
aRiarebis Tu
rodis
momenti pasuxobs
ganxorcielebuli sameurneo operacia:
finansuri
angariSebis
meSveobiT
unda
miRebuli
Semadgeneli
rac
Semosavlebisa.
aRiareba
valdebulebebi, mogeba, zarali) moTxovnebs;
miwodebisTanave
ganzomilebadobas;
Semdeg
relevantobas da saimedoobas.
gayidva),
aRiareba
imave
dakavSirebulia
sawarmos ekonomiuri sargeblis SemcirebasTan
Semosavlebis saxeldobr,
SeiZleba
(gayidvis
(ganvadebiT
kontraqtebis
moxdes
miwodebamde, da
procentuli
meTodiT.
miRebuli ekonomikuri sargeblis sidide miRebuli
valdebulebisa
da
gacemuli aqtivebis TanafardobasTan. rac metia aRiarebuli
valdebulebebi
da
gacemuli
aqtivebi, miT naklebia sawarmos mier miRebuli 73
aRiareba.
74
xarjebis produqciis
momenti),
gayidva,
da gaweuli xarjebis saimedod SefasebasTan.
damokidebulia
saangariSgebo
maSasadame xarjebis aRiarebis principi igivea,
elementebis (Semosavlebi, xarjebi, aqtivebi,
xarjebis
moxdes
miwodebis
konsignaciiT dasrulebuli Sesrulebis
2.7. sawarmoTa organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma da kapitalis struqtura kerZo
sakuTrebis
saqarTveloSi
safuZveli
sawarmoTa
Semdeg organizaciul _ samarTlebriv formebs:
individualuri sawarmo;
soliduri
pasuxismgeblobis
sazogadoeba
(sps); komandituri sazogadoeba (ks);
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (Sps); saaqcio sazogadoeba (ss);
kooperativi.
samewarmeo
sawarmos
aRebul
mflobelia
valdebulebebze
mTeli
Tavisi
saqmianobisaTvis wesiT
mowesrigebuli
gansazRvruli
mqone organizebuli warmonaqmi, romelic Tavisi qonebiT
damoukideblad
sakuTari
saxeliT
movaleobebs,
ise
moqmedebs
iZens
debs
da
uflebebsa
da
wesdebis
da
rogorc
nebismieri da
pasuxs
garigebebs
gamovides
mopasuxeT.
agebs
SeuZlia
mosarCleT,
iuridiuli
piri
mixedviT,
kanoniT
normatiuli
aqtebiT
nebadarTul samarTlebriv CarCoebSi.
samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi gamodis sakuTari
samewarmeo
aris
miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili sakuTari qonebis
gansazRvrul
individualuri mewarme, fizikuri piri, pomelic
pasuxismgebelia
piri
soliduri pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis
individualuri
saxeliT,
iuridiuli
sasamarTloSi
organizaciul-samarTlebrivi
formebisagan, ar warmoadgens iuridiul pirs.
damkvidrebam
Cauyara
danarCeni
mowyobili
sakaso
da
qonebiT.
misi
aucilebelia organizacia,
sabuRaltro
saqme.
SeqmnisaTvis ori
aucilebelia,
partniori,
saxelwodebiT
romlebic ewevian
minimumi,
erTiani
safirmo
araerTjerad
da
damoukidebel saqmianobas. partniorebi SeiZleba iyvnen mxolod fizikuri pirebi. isini mTeli Tavisi qonebiT solidarulad pasuxismgebelni arian
mesame
piris
valdebulebebze.
individualuri mewarme, gansxvavebiT sawarmoTa 75
rogorc
76
winaSe
nakisr
komandituri sazogadoeba (ks) warmoadgens
saaqcio
sazogadoeba
(ss)
warmoadgens
erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT araerTjeradi
fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis gaerTianebas
sameurneo
erToblivi
saqmianobis
Camoyalibebul
iseT
gansaxorcieleblad
sazogadoebas,
romeSic
gaerTianebuli erTi an ramdenime piri Tavisi qonebrivi piris
SenataniT winaSe
pasuxismgebelia
nakisr
komandituri
valdebulebebze.
sazogadoebis
gansazRvruli
mesame
sagarantio
partniori
Tanxis
gadaxdis
safuZvelze, SeiZleba gaxdes rogorc fizikuri, ise
iuridiuli
piri.
aseT
partniorebs
sameurneo
saqmianobis
gansaxorcieleblad. kooperativi
pirTa
romelTa
mizania
saqmianobis
Sedegad
kooperativis
iseTi
gaerTianebaa,
erToblivi Semosavlebis
wevrTa
piradi
sameurneo miReba
da
meurneobis
ganviTareba. samewarmeo
saqmianobis
gansaxorcieleblad
sawarmoTa
organizaciul-
komanditebi, xolo personalurad pasuxismgebel
samarTlebrivi formis miuxedavad aucilebelia
partniorebs
maTi registracia.
fizikuri
pirebis
saxiT
komplementarebi ewodebaT. SezRuduli sazogadoeba
pasuxismgeblobis
(Sps)
sazogadoebis sazogadoeba
warmoadgens
saaqcio
formas,
rodesac
pasuxismgebelia
nakisr
sazogadoebis
qonebiT,
iseT
valdebulebebze TiToeuli
partnioris
Semoifargleba
samewarmeo
Tavisi
sawesdebo kapitalSi.
pasuxismgebloba wiliT
ki
sazogadoebis
saqmianobad,
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis mixedviT miiCneva marTlzomieri
da
araerTjeradi
saqmianoba,
romelic xorcieldeba mogebis miRebis mizniT damoukideblad da organizebulad. sawarmoTa raionis
registracia
sasamarTloSi,
teritoriazec
moeqca
xorcieldeba
romlis sawarmos
misamarTi.
77
`mewarmeTa
78
im
samoqmedo iuridiuli
sawarmos
saregistraciod
aucilebelia
notariusis mier damowmebuli:
Seicavdes:
samarTlebriv
wesdeba ar moeTxoveba);
saqmianobis sagans, sameurneo wlis dasawyisisa
formas,
iuridiul
misamarTs,
xelmZRvaneli,
da damTavrebis Sesaxeb monacemebs, TviToeuli
buRalteri) xelmoweris nimuSi (nimuSebi),
damfuZneblis (individualuri mewarmis) saxels,
romlebmac
gvars, dabadebis adgils da TariRs, profsias
piris
(pirebis),
(sawarmos
sazogadoeba
unda
da
yvela
an
erT-erTi
damfuZneblis
mier
sacxovrebel
SemTxvevaSi
_
registraciis
am dokumentebs Tan unda daerTos:
uflebamosilebas.
saxelmwifo
dafuZnebisas
baJis
gadaxdis
safuZvelze
adgils
mis
sasamarTloSi Setanili gancxadeba.
safirmo
(iuridiuli
saxelwodebas
monacemebs,
sazogadoebis
warmodgenili
yoveli
da
warmomadgenlis
komandituri
_
piris
komanditis
sabuTis Sesatanis
Sefasebis
odenobas, xolo Sps-s, ss-s da kooperativis
damadasturebeli sabuTi (auditis daskvna)
dafuZnebisas, Sesrulebuli Sesatanis sabuTis
(arafuladi
darTviT
ganxorcielebuli
Sesatanis SesataniT
sawarmos
direqtoris
(direqtorebis)
daniSvnis
damadasturebeli dokumentebi (Sps-s, ss-is dafuZnebisas),
Tu
Sps-Si
_
sawesdebo
kapitalis
odenobas,
TiToeuli damfuZneblis Sesatanis odenobas da
dafuZnebis SemTxvevaSi);
unda
sawarmos wesdeba (individualur mewarmes
damadasturebeli qviTari;
gancxadeba
sawarmos safirmo saxelwodebas, organizaciul-
warmoadginon mesame pirebTan;
miTiTebuli
sameTvalyureo
wils. sasamarTlom sawarmos registracia unda ganaxorcielos
sadamfuZneblo
sabuTebis
sabWo arsebobs _ misi wevrebis daniSvnis
sasamarTloSi sruliad wardgenidan 15 dReSi.
dokumenti.
Tu am vadaSi sasamarTlom sawarmo ar gaatara registraciaSi an ar acnoba mas motivirebuli 79
80
uari, sawarmo CaiTvleba registrirebulad da sasamarTlo
valdebulia,
pirveli
moTxovnisTanave gasces saregistracio mowmoba. sawarmos dafuZnebisaTvis, rogorc wesi, aucilebelia formireba
kapitali.
SeiZleba
sawarmos
ganxorcieldes
rogorc
romelic
rCeba
mas
yvela
valdebulebebis dafarvis Sevdeg. sakuTari
samarTlebriv
sawarmos formaze.
Sps-sa
sakuTari
mixedviT,
xorcieldeba
Sesatanebis
meSveobiT. soliduri komandituri
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis
dadgenili
da
dasafuZneblad
araa
`partniorTa
kapitalSi~ Sesatani Tanxis sidide. maT ufleba aqvT Tavad gansazRvron Sesatanis daSvebisa da misi odenobis dadgenis faqti.
kapitalis
damokidebulia
formebis
kanoniT
sakuTari kapitali sawarmos aqtivebis is
dafuZnebisas
kapitalis Sevseba, organizaciur-samarTlebrivi
kapitalis
sakuTari, ise nasesxebi saSualebebiT.
nawilia,
sazogadoebis
saxelwodeba
aRniSnuli sazogadoebebi partniorobaze
organizaciur-
dafuZnebuli
da
dasafuZneblad
ss-Si
mas
iseTi
sazogadoebebia,
romelTa
kanonmdeblobiT
araa
ewodeba sawesdebo kapitali, xolo sawarmoebs,
gaTvaliswinebuli qonebrivi garantiebi, Tumca,
romelTac ar akisriaT SezRuduli qonebrivi
igive
pasuxismgebloba
pasuxismgebloba amave qonebaze SeuzRudavia.
soliduri
(individualuri
pasuxismgeblobis
komandituri
sazogadoeba)
sawarmo,
kanoniT,
mesame
piris
winaSe
maTi
sazogadoeba,
Sps-s dafuZneba SeuZlia erT an ramdenime
`mewarmeTa
fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs. dafuZnebisaTvis
da
Sesaxeb~ kanoniT ar gaaCniaT rezervebisa da
aucilebelia
gaunawilebeli
sawesdebo kapitali. amasTan, Sps-s TiToeuli
kapitalis
mogebis
moZraobis
angariSebi, aRsaricxavad
`partniorTa kapitals~.
81
sakuTari iyeneben
sul
mcire
wevrisaTvis
Sesatani
SeiZleba
ganisazRvros,
SemTxvevaSi
Setanili
ori
odenoba
Tanxa 82
aTasi
laris
gansxvavebulad Tumca, unaSTod
yvela unda
iyofodes
10-ze.
ganawileba
(Tu
wliuri is
wminda
nawildeba)
mogebis
xorcieldeba
partniorTa wilis Sesabamisad. saaqcio
sazogadoebis
wignebSi Tanxa iricxebodes erovnul valutaSi. aseve
aucilebelia
Tanxis
naxevari
mainc
fuladi saSualebebis an sxva qonebis saxiT dafuZnebisaTvis
Setanil iqnas wesdebis xelmowerisTanave.
aqcionerebis mier sawesdebo kapitalSi Sesatani Tanxis
odenoba
TxuTmeti
aTasi
ganisazRvreba lariT.
aranakleb
TiToeuli
2.8. sawesdebo kapitalis aRricxva
aqciis
nominaluri Rirebuleba unda iyos erTi lari
sabazro
ekonomikis
saqarTveloSi
an misi jeradi.
ZiriTadad
pirobebSi damkvidrda
pais
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (Sps)
odenoba dgindeba Tavad damfuZneblis mier im
da saaqcio sazogadoeba (ss). TiToeuli tipis
pirobiT,
rom
Setanili
sawarmo,
iyofodes
50-ze.
amasTan
kooperativis
wevris
Sesatanis Tanxa
unaSTod
kanonis
Sesabamisad
valdebulia
wevrs
ganaxorcielos sawesdebo kapitalis formireba.
erTdroulad SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime pai.
sawesdebo kapitali warmoadgens saaqcio
kooperativis
kooperativis
wevrobis
msurvelma
unda
sazogadoebisa
da
organizaciebis
warmoadginos notariuli wesiT damamtkicebeli
sameurneo
gancxadeba.
sawyis etapze Cadebuli kapitalis moculobas.
koperativis
SemTxvevaSi
gamgeobis
gancxadeba
Tanxmobis
saqmianobis
mier
registrirdeba
samewarmeo reestrSi. Sps-s,
ss-s
da
kooperativis
sawesdebo
kapitalSi damfuZneblebis mier Tanxis Setana nebadarTulia aucilebelia
nebismieri
valutiT,
sazogadoebis 83
Tumca
sabuRaltro 84
gansaxorcieleblad
produqcia,
Tavi III balansirebis principebi
tolobis
principebi
sakuTari
balansi buRaltruli aRricxvis meTodis elementia,
gansazRvruli fuladi
romelic
momentisaTvis
sazomiT
asaxavs
drois
ganzogadebulad,
sawarmos
aqtivebs,
Tanasworobas
niSnavs
da
buRaltrul aRricxvaSi balansirebis principi
meore
da
saerTod
sawarmos
nawilebia,
kapitalis
magram
SinaarsiT
principi
romlebic
aqtivebi = valdebulebebi + mflobelTa
misi
uwodeben. buRaltrul balansSi asaxuli aqtivebi, sawarmos finansur mdgomareobas.
Rirebuleba
gaaCnia
da
gansaxorcieleblad
miwa,
manqana-danadgarebi,
Senobapatentebi,
licenziebi, fasiani qaRaldebi, masalebi, mza
kapitali
balansi
bolosaTvis
saangariSgebo
axasiaTebs
saangariSgebo
mzaddeba.
periodad
sruli
Cveulebriv, 12
Tve
igulisxmeba. aqtivebi grZelvadian
85
da
buRaltruli periodis
gamoiyeneba.
nagebobebi,
tolobiT
gamoisaxos:
kontrolirebadia,
miekuTvneba:
erTmaneTisagan
Semdegi
valdebulebebi
aqtivebs
Semadgeneli
gansxvavdebian da aqedan gamomdinare, umjobesia
sakuTrebaa, mis gankargulebaSia an mis mier saqmianobis
kapitalisagan
aRniSnul tolobas sabalanso tolobasac
aqtivebi sameurneo subieqtis ekonomikur
sameurneo
`kapitali~
kapitali
aqtivebi = kapitali
warmoadgenen,
mxare,
moziduli
Semdegi tolobiT gamoixateba:
resursebs
saSualebebi,
(valdebulebebisagan) Sedgeba. isini marTalia,
balansirebis
valdebulebebsa da kapitals. balansireba
fuladi
moTxovnebi da a.S.
3.1. buRaltruli balansi. balansirebis
erT-erTi
saqoneli,
buRaltrul da
moklevadian 86
balansSi (mimdinare)
aqtivebad
jgufdeba.
grZelvadiani
balansSi
materialuri,
aqtivebi
aramaterialuri
da
finansuri aqtivebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. grZelvadiani
materialuri
ZiriTadi
saSualebebi,
zogadi
saxelwodebiT,
jgufebis,
miwa,
romelic an
moklevadiani kreditoruli
aqtivebia balansSi
manqana-
danadgarebi, satransporto saSualebebi da a.S.
valdebulebebia:
sesxebi,
savaWro
davalianebebi,
da
sxva
sagadasaxado
valdebulebebi da a.S.
an
gamsxvilebuli
Senoba-nagebobebi,
moklevadiani
sityva `balansi~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da
`orTefSovans~
niSnavs.
igi
Tanatolobis
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da balansis mxareebis jamis tolobiT gvevlineba.
mixedviT aisaxeba. ZiriTadi saSualebebis msgavsad, zogadi saxelwodebiT,
an
mixedviT
aisaxeba
aqtivebi.
aseTi
gamsxvilebuli balansSi jgufebi
jgufebis
aramaterialuri SeiZleba
iyos:
licenziebi, patentebi da a.S. moklevadiani balansSi
aisaxeba
faseulobebis,
(mimdinare) sasaqonlo
aqtivebi
_
materialuri
moTxovnebis,
fuladi
saSualebebisa da maTi eqvivalentebis saxiT. aqtivebis buRaltrul moklevadian grZelvadian
msgavsad, balansSi
valdebulebebic grZelvadian
valdebulebebad valdebulebebs
da
jgufdeba. grZelvadiani
3.2. sabalanso angariSgebis aRwera sabalanso
angariSgebis
aucileblad unda Seicavdes sam punqts: 1. sawarmos saxelwodebas; 2.
finansuri
dokumentis
dasaxelebas
(`sabalanso angariSgeba~) 3. sabalanso angariSgebis Sedgenis TariRs. saTauris nawilia,
qvemoT
romelSic
angariSgebis
ZiriTadi
mocemulia
sawarmos
aqtivebi, valdebulebebi da sakuTari kapitali. magaliTisaTvis saagentos
ganvixiloT
sabalanso
angariSgeba,
sesxebi da sxva kreditebi miekuTvneba. 87
saTauri
88
turistuli romelic
asaxavs
mis
finansur
mdgomareobas
31
dekembrisaTvis:
3.3. calkeuli garigebebis asaxva sabalanso angariSgebaSi sabalanso
tolobidan
gamomdinareobs,
turistuli saagento
rom sabalanso angariSgebis romelime punqtis
sabalanso angariSgeba
Secvlisas aucileblad unda Seicvalos sxva
31 dekemberi, 20_ weli
punqtic (punqtebic). aRniSnulis gamo icvleba sabalanso angariSgebac. ganvixiloT es procesi
aqtivebi
sakuTari kapitali da valdebulebebi
ufro dawvrilebiT, pirobiTad aRebuli, uZravi qonebiT movaWre sawarmos magaliTze.
miwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 40,000
sakuTari kapitali:
Senoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,000
giorgi kakaSvili,
ofisis aRWurviloba. . . . ..12,000
kapitali: . . . . . . . . . ..$ 100,000
maragebi . . . .. . . . . . . . . .1,500
valdebulebebi:
savaWro moTxovnebi . . . . . 57,000
saTamasuqo valdebulebebi . 52,000
mflobelebs maTi saxlebis gayidvaSi. giorgi
saTamasuqo moTxovnebi. . . . .8,000
savaWro valdebulebebi . . . 15,000
moZebnis
potenciur
fuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,500
gasacemi xelfasi . . . . . . . .3,000
gauwevs
saxlebs,
sul: valdebulebebi. . . ..$ 70,000
gamyidvels da gasamrjelod, sakomisios saxiT,
sul: aqtivebi . . . . . . .$ 170,000
vigulisxmoT,
rom
brokeri, giorgi kakaSvili, romlis
mizania
licenziis
mqone
iwyebs saqmianobas,
daexmaros
dainteresebul
myidvelebs,
reklamas
Seaxvedrebs
myidvel-
apirebs gayidul saxlSi gadaxdili Tanxis 6% sul: sakuTari kapitali da valdebulebebi . . . . .$ 170,000
moiTxovos. sawarmo, romelic organizaciuli formiT erTi piris sawarmos warmoadgens, saqmianobas iwyebs
1
seqtembers,
giorgis
mier
sawarmos
angariSze bankSi $ 180,000-is SetaniT. es pirveli
89
90
garigeba gansazRvravs sawarmos sawyis finansur
giorgis uZravi qonebis sawarmo sabalanso angariSgeba
mdgomareobas:
3 seqtemberi, 20_ weli giorgis uZravi qonebis sawarmo sabalanso angariSgeba
aqtivebi
sakuTari kapitali
1 seqtemberi, 20_ weli
miwa . . . . . . . . . .$1 41,000
giorgi kakaSvili, kapitali: . . .$180,000
fuli . . . . . . . . .. 39,000
aqtivebi
sakuTari kapitali
fuli . . . . . . . . . .$180,000
giorgi kakaSvili, kapitali: .$180,000
sul. . . . . . . . . . $180,000
aqtivis aqtivis SeZena fuliT. Semdegi operacia
sul sakuTari kapitali.. . . . . .$180,000
SeZena
valdebulebis
xarjze.
5
seqtembers giorgi yidulobs asawyob Senobas am
fasSi
Sedis
transportirebis
sawarmom Caatara 3 seqtembers, rodesac giorgi
$36,000-ad.
kakaSvilma ofisisaTvis SeiZina miwis nakveTi
xarjebic. garigebiT gaTvaliswinebulia $15,000-
$141,000-ad. es garigeba sabalanso angariSgebaSi
is
gamoiwvevs or cvlilebas: pirveli, gadaxdili
davalianebis 90 dReSi dafarviT. am garigebiT
Tanxis sididiT Semcirdeba aqtivi _ fuli da,
aqtivi
meore, sabalanso angariSgebaSi gaCndeba axali
aqtivebis
aqtivi _ miwa. am cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
punqti _ `Senoba~, romlis Rirebuleba $36,000.
sabalanso angariSgeba miiRebs Semdeg saxes:
Sedegad
winaswari
gadaxda,
`fuli~
mcirdeba
saerTo
aqtivebis
ricxvs
jamuri
darCenili
$15,000-iT, ki
emateba
sidide
$21,000
xolo axali
izrdeba
$21,000-iT. zustad amdeniT izrdeba angariSgebis meore mxareze valdebulebebis punqti _ savaWro valdebulebebi.
SevadginoT
angariSgeba: 91
92
axali
sabalanso
gadaxda
giorgis uZravi qonebis sawarmo sabalanso angariSgeba
iwvevs
5 seqtemberi, 20_ weli
aqtivis
moxdeba
90
sabalanso _
dRis
ganmavlobaSi,
angariSgebaSi
savaWro
kidev
moTxovnebis
rac erTi
gamoCenas
aqtivTa jamuri sididis Secvlis gareSe. aqtivebi
sakuTari kapitali da valdebulebebi
giorgis uZravi qonebis sawarmo
miwa . . . . . . . . . $ 141,000
sakuTari kapitali:
Senoba . . . . . . . . .. 36,000
giorgi kakaSvili, kapitali: . . .$180,000
fuli . . . . . . . . .. 24,000
valdebulebebi:
sabalanso angariSgeba 10 seqtemberi, 20_ weli
savaWro valdebulebebi. . . . . . . .21,000 sul. . . . . . . . . . $201,000
sul.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
aqtivis gayidva. mas Semdeg, rac ofisis Senoba
gadatanil
nakveTze,
da
aRmoCnda,
gamouyenebeli
awyobil rom
darCa.
iqna
didi
amis
giorgis
teritoria
gamo
aqtivebi miwa . . . . . . . . . $ 130,000
sakuTari kapitali:
Senoba . . . . . . . . .. 36,000
giorgi kakaSvili, kapitali: . . .$180,000
savaWro moTxovnebi. . 11,000
valdebulebebi:
fuli . . . . . . . . .. 24,000
savaWro valdebulebebi. . . . . . . .21,000
sul. . . . . . . . . . $201,000
sul.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mepatrone,
_
mezoblad romelic
mdebare
sawyobis
.$201,000
giorgim
gadawyvita zedmeti farTis gayidva. myidvelic gamoCnda
sakuTari kapitali da valdebulebebi
.$201,000
afTiaqis
gafarToebas
$5,400-ad
aqtivis
kreditiT
seqtembers
giorgi
avejsa
mowyobilobas
da
kreditiT
SeZena.
iZens
sawarmo
14
ofisis `jeneral
apirebda. 10 seqtembers giorgim gayida miwis
equifmenti~-sagan. am garigebis Sedegad biznesi
gamouyenebeli nawili zustad im fasad ($11,000),
kidev
ra fasadac igi iyo SeZenili erTi kviris win.
mflobeli xdeba, magram masve ekisreba axali
garigebaSi
valdebuleba gazrdili savaWro valdebulebis
dafiqsirda 93
piroba,
rom
fulis
erTi
aqtivis,
ofisis
94
aRWurvilobis,
formiT.
aqtivebi
jamuri
sididis
kompensirdeba
valdebulebebis
gadidebiT,
gamoc
ris
sabalanso
zrda
Sesabamisi angariSgeba
iRebs Semdeg saxes:
erTi
da
Secvla
igive
Rirebulebis
meoreTi,
angariSgebaSi
ris
aqtivebis
erTi
gamoc
aqtivis
sabalanso
jamuri
sidide
ar
icvleba.
giorgis uZravi qonebis sawarmo
giorgis uZravi qonebis sawarmo
sabalanso angariSgeba
sabalanso angariSgeba
14 seqtemberi, 20_ weli
20 seqtemberi, 20_ weli
aqtivebi
sakuTari kapitali da valdebulebebi
aqtivebi
sakuTari kapitali da valdebulebebi
miwa . . . . . . . . . $ 130,000
sakuTari kapitali:
miwa . . . . . . . . . $ 130,000
sakuTari kapitali:
Senoba . . . . . . . . .. 36,000
giorgi kakaSvili, kapitali: . . .$180,000
Senoba . . . . . . . . .. 36,000
giorgi kakaSvili, kapitali: . . .$180,000
ofisis aRWurviloba. 5,400
valdebulebebi:
ofisis aRWurviloba. .5,400
valdebulebebi:
savaWro moTxovnebi. . 11,000
savaWro valdebulebebi. . . . . . . .26,400
savaWro moTxovnebi. . 9,500
savaWro valdebulebebi. . . . . . . .26,400
fuli . . . . . . . . .. 24,000 sul. . . . . . . . .
$206,400
savaWro
fuli . . . . . . . . .. 25,500 sul.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
moTxovnebis
Semcireba.
.$206,400
20
seqtembers afTiaqidan giorgi kakaSvilma miiRo
sul.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
valdebulebebis
ganaRdeba.
.$206,400
30
seqtembers giorgi uxdis `jeneral equifmenTs~ $3,000-s. am gadaxdis Semdeg moxda sabalanso
dasafaravad. am garigebiT xdeba aqtivis `fuli~
angariSgebaSi jamuri sididis Semcireba, radgan
zrda
erTdroulad xdeba toli raodenobiT fulisa
da
moTxovnebis
savaWro
$206,400
nawilobriv
$1,500
savaWro
sul. . . . . . . . .
Sesabamisad
aqtivis
`savaWro
moTxovnebi~ igive sididiT Semcireba, e.i. moxda 95
da valdebulebebis Semcireba. 96
kavSiri
giorgis uZravi qonebis sawarmo
sabalanso
angariSgebasa
da
ZiriTad
sabalanso angariSgeba
sabalanso tolobas Soris, cxadia, cvlilebebi
30 seqtemberi, 20_ weli
sabalanso
angariSgebaSi
sabalanso
tolobazec.
aqtivebi
sakuTari kapitali da valdebulebebi
zegavlenas marTlac,
moaxdens seqtembris
ganmavlobaSi giorgis uZravi qonebis sawarmos
miwa . . . . . . . . . $ 130,000
sakuTari kapitali:
mier Catarebuli TiToeuli garigeba SeiZleba
Senoba . . . . . . . . .. 36,000
giorgi kakaSvili, kapitali: . . .$180,000
Caweril
ofisis aRWurviloba. .5,400
valdebulebebi:
saSualebiT,
savaWro moTxovnebi. . 9,500
savaWro valdebulebebi. . . . . . . .23,400
fuli . . . . . . . . .. 22,000 sul. . . . . . . . .
30
$203,400
sul.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
seqtembers
Sedgenili
.$203,400
iqnas
erTi
romlebic
Sesrulebuli
sabalanso
samuSaos
Sejamebuli angariSi, romelic aRwers sawarmos mdgomareobas saangariSo periodis (seqtemberi) bolosaTvis. ganxilul magaliTebze Cven ukve vnaxeT, Tu
ra
cvlilebebs
angariSgebaSi meores
mxriv,
calkeuli radganac 97
iwvevs
sabalanso
saqmiani
garigeba.
arsebobs
uSualo
Semdegi
seqtembris sabalanso angariSgebas Seesabameba).
seqtembris ganmavlobaSi giorgis uZravi qonebis mier
sabolood
tolobis
cxrilis saxes miiReben (sadac bolo striqoni
angariSgeba SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas rogorc
sawarmos
sabalanso
98
aqtivebi
fuli 1 seqt.
+$180,000
3 seqt.
-141,000
balansi
$39,000
5 seqtem.
-15,000
balansi
$24,000
+
+
-0-
miwa
+
-0-
Senoba
+
ofisis aRWurviloba
savaWro valdebule bebi
+ +
sakuTari kapitali giorgi kakaSvilis kapitali
-0-
-0-
-0-
+$180,000
-0-
-0-
-0-
$180,000
+141,000 -0-
$141,000
+$36,000
10 seqtem. balansi
savaWro moTxovnebi
= =
valdebulebebi
$24,000
-0-
$141,000
+$11,000
-11,000
$11,000
$130,000
+$21,000
$36,000
-0-
$21,000
$180,000
$36,000
-0-
$21,000
$180,000
+$5,400
+$5,400
14 seqtem. balansi
$24,000
$11,000
20 seqtem.
+1,500
-1,500
balansi
$25,000
$9,500
30 seqtem.
-3,000
balansi
$22,500
$130,000
$36,000
$5,400
$26,400
$180,000
$130,000
$36,000
$5,400
$26,400
$180,000
-3,000
+
$9,500
+
$130,000
+
$36,000
+
$5,400
=
$23,400
+
$180,000
gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. mesxia i., jalaRonia d. buRaltruli aRricxva bass _ praqtikaSi, Tbilisi 2003. 2. nikvaSvili z. finansuri aRricxva, 2007.
100
ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT
gadaeca
warmoebas
26.03.2009.
xelmowerilia
dasabeWdad
13.04.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 6. tiraJi 100 egz.
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77
i.m. `goCa dalaqiSvili~, q. Tbilisi, varkeTili 3, korp. 333, bina 38