Spring 2023 World Bank Group Publications and eProducts

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WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023

Migrants, Refugees, and Societies

By the World Bank

Mobility is an integral part of the development process. It is a mechanism for reallocating labor across economic sectors and geographical areas. It enables adaptation to shocks, stresses, and imbalances. Cross-border mobility inevitably comes with economic and social consequences for those who move, their communities of origin, and their destinations.

How can we manage cross-border mobility in a manner that is beneficial to all? This question is key to achieving the development mandate of the World Bank Group, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals.

The World Development Report 2023 takes a fresh look at these issues. It shifts from a narrow focus on labor markets for migrants and legal protection for refugees to a more holistic perspective—one that recognizes the humanity of migrants and the complexity of the societies of origin and destination. The Report focuses on three main themes: drivers of mobility and the role of development; impacts and policy responses; and the need for collective action to strengthen the nexus between international protection and development. While recognizing that situations are very diverse and that there can be no one-size-fits-all approach, it seeks to identify policy options for each group of stakeholders—migrants' origin and destination countries, refugee-hosting countries, the international community, and development actors, as well as the private sector and civil society—to deliver a system of better mobility in a transforming world.

WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT

March 2023. 280 pages. Stock no. C211941 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1941-4). US$49.50

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WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023

Migrants, Refugees, and Societies

March 2023. 280 pages. Stock no. C211963 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1964-3). US$66

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GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS, JANUARY 2023

By the World Bank

GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS

January 2023. 236 pages. Stock no. C211906 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1906-3). US$49.50

COMING SOON

Global growth is expected to decelerate sharply, reflecting synchronous policy tightening aimed at containing very high inflation, worsening financial conditions, and continued disruptions from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Investment growth in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) is expected to remain below its average rate of the past two decades.

Further adverse shocks could push the global economy into recession. Small states are especially vulnerable to such shocks because of the reliance on external trade and financing, limited economic diversification, elevated debt, and susceptibility to natural disasters. Against this backdrop, it is critical that EMDE policy makers ensure that any fiscal support is focused on vulnerable groups, that inflation expectations remain well anchored, and that financial systems continue to be resilient. Urgent global and national efforts are also needed to mitigate the risks of global recession and debt distress in EMDEs and to support a major increase in EMDE investment.

Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on EMDEs, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). Each edition includes analytical pieces on topical policy challenges faced by these economies.

GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS, JUNE 2023

June 2023. 194 pages. Stock no. C211951 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1951-3). US$49.50

COLLAPSE AND RECOVERY

How the COVID-19 Pandemic Eroded Human Capital and What to Do about It

By Norbert Schady, Alaka Holla, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Joana Silva, and Andres Yi Chang

The COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a severe blow to human capital. This report presents new evidence and analysis to provide a comprehensive diagnostic of the effects of the pandemic on human capital outcomes and identify promising policy responses for governments faced with the task of rebuilding human capital in the wake of the pandemic.

The report identifies the mechanisms through which COVID-19 affected the human capital of people at different points in the life cycle and provides estimates of the magnitude of these losses. This analysis underlines differences in impact across countries and groups within countries to understand the nature and extent of the inequitable impact on human capital, and how it has exacerbated existing gaps and created new ones. Grounded in the diagnostic, the report discusses policy responses that target the short-term needs of afflicted groups, as well as the medium- to long-term agenda to build back better human capital and make systems more resilient. The long-term policy discussion recognizes COVID-19 as an inflection point, using the opportunity to reimagine systems and institutions, thinking in a completely different way about some key issues.

In conclusion, the report reflects on what we have learned from failed policy responses. It further analyzes the innovations that proved successful across sectors in preventing or mitigating human capital losses associated with the COVID-19 crisis, and it explores how these lessons can be incorporated across sectors going forward.

February 2023. 164 pages. Stock no. C211901 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1901-8). US$43.95

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DETOX DEVELOPMENT

Repurposing Environmentally Harmful Subsidies

By Richard Damania, Esteban Balseca, Charlotte De Fontaubert, Joshua Gill, Kichan Kim, Jun Rentschler, Jason Russ, and Esha Zaveri

This report examines the impacts of subsidies on the world's stock of foundational natural capital—clean air, land, and oceans. These natural assets are critical for human health and nutrition. They underpin much of the economy, but they suffer from degradation, poor management, and overutilization due to government subsidies.

February 2023. 310 pages. Stock no. C211916 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1916-2). US$49.50

Explicit and implicit subsidies—estimated to be at least US$7 trillion—not only promote inefficiencies but also cause much environmental harm. Poor air quality is responsible for approximately 1 in 5 deaths globally. And as the new analyses in this report show, a significant amount of these deaths can be attributed to fossil fuel subsides. The largest user of land worldwide is agriculture, which feeds the world and employs 1 billion people, including 78 percent of the world's poor. But it is subsidized in ways that promote inefficiency, inequity, and unsustainability. Subsidies are shown to drive the deterioration of water quality and increase water scarcity by incentivizing overextraction. In addition, they are responsible for 14 percent of annual deforestation, by incentivizing the production of crops that are cultivated near forests. These subsidies are also implicated in the spread of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, especially malaria. Finally, oceans that support the world's fisheries and supply about 3 billion people with almost 20 percent of their protein intake from animals are in a collective state of crisis; more than 34 percent of fisheries are overfished, a practice that is exacerbated by open access regimes and capacity increasing subsidies.

Although the literature on subsidies is large, this report fills significant knowledge gaps using new data and methods. In doing so, it enhances the understanding of the scale and impact of subsidies, and it offers solutions to reform or repurpose them in efficient and equitable ways. The aim is to enhance the understanding of the magnitudes, consequences, and drivers of policy success and failures to render reforms more achievable.

THRIVING

Making Cities Green, Resilient, and Inclusive in a Changing Climate

By Megha Mukim and Mark Roberts, Editors

Between 1970 and 2021, the number of people living in cities increased from 1.19 billion to 4.46 billion, while the Earth's surface temperature climbed by 1.19 degrees Celsius above its preindustrial levels. Because of the prosperity they helped generate, cities have been a major cause of this climate change. However, it is also in cities that many of the solutions to the climate crisis—in terms of both adaptation and mitigation—will be found, not least because by 2050, almost 70 percent of the world's population will call cities home. As such, cities are the key to arguably the greatest public policy challenge of our times.

To take stock of how green, how resilient, and how inclusive cities globally are today, Thriving: Making Cities Green, Resilient, and Inclusive in a Changing Climate defines a global typology of more than 10,000 cities. It finds that there is wide variation in how green, resilient, and inclusive cities are around the world. It asks how climate change impacts cities and, conversely, how cities affect climate. Vicious cycles in development could occur as cities become more vulnerable to extreme events and the challenges compound and cascade. Finally, this report provides a compass for policy makers on policies that can help cities not only survive but also thrive in the face of the perils of climate change. Policy makers can and must act now to chart a more sustainable trajectory.

March 2023. 350 pages. Stock no. C211935 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1935-3). US$49.50

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OFF THE BOOKS

Understanding and Mitigating the Fiscal Risks of Infrastructure

By Matías Herrera Dappe, Vivien Foster, Aldo Musacchio, Teresa Ter-Minassian, and Burak Turkgulu

OFF the BOOKS

Understanding and Mitigating the Fiscal Risks of Infrastructure

Developing countries face massive infrastructure needs, but public spending on infrastructure is inadequate, and public investment has declined in recent years. Rising debt levels and tightening fiscal and monetary conditions are putting further pressure on the funds available for infrastructure, heightening the importance of increasing the efficiency of infrastructure spending.

Off the Books: Understanding and Mitigating the Fiscal Risks of Infrastructure shows that however governments deliver infrastructure—through direct public provision, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), or public-private partnerships (PPPs)—the risk of fiscal surprises is high, in both good times and bad. As a result, infrastructure service delivery often ends up costing significantly more than expected, eroding limited fiscal space for productive spending.

SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE

February 2023. 180 pages. Stock no. C211937 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1937-7). US$43.95

This book makes a unique contribution by quantifying the magnitude and prevalence of fiscal risks from electricity and transport infrastructure and identifying their root causes across a range of low- and middle-income countries. Drawing on important new sources of evidence and compiling many others, the analysis sheds lights on just how much is at stake in the good governance of infrastructure sectors. It allows policy makers to weigh the magnitudes of different types of risks and examine how they vary across contexts.

Off the Books shows how a deeper understanding of the fiscal risks of infrastructure can help policy makers target reforms to areas where they can be expected to have the greatest impact. It lays out a reform agenda for mitigating the fiscal risks associated with infrastructure based on building government capacity; adopting integrated public investment management and integrated fiscal risk management; improving fiscal and corporate governance of SOEs; and ensuring robust PPP preparation, procurement, and contract management. The book will be of enormous value to policy makers, practitioners, and academics with an interest in infrastructure and fiscal policy.

THE ECONOMICS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES FOR PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION

By Cecilia Briceno-Garmendia, Wenxin Qiao, and Vivien Foster

Electric mobility has garnered growing interest and significant momentum across several major global markets, often motivated by transport sector decarbonization. Together, Europe, China, and the United States account for more than 90 percent of the world's electric vehicle fleet. For many OECD countries, electric mobility is seen primarily as a lever for transport sector decarbonization, given that many of the other relevant policy options have already been exhausted. This report finds that electric mobility is also increasingly relevant for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

As of today, electric mobility for passengers is a comparative rarity across LMICs. In some of the leading markets, such as Brazil, India, and Indonesia, electric vehicles account for less than 0.5 percent of total sales. There are signs that this situation is changing. India, Chile, and Brazil are leading the way in electrifying their bus fleets in their largest cities by introducing innovative financing practices and improved procurement practices. Batteryswapping schemes are taking off in Asian and East African countries to lower the upfront cost of two-and three-wheelers. Original modeling for this report suggests that established global policy targets, such as 30 percent of new passenger vehicles to be electric by 2030, will make economic sense for many LMICs under a wide range of possible scenarios.

SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE

March 2023. 230 pages. Stock no. C211948 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1948-3). US$49.50

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THE PATH TO 5G IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD

Planning Ahead for a Smooth Transition to the Fifth Generation of Mobile Technology

By Rami Amin, Niccolo Comini, Vivien Foster, Natalija Gelvanovska-Garcia, Kay Kim, Hyea Won Lee, Maria Claudia Pachon, Je Myung Ryu, and Zhijun William Zhang

The global race for 5G has seen countries riding a new wave of wireless technology. 5G is the next-generation mobile communication technology, with the capacity to enable a significantly higher level of performance over 4G mobile communications. It provides a new layer of connectivity to support innovative, data-intense applications. With the estimated impact of 5G on global GDP in the trillions of US dollars, 5G will drive innovation, job creation, productivity, and competitiveness across a range of sectors, with many new use cases currently being tested.

For some countries, 5G services may seem a distant future prospect, given the costs of infrastructure deployment and expensive handsets; for others, it is an onramp to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and has been folded into national strategy planning. 5G trials, pilots, and commercial deployments have been progressing across the world, but most deployments are in higherincome countries. Significant barriers remain for developing countries—many of which pertain to challenges faced by the broader telecommunications sector—that threaten to further widen the digital divide and limit access to the economic opportunities that 5G connectivity enables.

SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE

April 2023. 200 pages. Stock no. C211604 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1604-8). US$48.50

What does this mean for developing countries, and how can governments prepare? This flagship report surveys the technical capabilities of 5G and explores how it can help countries reach connectivity goals by using 5G as a layer of connectivity alongside 4G and other modalities of connectivity. It also provides a guide for policy makers to better understand the opportunities, challenges, and risks posed by 5G so that they can plan for an enabling policy and regulatory ecosystem that supports the path to advanced mobile network deployment, access, and adoption.

DIGITAL AFRICA

Technological Transformation for Jobs

By Tania Begazo, Moussa Blimpo, and Mark Dutz

African countries need more jobs and better jobs for their growing populations. The main message of Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs is that broader use of productivity-enhancing technologies by enterprises can generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. The adoption of better technologies can support countries' short-term objective of economic recovery, as well as their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. But this process is not automatic.

Although mobile internet availability has increased in recent years, Africa's uptake gap is the highest in the world. While 83 percent of Africa's population now live in areas with some level of 3G mobile internet services, only 27 percent of these people are using such services. And the average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers, as well as more sophisticated digital technologies, relative to the rest of the world. Affordability explains part of the usage gap: with 40 percent of Africans still falling below the extreme poverty line, expenses in mobile data plans alone would constitute one-third of their low incomes. Small- and medium-sized businesses have more expensive data plans than in other regions. In addition to people's ability to pay, shortcomings—in the quality of internet services and in the entrepreneurship supply of attractive, skills-appropriate apps that could raise people's earnings—dampen their willingness to use these new technologies.

The development payoffs to those already using these technologies are significant. The book offers robust evidence that internet availability has a positive impact on increasing jobs and reducing poverty in African countries. New empirical studies undertaken for this report have added to the rapidly growing literature on the direct impact of mobile internet availability on jobs and welfare.

For these and other benefits to be realized more widely, two sets of complementary and mutually reinforcing policies are required. Policies must address potential users' ability to pay for them, as well as their willingness to use them.

March 2023. 190 pages. Stock no. C211737 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1737-3). US$48.50

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Can Better Governance and Management of Scarcity Prevent a Looming Crisis in the Middle

January 2023. 128 pages. Stock no. C211661 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1661-1). US$48.50

Across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, land is a scarce and valuable resource. The projected increase in land demand due to demographic trends, coupled with decreasing land supply due to climatic and governance factors, indicate a looming crisis happening at a time when the region is also facing dramatic social and political transformation. Reserves for land cultivation are almost exhausted, while total built-up area will need to expand to accommodate high demographic growth. Yet, land remains inefficiently, inequitably, and unsustainably used. There are strong barriers to land access for both firms and individuals. Firms resort to political connections to access land, resulting in land misallocation. Women are 2 to 3 times more likely to fear losing their property in the case of spousal death or divorce, and their rights are not sufficiently supported by institutions and gender-imbalanced social norms. Refugees also face difficulties in accessing land; conflict in the region is causing the displacement of millions of people who lack necessary housing, land, and property rights.

This report identifies and analyzes the economic, environmental, and social challenges associated with land in MENA countries, shedding light on policy options to address them. It focuses on two main constraints—scarcity of land and weak land governance—and how they affect land use and access, the resulting inefficiencies and inequities, and associated economic and social costs. It highlights the need for MENA countries to think about land more holistically and to reassess the strategic trade-offs involving land, while minimizing land distortions and serving economic development. It is also an attempt to fill major data gaps and promote a culture of open data, transparency, and inclusive dialogue on land. These efforts are important steps that will contribute to renewing the social contract, accompany economic and digital transformation, and facilitate recovery and reconstruction in the region.

January 2023. 114 pages. Stock no. C 211889 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1889-9). US$43.95

THE ECONOMICS OF WATER SCARCITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

Institutional Solutions

By Dominick de Waal, Stuti Khemani, Andrea Barone, and Edoardo Borgomeo

Despite massive infrastructure investments, countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region continue to face unprecedented water scarcity due to climate change, population growth, and socioeconomic development. Current policy regimes for managing water across competing needs are primarily determined by state control of large infrastructure. Policy makers across the region understand that allocations are unsustainable and that increasing investments in new infrastructure and technologies to increase water supply place a growing financial burden on governments. However, standard solutions for demand management—reallocating water to higher value uses, reducing waste, and increasing tariffs—pose difficult political dilemmas that, more often than not, are left unresolved. Without institutional reform, the region will likely remain in water distress even with increased financing for water sector infrastructure.

The Economics of Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa: Institutional Solutions confronts the persistence and severity of water scarcity in MENA. The report draws on the tools of public economics to address two crucial challenges facing states in MENA: lack of legitimacy and trust. Evidence from the World Values Survey shows that people in the region believe that a key role of government is to keep prices down and that governments are reluctant to raise tariffs because of the risk of widespread protests. Instead of avoiding the "politically sensitive" issue of water scarcity, this report argues that reform leaders and their external partners can reform national water institutions and draw on local political contestation to establish a new social contract. The crisis and emotive power of water can be used to bolster legitimacy and trust in the region and build a sustainable, inclusive, thriving economy that is resilient to climate change.

April 2023. 218 pages. Stock no. C211739 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1739-7). US$43

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PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH A SPATIAL LENS

Overcoming Subnational Barriers to Economic Growth and Competitiveness in Latin America and the Caribbean

By Elena Ianchovichina

The problem of low economic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean has puzzled economists for decades. Numerous explanations have been provided over the years, yet none focuses on the inefficiencies in the region’s spatial development model. This study adopts a spatial lens to shed light on weaknesses in competitiveness that have left the region unprepared to fully realize the potential of its mostly urban workforce and to take advantage of opportunities in a post-pandemic economy reshaped by geopolitical shifts.

Productivity through a Spatial Lens first reviews territorial productivity trends. It discusses the forces that reduced spatial income disparities but also dampened urban productivity in the years leading to the pandemic. The investigation then explores the reasons for the puzzle of low urban productivity in a region of dense cities. The report concludes with ideas on how to improve competitiveness and prospects for sustainable and inclusive growth.

LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN STUDIES

June 2023. 140 pages. Stock no. C211959 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1959-9). US$43.95

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EMPLOYMENT IN CRISIS

The Path to Better Jobs in a Post-COVID-19 Latin America

October 2021. 156 pages. Stock no. C 211672 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1672-7). US$43

AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN SOUTH ASIA

By Muthukumara S. Mani

Air pollution exposure is the second-most important risk factor for ill health in South Asia, contributing to between 13 percent and 22 percent of all deaths. Also, approximately 58 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are lost through chronic and acute respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses. Of the top 30 cities in the world with the poorest air quality in 2016, 17 are in South Asia. The impact of air pollution transcends boundaries. Although countries have introduced promising initiatives in recent years, comprehensive healthcentered strategies are lacking.

The multiplicity of sources and modes of exposure add complexity to the problem of air pollution in South Asia. In addition to a rapidly growing road transport sector, factories and power plants, as well as agricultural and solid waste, contribute to air pollution.

Many measures are often discussed to deal with air pollution, including transitioning to a low emissions fleet, increasing public transportation, updating fuel emissions standards and improving traffic flow management, closing old inefficient plants or retrofitting existing coal-fired plants, a switch to cleaner fuel and more efficient production in industries, and better management of landfills and agricultural waste. The challenge is that implementation of these measures would require a better understanding of the spatial dimensions of pollution and underlying sources, as well as the costs and benefits associated with the deployment of several instruments.

Governments are often confronted with these difficult questions: Which interventions are warranted? Up to what cost? Where? When? Obtaining better information and managing risks more effectively will help policy makers deal with the host of uncertainties without compromising their broader objectives of economic growth and poverty reduction.

This report aims to identify and map air pollution hotspots in South Asia in terms of concentration and exposure, understand the various sources of pollution in hotspot areas from Kabul to Dhaka, and help categorize policy actions and interventions based on a systematic analysis of costs and benefits.

April 2023. 200 pages. Stock no. C211831 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1831-8). US$49.50

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SOUTH ASIA DEVELOPMENT MATTERS

JOBS UNDONE

Reshaping the Role of Governments toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa

By Asif M. Islam, Dalal Moosa, and Federica Saliola

A decade after the spark of the Arab Spring, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region continues to suffer from limited creation of more and better jobs. Youth face idleness and unemployment. For those who find jobs, informality awaits. Few women attempt to enter the world of work at all. Meanwhile, the available jobs are not those of the future. These labor market outcomes are being worsened by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

July 2022. 164 pages. Stock no. C211735 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1735-9). US$48.50

Jobs Undone: Reshaping the Role of Governments toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa explores ways to break these impasses, drawing on original research, survey data, wide-ranging literature, and young entrepreneurial voices from the region. The report finds that a prominent reason behind MENA's unmet jobs challenge is a lack of market contestability in the formal private sector. Few firms in the region enter the market, few grow, and those that exit are not necessarily less productive. Moreover, firms in the region invest little in physical capital, human capital, or research and development, and they tend to be politically connected. At the macro level, economic growth has been mediocre, labor productivity is not being driven by structural change, and the growth of the stock of capital per capita has declined.

New evidence generated for this report shows that the lack of dynamism is due to the prevalence of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). They operate in sectors where there is little economic rationale for public activity, and they enjoy favorable treatment—flouting the principles of competitive neutrality. Meanwhile, labor regulations add to market rigidity, while gendered laws restrict women's potential.

To change this reality, the state must reshape its relationship toward markets, toward workers, and toward women. All reforms will have to rely on improved data capacity and transparency to create a new social contract between governments and the people of the region.

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JOBS UNDONE

Reshaping the Role of Governments toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa

September 2022. 156 pages. Stock no. C 211863 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1863-9). US$48.50

WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2023

By the World Bank

Women, Business and the Law 2023 is the ninth in a series of annual studies measuring the laws and regulations that affect women's economic opportunity in 190 economies. The project presents eight indicators structured around women's interactions with the law as they move through their careers: Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Entrepreneurship, Assets, and Pension. Women, Business and the Law 2023 identifies barriers to women's economic participation and encourages reform of discriminatory laws.

This year, the study also includes research, literature review, and analysis of 52 years of reforms. By examining the economic decisions women make throughout their working lives, as well as tracking regulatory changes from 1970 to today, Women, Business and the Law makes an important contribution to research and policy discussions about the state of women's economic empowerment. The indicators build evidence of the critical relationship between legal gender equality and women's employment and entrepreneurship.

WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2023

WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW

March 2023. 120 pages. Stock no. C211944 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1944-5). US$43.95

INTERNATIONAL DEBT REPORT 2022

Updated International Debt Statistics

By the World Bank

The International Debt Report (IDR), formerly International Debt Statistics (IDS), is a longstanding annual publication of the World Bank featuring external debt statistics and analysis for the 121 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that report to the World Bank Debtor Reporting System. IDR 2022 includes (1) an analyses of external debt stocks and flows from 2010 to 2021 for these countries; (2) an assessment of the evolution of the creditor composition of external debt over the past decade; (3) a focus on how the World Bank has sought to enhance data quality and transparency against the backdrop of rapidly changing global debt dynamics that contribute to debt transparency issues; (4) tables and charts detailing debtor and creditor composition of debt stock and flows, terms volume and terms of new commitments, maturity structure of future debt service payments and debt burdens; and (5) a one-page summary for each country, plus global, regional, and income-group aggregates showing debt stocks and flows, relevant debt indicators, and metadata for 6 years (2010 and 2017–2021).

Unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of LMICs, IDR 2022 is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community.

INTERNATIONAL DEBT REPORT

January 2023. 204 pages. Stock no. C211902 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1902-5). US$49.95

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THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CLIMATE ACTION

By Stephane Hallegatte, Paolo Avner, Ira Dorband, Catrina Godinho, Dirk Heine, Penelope Mealy, and Jun Rentschler

Climate change is a defining challenge of our time—and we know how to stop it: stabilize the climate by cutting emissions to net zero by mid-century, while developing pathways to resilient, sustainable development. The world has committed to doing just that, and 139 countries and counting already have net zero targets in place. But commitments are not yet translating into policies and investments at the pace or scale required, because they are often hampered by politics, vested interests, and competing needs.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT

April 2023. 120 pages. Stock no. C211953 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1953-7). US$43.95

This report looks at the political economy of the net zero policy, from the common challenges to the development of strategies to overcome them. It shows how governments can improve political economy conditions over time with progressive climate governance interventions, while overcoming more immediate barriers with better policy design and communication. By addressing political economy issues, such as distributional conflicts or ideational opposition, these strategies can unlock progress to increase the feasibility, fairness, and effectiveness of net zero policy—thus turning climate goals into climate action.

NATURE'S FRONTIERS

Achieving Sustainability, Efficiency, and Prosperity with Natural Capital

By

The great expansion of economic activity since the end of the Second World War has raised living standards around the globe, but resulting declines in natural capital like land degradation, air pollution, carbon emissions, and the loss of biodiversity are threatening to reverse much of this progress. Recognizing the essential services provided by natural capital, this report proposes a novel approach to address these foundational challenges of sustainability. By combining innovative science, new data sources, and cutting edge biophysical and economic models, sustainable resource efficiency frontiers are built to assess how countries can sustainably use their natural capital in more efficient ways.

ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

February 2023. 234 pages. Stock no. C211923 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1923-0). US$49.50

The report finds that there are very significant efficiency gaps in nearly every country in the world, and closing these gaps can address many of the world's pressing economic and environmental problems. More efficient use of land could sequester an additional 85.6 billion metric tons of CO2eq, with no adverse economic impacts. Likewise, better management of land, water, and other inputs could increase food production to levels needed to feed the world to 2050—without the loss of biodiversity or greenhouse gas (GHG) storage and sequestration provided by natural habitats. More efficient air pollution policies could prevent an additional 366,000 premature deaths each year, with the same levels of spending. Although achieving these objectives will entail demanding policy reforms, the costs of inaction will be far higher.

Richard Damania, Stephen Polasky, Mary Ruckelshaus, Jason Russ, Markus Amann, Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer, James Gerber, Pete Hawthorne, Martin Heger, Saleh Mamun, Giovanni Ruta, Rafael Schmitt, Jeffrey Smith, Adrian Vogl, Fabian Wagner, and Esha Zaveri

FINTECH AND THE FUTURE OF FINANCE

Market and Policy Implications

By Erik Feyen, Harish Natarajan, and Matthew Saal

Fintech—the application of digital technology to financial services—is reshaping the future of finance. Digital technologies are revolutionizing payments, lending, investment, insurance, and other financial products and services—and the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this process. Digitalization of financial services and money is helping to bridge gaps in access to financial services for households and firms and is promoting economic development. Improved access to basic financial services translates into better firm productivity and growth, as well as higher incomes to improve the lives of the poor. Technology can lower transaction costs by maximizing economies of scale and automation; overcoming geographical barriers; increasing the speed, security, and transparency of transactions; and allowing for more tailored financial services that serve consumers, including the poor. Women can especially benefit.

Yet too many people and firms still lack access to essential financial services that could help them thrive. It is time for policy makers to embrace fintech opportunities and implement policies that enable and encourage safe financial innovation and adoption.

Fintech and the Future of Finance

February 2023. 170 pages. Stock no. C211914 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1914-8). US$43.95

Fintech and the Future of Finance: Market and Policy Implications explores the implications of fintech and the digital transformation of financial services for market outcomes, on the one hand, and regulation and supervision, on the other hand—and how these interact. The report, which provides a high-level perspective for senior policy makers, is accompanied by notes that focus on salient issues for a more technical audience.

MISALLOCATION OF FIRM FINANCING

Evidence and Policies to Close the Finance Productivity Divide

By Tatiana Didier and Ana Paula Cusolito

Access to finance is critical to ensuring productive investments. Yet a myriad of financial distortions, frictions, and market failures can prevent the efficient allocation of financial resources toward the most productive firms and uses and negatively impact aggregate productivity and economic growth. Drawing from a newly constructed dataset of 2.5 million private firms, this report presents novel evidence about the productivity gains that low- and middle-income countries can obtain by removing financial distortions and fostering efficient and inclusive financial markets.

WORLD BANK PRODUCTIVITY PROJECT

March 2023. 120 pages. Stock no. C211939

(ISBN: 978-1-4648-1939-1). US$43.95

17 phone +1 (703) 661 1580 • in the U.S. phone +1 (800) 645 7247 • fax +1 (703) 661 1501

Erik Feyen, Harish Natarajan, and Matthew Saal

Market and Policy Implications

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN DEVELOPMENT

Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century

By Patrick Barron, Louise Cord, Jose Cuesta, Sabina Espinoza, Greg Larson, and Michael Woolcock

All development is about people: the transformative process to equip, link, and enable groups of people to drive change and create something new to benefit society. When sustained over time, it can promote societies where all people can thrive; but the change process, particularly its social aspects, can be complex, challenging, and even contentious.

The current moment underscores that continued progress toward sustainable development is not guaranteed. More than two decades into the 21st century, a perfect storm has gathered force: the overlapping crises of COVID-19, climate change, rising levels of conflict, and a global economic slowdown are enflaming long-standing challenges—exacerbating inequality, persistent structural barriers, and deep-rooted systemic inequities. Addressing these challenges will require social sustainability, in addition to economic and environmental sustainability.

NEW FRONTIERS OF SOCIAL POLICY

February 2023. 110 pages.

Stock no. C211946

(ISBN: 978-1-4648-1946-9). US$43.95

Despite growing recognition of its importance, however, there is less clarity over what social sustainability is and how it can best be pursued. This book seeks to move the agenda forward, advancing the concept of social sustainability and sharpening the analytical foundations on which it rests.

COMMODITY MARKETS

Evolution, Challenges, and Policies

Edited by John Baffes and Peter Nagle

Commodity markets are integral to the global economy. Understanding what drives developments of these markets is critical to the design of policy frameworks that facilitate the economic objectives of sustainable growth, inflation stability, poverty reduction, food security, and the mitigation of climate change. This study is the first comprehensive analysis examining market and policy developments for all commodity groups, including energy, metals, and agriculture, over the past century. It finds that, while the quantity of commodities consumed has risen enormously, driven by population and income growth, the relative importance of commodities has shifted over time, as technological innovation created new uses for some materials and facilitated substitution among commodities. The study also shows that commodity markets are heterogeneous in terms of their drivers, price behavior, and macroeconomic impact on emerging markets and developing economies, and that the relationship between economic growth and commodity demand varies widely across countries, depending on their stage of economic development. Policy frameworks that enable countercyclical macroeconomic responses have become increasingly common—and beneficial. Other policy tools have had mixed outcomes.

THE GOVERNMENT ANALYTICS HANDBOOK

Leveraging Data to Strengthen Public Administration

Edited by Daniel Rogger and Christian Schuster

The Government Analytics Handbook presents frontier evidence and practitioner insights on how to leverage data to strengthen public administration. The handbook covers the use of administrative data, public servant surveys, and other microdata to diagnose and improve how public organizations work.

Overview chapters lay out the motivation for government analytics, summarize key lessons from the book on how to do government analytics well, and offer an approach for the future of government data. Four online modules are included to provide in-depth guidance on key themes:

Module 1: Foundational Themes in Government Analytics

Module 2: Government Analytics Using Administrative Data

Module 3: Government Analytics Using Public Servant Surveys

Module 4: Government Analytics Using External Assessments

The Government Analytics Handbook includes tools and resources for undertaking recommended analytics, enabling readers to immediately apply insights from the handbook.

WORKING WITH SMALLHOLDERS

A Handbook for Firms Building Sustainable Supply Chains, Third Edition

By International Finance Corporation

The Working with Smallholders handbook aims to enable the development of more sustainable, resilient, and productive agribusiness supply chains and to illustrate their developmental impact. Smallholder farmers present both opportunities and challenge for agribusinesses. The predominance of smallholders in many frontier and emerging markets makes them an integral part of agribusiness supply chains.

This handbook compiles innovative solutions to these challenges, incorporating case studies from across diverse regions and agribusiness sectors. The third edition incorporates new developments and areas of interest since the last publication, including the growing predominance of digital technologies and increasing concerns around sustainability.

June 2023. 100 pages plus four online modules

Stock no. C211957 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1957-5). US$43.95

April 2023. 324 pages. Stock no. C211962 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1962-9). US$54.95

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SILVER OPPORTUNITY

Building Integrated Services for Older Adults around Primary Health Care

Edited by Xiaohui Hou, Jigyasa Sharma, and Feng Zhao

We live in a rapidly aging world, in which people who are 60 years and older outnumber children under the age of five. This book reveals large and growing gaps in care for older adults in countries at all income levels and shows how to leverage reforms for improving health outcomes for older adults and creating healthier, more prosperous communities.

April 2023. 250 pages.

Stock no. C211958 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1958-2). US$49.95

PRIVATE CITIES

Aimed at policy makers and other health and development stakeholders who want to promote healthier aging, Silver Opportunity compiles the latest evidence on care needs and gaps for aging populations. It argues that primary health care (PHC) should be the cornerstone of integrated service delivery for older people, but that PHC systems must first build their capacity to respond to older people's health needs. It presents an original framework for policy action to advance PHC-centered, integrated senior care; documents the experiences of pioneering countries in delivering community-based care to older people; and provides recommendations for decision-makers. The framework presents four policy levers to improve health care for seniors—financing, innovation, regulation, and evaluation and measurement—or FIRE. Finally, the book posits that by acting now, countries can leverage population aging to accelerate progress toward health equity and Universal Health Coverage (UHC).

Outstanding Examples from Developing Countries and Their Implications for Urban Policy

By Yue Li and Martin Rama

Institutional constraints and weak capacity often hamper the ability of local governments in developing countries to steer urbanization. As a result, there are not enough cities to accommodate an unabated rural-urban migration, and many of the cities that emerge are sprawling and disconnected. The flipside is the emergence of entire cities—more than gated communities or industrial parks—led in whole or in part by private actors. To date, little systematic research has been conducted on the conditions that are necessary for such unusual entities to emerge, on the roles played by private actors, or on the consequences for efficiency and equity. Private Cities: Outstanding Examples from Developing Countries and Their Implications for Urban Policy aims to fill this gap. Using an analytical framework that draws on urban economics and political science, it includes inventories of private cities in the Arab Republic of Egypt, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan and provides structured reviews of 14 outstanding examples across all developing regions.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

April 2023. 264 pages. Stock no. C211833 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1833-2). US$49.50

AFRICA'S RESOURCE FUTURE

Harnessing Oil, Gas, and Minerals for Economic Transformation during the Low Carbon Transition

Edited by Albert Zeufack and James Cust

This book examines the role for natural resource wealth in driving Africa's economic transformation and the implications of the low-carbon transition for resource-rich economies. Resource wealth remains central to most Sub-Saharan African economies, and significant untapped potential is in the ground. Subsoil assets—such as metals, minerals, oil, and gas—are key sources of government revenues, export earnings, and development potential in most countries in the region. Despite large reserves, success in converting subsoil wealth into aboveground sustainable prosperity has been limited. Since the decline in commodity prices in 2014, resource-rich Africa has grown more slowly than the region's average growth rate. Finding ways to more effectively harness natural resource wealth to drive economic transformation will be central to Africa's economic future.

As the world moves away from fossil fuels in alignment with commitments under the Paris Agreement, Africa's resource-rich countries face new risks and opportunities. Recent estimates suggest that 80 percent of the world's proven fossil fuel reserves must remain underground to meet the Paris targets, and much of these stranded reserves may be in Africa. The transition from fossil fuels to clean energy may create demand by 2050 for 3 billion tons of minerals and metals that are needed to deploy solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Africa's Resource Future explores these themes and offers policy makers insights to help them navigate the coming years of uncertainty.

AFRICA DEVELOPMENT FORUM

February 2023. 200 pages. Stock no. C211743 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1743-4). US$48.50

MIGRANTS, MARKETS, AND MAYORS

Rising above the Employment Challenge in Africa's Secondary Cities

Edited by Luc Christiaensen and Nancy Lozano

In our rapidly urbanizing world, mayors often see migrants as a burden to their cities' labor markets and a threat to their development. Drawing on national household surveys and four secondary city case studies in Africa, this report finds that migrants— being younger, better educated, and complementary to the resident labor force—can strengthen the urban labor force.

Labor market outcomes for migrants generally are at least as good as those for residents. Migrants also contribute increasingly less to urban population growth. Secondary cities and towns appear particularly well placed to leverage migration if they have good urban management that develops land and labor markets, prepares for growth, and benefits everyone, migrants as well as residents. Migrant-specific interventions are warranted when divisions between native populations and migrants are deep. Strengthening the financial, technical, and planning capacity of towns and secondary cities to better integrate migrants is part and parcel of the good jobs agenda.

AFRICA DEVELOPMENT FORUM

April 2023. 180 pages. Stock no. C211903 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1903-2). US$43.95

21 phone +1 (703) 661 1580 • in the U.S. phone +1 (800) 645 7247 • fax +1 (703) 661 1501

COMMONS

Drivers of Change and Opportunities for Sub-Saharan Africa

Edited by Kako Nubukpo, Lola Mercier, Mathieu Boche, Benjamin Coriat, and Stéphanie Leyronas

This study focuses on forms of commons-based entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa that have developed in response to issues ranging from land and natural resources management to public services, employment and training, climate change, and biodiversity. It sheds new light on the range of possible arrangements between communities involved in managing the commons and the central, devolved, or local state services. Finally, it proposes a renewed agenda for international cooperation, as well as a set of principles for sustainable and effective support for the commons in Africa.

Authored by the Agence française de développement (AFD), this publication is a new title in the Africa Development Forum, a series copublished by the AFD and the World Bank.

AFRICA DEVELOPMENT FORUM

May 2023. 220 pages.

Stock no. C211960 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1960-5). US$49.50

HIDDEN POTENTIAL

Rethinking Informality in South Asia

Edited by Maurizio Bussolo and Siddharth Sharma

Informality remains widespread in South Asia despite decades of economic growth. The low earnings and high vulnerability in the informal sector make this a major development issue for the region. Yet, there is no consensus on its causes and consequences, with the debate polarized between a view that informality is a problem of regulatory evasion and should be eradicated, and another that equates informality with economic exclusion.

Recent advances in analyzing informality as the outcome of firm dynamics in distorted economic environments can help reconcile them. Building on these advances, the approach adopted in this volume clarifies that there are different types of informality, with different drivers and consequences.

SOUTH ASIA DEVELOPMENT

FORUM

January 2023. 354 pages.

Stock no. C211834 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1834-9). US$43.95

The report has four main messages that underscore the need for a multipronged strategy. First, informality in South Asia is dominated by firms that happen to be outside the purview of regulations because they are small, as opposed to those that remain small to escape regulations. Second, reforms of business regulations tend to have small direct effects on the informal sector, although they could have sizable indirect impacts on it if they succeed in removing major inefficiencies in the broader economy. Third, e-commerce platforms offer new opportunities to informal firms and workers, but many of them lack complementary skills or credit to benefit from such technologies. Fourth, a combination of contributory and non-contributory programs recognizing the heterogenous saving capacities of informal workers may be necessary to achieve more universal coverage of social insurance.

REIMAGINING EDUCATION IN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC IN THE

WAKE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

By the World Bank

Countries in middle-income East Asia and Pacific were already experiencing a learning crisis prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-related school disruptions have only made things worse. Learning poverty—defined as the percentage of 10-year-olds who cannot read and understand an age-appropriate text—is as high as 90 percent in several countries. Several large Southeast Asian countries consistently perform well below expectations on adolescent learning assessments.

This report examines several key factors affecting learning outcomes in the region, including teaching, the use of educational technologies (EdTech), and public spending on education. It also analyzes the political economy of education reform and presents recommendations on how countries in middle-income East Asia and Pacific can recover COVID-related learning losses and build stronger education systems to enhance productivity, growth, and development in the region.

February 2023. 150 pages. Stock no. C211904 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1904-9). US$43.95

INNOVATIVE KOREA

Lessons on Leveraging Innovation and Technology for Development

Edited by Anwar Aridi, Youngsun Koh, and Hoon Sahib Soh

The Republic of Korea today is a highly industrialized, global innovation and technology leader. It is the twelfth largest economy in the world, with a per capita income at the average of OECD countries. However, in the 1950s, it was one of the poorest countries in the world, with decidedly bleak prospects, making Korea a well-known case study of successful development.

Innovative Korea summarizes the sources of Korea's remarkable growth performance and the policies and institutional reforms that made this possible. In particular, the report focuses on Korea's successful transition from a middle-income to a high-income economy and how it escaped the "middle-income trap" by fundamentally transforming its growth model in response to the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-98, moving toward a more private-sector-led model with greater emphasis on market competition, innovation, and technology. Instead of targeting large firms and industries, industrial policies prioritized small and medium enterprises and technology entrepreneurs. Exports expanded significantly through greater integration in global value chains. Already high levels of human capital development were complemented by an expanded social safety net and a more integrated approach to education and training.

23 phone +1 (703) 661 1580 • in the U.S. phone +1 (800) 645 7247 • fax +1 (703) 661 1501

A BALANCING ACT FOR BRAZIL'S AMAZONIAN STATES

An Economic Memorandum

Edited by Marek Hanusch

Social deprivations coincide with vast deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon, or Amazonia. Poverty reduction and sustainable development require renewed efforts to protect the region's exceptional natural wealth, coupled with a shift from an extractive to a productivity-oriented growth model.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS

February 2023. 328 pages. Stock no. C211909 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1909-4). US$52.95.

ALSO AVAILABE IN PORTUGUESE

February 2023. 388 pages. Stock no. C211913 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1913-1). US$52.95.

AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

From Co-Benefits to Coherent Policies

By Grzegorz Peszko, Markus Amann, Yewande Awe, Gary Kleiman, and Tamer Samah Rabie

While many countries pledge to phase out fossil fuels in 30-40 years, 6-7 million people die each year from air pollution. This report shows how to design coherent policies that harness synergies and manage tensions between air quality and climate mitigation and that put people's health first while paving the way for long-term decarbonization.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS

January 2023. 132 pages. Stock no. C211835 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1835-6). US$41.95.

BOOSTING PRODUCTIVITY IN KAZAKHSTAN WITH MICRO-LEVEL TOOLS Analysis and Policy Lessons

By Mariana Iootty, Asset Bizhan, and Paulo

Correa

This report examines the causes of low productivity growth in Kazakhstan by combining an analysis of firm-level data and multiple policy drivers. It is the first work to analyze the micro-foundations of the total factor productivity in Kazakhstan and elaborate on specific recommendations for boosting aggregate productivity growth.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS

January 2023. 92 pages. Stock no. C211910 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1910-0). US$35.

BREATHING HEAVY New Evidence on Air Pollution and Health in Bangladesh

By Wameq Azfar Raza, Iffat Mahmud, and Tamer Samah Rabie

Using data on health conditions and exposure to air pollution at the individual level from Bangladesh, this book establishes a positive association between air pollution and health risks, including mental health issues, and recommends policy options for better adaptation.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS December 2022. 96 pages. Stock no. C211919 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1919-3). US$35.

RISING FROM THE DEPTHS Water Security and Fragility in South Sudan

By Edoardo Borgomeo, Claire Chase, Nicolas Salazar Godoy, and Victor Osei Kwadwo South Sudan is the third most vulnerable country to climate change in the world and one of the most politically fragile. This report illustrates how South Sudan can leverage its water resources to prepare for climate change and advance national peace and development.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS March 2023. 178 pages. Stock no. C211943 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1943-8). US$41.95.

THE LONG ROAD TO INCLUSIVE INSTITUTIONS IN LIBYA

A Sourcebook of Challenges and Needs

Edited by Hend R. Irhiam, Michael G. Schaeffer, and Kanae Watanabe

This sourcebook compiles analytical work that has been cultivated over the past several years by the World Bank and partner organizations of Libya. Utilizing several analytical techniques, the book makes a unique contribution to the discussion on Libya's mediumto long-term challenges.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS March 2023. 470 pages. Stock no. C211922 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1922-3). US$57.50.

GOVERNMENT TOOLKIT FOR PLANNING NATIONAL TELEMEDICINE AND HEALTH HOTLINE SERVICES

By the World Bank

This toolkit outlines the multi-phased approach needed to set up a health hotline or telemedicine service at a national scale, while also providing tools that can be used to, for example, cost out and design the system, contract service providers, and/or engage mobile network operators.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PRACTICE

March 2023. 100 pages. Stock no. C211955 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1955-1). US$41.95.

SERVICE PROVIDER TOOLKIT FOR PLANNING NATIONAL TELEMEDICINE AND HEALTH HOTLINE SERVICES

By the World Bank

A toolkit for service providers, working with governments, who are interested in helping establish national telemedicine or health hotline services, including center service providers, teleconferencing software providers, data centers/hosting providers, voice response providers, hotline/reference software providers, software support service providers, and mobile network operators.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PRACTICE March 2023. 94 pages. Stock no. C211956 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1956-8). US$35.

BOOSTING SHARED PROSPERITY IN CHAD (FRENCH EDITION)

Pathways Forward in a Landlocked Country Beset by Fragility and Conflict

By Fulbert Tchana Tchana, Aboudrahyme Savadogo, and Claudia Noumedem Temgoua

Chad's economy has contracted since 2015, preventing poverty reduction and the improvement of development outcomes. This Systematic Country Diagnostic identifies key constraints on poverty reduction and recommends solutions.

SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC

February 2023. 120 pages. Stock no. C211887 (ISBN: 978-1-4648-1887-5). US$41.95.

READ MORE IN THE SERIES:

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS

The International Development in Focus series comprises original, well-developed studies that highlight current development issues and are intended to influence programs and policy. These books result from research and analysis conducted as part of the World Bank’s operational work around the world.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PRACTICE

Books in the International Development in Practice series provide quality, practical (“how to”) guidance that can be applied by practitioners in the development arena. These books draw on experience and analysis gleaned from the World Bank’s operational work.

SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC

Books in the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) series result from the SCD process, which is conducted by World Bank Group staff in close consultation with national authorities and other stakeholders. SCDs identify the most critical constraints and opportunities facing countries as they work to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity in a sustainable manner.

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World Bank eLibrary is a subscription-based platform designed to meet the unique needs of students, researchers, and librarians.

eLibrary contains the complete collection of all World Bank books, working papers, and journal articles since the 1990s. Topics cover a broad range of social and economic development issues, including COVID-19, climate change, development policy, finance, health, education, and poverty reduction.

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27 phone +1 (703) 661 1580 • in the U.S. phone +1 (800) 645 7247 • fax +1 (703) 661 1501

A Balancing Act for Brazil's Amazonian States 24

Africa's Resource Future ...............................................21

Air Pollution and Climate Change ................................ 24

Ambient Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia 13

Boosting Productivity in Kazakhstan with Micro-Level Tools 24

Breathing Heavy .......................................................... 24 Collapse and Recovery .................................................. 3

Commodity Markets 18

Commons 22 Detox Development ....................................................... 4

Digital Africa .................................................................. 9

Fintech and the Future of Finance 17

Global Economic Prospects, January 2023 2

Global Economic Prospects, June 2023 ........................ 2

Government Toolkit for Planning National Telemedicine and Health Hotline Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries ..................................................................... 24

Hidden Potential 22

Innovative Korea 23

International Debt Report 2022 ................................... 15

Jobs Undone ................................................................. 14 Land Matters 10

La terre en question 10 Migrants, Markets, and Mayors ....................................21 Misallocation of Firm Financing .................................... 17

Nature's Frontiers 16

Off the Books ................................................................. 6 Private Cities ................................................................ 20

Productivity through a Spatial Lens ..............................12

Promouvoir une prospérité partagée au Tchad 25

Reimagining Education in East Asia and Pacific in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic 23

Request a free trial today! 26

Rising from the Depths 24

Service Provider Toolkit for Planning National Telemedicine and Health Hotline Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 24 Silver Opportunity ........................................................ 20 Social Sustainability in Development ............................18

The Economics of Electric Vehicles for Passenger Transportation ............................................................... 7

The Economics of Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa ................................................................... 11

The Government Analytics Handbook 19

The Long Road to Inclusive Institutions in Libya 24

The Path to 5G in the Developing World 8

The Political Economy of Climate Action ...................... 16 Thriving .......................................................................... 5

Women, Business and the Law 2023 ........................... 15

Working with Smallholders 19

World Bank eLibrary 26 World Development Report 2023 1

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