Arthur van der Laaken - RE-Industriële Stad

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RE-INDUSTRIAL CITY

scenario for a postfossil industrial society

Arthur van der Laaken | graduation project | Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam | urbanism | 2024

RE-INDUSTRIAL CITY

scenario for a postfossil industrial society

ARTHUR VAN DER LAAKEN

TABLE OF CONTENT

Energy and pollution of (secondary) industries

Import Export

Proloog NL

Prologue EN

PART | : RE-INDUSTRIAL CITY

Introductietext NL: RE-Industrië Stad

Introduction text EN: RE-Industrial City

Concept and method

Postfossil Tata Steel

Urban plan

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8 - 9 10-11 12 13 14 14 20 25 38 46

Reflection on time, society and economy

PART || : (PRE-) FOSSIL LOGIC

Timeline: energy, systems and space

History and logic of dunes and steel industry in NL

(pre-) fossil mechanisms

PART ||| : POSTFOSSIL LOGIC

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LITERATURE 64 70 73 - 89 90 100 114 134

Industry consumes half of the available energy in NL

10 Energy consumption NL NL energy consumption 2021: 3023,7 PJ NL energy consumption per sector, 2019
INDUSTRY FOSSIL

Air pollution NL 10 largest polluters NL

CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

NO2 (Nitrogen)

Water pollution NL

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Air pollution per municipality 10
air polluting industries
most
Tata Steel: 5,8MT Tata Steel: 2,9MT BP: 1,7MT Tata Steel: 355T Tata Steel: 5,1MT Shell: 4,1MT Shell: 55T Shell: 1,6MT Cabot: 0,4MT Cargill: 20T Shell: 1,7MT RWE: 3,5MT Chemelot: 3,4MT Chemelot: 25T Chemelot: 1,7MT RWE: 3,1MT RWE: 0,8MT Yara: 3,1MT Yara: 0,8MT Yara: 151T Esso: 2,7MT Esso: 2,8MT Rockwool: 0,5MT Esso: 1,0MT Shell: 2,5MT Shell: 29T Klesch: 23T Klesch: 1,0MT Shell: 1,3MT DOW: 4,0MT DOW: 23T DOW: 2,0MT Uniper: 4,4MT Uniper: 0,4MT Tronox: 0,3MT Uniper: 1,0MT BP: 1,1MT BP: 86T EMO: 31T
dust (PM2,5)
SO2 (Sulfur dioxide) Fine
ZR: 1,1MT Arcenic Nickel 5 most water polluting industries Chrome Zinc Tata Steel: 31KG Tata Steel: 215KG Nedmag: 459KG Tata Steel: 2,4KG Tata Steel: 93KG Tata Steel: 944KG Shell: 46KG Shell: 46KG Shell: 580KG ARV NV: 1,5KG ARV NV: 21KG GMB: 12KG Huntsman: 17KG ICL: 4,6KG DRSH: 28KG Chemelot: 28KG Chemelot: 112KG Chemelot: 922KG Nedmag: 107KG Nedmag: 435KG Nedmag: 105KG Attero: 90KG Boskalis: 0,8KG Shell: 0,8KG Tronox: 87KG DOW: 204KG DOW: 204KG DOW: 1585KG BP: 68KG Lead Mercury
Load on surface water and sewerage Tata Steel: 191KG Tata Steel Shell Chemelot RWE Yara Esso Shell DOW Uniper

Fossil logic: small world, big systems

IMPORT: iron ore + coals from Brasil, South Africa, Indonesia and Australia

Fossil logic: small world, big systems

EXPORT: iron scrap from NL > 5000T p/d to Turkey, Egypt and India

Proloog: Lokaal hout is ver te zoeken Voor mijn vakantiehuisje op de Veluwe wilde ik ooit een veranda bouwen. Zo zou je op je sloffen direct het bos in kunnen stappen voor een ontbijt met vogelgezang. Om de relatie met dat bos te versterken leek het me logisch om hout uit de omgeving te gebruiken, dat was immers ruimschoots aanwezig. Niet veel verderop werden productiebomen gerooid.

Bij geen van de bouwmarkten en houthandels in Arnhem kon ik Veluws hout vinden. De rekken lagen vol Afrikaans Padoek, Braziliaans Tatajuba en zachtere soorten afkomstig uit Polen en Zweden. Medewerkers van de winkels konden mij ook niet verder helpen in mijn zoektocht.

Toch had ik geluk. Na tal van omzwervingen op internet trof ik één houtspecialist die had wat ik zocht. Ruim zestig kilometer verderop laadde ik mijn aanhanger vol planken van douglassparren, afkomstig van de Utrechtse Heuvelrug. Écht lokaal was het dus niet, maar goed genoeg voor mijn ontbijt.

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Prologue: Local wood is far to find

For my vacation cabin in the Veluwe, I once wanted to build a porch. This way, you could step directly into the forest for a breakfast with birdsong. To strengthen the connection with that forest, it seemed logical to me to use wood from the area, as it was abundantly available. Not far away, production trees were being felled.

At none of the hardware stores and lumber yards in Arnhem could I find Veluwe wood. The shelves were filled with African Padauk, Brazilian Tatajuba, and softer types from Poland and Sweden. Employees of the stores couldn’t help me further in my search.

Yet, I was lucky. After numerous searches on the internet, I found one wood specialist who had what I was looking for. Over sixty kilometers away, I loaded my trailer with planks of Douglas firs, originating from the Utrechtse Heuvelrug. It wasn’t truly local, but good enough for my breakfast.

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1_RE-Industriële Stad

Scenario voor een postfossiele industriële samenleving

Groots, ondoorgrondelijk, ontoegankelijk, en buiten menselijke maat, er bestaan in Nederland ontzagwekkende industriecomplexen die met regelmaat het nieuws domineren: Tata Steel, Chemelot, Chemours, Shell. Allemaal bedrijven die de leefomgeving van mens en dier iedere dag ongezonder maken. Ze roepen de nodige vragen bij me op.

Hoe kan het dat deze (secundaire) industriële reuzen in weerwil van hun desastreuze invloed op de omgeving blijven bestaan? Nota bene in een van de rijkste en dichtst bevolkte landen ter wereld. En wat zal er met hun gebeuren gedurende de energietransitie? Zijn ze levensvatbaar zonder fossiele brandstof?

Ik heb me verdiept in diverse plannen om secondaire industrie te verduurzamen, maar de achterliggende logica en de omvang van ketens waar ze onderdeel van uitmaken worden niet of nauwelijks ter discussie gesteld. Ieder verduurzamingsrapport blijkt teleurstellend.

Biedt de grote transitie naar fossielvrije energie niet veel meer kansen dan alleen technisch vernuft in lithium, waterstof en CO2 opslag? De fossielvrije toekomst wordt kennelijk geënt op een fossiele stam. Maar is het logisch om een

systeem dat is geworteld in fossiele energie als basis te gebruiken voor een ‘duurzaam’ equivalent?

Wanneer deze industriecomplexen het ruimtelijke gevolg zijn van een systeem op basis van fossiele grond- en brandstoffen, rijst de vraag: hoe zouden de ruimtelijke manifestaties er uit kunnen zien van een postfossiel systeem? In dit project heb ik de relaties van beide systemen en hun ruimtelijke implicaties onderzocht om te kijken welke kansen en mogelijkheden de mondiale energietransitie biedt voor grote industriële complexen in Nederland.

Uit dit onderzoek blijken systeem en ruimte onlosmakelijk met elkaar verbonden. Om te beginnen ben ik eerst op zoek gegaan naar een postfossiele logica. Daar vanuit zijn ruimtelijke relaties ontstaan tussen stad en industrie, die vervolgens de basis vormden voor mijn stedenbouwkundig plan. Op basis hiervan heb ik een methode ontwikkeld met perspectief op de transitie naar een postfossiel tijdperk voor een industriële samenleving in een dichtbevolkt gebied.

Ik ga er in mijn ontwerp vanuit dat we in de toekomst minder energie en grondstoffen beschikbaar zullen hebben dan nu. Tegelijk zijn werkgelegenheid, economische activiteit,

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welzijn en ecologie in het plan geen concurrerende, maar juist samenwerkende krachten die elkaar versterken.

Dit boek is een documentatie van dat proces. Navolgend een schets van de kernpunten voor een postfossiele industriestad.

Stad en industrie

Stad en industrie zijn toe aan een nieuwe relatie. Waar vóór de komst van fossiele brandstoffen industrie kleinschalig en fijnmazig verweven was met de stad, werden deze met de komst van fossiele energie uit elkaar getrokken. De industrie werd te groot en vervuilend en verplaatste zich naar de periferie. Deze scheiding is vanuit een postfossiel perspectief onnodig en inefficiënt. Industrie is dan namelijk niet langer vervuilend, en bovendien minder groot. De dagelijkse reisafstanden - dus ook van forenzen - worden kleiner. Steden blijven afhankelijk van industriële processen en zullen zodoende een re-industrialisatie doormaken.

De bestaande huidige complexen bieden unieke en aantrekkelijke mogelijkheden om stad en industrie opnieuw samen te brengen. Een postfossiele industriestad heeft een eigen logica en levert een totaal nieuwe stedelijke typologie

en morfologie op: de RE-Industriële Stad.

Herlokaliseren, herwaarderen, herstellen De RE-Industriële Stad gaat uit van drie ruimtelijke uitgangspunten: Herlokaliseren, Herwaarderen en Herstellen.

Herlokaliseren - Het herlokaliseren gaat op voor zowel de systeemschaal van grondstoffen en producten, als voor de schaal van de alledaagse stad. Systemen en ketens van energie, voedsel en grondstoffen worden zo klein mogelijk, maar zo groot als nodig. Dat betekent meer lokale productie en korte ketens. In de alledaagse stad worden afstanden beperkt tot een minimum waarbinnen de beoogde doelen te voet en per fiets bereikbaar zijn. Goederen worden binnen de stad per microtransport verplaatst.

Herwaarderen - Omdat er in de toekomst minder energie voorhanden is moeten we, waar mogelijk, uitgaan van bestaande bouwstructuren. Afgezien van het feit dat hergebruik minder energie vergt, dragen deze structuren in een nieuwe context bij aan een gelaagd ruimtelijk beeld dat de identiteit versterkt. Ook de aanwezige infrastructuur op bestaande industriecomplexen kunnen in een nieuwe situatie als zodanig dienst doen.

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Herstellen - Veel grote industriecomplexen hebben in de loop van tijd rücksichtslos de oorspronkelijke ecologische en landschappelijke structuren genegeerd en verwoest.

In de RE-Industriële Stad worden deze structuren zoveel mogelijk hersteld en als uitgangspunt genomen voor een landschappelijke basis.

cessen die samenwerken en elkaar versterken. Er is minder directe relatie met de andere kant van de wereld, maar er zijn meer relaties binnen de regio. Zo vormt industrie in de toekomst een lokale biotoop in samenwerking, vergelijkbaar met de natuurlijke processen in een bos.

Één systeem van synergieën

Wanneer ik door het bos loop ben ik telkens gefascineerd door de samenhang van alles wat daar leeft. De bomen zijn geen op zichzelf opererende entiteiten, evenmin als de aanwezige heesters, mossen, schimmels en dieren. Ze vormen in hun onderlinge samenwerking één levend organisme als geheel. Tijdens mijn onderzoek begon ik het bos steeds meer als voorbeeldmodel te zien voor een postfossiel systeem.

In ons traditionele fossiele systeem verlopen productieprocessen wereldwijd conform economische spelregels en belangen ten aanzien van beschikbare grondstoffen, terwijl verbanden op lokaal niveau steeds meer zoek raken. Verschillende systemen functioneren hier vooral naast elkaar. De postfossiele industriestad vormt een biotoop van pro-

In een postfossiele samenleving hebben we alleen bovengrondse grond- en hulpstoffen tot onze beschikking, of dat wat we daarvoor al uit de grond hebben gehaald. Dat betekent dat we naar een circulair systeem overstappen.

Recentelijk is de zogeheten R-ladder ontwikkeld, een schema waarbinnen de mate van circulariteit van een product meetbaar is gemaakt. Dit model wordt momenteel veelal toegepast in de ontwikkelingen van circulaire economie.

Om een postfossiele industriestad vorm te geven heb ik de R-ladder vertaald naar een ruimtelijk raamwerk van R-ruimtes. Aan alle R-waarden uit de R-ladder heb ik ruimtelijke en programmatische uitgangspunten gekoppeld. Samen vormen zij de bouwstenen voor een volledig circulaire industriestad. Alle R-ruimtes liggen in elkaars nabijheid (herlokaliseren) en zijn onderling verbonden. In de samenwerking ontstaat één systeem van synergieën.

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Circulaire ruimte

Transitie Tata Steel

In de toekomst zal er geen toevoer van (ondergrondse) grondstoffen meer zijn bij Tata Steel. In de nieuwe fabrieken zal alleen schroot worden omgesmolten in elektrische smeltovens. Er is in Nederland genoeg schroot in omloop om een lokale (landelijke) staalindustrie te voeden. Alle energie die hiervoor nodig is komt van windturbines op zee (dit proces kost aanzienlijk minder energie dan het huidige systeem om te bouwen naar waterstof). Zo wordt staal een bovengronds product dat in principe oneindig hergebruikt kan worden. Dit past in de R-ladder; R8 Recycling.

Met de nieuwe inrichting van het fabrieksterrein wordt het ruimtebeslag drastisch verkleind, waardoor er voldoende areaal overblijft voor alle andere R-ruimtes en bovendien voor landschapsherstel. Zo kan het terrein - en daarbuitenuitgroeien tot een RE-Industriële Stad.

RE-Industriële Stad

De RE-Industriële Stad is volledig opgebouwd uit circulaire ruimtes. In de stad vinden alle industrieel gerelateerde processen plaats, van staal recyclen tot en met een universiteit en ruimte voor experiment. Er wordt gewerkt, gewoond en

gerecreëerd. Allemaal tegelijk en door elkaar heen. De stad is compact en contrasteert met het omliggende, grootse (herstelde) duinlandschap. De stad is stedelijk en industrieel en het landschap zichtbaar en altijd nabij.

In het dagelijks leven verplaatst men zich lopend, per fiets en andere soorten microtransportmiddelen. Verplaatsen en verblijven zullen weer samensmelten tot één activiteit in de openbare ruimte. Langere afstanden worden door zowel personen als goederen overbrugd per trein en (waterstof-) schip. Auto’s en vrachtwagens zullen grotendeels worden uitgefaseerd.

Omliggende plaatsen zullen op een natuurlijke manier aansluiten bij de nieuwe stad. De RE-Industriële Stad wordt het kloppende hart van de stedelijke regio Velsen, IJmuiden, Beverwijk en Heemskerk.

Conclusie

Kunnen we wel écht duurzaam ontwerpen aan de stad wanneer het achterliggende systeem dat níet is?

Economische groei is het huidige paradigma, het staat echter fundamenteel haaks op een circulair en bovengronds

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systeem. Permanente groei kan welbeschouwd alleen worden bereikt door uitbuiting van alles wat leeft - mensen, dieren, bossen en de hele aarde als levend organisme.

Kortom, eeuwige groei als model vormt het grootste obstakel in het perspectief naar de RE-Industriële Stad.

Systeem en ruimte waren lange tijd onlosmakelijk met elkaar verbonden. Maar in de fossiele logica is het systeem steeds meer losgekoppeld van ruimtelijke condities, en ruimtelijke vormgeving emancipeerde zich van systemen. Alles was maakbaar. Uit dit project blijkt dat je ruimte vanuit een postfossiele logica niet opnieuw kunt vormgeven zonder te draaien aan de knoppen van het systeem erachter en omgekeerd.

Hebben we ruimtelijke wensen? Dan zullen we ons moeten buigen over de achterliggende systemen van energie, grondstoffen en economie. Willen we andere systemen?

Dan zullen we onze ruimte daarvoor moeten inrichten. In een postfossiele samenleving voeren ruimte en systeem samen een dans op. Het is aan ontwerpers om de begeleidende muziek ten gehore te brengen en zichtbaar te maken.

Binnen een stabiel en circulair systeem kunnen economie en industrie bruisend vitaal zijn, net als het bijhorend stede-

lijk leven. Zolang goederen en diensten binnen een gemeenschap blijven circuleren is er volop leven en handel. Zoals een bos niet uitgaat van eeuwige groei maar nooit tot een eind komt, zo zal ook de RE-Industriële Stad een complex en springlevend organisme zijn.

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Future scenario’s for industrial complexes

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/ Business as usual Employment Well being/Health Ecology
/ Same, but clean
/
change
/ Close Economy €
1
2
4
Radical
3

1_RE-Industrial City

Scenario for a postfossil industrial society

Grand, incomprehensible, inaccessible, and beyond human scale, there are awe-inspiring industrial complexes in the Netherlands that frequently dominate the news: Tata Steel, Chemelot, Chemours, Shell. All companies that make the living environment of humans and animals unhealthier every day. They raise many questions for me.

How is it possible that these (secondary) industrial giants continue to exist despite their disastrous impact on the environment? Especially in one of the richest and most densely populated countries in the world. And what will happen to them during the energy transition? Are they viable without fossil fuels?

I have delved into various plans to make secondary industry more sustainable, but the underlying logic and the scale of the chains they are part of are hardly ever questioned. Every sustainability report turns out to be disappointing.

Doesn’t the great transition to fossil-free energy offer much more opportunities than just technical ingenuity in lithium, hydrogen, and CO2 storage? The fossil-free future seems to be based on a fossil root. But is it logical to use a system rooted in fossil energy as the basis for a ‘sustainable’

equivalent?

When these industrial complexes are the spatial consequence of a system based on fossil resources and fuels, the question arises: what could the spatial manifestations look like of a post-fossil system? In this project, I have examined the relationships between both systems and their spatial implications to see what opportunities and possibilities the global energy transition offers for large industrial complexes in the Netherlands.

This research shows that system and space are inseparably linked. To start with, I first looked for a post-fossil logic.

From there, spatial relationships arose between city and industry, which then formed the basis for my urban plan.

Based on this, I have developed a method with a perspective on the transition to a post-fossil era for an industrial society in a densely populated area.

In my design, I assume that in the future, we will have less energy and resources available than we do now. At the same time, employment, economic activity, well-being, and ecology in the plan are not competing forces, but rather cooperating forces that reinforce each other.

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This book is a documentation of that process. Below is an outline of the key points for a post-fossil industrial city.

City and Industry

City and industry are in need of a new relationship. Before the advent of fossil fuels, industry was small-scale and intricately woven into the city, but with the arrival of fossil energy, they were pulled apart. Industry became too large and polluting and moved to the periphery. This separation is unnecessary and inefficient from a post-fossil perspective. Because industry is no longer polluting and is also less extensive. The daily travel distances - including for commuters - become smaller. Cities remain dependent on industrial processes and will therefore undergo a reindustrialization.

The existing current complexes offer unique and attractive opportunities to reunite city and industry. A post-fossil industrial city has its own logic and delivers a completely new urban typology and morphology: the RE-Industrial City.

Re-proximate, Revalue, Recover

The RE-Industrial City is based on three spatial principles: Re-proximate, Revalue, Recover.

Re-proximate - Relocation applies to both the system scale of raw materials and products, and to the scale of everyday city life. Systems and chains of energy, food, and raw materials are made as small as possible, but as large as necessary. This means more local production and short chains. In everyday city life, distances are limited to a minimum within which the intended goals are reachable on foot and by bike. Goods are transported within the city by microtransport.

Revalue - Because there will be less energy available in the future, we must, where possible, rely on existing building structures. Apart from the fact that reuse requires less energy, these structures contribute to a layered spatial image that strengthens identity in a new context. Also, the existing infrastructure on existing industrial complexes can serve as such in a new situation.

Recover - Many large industrial complexes have disregarded and destroyed the original ecological and landscape structures over time. In the RE-Industrial City, these structures are restored as much as possible and taken as a starting point for a landscape base.

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One System of Synergies

When I walk through the forest, I am always fascinated by the interconnectedness of everything that lives there. The trees are not separate entities, nor are the shrubs, mosses, fungi, and animals present. They form one living organism as a whole through their cooperation. During my research, I began to see the forest more and more as a model example for a post-fossil system.

In our traditional fossil system, production processes worldwide follow economic rules and interests regarding available raw materials, while connections at the local level are increasingly lost. Different systems function mainly alongside each other here. The post-fossil industrial city forms a biotope of processes that work together and reinforce each other. There is less direct relationship with the other side of the world, but there are more relationships within the region. Thus, in the future, industry forms a local biotope in collaboration, comparable to the natural processes in a forest.

Circular Space

In a post-fossil society, we only have access to aboveground raw materials and auxiliary materials, or what we have already extracted from the ground for that purpose.

This means that we are transitioning to a circular system. Recently, the so-called R ladder has been developed, a scheme within which the degree of circularity of a product has been made measurable. This model is currently mainly applied in the development of the circular economy.

To shape a post-fossil industrial city, I have translated the R ladder into a spatial framework of R spaces. I have linked spatial and programmatic principles to all R values from the R ladder. Together, they form the building blocks for a fully circular industrial city. All R spaces are in close proximity to each other (re-proximate) and are interconnected. In cooperation, one system of synergies emerges.

In the future, there will be no supply of (underground) raw materials at Tata Steel. In the new factories, only scrap will be melted in electric furnaces. There is enough scrap circulating in the Netherlands to feed a local (national) steel industry. All the energy needed for this comes from offshore wind turbines (this process requires considerably less energy than the current system to convert to hydrogen). This way, steel becomes an above-ground product that can theoretically be reused indefinitely. This fits into the R

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Transition Tata Steel

ladder; R8 Recycling.

With the new layout of the factory site, the spatial footprint is drastically reduced, leaving enough area for all other R spaces and also for landscape restoration. This way, the site - and beyond - can develop into a RE-Industrial City.

RE-Industrial City

The RE-Industrial City is entirely built from circular spaces. In the city, all industrially related processes take place, from recycling steel to a university and space for experimentation. People work, live, and recreate. All at the same time and mixed together. The city is compact and contrasts with the surrounding, grand (restored) dune landscape. The city is urban and industrial, and the landscape is visible and always nearby.

In everyday life, people move around on foot, by bike, and other types of microtransportation. Moving and staying will merge back into one activity in public space. Longer distances are bridged by both people and goods by train and (hydrogen) ship. Cars and trucks will largely be phased out.

Surrounding places will naturally connect to the new city.

The RE-Industrial City will become the beating heart of the urban region Velsen, IJmuiden, Beverwijk, and Heemskerk.

Conclusion

Can we truly design sustainably for the city when the underlying system is not?

Economic growth is the current paradigm, but it is fundamentally at odds with a circular and above-ground system. Permanent growth can only be achieved by exploiting everything that lives - people, animals, forests, and the entire earth as a living organism. In short, eternal growth as a model is the biggest obstacle to the perspective towards the RE-Industrial City.

System and space were closely linked for a long time. But in the fossil logic, the system has become increasingly detached from spatial conditions, and spatial design has emancipated itself from systems. Everything was achievable. This project shows that you cannot reshape space from a post-fossil logic without turning the knobs of the system behind it and vice versa.

Do we have spatial wishes? Then we must consider the

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underlying systems of energy, resources, and the economy. Do we want other systems? Then we must arrange our space for that purpose. In a post-fossil society, space and system dance together. It is up to designers to play the accompanying music and make it visible.

Within a stable and circular system, economy and industry can be vibrant and vital, just like the accompanying urban life. As long as goods and services circulate within a community, there is plenty of life and trade. Just as a forest does not rely on eternal growth but never comes to an end, so too will the RE-Industrial City be a complex and vibrant organism.

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Future scenario’s for industrial complexes

27
/ Business as usual Employment Well being/Health Ecology
/ Same, but clean
/
change
/ Close Economy €
1
2
4
Radical
3

Close Pandora’s box

2050
UNDERGROUND ABOVE GROUND 1800 1850 1900 global energy consumption 1950 2000 2100 underground 82% above ground 6% (semi) above ground 12% ABOVE GROUND SYSTEM! = less energy

RE-proximate systems

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Scheme by Fab City

RE-proximate: integration between city and industry

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Pre-fossil era Fossil era Post fossil era Small operating industries in city Large operating industries outside city City integrated in operating industries <1800 1800 - 2000 2000 - 2100 Fossil e n e rgy

Post-fossil urban principles

RE-proximate

Daily Urban System = walking and bicycle. All urban functions within 10 minute walk. RE-Industrial cities are car free.

RE-value

The area is characterized by extreme structures; sizes, processes and typologies. Some old building structures are repurposed, while other new structures are added

RE-cover

Large parts of the (former) site will be given back to the ecological system of the dunes, it will be approved by rewilding and reconnecting. In the urban part will be a grid implemented for thousends of trees to improve biodiversity and climate

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R-ladder as spatial framework for a RE-Industrial city

R0 R1 R2 R3

R4

circular strategy circular space

RE-fuse

RE-think RE-duce RE-use RE-pair

Make product redundant by abandoning its function or by offering the same function with a radically different product

Make product use more intensive (example: by sharing product)

Increase efficiency in product manufacture or use by consuming fewer natural resources and materials

Reuse by another consumer of discarded product which is still in good condition and fulfils its original function

Repair and maintenance of defective product so it can be used with its original function

R7 R5

RE-furbish

R6

RE-manufacture

RE-purpose

R8 R9

RE-cycle RE-cover

Restore an old product and bring it up to date

Use parts of discarded product in a new product with the same function

Use discarded product or its parts in a new product with a different function

Process materials to obtain the same (high grade) or lower (low grade) quality

Incineration of material with energy recovery

CONSTRUCT MATERIAL CREATIVE SERVICE

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Urban meaning of RE-Industrial spaces

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R1 R0 R3 R7 R2 R8 R9 R4 R5 R6 SERVICE CONSTRUCT MATERIAL CREATIVE SPECIFIC GENERIC PUBLIC NON-PUBLIC

CIRCULAR SPACE> CREATIVE - R0 R1 R2

EXPERIMENT RSITY

UNIVE

MUSEUM

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INNOV INNOV INNOV A R T
ATION ATION ATION LAB R1 R0 R3 R7 R2 R8 R9 R4 R5 R6 SERVICE CONSTRUCT MATERIAL CREATIVE SPECIFIC GENERIC PUBLIC NON-PUBLIC
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COLLECTIVE
MATERIAL REPAIR PROFFESIONAL REPAIR REUSE ITIES SHOP DEPOT R1 R0 R3 R7 R2 R8 R9 R4 R5 R6 SERVICE CONSTRUCT MATERIAL CREATIVE SPECIFIC GENERIC PUBLIC NON-PUBLIC
CIRCULAR SPACE> SERVICE - R1 R3 R4
COMMERCIAL WORKSHOPSHARED FACIL WORK

CIRCULAR SPACE> CONSTRUCT - R5 R6 R7

FACTORY MATERIAL

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MATERIALDEPOT
R1 R0 R3 R7 R2 R8 R9 R4 R5 R6 SERVICE CONSTRUCT MATERIAL CREATIVE SPECIFIC GENERIC PUBLIC NON-PUBLIC
LARGE SPACE

CIRCULAR SPACE> MATERIAL R8 R9

ENERGY

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R1 R0 R3 R7 R2 R8 R9 R4 R5 R6 SERVICE CONSTRUCT MATERIAL CREATIVE SPECIFIC GENERIC PUBLIC NON-PUBLIC
MATERIAL
WASTE DISTRIBUTION RECYCLE FACILITY

One system of synergies

38

POSTFOSSIL

TATA STEEL

Essential steel only

42
1/3 1/3 1/3
superfluous
Substitute Essential
Fossil economy Post-fossil economy

Electric recycling (R8)

43
Iron scrap Electric Arc Furnace New steel beams

Iron material flows NL

Import: Iron ore, coal to IJmuiden

Export: 85% steel - 6 mln T per year from IJmuiden

Import 10.000 T scrap per day via harbours of Rotterdam

Produce 5000T scrap per day in NL collected and sorted in Moerdijk

Export >90% scrap per day From Moerdijk via Rotterdam (Turkey, Egypt, India) and Amsterdam (Europe)

IMPORTIRONORE

EXPORTSTEEL EXPORTSCRAP

44
IMPORTCOAL
STEEL
EXPORT

Regional (NL) closed material (steel) system

5000T p/d

1,825 mln T p/y 45% less energy p/T

>97 / 100% reduction of emissions

Current Steel production Tata Steel

7 mln T p/y

85% production for export

34 billion liters clean water p/y

12,6 MT CO2 p/y (8% tatal emission NL)

45
Steel Recycling factory Local steel processing + scrap collecting Local steel processing + scrap collecting Local steel processing + scrap collecting Local steel processing + scrap collecting

Layout current steel factory

Layout current steel factory

32
waste gaspower station coal iron ore raw material cokes factory 1 packiging factory sinter factory hot strip mill cold rolling mill pellet factory blast furnaces oxygen steel plant cokes factory 2 coating products waste material innovation center education center main office cement factory 1/3 1/3 1/6 1/6 1000 m 46

Layout future steel factory

Layout future steel factory

33
Power station abolished power station processing scrap processing+distribution processing processing EAF 1000 m 47

RE-cover landscape

RE-cover landscape

34
water purifying +8m NAP +8m NAP +8m NAP +8m NAP
new city area low level new city area 1000 m 48
estatestructures rewilding

RE-value building structure

1000 m 49

RE-value spatial context: unbuilt - water + rail infrastructure suitable for LOGISTICS : remote (rail + water)

RE-value spatial context: large - extreme - long suitable for CONSTRUCT : R5 R6 R7

RE-value spatial context: small - complex - flexible

suitable for CREATIVE (experiment): R0 R1 R2

RE-value spatial context: characteristic - monumental suitable for SERVICE (& collective): R1 R3 R4

RE-value spatial context: energy waste infrastructure suitable for ENERGY (heat waste): R9

RE-value spatial context: open - large - campus

suitable for CREATIVE (innovation): R0 R1 R2

RE-value spatial context: low rise - light industry

suitable for CONSTRUCT : R5 R6 R7 (adapting in time)

RE-value spatial context: superindustrial - vertical suitable for PUBLIC - RE-creation program: culture/urban sport/leisure/health

RE-value spatial context: large - open - remote suitable for MATERIAL (steel + water): R8

RE-proximate city

10 minutes

59
R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R7 R8 R9 R6 CREATIVE SERVICE CONSTRUCT MATERIAL

RE-proximate zoning system

EXPERIMENTAL SPACE

existing building structures ‘occupied’ by artists, designers and pioneers + light, flexible structures added

R0-R1-R2

RADICAL SPACE

old industrial building structures tranformed into a vertical city, ‘floating’ above nature - residential, recreation, offices, industries, cultural

R0-R1-R2-R3-R4

CONSTRUCT SPACE

medium and large industrial processes + distribution transfer station, smaller industrial processes and housing on top

R5-R6-R7

SERVICE SPACE

monumental buildings for collective purposes + open but intimate blocks >residential, small industry, trade

R2-R3-R4

LOGISTIC SPACE

mainly non built area for rail distribution (freight station) and storage + public train stration + undefined space (lower part)

MATERIAL SPACE

steel (and water) recycling R8

LOGISTIC SPACE

rail distribution (freight station) and storage of materials + distribution transfer station

MEDIATION SPACE

medium and large industrial processes + rooftop-park with housing and other functions

R5-R6-R7

ADAPTIVE CONSTRUCT SPACE

existing industrial area will densify, mix and interact with both steel industry and university campus + housing

R5-R6-R7

CAMPUS SPACE

university campus + mix with housing, industry and other >permeable open green space

R0-R1-R2

RE-proximate micro-mobility network

10 minutes

RE-Industrial City

10 minutes

RE-industrial City

RE-MANUFACTORY + DISTRIBUTION

CARGO STATION

BOULEVARD

SLUISPARK

FACTORY

COLLECTIVE / COMMERCIAL

PIONEER + EXPERIMENT

SCRAPPARK

ATELIER MICRO LAB

RESIDENTIAL

EDUCATION

WORKSHOP

FACTORY

DISTRIBUTION

PAVILION

SHARED MICROMOBILITY

SHARED WORKSHOP

SHARED MATERIAL DEPOT

RESIDENTIAL (CPO)

COLLECTIVE / COMMERCIAL

WORKSHOP, STORE, SERVICE

HEAT WASTE

VISITOR EXPO

63
MAIN STREET COLLECTIVE RECYCLE REPAIR, REUSE
RE-MANUFACTORY + DISTRIBUTION
64
65

Radical change in 3 phases

PHASE 1

> Start building Electric Arc Furnace

> Electric Arc Furnace runs:

> Electric Arc Furnace capacity maximized:

> Move buildings; make space for scrap area

> Placemaking (public events/experiments) on site

> Upscaling steel recycle system

> Downscaling fossil steel system

> Close Cokes factory 1, start urban development

> Start building processing factories

> Placemaking on energy site (future campus)

> Close all fossil factories (including energy)

> Transformation of two remaining factories

> Expansion of urban development

> Expansion of ecological areal

66
PHASE 2
EAF place! scrap place! EAF urban development EAF
PHASE 3

Interdependencies

in time

employment

economy

fossil factory

postfossil factory

city

well being & health

ecology

67
phase
€ phase
phase
1
2
3

Radical change, who profits how?

Well being and health

surrounding residents

Clean environment - acces in local area - new jobs and urban program - environment of physical movement (bicycle, walking, outdoor sports)

Employees

Partly similar work in new factory, partly new jobs in new industries - no loss of jobs enduring tranformation

Company

Tata Steel

Clean production of steel, role model for transition and integration

Economy

Economic flows differently distributed: more local circulation and leveled in a network of activities locally added value to materials (manufacturing) - Total economic value of RE-industrial city is equal or higher than current value of Tata Steel NL

Ecology

Recovery of local eco-systems - radical reduction of carbon and zero air-, soil and water pollution - expansion of living areal and amound of species

68

Post-fossil Employment/ From large scale, centralised towards diverse, small scale, decentralised employment

Postfossil employment: from centralized, towards decentralized

69
Turtle one Building a Car in Africa, Melle Smets, 2016 Detroit model Suame Magazine model

RE-industrial City as new urban heart in a metropolitan region

70

Towards a RE-industrial community

Towards a RE-industrial community

Fossil industrial community (1955): THE TRIANGLE Post-fossil RE-industrial community: THE CIRCLE

Fossil industrial community (1955): THE TRIANGLE

71
IJmuiden Pernis/Botlek Antwerpen Gent/Terneuzen Lille/Roubaix Charleroi Liege Genk Geleen Duisburg Dortmund Esch-sur-Alzette Dillingen/Saar

2_(PRE-)FOSSIL LOGIC

small world, big systems

72

System scale follows energy

74
(1940) (Scheme by Otto Neurath,1940) Fossil energy
75

TIMEMAP OF ENERGY AND SOIL CITIES AUTOMOBILES

INDUSTRIES TRAVELTIME

SOIL

TRAVELTIME AGRICULTURE ENERGY
City as a (slow) water system Travel time from London to New York by Otto Neurath (1940) Transformation of agriculture Amsterdam1800 Rotterdam Harbour1825 Rotterdam Harbour1800 Grand

Travel

Transformation of agriculture

New York 40 days

potstal es kreupelbosjes heide vee beekdal

Wood harvesting, The Netherlands

40km

Peat digging, The Netherlands

Wind harvesting, The Netherlands

79
time from London to New York by Otto De molen bij Wijk bij Duurstede, 1640, Jacob van Ruisdael Pandora’s box, 1882, Walter Crane
GJ
1800
Hout verzemelen, 1888, Anton Mauve
20
6TWh
80
1871 Industrial production as an arcadic landscape City dense and mixed New York1890 Manchester, William Wyld1852 Rotterdam Harbour1875 Rotterdam Harbour1850 Jevons Paradox1865 Grand Ball given by the Whales in honor of the discover of the Oil Wells in PennsylvaniaVanity Fair, 1861
New York London London 15 days
energy consumption per capita World population
Global annual
Coal mine, Great Brittain
Pandora’s box, 1850
Coal mine, Great Brittain

Founded for sovereignty of the Netherlands WW1

82
1920
City centrifuged,
Automobile as an intersocial medium Utopia 1930 1940 Rotterdam Harbour1925 Ville Radieuse, Le Corbusier1930 Garden City, E. Howard1898 Rotterdam Harbour1900 Schiphol ilitary airport > 1916 Koninklijke Hoogovens > 1918

1 farmer x 10.000 1 pig x 1000.000

83
Invention of artificial fertilizer 1909 Fritz Haber
Ratio
Oil
Staatsmijnen Limburg > 1906
York London 5 days
1950 1997 2020 Global annual travel distance per
Global energy consumption
Ford Detroit > 1904
New
Ratio amount of farmers One farmer x 10.000 One pig x 1 mln
capita 2 bln
Iron ore mine, 1915
1900
1882, Walter Crane

centrifuged, functions seperated

84
1950 1960 1970 1980
Automobile as a post war babyboom medium Automobile accelerated and Automobile sexualized Suburbia
1975
Rotterdam Harbour
-
Rotterdam Harbour1950 Shop a Rama, Levittown1955
1975
Schiphol airport Schiphol airport
1950
Koninklijke Hoogovens1950
Employees Hoogovens x 1000 1980
Koninklijke Hoogovens
1975
agriculture Ratio amount 5 bln
Transformation of

3 bln

85
2.518km
Ratio amount of farmers and pigs in the Netherlands
New York
<1 day farmers
Ratio amount One farmer x 10.000 One pig x 1 mln 1950 1997 2020
Natural gas (NL)1951 1950
and pigs in the Netherlands
4 bln 5 bln overshoot manure animal
Staatsmijnen Limburg < 1974
Vulnerability of large
Ford Detroit < 1974 Iron ore mine, Australia
Pandora’s box, 1882, Walter 1950
Uranium mine, Sovjet Uniun
Automobile as an isolation medium and dehumanized City of proximity 1990 2020 2017
steel IJmuiden2023
Tata
Eemland > 1990 15 minute city, Paris2020
airport2023 1000 Employees Hoogovens x 1000 amount of farmers and pigs in the Netherlands Ratio amount of farmers and pigs in the Netherlands One farmer x 10.000 6 bln 7
8
80
170TWh (semi) above ground Ambition
Vinex,
Schiphol
bln
bln
GJ
biomassModernrenewablesOther 85%
HydrogenNucleargasNatural Wind Solar
export

Ambition AmbitionIndia:

energy supply withdrawn from the recent past energy supply withdrawn from the far past underground materials needed for extraction and storage above ground

underground 82%

anno 2023: 85% export

large scale and singel orientated industries

15.075km amount of farmers and pigs in the Netherlands 10.000 mln Ratio amount of farmers and pigs in the Netherlands One farmer x 10.000 One pig x 1 mln 1950 1997 2020
Dutch agriculture
6%
artificial fertilizer mega pig farm animal (soy)feed silo’s
Traditional biomass Coal Neodynium mine, China Nuclear waste depot, Finland Iron ore mine, Australia Walter Crane
HydrogenNucleargasNatural 1997 2020 2000
Lithyum mine, Iran
OilCoal Oil gasNatural
‘The more the more consume, is a myth’
Jason
Ambition ?
ground 12% instant energy supply Ambition EU (green deal) = 100%

6% AmbitionChina:2060AmbitionIndia:2070

incredible shrinking
The
2050
Pandora’s box, 1882, Walter Crane
more energy available, more energy humans consume, sustainable growth myth’
Arne Hendriks - Jason Hickel -
100% in 2050
2100
shrinking man, by

History: Dutch dunes as regenerative resource landscape, around 1600

Fishery Salt Sand Wood Hunting Cattle Small scale farming Sod

History: Relation between landscape and industry: Bleachers near dunes - due to clean water ca.1670

Gezicht op Haarlem uit het noordwesten, met de blekerijen op de voorgrond, Jacob van Ruisdael

History: 1853: Connection between the dune landscape (water) and the urban system of Amsterdam

Water basin Leiduinin Heemstede, built in 1853 by Amsterdamsche Duinwater Maatschappij

History: Start Hoogovens, 1924: NL becomes less dependent on other countries (urgency started in WW1)

1850
1950
2023
Region

TATA STEEL factsheet

7 mln tonnes steel p/y (NL)

8200 employees (NL)

Head office: Mumbai, India

Import: Iron ore, coal

Export: 85%: >160 countries

2,9 bln = 0,3% of total BNP in NL 2022 (BNP NL 2022: €943 bln)

12,6 MT CO2 p/y (8% tatal emission NL)

34 billion liters clean (tax free) water p/y

100
€ BNP CO2
+
for automobile, building and package industry
Fertilizer and cement

Iron material flows to and from NL

101

Pre-fossil Employment/ Colleborative, small scale, low-tech and handwork

102
Maciejowski Bible, Parisian artists, ca.1250

Jevons Paradox - 1865: The more efficient a process becomes, the more the total energy demand rises

103

Fossil Employment/ Efficiency, machine work, centralisation of work in large factory

104
Home and Factory Weaving in England, Otto Neurath

Fossil Employment/ Vulnurability of large scale and centralised industry

105
Ford factory Detroit, 1912 Ford factory Detroit, 2022

Fossil Employment/ Vulnurability of large scale and centralised industry

106
Charleroi, 2023

Fossil Employment/ Efficiency of industrial processes leads to less employment

107
Source: Wikipedia
5,4mln T/y 7mln T/y Annual production in tons
Source: Door staal gedreven (2018), Bram Bouwens
Numberofemployees

Pre-fossil Well being & Health/ The Black Death and other epidemics spread across unsanitary Europe

No industrial pollution, sociability and short working hours (1350 - 1500)

108
De Korenoogst, Pieter Breugel de Oude, 1565
Good life Poor life
De Triomf van de Dood, Pieter Breugel de Oude, 1562

Fossil Well being & Health/ Pollution and poor working conditions, but urban sanitary developped along

109
London sewage system, Joseph Bazalgette, ca.1860 Leeds, ca. 1900
Good life Poor life
Midnight at the glassworks, Indiana, USA, Lewis W. Hine, 1906

Fossil Well being & Health/ Tata steel, high numbers: cancer, insomnia, shorter life expectancy

110
Source: Greenpeace + EenVandaag Source: Frissewind.nl

Fossil Well being & Health/ Well being above economy!

Source: Statista

Source: Less is More, Jason Hickel (page 224)

111
Protect me from what I want, Jenny Holzer, 1982

Pre-fossil Well being & Health/ City size follows modality; modality determines everyday life

112
ancient Rome City size follows modality: ancient Rome = 5km pedestrian city City of proximity: pedesstrian, microbility and sociability New York, 1900 Source: We gaan steeds sneller, maar komen geen seconde eerder thuis (en dat is een groot probleem), Thalia Verkade, De Corespondent (2018)

Fossil Well being & Health/ Fossil cities have more cars

Change of modalities = change of everyday life

Source: PBL, CBS, OVG, MON, OViN, Schiphol, KiM

Source: Het Recht van de Snelste, De correspondent (2020), Thalia Verkade

Fossil cities have more cars, old and dense cities have less cars

113
Shop a Rama, Levittown - 1955
Raise of travel distances
2,5 3,8 6,1 14 14,9 2017

(Pre-)Fossil Ecology/ From connected abundancy, to fragmented scarcity

114
1850 1900 1950 2023
115

3_POST-FOSSIL LOGIC

one

system of synergies

Post-fossil Economy: Glocalism: local production, global data

117
Fossil economy Post-Fossil
economy Source: Fab City

Post-fossil Economy: Local currencies add economic value to a region

118
Source: Koop Lokaal Booster

Post-fossil Economy: Local currency = circular, more participants = more local value

119
More participants = more value @ Local currency = valid in a region for some time, before its return in Euro
Source: Koop Lokaal Booster

Post-fossil Employment/ Building a car in Ghana by local craftsmen; reselience of informal micro industries

120
Turtle one Building a Car in Africa, Melle Smets, 2016

Post-fossil Employment/ Collaboration of 12.000 micro-businesses; a (circular) economy for over 90 years!

121
Turtle one Building a Car in Africa, Melle Smets, 2016

Post-fossil Employment/ Learning from: Genk (BE), C-Mine: diverse employment - culture, tourism and sience

122
C-mine, Genk (BE), HOSPER

Post-fossil Employment/ Learning from: Esch sur Elzatte (LUX), Belval: diverse employment - culture, tourism and sience (with EAF in back)

123
Belval, Esch-sur-Elzatte, Luxembourg, source: Trouw, 5-12-2021

Post-fossil Employment/ From large scale, centralised towards diverse, small scale, decentralised employment

124
Turtle one Building a Car in Africa, Melle Smets, 2016 Detroit model Suame Magazine model

Post-fossil Well being & Health/ Homo Faber: The promise of collaborative work -

125
The Builders, Jacob Lawrence, 1947

Post-fossil Well being & Health/ Homo Ludens: The promise of mechanization - Constant Nieuwenhuys

126
Mobiel ladder labyrinth, Constant Nieuwenhuys, 1967

Post-fossil Well being & Health: Work (sociability) and Leisure (creativity) in balance!

127
Homo Ludens Homo Faber

Post-fossil Well being & Health/ Shorter working hours = more well being and health

WORKING HOURS

128
Source: Less is More, Jason Hickel, 2020, page
WELL BEING

Post-fossil Well being & Health/ Plants, green space and particularly gardening, is beneficial to mental and physical health

Source: Nature - Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing, 13-6-2019

Source: National Library of Medicine - Gardening for health: a regular dose of gardening, june 2018 Richard Thompson

129
> 120 min per week Physical & Mental

Post-fossil Well being & Health/ Learning from: Genk (BE) and Duisburg (DE), Terrils as urban nature and urban sports

Source: www.nationaalparkhogekempen.be

130

Post-fossil Well being & Health/ City of hyper-poximity: pedestrian, bicycle and microbility

15 minute city - Paris

Source: Het Recht van de Snelste, De correspondent (2020), Thalia Verkade

Source: Stedenbouw, Kern en Perspectieven, 1ste druk, Boom (2020), Han Meyer, Maarten Jan Hoekstra, John Westrik pag 176

Source: Een constante in beweging? Reistijd, virtuele mobiliteit en de Brever-wet, Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat (2001)

Everyday travel time of humans is 75 min (everywhere on earth)

131
75 min / day KM / year 1845 (NL) 40 2.518 1950 (NL) 15.075 2017 (NL) <HALF FUTURE

Mobility scale follows energy

132
Logistic scale Pre-fossil Fossil
Post-fossil

Post-fossil Economy: (mainly) car- and truck free

133

Post-fossil Ecology/ Humans and ‘nature’ are not seperated entities, but all part of one ecological system

IPPC report: half earth

134
Peaceable Kingdom, Edward Hicks, 1834

Post-fossil Ecology/ Learning from: Duisburg (DE) and Charleroi (BE), post-fossil ecology

135
Duisburg Charleroi

LITERATURE

Less is More, Jason Hickel. Hickel, J. (2020). Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World. Random House.

Het recht van de snelste. Verkade, T., & Brömmelstroet, M. C. G. (2020). Het recht van de snelste: hoe ons verkeer steeds asocialer werd.

De Blauwe Fabel. Joosten, T. (2022). De blauwe fabel: waarom we de KLM al een eeuw lang tegen elke prijs in de lucht houden.

Koop Lokaal Booster, Henk van Arkel. Stro, 2021

Eindeloze Wereld, Christophe Blain & Marc Jancovic. Concerto Books, 2022 Steel, C. (2013). Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives. Random House.

Vertical Urban Factory, Nina Rappaport, 2020 (2th edition)

Hybrid factory, hybrid city. Rappaport, N. (2022). Hybrid factory, hybrid city. Nina Rappaport.

Stadsleven / Building and Dwelling, Sennett, R. (2018). Stadsleven: Een visie op de metropool van de toekomst. J.M. Meulenhoff.

Turtle 1: Building a car in Africa, Smets, M., Van Onna, J., & Oosterbaan, W. (2016). Turtle 1: Building a Car in Africa.

Een stuk grond op een unieke locatie, Groene Amsterdammer, 1-3-2023

Hoe Tata aan z’n plan werkte, NRC Handelsblad, 16-9-2023

136

De hoop van schroot, NRC Handelsblad, 13-1-2024

Terwijl grote techbedrijven duizenden werknemers ontslaan, komen er bij ‘groene’ startups juist banen bij, NRC Handelsblad, 5 december 2022

De groene industrie-boom in het hoge noorden, NRC Handelsblad, 3 december 2022

Hou zware industrie juist hier - maar ze moet wel schoner, NRC Handelsblad, 7 november 2022

Werkgelegenheid als chantagemiddel, Podcast Follow the Money, Thomas bollen en Ties Joosten, 30 oktober 2020

‘Als de staalfabriek sluit, duikt Taranto vijftig jaar terug in de tijd’, NRC Handelsblad, 3-2-2024

Miljoenen subsidie vervlogen in een grond luchtkasteel, NRC Handelsblad, 3-2-2024

‘Devasting’: Port Talbot steelworks to shut blast furnaces and shed up to 2800 jobs, The Guardian, 19-01-2024

137

GRADUATION TEAM

Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam, 2023 - 2024

Commision

Martin Probst (mentor)

Tess Broekmans

Merten Nefs

138

SPECIAL THANKS TO:

Martin Probst

Tess Broekmans

Merten Nefs

Maria Doelman

Ton van der Laaken

Karin Schacknat

Niels van Bunningen

Kilian Lode

Ashwin Karis

Ellis Soepenberg

139

RE-INDUSTRIAL CITY

scenario for a postfossil industrial society

Arthur van der Laaken | graduation project | Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam | urbanism | 2024
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