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Al lr i ght sr es er ved.Nopar toft hi sbookmaybeus edor r epr oduc edi nanymannerwhat s oeverwi t houtwr i t t en per mi s s i on,exc epti nt hec as eofbr i efquot at i onsembodi edi n c r i t i c alar t i c l esorr evi ews . Š2016I f orJ ac ks on. Publ i s hedbyTheCapt ai n' sLi br ar y c apt ai ns l i br ar y@net s hoppi ng. c om
TheAut hor Thewr i t eroft hi sl i t t l ebookc amet ol i veont hei s l andwi t hhi s wi f e when t hey r et i r ed asSal vat i on Ar my of f i c er si n 1997.Hi s i nt er es t sr ange f r om geneal ogy t hr ough t ot he c hur c hes and c at hedr al sofBr i t ai n aboutwhi c h hewr i t esi nt hemagazi ne( The Br i dge)oft he Engl i s h Pr es byt er i an Chur c hi n MenaiBr i dge and Caer nar f on.
MyAngl es eyNot ebook Thi sl i t t l ebook i sbas ed on my or i gi nall i t t l ebook Angl e s e y J ot t i ngs .I thasbeen c ompl et el yr evi s ed and s ever alnew c hapt er s addedf ort hi sedi t i on. Many ot her shavewr i t t en hi s t or i esand t our i s tgui desabout Angl es ey;s omeer udi t eandheavy,ot her sl i ghtandeas yr eadi ng.Thi s l i t t l evol umei saf ew r andom t hought sands c r i bbl i ngs-s omei smy weakat t emptathumour .Theonec ommonl i nkt ot hes enot esi st hat t heyar eaboutt hei s l andt hatIc al lhome. Thi si snotanac ademi ct r eat i s e,s oyouwi l lf i ndnogr eatand ext ens i ve bi bl i ogr aphy.I nf ac tmuc hoft hemat er i ali ss t or edi nt hat j unkbox t hati smy memor y.Ihave,however ,not ed s omeofmy s our c esatt heendofs omepas s ages .
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1 ” Vi s i t or:" Doesi tevers t opr ai ni ngher e?" Boy:" Idon' tknow,I ' m onl yt wel ve. "
Angl es ey—I nf l uencesoni t shi s t ory Li kemanypl ac es ,Angl es eyowesi t shi s t or i cebbandow t obot hi t s geogr aphyand i t sgeol ogy.I tl i esi n whathasbeen abus ys eawayf r om ear l i es tt i mes ,buthasa r ugged c oas t l i newi t hs hal l ow wat er sand l i t t l e nat ur als hel t erf ors hi ppi ng.TheMenaiSt r ai t s ,t houghnar r ow,ar edi f f i c ul t t oc r os smaki ngt hei s l andr el at i vel yi s ol at ed.I thasvas tmi ner alr es our c es t hat ,al t houghmi nedandquar r i edf r om pr ehi s t or i ct i mes ,now havel i t t l e ec onomi c vi abi l i t yf or c ommer c i alexpl oi t at i on.Ther e have been ot her i nf l uenc est oot hr oughoutt hemi l l enni a;t hef er t i l i t yoft hel and,r el i gi onand c ol oni zat i onf orexampl e. Thes eahaspr obabl ybeent hemos ti mpor t anti nf l uenc esac r os st he ages .Wef i ndi tdi f f i c ul tt ounder s t and,i nt hes edaysofr api dandeas ymot or and ai rt r ans por t ,t hatt he s ea and r i ver swer ef orc ent ur i est he onl y pr ac t i c alt hor oughf ar e.Al t hough t hi shas ,f r om bef or er ec or ded hi s t or y, br oughtt r adeand( notal wayswel c ome)vi s i t or s ;i thasal s oc ont r i but edt o t hes eper at ednes soft hepeopl eandt hei rc ul t ur e.TodayCaer gybi( Hol yhead) i soneofBr i t ai n' sl ar ges ts eapor t si nt er msoft r af f i c . Thebui l di ngoft hebr i dges ,Tel f or d' sr oadandt her ai l wayhel pedt o br i ngmanyc hangest ot hei s l and.I tbec amemor ei nt egr at edwi t ht her es tof Wal es ,bui l di ng upt ot oday' spos i t i on.Fi s hi ng,s hi pbui l di ngandt r af f i cati t s s mal l erpor t shavevi r t ual l ydi s appear ed,butaswel ookatt hel i f eandt i mes oft he peopl e we di s c overt hatt hey have been ext r emel yi mpor t anti n moul di ngAngl es ey. Ihavebeenr ef er r i ngt oAngl es ey( Monat ot heRomans ,YnysMônor Si rFônt oi t si nhabi t ant s )asi fi twer eonei s l and.I ti s ,i nf ac t ,agr oupof i s l ands .Thet hr eel ar ges tar eYnysMôni t s el f ,YnysCybionwhi c hCaer gybi orHol yheads t andsandt hei nhos pi t abl eandnow uni nhabi t edYnysSei r i ol ( Pr i es t hol m orPuf f i nI s l and) .AsIhavement i oned,t hei s l andhasmor et han onename.Somef or m ofMon orMonas eemst ohavebeen i n us eeven bef or et heRomansus edt hename.TheNor s emenc al l edi tAngl es ey( i nt he 18t hand19t hc ent ur i eswendt hatt hes pel l i ngi sof t enAngl es ea) .Al t hough t heof f i c i alnamei sYnysMôn,i ti sof t enr ef er r edt oasSi rFôn( Thec ount yof Môn) .I ti sal s of oundr ef er r edt oi n poet i candl i t er ar ywor ksasyrYnys Dywyl l ;t heDar kI s l and.Anot hert r adi t i onal ,s omewhatj oc ul ar ,namef or YnysMôni sGwl adyMedr a.I ti ss ai dt hatyear sago,wheni nhabi t ant soft he i s l ands eeki ngwor kont hemai nl andwer eas ked,r egar di ngapar t i c ul art as k, " Canyoudot hi s ?" t heans werwoul dal waysbe," Medr a" ( " Ic an" )
Ther ear emanys mal l eri s l ands ,s ever aloft hem,es pec i al l yi nt he MenaiSt r ai t s ,ar eac c es s i bl eatl ow t i deorbyc aus eway.Somear ei nhabi t ed. Thenor t her mos ti s l and,YnysBadr i g( knowni nEngl i s hasMi ddl eMous e)i s t hemos tnor t her l ypoi nti nWal es . Anumberoft hes ei s l andshavehadt hei rpar tt opl ayi nt hei nf l uenc e ofr el i gi onont hehi s t or yofMôn.Whatandhow di dmenwor s hi pi nt hos e f ar of fdayst hatwer ehi s t or ybef or ehi s t or ybegan?Wec anonl ybegi nt o gat herc l uesaswel ookatt heanc i ents t onesandt hec hur c hesbui l toneven mor eanc i ents i t esbes i deornears ac r edwel l s .Weknow t hatt heanc i ent s , c er t ai nl yi nRomant i mesasr ec or dedbyTac i t usandot her s ,hadt hei rhol y pl ac esnears uc hs ac r edwat er sanduponi s l ands . How f arbac kdoest hi sgo?I ti si ngr ai nedi nt hepeopl e,f ort heCel t i c Sai nt sc er t ai nl yf ol l owedt hatt r adi t i on,t her ear enotonl ymanyhol ywel l s , butSei r i ol ,Tys i l i o,Cwyf anandot her shadt hei rc el l soni s l andsori s ol at ed s pot s . Mor et hanhal ft hepar i s hesofMônar el l anau.Ther el i gi ousi nf l uenc e c ont i nued t o l eave i t s mar k wi t h t he c omi ng of nonc onf or mi t y,as c ommuni t i esgr ew ar oundt hec hapel sandt ookt hei rnamef r om t hatpl ac e ofwor s hi p;Nebo,Car mel ,El i m,Her monands oon. The pat t er n ofc ommuni t i es has al s o gr own f r om i ndus t r y and agr i c ul t ur e.Thes pr eadofi s ol at edf ar ms t eadsandhaml et sc omesf r om t he pat t er noff ar mi ngont hi sl andt hati sver yf er t i l ec ompar edwi t hs omuc hof t henor t hWal esmai nl and.Coas t alc ommuni t i esar i s ef r om anas s oc i at i oni n t hepas twi t hs hi ngands hi pbui l di ng,of t ent i edi nwi t ht hes hi pmentofs t one f r om l oc alquar r i es .Themos tout s t andi ngexampl ei st hegr owt hofAml wc h ast hepor tf ort hepr os per ousc opperi ndus t r yofnear byPar ysMount ai n;i n t he18t hc ent ur yi twast hes ec ondl ar ges tt owni nWal es .I nmor emoder n t i mest he gr owt h oft our i s m and t he r et i r ed popul at i on has i nf l uenc ed c hangei nt hec oas t alar eas . Si t uat edwher ei ti s ,Angl es eyhasbeenvi s i t ed,i nvadedandoc c upi ed f r om t hedawnoft i me— Cel t s ,Anc i entI r i s h,Nor s e,Romans ,Moder nI r i s h, Vi c t or i an Engl i s h and manyot her shavel ef tt hei rmar ks .Todayi sbuta c ont i nuat i onofhi s t or yaspopul at i onsmoveandc hange,new r oadsc r os st he l and,new i ndus t r yndsapl ac eandr el i gi onappear st ol os ei t si nf l uenc e.Of onet hi ngIf eelwec anbes ur e,YnysMônwi l lr et ai ni t si dent i t yi fi tkeepsi t s pl ac ei nhi s t or yi nvi ew. —
'WhereDoILi ve?' I ts oundsl i keas i l l yques t i on,butI ' m notr eal l ys ur ewher eI l i ve.I ' l lt r yt oexpl ai n,f ori twi l latt hes amet i mepoi ntt os omeoft he di f f i c ul t i esf oundi nas t udyoft hei s l andspl ac enames . We pi c ked up t he br oc hur e att he es t at e agenc y and t he pr oper t ywass t at edt obei nBenl l ec h.I twass omedi s t anc ef r om t he beac handt hes hops ,buti napl eas antl oc at i onandj us tt hepl ac et hat wel ooki ngf or .Af t ermovi ngi nInot i c edt hatmai lf ort hepr evi ous ownerwasaddr es s edt oTy' nyGongl( i noneorot herofi t ss ever al f or ms ) .Iknew t hatt hel oc alt el ephoneexc hangewasTy' nyGongl ;but t el ephoneexc hangesc anc overqui t ewi dear eas .Chec ki ngwi t ht he pos t manIf oundt hatwedi di ndeedl i vei nTy' nyGongl .Butanot her pl ac e name s oon c ame i nt ot he pi c t ur e,t he c ounc i l t ax bi l lc ame t el l i ng me t hat I pai d a pr ec ept t o Ll anf ai r Mat haf ar nEi t haf c ommuni t yc ounc i l . Sowher edoIl i ve?Ll anf ai r Mat haf ar nEi t hafi shar dt of i ndon moder nmaps ;onmos ti tdoesnotexi s t .I fyouar el ooki ngf ori t ,t her e ar et woort hr eef i ngerpos t satt heendsofl anespoi nt i ngt oLl anf ai r ME.Theac t i vi t yc ent r eaf ew yar dsf r om StMar y' sChur c h( t hec hur c h gi vi ngLl anf ai ri t sname)gi vesi t saddr es si ni t spubl i c i t ymat er i alas Benl l ec h.Ient er ed a s t or ei n Benl l ec h wher e a van dr i ver had pr oduc ed an addr es si n Ll anf ai rME and as ked f ordi r ec t i ons ,but nobodyi nt hes hopknew wher et hepl ac e.was .I nt hepas t ,however ,i t wasf ardi f f er ent .WhenGeor geBor r owsc amet ovi s i tt hebi r t hpl ac eof Gor onwy Owen i n 1854 hewasabl et o getdi r ec t i onsqui t eeas i l y ( al t hough hedi d getl os ti nt hel anes ) .On mapsunt i lf ai r l yr ec ent t i mesLl anf ai ri st heonl yoneoft het hr eenamest hatyouwi l lnd.The Edwar di answer ever yamus edbyl ongnames —t her ear equi t eaf ew ont hei s l and— andLl anf ai r mat haf ar nei t hafi sdepi c t edqui t eof t enon pi c t ur epos t c ar ds ,asoneoft hebes tknownoft hem.I ti sofc our s et he nameoft hepar i s handoft hec ymuned,s owast heonl ynamei nus e bef or evi l l agel i kec ommuni t i esdevel oped.I twast hepos t als er vi c e t hatbr oughtaboutt hemai nc hange.Thec ommuni t yhadgr ownal ong t heLl angef nir oadandt hePos tof c es er vi ngi tt ooki t snamef r om t he f ar m wi t hwhi c hi ts har edt hec r os s r oad— T' ynyGongl .Byt he1920s t hePos tOf c eandgener als t or ewasaf oc alpoi nt .
Butt i mehadnots t oods t i l ldowni nBenl l ec h.I twasbec omi nga popul ars eas i der es or t ,wi t ht het agbes t oweduponi tofBay.Benl l ec h Bayi snotf oundi nus enowadaysasof t enas ,f orexampl eTr ear ddur BayandCemaesBay;buts omepeopl edous ei t .I thasnow gr ownt o bet hemai npar toft hec ommuni t yandmos tpeopl e,i nc or r ec t l y,c al l t hewhol ear eaBenl l ec h. ThePos tOf f i c ehasf ors omeyear sbeeni nBenl l ec h;buti ti s of f i c i al l yBenl l ec h,Tynygongl .Thepos tt owni sTynyGonglasi st he t el ephone exc hange.Thi ss or tofc onf us i ng pi c t ur ec an be f ound el s ewher eont hei s l andwi t hadi f f er ents etofc i r c ums t anc es .
Pl aceNamesi n"WheredoIl i ve?" Ll anf ai rMat haf arnEi t haf . TheLl an( s eel at eri nt hi sbookf ora def i ni t i on)ofMar y.Theac c ept edexpl anat i oni st hatMat haf ar nei t haf r ef er st ot hemedi evalt owns hi p and i sc ompos ed oft heel ement s maes =Open s pac e;t af ar n=t aver n;ei t haf =f ur t her .Ihavenotr eal l y wor ked outhow t hi sf i t st oget herorr el at est o anyt hi ng,al t hough t heor i esabound. Benl l ech.Pr oper l yYBenl l ec h,butl i kemanyot herpl ac esi thas l os tt hedeni t ear t i c l e.Onol dermapsi ti sof t eni nt hef or m Penl l ec h. Us ual l ys ai dt obef r om pen=headandl l ec h=s t one,t houghtt or ef ert oa l ar gec r oml ec hc aps t oneatTyddynI ol yn.Thepr obl em wi t ht hi si st hat Penl l ec hl s afandPenl l ec hUc haff ar msar es omedi s t anc ef r om t hi s andc annotbei dent i edwi t hi t .Penl ec hI s af( LowerBenl l ec h)s t ands on t hes hor e,att hehead( pen)ofas hor el i nec har ac t er i s edbyat s t ones( l l ec h)c ont r as t i ngwi t ht hes andybeac h. As i mi l arder i vat i onr egar di ngac aps t onei sgi venf orPenl l ec h ont henor t hc oas toft heLl šnpeni ns ul a. Ty' nyGongl .( t yddyn=f ar m/ hol di ngon t hec or ner ) .Si mpl i c i t y i t s el f ,t hes i t eoft het yddyni ss t i l ll oc at abl eal t hought heor i gi nalhous e hasbeen demol i s hedandamoder n onebui l ti ni t spl ac ewi t ht he t aut ol ogousnameofTynygonglFar m.
ThreeAgesofMôn I thasbec ome qui t e a popul ari dea f ormus eumst or es c ue bui l di ngsandr ec ons t r uc tt hem ons omeout doors i t e, wher ewec an s eet hevar i ousper i odsandt hel i f eandt i mesoft hepeopl e.Wehave l i t t l eneedoft hatonAngl es ey,f ort i mehaspl ac edgr oupsofs t r uc t ur es t oget herandwec anc l ear l ys eet hepas s ageoft i mei nt hel ands c ape. Ones uc hpl ac ei sLl i gwy,oc c upi edbymanf ort hous andsofyear s . Ll i gwyi sappr oac heddownanar r ow l anef r om t her oundabout atLl anal l go St andi ng on t he r oundabouti st he t ypi c alni net eent h c ent ur ynonc onf or mi s tc hapelofPar adwysandi t sChapel hous e.I n Wel s h overt heweekend i sexpr es s ed as' dr osySul ' — ac r os st he Sunday.Thi sc omesf r om t hepr ac t i s eoft hevi s i t i ngpr eac her ,i nt he dayswhent r avelwasus ual l ybas edont hehor s e,ofl eavi nghi shome ont heSat ur day,s t ayi ngatt hec hapel hous eandf ul f i l l i nghi sSunday engagement .Hes t ayedagai nont heSundayni ghtandt r avel l edhome agai nont heMonday.Hehadbeenawayf r om home' dr osySul ' Ll i gwyDol men Ac oupl eofhundr edyar dsdownt hel ane,ont hel ef tyouwi l l s eet hef i r s toft het hr eeanc i entmonument st hatwear evi s i t i ngi n Ll i gwy.I ts eemst hatouranc es t or sat t r i but edmos tpr ehi s t or i cmonument st ooneoft hr eebui l der s :gi ant s ,I r i s hmenorKi ngAr t hur .Thi s c r oml ec hi ss omet i mes c al l edAr t hur ' s Quoi t ;Ar t huri sal s oc r edi t ed wi t ht hehi l lf or t ,Ar t hur ' sTabl e,ont hePenmonpeni ns ul a. I ti saNeol i t hi ct ombwi t hac aps t oneofgi gant i cpr opor t i ons . Someei ght eenf eetbyf t eenf eeti ti ses t i mat edt owei ghar oundt went y f i vet ons .Thec aps t oner es t sonagr oupofs t onespl ac edar ounda nat ur alf i s s ur ei nt her oc k,whi c hgi vesadept hofs i xf eetbel ow t he c aps t one.Thet ombwasexc avat edi n190809,whenr emai nsoff t een t ot hi r t y men women and c hi l dr en wer ef ound ( Unf or t unat el y, ar c haeol ogywasal es sc ar ef uls c i enc eahundr edyear sagot hani ti s t oday) . The190809exc avat or sf oundt wol ayer sofbur i aldi vi dedby s omeats t ones .Theupperl ayerwasc over edbyl i mpets hel l sandt he l owerl ayerwason a bas e ofmus s els hel l s . Bot hl ayer sc ont ai ned humanandani malbones ,i ntandpot t er ys her ds .As hor tdi s t anc et o t henor t hoft hepi t ,atadept hoff ourf eetwer es omehumant eet ha i nts c r aperandabonepi n.
Di nLl i gwy Ac r os st heel ds ,on t opofas mal lpl at eauar et her emai nsof whati sus ual l yr ef er r ed t o asa RomanoBr i t i s hs et t l ement—Di n Ll i gwy.Thes ubs t ant i alwal l s ,s omef i vef eett hi c k,s t andi npl ac est o t hehei ghtoff ourf eet .I ti snott houghtt ohavebeenahi l lf or t ;butas ones t andsont hi shi l landl ooksal ongt hec oas t l i ne,ont ot hebeac hes andatt heappr oac hest ot hevi l l ageonec annothel pbutf eelt hati t gaveagr eats ens eofs ec ur i t yt oi t si nhabi t ant s . Di nLl i gwyi sc al l edRomanoBr i t i s h,butt hi si sonl yi nt hes ens e t hati twasi nhabi t eddur i ngRomant i mes .Idoubti ft hepeopl et her e hadmuc hc ont ac twi t ht heRomansandt heRomansper hapsdi dnot know t hatt he vi l l age exi s t ed. Ther ei sevi denc et hatt hi ss i t e was oc c upi edoveral ongper i od,f orai ntkni f eandot herf l i nti ns t r ument s havebeenexc avat edt her e. CapelLl i gwy Fol l owi ng t he pat ht ot he hut c i r c l e you wi l lhave not i c ed, s t andi ngl onel yandf or l or ni nt hemi ddl eoft hef i el d,t her ui nsof CapelLl i gwy. Thebui l di ngi st ypi c alofmanybui l ti nt heear l yt wel f t hc ent ur y. St onebui l di ngs ,r epl ac i ngear l i erwoodens t r uc t ur es ,begant oappear i nt hi sper i od ass omemeas ur eofpol i t i c aland ec onomi cs t abi l i t y begant obees t abl i s hed. Bec aus eofi t sr ui nousandunr es t or edc ondi t i onwear eabl et o s t udyi t ss t r uc t ur emor ec l os el yt hant hos ewhi c hhavebeenr enovat ed. Thel owerpar t soft hewal landt hes out h doorar eoft hi sear l i es t phas eofbui l di ngand ar ec ons t r uc t ed ofc oar s er ubbl ebl oc ks ,t he mos tc ommonmet hodofbui l di ngi nt hear eaunt i lver yr ec entt i mes . Theupperc our s esar eofs i mi l arc ons t r uc t i on,al t houghadi f f er enc ei s r eadi l ys eeni nt hes ef our t eent hc ent ur yupperwal l sandbel l c ot e.The i nt er i orwal l ss t i l lhavet r ac esofr ender i ng.Theexpos edwal l senabl e ust os eet het hi c knes soft hem.St ur dyt heyar e,t ohaves t oodi nt hi s expos edpos i t i onf ormor et hanei ghthundr edyear s . Ther ei s no c l ear c utnave and c hanc el ,whi c hf r om my obs er vat i on,s eems t o have been c ommon i n t he i s l ands ear l y c hur c hes .Buts omeal t er at i onswer emadei nt hes i xt eent hc ent ur y. Theeas twi dow wasbl oc kedupandas mal ls i dec hapeladdedt ot he s out h( Thi st oohadawi ndow bl oc kedupl at er ) .Anot heraddi t i onwas t hec r ypt ,t hes t epsofwhi c hc anbes een.Thel ar ges t onei nt henavei s
pr obabl yt hebas eofac hur c hyar dc r os s .Asmi ghtbeexpec t edi nan anc i entc hur c hs i t e,t her ear et her emai nofac i r c ul arenc l os i ngwal l . Ther ei s no r ec or d oft he s ai ntt o whi c ht he c hur c h was dedi c at ed nor oft he c ommuni t y whi c hi tor i gi nal l ys er ved.The woodenhomesoft hepeopl ewhowor s hi ppedher ehavel ongs i nc e vani s hed,l eavi ngonl yt her ui nsoft hec hapelasamar kert hatt hey havebeent her e. Vi s i t i ngLl i gwyi sal waysamovi ngexper i enc et ome,asIt r y.t o pi c t ur et hedi f f er entf ol kwhohavel i vedt hei rl i vesont hi ss mal lt r ac t ofl andovert hel as tf ourt hous andyear sormor e.Iwonderwhatt he f ut ur ehasi ns t or e?Wi l lt her es t i l lbepeopl el i vi ngoutt hei rl i vesher e, ont hi si s l and,i nanot herf ourt hous andyear st i me? Bi bl i ography AGui det oAnc i e ntMonume nt sonAngl e s e y;MJ ,Yat es&Davi dLongl ey,Cadw,1989/ 2001 Chur c he st oVi s i tonAngl e s e y;Ment erMĂ´n( l eaf l et ) Pr e hi s t or i cAngl e s e y;Fr anc esLync h,Angl es eyAnt i quar i anSoc i et y,1970/1991 Hi s t or i cAngl e s e y;Ment erMĂ´n( l eaf l et )
TheGreatSt orm Thehur r i c aneof25t hand26t hOc t ober1859waswi des pr eadand devas t at i ng.Knownast heRoyalChar t erSt or mi thasbec omepar tof t hei s l and' sf ol kl or e.Ar oundt hec oas tofBr i t ai n133s hi psar eknown t ohavebeens unkand90wer ebadl ydamaged.Appr oxi mat el y800 l i veswer el os t .Ot herdamagei nc l udedt hedes t r uc t i onoft her ec ent l y bui l tLl andudnopi er . Mor et hanhal foft hepeopl et hatper i s hedt hatni ghtwer eon ones hi p;TheRoyalChar t er .Havi ngl ef tMel bour neandt heAus t r al i an gol df i el ds .Muc h hasbeen wr i t t en aboutt hatni ght ,oneoft hebes t ac c ount soft hedi s as t erc anbef oundi nAl exanderMc Kee' sbookThe Gol de nWr e c k( Avi dPubl i c at i ons ,2000.I SBN1902964020) .I nhi sbook, ' TheUnc omme r c i alTr ave l l e r 'Char l esDi c kenswr i t esofhi svi s i tt ot he s c ene.Di c kensc amet oMoel f r ever ys oon af t ert heeventand The hur r i c ane of 25t h and 26t h Oc t ober 1859 was wi des pr ead and devas t at i ng.Knownast heRoyalChar t erSt or mi thasbec omepar tof t hei s l and' sf ol kl or e.Ar oundt hec oas tofBr i t ai n133s hi psar eknown t ohavebeens unkand90wer ebadl ydamaged.Appr oxi mat el y800 l i veswer el os t .Ot herdamagei nc l udedt hedes t r uc t i onoft her ec ent l y bui l tLl andudnopi er . Mor et hanhal foft hepeopl et hatper i s hedt hatni ghtwer eon ones hi p;TheRoyalChar t er .Havi ngl ef tMel bour neandt heAus t r al i an gol df i el ds .Muc h hasbeen wr i t t en aboutt hatni ght ,oneoft hebes t ac c ount soft hedi s as t erc anbef oundi nAl exanderMc Kee' sbookThe Gol de nWr e c k( Avi dPubl i c at i ons ,2000.I SBN1902964020) .I nhi sbook, ' TheUnc omme r c i alTr ave l l e r 'Char l esDi c kenswr i t esofhi svi s i tt ot he s c ene.Di c kensc amet oMoel f r ever ys oonaf t ert heeventandhi sgi ves aver ygoodi ns i ghti nt ot het r agedyoft hedi s as t er . Ac r os sont heot hers i deofAngl es eyadr amawast aki ngpl ac e t hatwoul d bec omeaghos ts t or y.Onas mal lr oc kyi s l ets t andsSout h St ac kl i ght hous es endi ngouti t swar ni ngt os hi psi nt hos eper i l ous wat er s .J ohn( J ac k)J ones ,t heas s i s t antl i ght hous ekeeper ,i ns pi t eof t heweat hermadehi swayt ot hel i ght hous e.Whathappenedi snot c l ear .Hemayhavef al l en andbangedhi sheadormor epr obabl yhe wass t r uc k on t hehead by a f al l i ngr oc kr om t hec l i f f sabove.I t appear st hatJ ac kwass er i ous l yi nj ur ed,buthemanagedt oc r os sover t ot hei s l eti nt hei nt hef ac eoft hegal ef or c es t or m,c l i mbt hepat hand r eac ht hel i ght hous e.I fhec r i edf orhel p,t hos ec r i eswoul dhavebeen
l os ti nt he r oar oft he s t or m.Hel ay,i nj ur ed,ont hepat hunt i lt he nextday.Thel i ght hous ekeeperHenr yBowenf oundJ ac kJ onesl yi ng out s i det hel i ght hous edoor . Thr eeweeksl at erJ ac kdi ed f r om hi s i nj ur i es . J ac kJ ones i sr eput ed t os t i l lhauntSout h St ac kl i ght hous e. Foot s t epsc anbehear d,s t r anges c r eamsandr at t l i ngofdoor s .I st he r appi ngonwi ndows t heghos toft hel i ght hous ekeeperi ns ear c hof s hel t erf r om t hes t or m?Ori si tj us tt hewi nd?Sout hSt ac ki sl i s t edas oneoft hemos thaunt ed pl ac esi nBr i t ai n.
2 ” Deacon:" Ihaven' ts eenyouatc hapels i nc eyoumovedi nt ot he vi l l age. " Newcomer:" Wel l ,Ionl ys peakEngl i s h" Deacon:"O,t hatdoes n' tmat t er ,t hec ol l ec t i onsbi l i ngual " ”
As mal ledi cewi t hnos pi re. . . TheI s l eofAngl es eyi swel lknownf ori t sweal t hofpr ehi s t or i cs i t es ; t ombs ,s t andi ngs t ones ,f or t sandhutc i r c l es .Per hapsl es swel lknown ar ei t smul t i t udeofanc i entc hur c hes .Al t houghmos t l ydat i ngf r om t he 12t hc ent ur yorl at er ,t hemaj or i t yar eonmuc hol ders i t es ,dat i ngbac k i nanumberofi ns t anc est opr eChr i s t i anhol ypl ac es .Sever alhavean as s oc i at eds ac r edwel l . My i nt er es ti nt hes ec hur c hes began when I f i r s t vi s i t ed Angl es ey,manyyear sago,andf oundt her ui nedHen CapelLl i gwy s t andi ngi s ol at edi naf i el d.Ibegant owonder ,asIl ookedatot her c hur c hesi nt hear ea,whyt heywer ebui l tandwhower et hi shos tof mys t er i ouss ai nt s .Event ual l yIc amet ol i veont hei s l andi nr et i r ement andf oundt i met oexpl or e. Thet ypi c alAngl es eyc hur c hi saver yunpr epos s es s i ngbui l di ng; i ndeed s ome wr i t er shave been qui t e di s mi s s i ve oft hem.Geor ge Bur r ows ( 1854) ,f or exampl e, des c r i bes Pent r aet h as a vi l l age c ons i s t i ngofaf ew hous esandac hur c h,ors omet hi ngIj udgedt obea c hur c h,f ort her ewasno s t eepl e. Hes eemst o war m t ot hes el i t t l e pl ac esofwor s hi p,f or on hi sr et ur nt o Pent r aet hf r om Ll anf ai r Mat haf ar nEi t haf he has a l ook r ound t he c hur c h.Ll anf ai r he des c r i besasas mal ledi f i c ewi t hnos pi r e,butt ot hes out hwes tt her ei s al i t t l es t oneer ec t i onr i s i ngf r om t her oofi nwhi c hhangsabel l—her e i sas mal lpor c hl ooki ngt ot hes out h. Theonl yot herAngl es eyc hur c h t hathevi s i t si sPenmynydd.Ac c or di ngt oBur r owst hi si savener abl e c hapell i keedi f i c e,wi t habel f r yt owar dst hewes t .Ar oundt hes ame t i me( 1859)anews paperr epor t ervi s i t i ngLl anal l got or epor tonThe RoyalChar t e r ,di s as t erdi s mi s s est hec hur c hbydes c r i bi ngi tasl i t t l e bet t ert hanabar n,wi t has mal lbel f r yatoneends uppl yi ngt hepl ac e ofa t ower or s pi r e( Quot ed by Al exander Mc Kee i n The Gol de n Wr e c k( Avi d, 2000) ) Al lt hes ear ef ai r ,i fs omewhatunent hus i as t i c ,des c r i pt i onsand c oul dr ef ert ot hemaj or i t yoft hec hur c hesont hei s l and.A c hanc el andnavewi t has mal lbel l c ot e( of t enal at eraddi t i on)mays eem t obe atagl anc eal lt her ei st oi t ;butt her ei svar i et yi ndeedaswevi s i teac h one.Ther ear e,ofc our s e,l ar gerand mor ei mpos i ngec c l es i as t i c al s t r uc t ur es ,. ; s uc h asPenmon Pr i or yandt heChur c h ofStCybi ,and t heyhaveani mpor t antr ol ei nt hei s l andshi s t or y.
I ti si nevi t abl et hatf ew,i fany,bui l di ngsoft hi sage have es c aped c hange;Some have s uf f er ed mor et han ot her showever ; ei t herf al l i ngi nt oc ompl et er ui n orbec omi ng, avi c t i m ofVi c t or i an r es t or at i on.I n many c as esa l otofdet ec t i ve wor ki sr equi r ed t o as c er t ai nt heor i gi nals t r uc t ur eandl ayout .Theyear shaveal s oadded t ot hec ont ent soft hec hur c hes ,of t eni ns ur pr i s i ngways .Whowoul d expec t ,f orexampl et ondI s l ami ct i l esi nonec hur c handt hes t one c of f i nofapr i nc es si nt hepor c hofanot her ?
Ll anandSai nt Mygr ands on,whol i vesi nYor ks hi r e,wass t andi ngwi t hmeonedayat t hebust er mi nusi n Bangor .Bus eswer ec omi ngand goi ng—Ll andudno, Ll angoed,Ll anf ai r pwl l — ands oon. " Gr anddad, " hes ai d, "Whi c hbusdowewant ?" " Ll aner c hymedd. " Ir epl i ed. " Doest hats t ar twi t ht woLs ?" " Yes . " " Wel l ,how doyouknow t hatyou' vegott her i ghtone,t heyal ll ookt hes ame. "
Abouthal foft hepar i s hesi nWal esbegi nwi t hLl an.Mos tbooks aboutpl ac enamesorWel s hf orvi s i t or sdef i net hewor dasc hur c h. Thi si snots t r i c t l yt r ue,andi ti si mpor t antt obeart hi si nmi ndaswe l ookatt heor i gi nanddevel opmentofourc hur c hesandc ommuni t i es . Thewor dl l anor i gi nal l ymeantanenc l os ur eoryar dandi ss t i l lf ound i ns uc h Wel s h wor dsc or l an-a f ol d orpen,pe r l an— an or c har d, gwi nl l an-avi neyar d( yes ,t her ear es uc ht hi ngsi n Wal es ) ,ydl an-a r i c kyar d.Wher et hes ai nthadhi sc el lwashi senc l os ur eorl l anand t hi sus agebec amet r ans f er r edt ot hec hur c handi t sgr ound,event ual l y t ot hec ommuni t yt hatgr ew upar oundi t .Wec ans eeas i mi l arpat t er n i n mor e moder nt i mes ,wi t h vi l l ages s uc h as El i m,Car meland Bet hes dat aki ngt hei rnamesf r om t henonc onf or mi s tc hapelatt he nuc l eus . Ll ani sus ual l yc ombi nedwi t ht henameofaCel t i cs ai nt( not e t hatwor dsf ol l owi ng Ll an of t en c hange t hei ri ni t i alc ons onanti n ac c or danc e wi t ht he Wel s h pat t er n ofs of tmut at i on) .I nt he 12t h c ent ur yt hei nf l uenc eoft heRoman Cat hol i cChur c h,l edt oqui t ea l ar genumberofWel s hc hur c hes ,i nc l udi ngs ever alonAngl es ey,bei ng dedi c at edt oMar y( Mai ri nWel s h)l eadi ngt ot hel ongerdes c r i pt i ve namesl i keLl anf ai rMat haf ar nEi t hafandLl anf ai r pwl l gwyngyl l .Ot her nonCel t i cs ai nt sar ePet erandMi c hael( Pedr ,Mi hangel ) . OnAngl es ey weal s ohaveLl anddeus ant( t wos ai nt s-Mar c el l i nusandMar c el l us whoar emos tl i kel yt heear l ypopeswhower ei nof f i c e296304and 308309)andnotf arf r om i tLl ant r i s ant( t hr ees ai nt s-Sannan,Af an andI euan.TheLl ant r i s anti nSout hWal est hati shomet ot heRoyal Mi nti sdedi c at edt oTyf odwg,GwynnoandI l l t yd. )
Somet i mes Ll an i sf ol l owed by s omet hi ng t hati ss i mpl ya des c r i pt i on,asi nLl angef ni— t hel l anbyt he( r i ver )Cef ni ;t hec hur c h i sdedi c at edt oStCyngar .Ll aner c hyMeddhasnot hi ngt odowi t hl l an atal l ,buti sf r om l l ane r c h— agl ade.Thec i t yofStAs aphi s ,i nWel s h, Ll anel wynamedl i keLl angef niaf t eri t sr i ver . A numberofs ai nt shavet hei rc hur c hesoni s l andsori s ol at ed pl ac es ;Tys yl i o and Dwynwen f or exampl e.Sei r i ol ,who f ounded PenmonAbbey,hadamonas t i cs et t l ementont hei nhos pi t abl eYnys Sei r i ol( Puf nI s l and) .Thi sgi vesac l uewhys omanyc hur c hess eem i s ol at ed,es pec i al l yi nvi ew oft hemedi evals par s i t yoft hepopul at i on. Al t houghs omer emai nbec aus et heywer et heonl ys ubs t ant i als t one bui l di ngi nal ongvani s hedvi l l age,manywer ei nt endedt obel onel y; t hes ewer epr i mar i l ypl ac esofr et r eatnotpl ac esofas s embl y.
Mement oMori Ar r i vi ng atStEi l i an' sc hur c h,i nt heLl an bear i ng hi sname,one c annothel pbutnot i c et hes ol i dbr oadt owerwi t hi t sunus ualpyr ami d r oof .Thet oweri st wel f t hc ent ur yandasyout ur nyoureyesal ongt he l engt hofc hur c hyouar e pas s i ngt hr oughs ever alc ent ur i esofhi s t or y andc hur c har c hi t ec t ur e.However ,i ti swhenwegoi nt ot hec hur c h t hatt her ealt r eas ur ehous ei sent er ed.I ts eemst o haveavoi ded, per hapsby bei ng a l i t t l e outoft he way,t he wor s tat t ent i onsof r ef or mer sand' r es t or er s ' but t hec ent ur i eshavet akent hei rt ol l . Al t hought her oods c r eeni spr obabl yt hebes tknown' t hi ngt os ee' ,t her ei smuc hel s eofi nt er es ti nt hi sl i t t l ec hur c h.Amongs ti t ems on di s pl ayar edogt ongsdat ed 1748;di d par i s hi oner sbr i ng t hei r badl ybehaveddogsi nt oc hur c horwer et heyt odealwi t hs t r ays ?The s ol i doakc hes tdat ed1667was ,youmaybet ol d,t ohol dt heweal t hof t hec hur c hac c umul at edf r om t hedonat i onsofmedi evalpi l gr i ms . As l ype( addedabout1614)l eadsf r om t he15t hc ent ur yc hanc el t ot he14t hc ent ur yStEi l i an' sChapel .Donotl ett hes edat esdec ei ve you,f ort hec hapeli sver ypr obabl yt he5t hc ent ur ys i t eoft hes ai nt ' s or i gi nalc el l .I ti sher et hatyouwi l lf i ndt hever yr ar ewooden bas eof a15t hc ent ur y,pr obabl ypor t abl e,al t ar . The c hur c hc ont ai nss ome s t r i ki ng medi evalwoodwor k and c ar vi ngs ,es pec i al l ynot abl ei st her oods c r eenandandt hevi nec ar ved ont her oodl of t .Thepai nt i ngsovert her oods c r eenhavebec omever y f aded,butpi c t ur esf r om t he1920ss how t hem ast heywer et hen.Of c our s e ever yone' s at t ent i on i sdr awn t ot he c ent r alf i gur e— a s kel et on.Hei sa me me nt omor i ,ar emi nderoft hemor t al i t yofman. Thegr i m f i gur e' smes s agei semphas i s edbyt hei ns c r i pt i on t hathe c ar r i es " Col ynangauywpe c hod" -i nEngl i s h," Thes t i ngofdeat hi ss i n"
Ll andont know ATr ueSt or y ( Tol dbyal oc albusdr i ver ) One day when Iwas dr i vi ng t he number 53,a pas s enger boar dedt hebusatBangorCl oc ,s howedhi sRovert i c ketandt ooka s eatatt hebac koft hebus . When wear r i ved att het er mi nusher emai ned i n hi ss eat .I t ur nedt ohi m, " Exc us emeSi r ,butt hi si swher eIt ur nr oundt ogobac k t oBangor "Hel ookedal i t t l ebemus edands ai d," But ,wher ei st he Pi er ?"" Ther ei snopi eri nLl anddona. " Thebaf f l edexpr es s i onbec ame even mor ebaf f l ed and af t eras l i ghtpaus ehes ai d," Ll anddona!I t houghtt hatyouwer egoi ngt oLl andudno. " ( Thankst oAl anofDol phi nTr ave lf ort hi ss t or yofc onf us i on. )
3 ※ Vi s i t or:" Haveanygr eatmenbeenbor nher e?" Local : " No,onl ys mal lbabi es . " ※
Bi rt hpl aceoft heLandRover Wr i t i ngaboutLl andonnar emi ndedmet hatt heLandRoverwasbor n her e,per hapst henameoft hevehi c l es houl dbeLl andr of a. Maur i c eWi l ks ,t hef ounderoft hec ompany,and hi sbr ot her Spenc erhai l edf r om t heMi dl andsbutt heWi l ksf ami l yownedt wo f ar msnearNewbor ough.I nt hes ummerof1947t hebr ot her swer e s t ayi ngi nLl anddona.Maur i c ehadf oundt hatt hatheneededavehi c l e t hatc oul dbeus edasbot hal i ghtt r ac t orandr oadt r ans por t .Het r i eda gover nments ur pl usWi l l i sJ eepbuti tdi dn' tf ul f i lal lhi sneeds .He i nvi t edat eam ofengi neer st oAngl es eyandi twasont hebeac hofRed Whar fBayt hathes ket c hedi nt hes andhi si deasf ort hi sr evol ut i onar y c onc ept .Outoft hi ss anddr awni deagr ew as t ur dy,f our wheeldr i ve vehi c l ewi t hapowert akeof fandamul t i t udeofus es . I twasont heWi l ks 'l andar oundNewbor oughandLl anddona t hatt hepr ot ot ypewast es t ed.Onc ebui l t ,t hebr ot her st hor oughl y t es t ed t he pr ot ot ype on l and s ur r oundi ng bot h Newbor ough and Ll anddona.Ni c knamedHueyf r om i t sr egi s t r at i onHUE166,t hef i r s t Land Rover had a c ent r al l ymount ed s t eer i ng wheel ,ec hoi ng i t s t r ac t oror i gi nsandt oavoi ds epar at el ef tandr i ght handdr i ves .Byt he t i met hepr oduc t i onLandRoverappear ed,ac onvent i onalc arorvan c onf i gur at i onwasi npl ac e. Thef i r s tLandRoverwass hown t ot hewor l datt heAms t er dam Mot orShow i n1948andt her es t ,ast hec l i c hĂŠgoes ,i shi s t or y.
J acri pa? Di dJ ac kt heRi pper( J ac r i pai nc ol l oqui alWel s h)c omef r om Angl es ey? Idi s c us s ed t hi swi t hJ ac kt heRi pperexper t sand wec amet ot he c onc l us i on t hatWi l l i am Evan Thomas ofAber f f r aw i si ndeed a pos s i bl es us pec t .Hec er t ai nl yhadmedi c alknowl edgeandt hepat t er n ofhi smovement st st hef ac t s . Bor ni n1856,Wi l l i am EvanThomaswast hes onofHenr yPar r y Thomas ,Chemi s tandDr uggi s ti nAber f f r aw ( 16Ll ewel l ynSt r eet )He qual i f i ed asaLi c ent i at eofApot hec ar i esHal l ,Dubl i ni n 1880asa Li c ent i at eoft heRoyalCol l egeofPhys i c i ans ,Edi nbur ghi n1881.I nt he 1881c ens ushei st heas s i s t antt oanI r i s hphys i c i an,EbenezerMoor e MRCS,LSAat20Spi t alSt r eet ,Dar t f or d,Kent . Ther ei sal oc alt r adi t i oni nAber f f r aw t hats ayst hatDrThomas c amehomef r om London,wher ehepr ac t i s ed, ever yt i met her ewasa Whi t ec hapelmur derandt haton21J une1889het ookenoughpoi s on t oki l lac ar t hor s e.Thei nques tr epor ts ai dheki l l edhi ms el f. . . whi l ei n as t at eoft empor ar yi ns ani t y. DrThomaspr ac t i s edat190Gr eenSt r eet ,Vi c t or i aPar k,ami l eor s oawayf r om t hes c eneoft hemur der s .Onever s i onoft hes t or yi st hat he onl y vi s i t ed Spi t al el dsdur i ng t he r el evantt en weeksof1888, r et ur ni ngt oAber f f r aw af t ereac hmur der .Af t ert hemur derofMar y J aneKel l y,t hemur der ,hes uf f er edabr eakdownwhi c hbr oughtabout hi ss ui c i de. I ti sr emot el ypos s i bl et hathewasdes c endedf r om t hef amous bones et t erThomas es .Ther s toft hem wasas hi pwr ec kedSpani s hl ad whot ook t henameofEvan Thomas ,hi sgr ands on wasal s oEvan. Someoft hedes c r i pt i onsofJ ac kdes c r i behi m ashavi ngadar kbear d andaf or ei gnac c ent( News paper st het i meoft heChapmanmur der ) . Thi st ss omeoneofSpani s h des c entwi t ht heunf ami l i arac c entof Angl es ey. Ther ear eoneort wopr obl emswi t ht hes t or y.Coul dher eal l y t ake t i me outf r om hi spr ac t i c et ot r avelbet ween Aber f f r aw and Londonf ourt i mesi nt enweeks ?Woul dnothi sf at herbec ur i ous ?I f hewasdi s t r aughtaf t erMar yKel l y' smur der ,whydi dhewai ts even mont hsbef or ec ommi t t i ngs ui c i de?
ThePenhes gynDragon Ther ear enotmanyt r adi t i onaldr agonl egendsi nNor t hWal esand al t hough t hes t or yt hatc omesf r om Penhes gyn r ef er st oas er pent , adderorvi per( as ,i ndeed,ot herdr agon t al esdo)i tc ont ai nsmany t r adi t i onalel ement s . Angl es eyCount yCounc i l sr ec yc l i ngpl antatPenhes gynmays eem anunl i kel ypl ac et of i nda dr agon,buti ndaysofol di twast hes i t eof apr os per ousf ar m.Thet al ei st ol dt hatt hef ar m andi t sl andwast he homeofagi ants er pent .Thef ac tt hati twasver yl ar geand ver y venomousmadei tas er i oust hr eatt ohumans . Thel andownerandhi swi f ehadonl yones on,t hei rhopef ort he f ut ur eoft hel and. I nt hos edayspoet s ,har pi s t s ,s agesand s oot hs ayer swander edt hel andandwer eus ual l ywel lr ec ei vedandgi ven hos pi t al i t y.Oneday,s uc has ageorf or t unet el l erar r i vedatPenhes gyn. Hi spr ognos t i c at i onc ameasas hoc k.Hepr oc l ai medt hatagr eats nake woul dc aus et hedeat hoft hes oni naf ew mont hs .Tos avet heyoung mani twaswasdec i dedt os endhi m awayt oaf arpl ac e,wher et he s nakec oul dnotr eac hhi m.Ther ehewoul ds t ayunt i lt hedeat h oft he s nake.Somenar r at i vess ayt oEngl and,buti tc oul dhavebeenI r el and orj us tac r os st heMenaiSt r ai t s . Ever yonei nt hedi s t r i c tt r i edt ot hi nkofs omewayofget t i ngr i dof t hevi perbut ,t ot el lt het r ut h,t heywer et oof r i ght enedoft hes nake' s r eput at i ont oanywher eneari t sl ai r . Res pondi ngt ot heof f erofar ewar df r om t he l andowner ,al oc al l adputapl ani nt oac t i on.Hedugadeephol eaf ew yar dsf r om t he c r eat ur esnes t .Whenhef i ni s hed di ggi nghepl ac edahi ghl ypol i s hed br as sdi s hi nt hehol e.Hehadt i medi twel l ,f orovert henextc oupl eof dayst heweat hergotwar mer ,br i ngi ng t he r ept i l eoutt obas ki nt he war mt hoft hes un.Seei ngs omet hi nggl i s t eni ngi nt hes unt hevi per s l i t her ed overt oi nves t i gat e.Looki ngi nt o t hepol i s hed mi r r or l i ke s ur f ac eoft hebowl ,i ts aw anot hers nake,ar i valasbi gasi t s el f ,not c ompr ehendi ngt hati twasi t sownr ef l ec t i on.Thei deat hat anot her s nakewasoni t st er r i t or yanger edt hevi per . Hi s s i ngl oudl y,andl as hi ngi t st ai l ,i tat t ac kedt het r es pas s eragai nand andagai n.Eac ht i mei tat t ac kedi texpendedpoi s onf r om i t sf angs .The r ef l ec t i on,ofc our s e,di dever yt hi ngt hatt headderdi dmaki ngt hi nk
t hati twasf i ght i ngf ori t sver yl i f e.By dus k,ut t er l y exhaus t ed i t managedt odr agi t s el fbac kt oi t sden. Now wear yands af et oappr oac hourher oendedt het er r oroft he s er pentofPenhes gynwi t hj us tonebl ow t ot hehead.Thebodyoft he onc ef ear edr ept i l ewasbur i ed,wi t hgr eatc el ebr at i on,onanear by hi l l oc k.Thes onwass entf orandc amehomeandt ookhi spl ac ebac k ont hef ar m andi nt hec ommuni t y. Thi nki ngaboutwhathi sf at ec oul d havebeen,t hes on and hei r dec i ded t hatbewant ed t os eet hebody oft hedr eaded s nakef or hi ms el f .Toget herwi t hs omeoft hef ami l y' ss er vant shemadef ort he bur i almound.Thegr avewasdugup,butal lt hatwasf oundwast he s kul loft hes nake.Hegavei tader i s or yki c k,s ohar dt hats omes har p pi ec eofbone( oneofi t sf angsi ns omever s i onsoft hes t or y)wenti nt o hi sf oot .Thet al egoesont os ayt hatwi t hi nhour shebec ameext r emel y i l landdi ed,s eemi ngl yf r om avi r ul entpoi s ont hati nf ec t edhi swhol e bei ng.Sot hes agespr edi c t i onhad c omet r ueaf t eral l Ther ear et wot hi ngst hatIwantt owr i t eaboutf i r s t l yhow t hi ss t or y di f f er sf r om mos tdr agonl egendsands ec ondl yhow muc ht hes t or y s eemst obebas edonar ealevent .Al t hought hedef eatofadr agonbya vi l l agerandar ef l ec t i ves ur f ac e ar enotunc ommont hemesi ndr agon l egends ,s omeot herf eat ur esoft hes t or yar es l i ght l yunus ual .The c r eat ur es eemst os pendal li t st i mear oundi t snes torden,notoutand aboutt er r or i s i ng t he nei ghbour hood asi st he wontofl egendar y dr agons .Hedoes n' tc ons umeordemand mai densasi st henor m, i ndeedt her ei snomai deni nt hes t or y. If eelt hatc oul dbeanexagger at edr et el l i ng( andmor er et el l i ng)of t hes t or y.Youwi l lnot et hatt her ept i l ei sr ef er r edt oi nt heEngl i s h ver s i onsasa vi per ,s er pent ,adderors nake;al lofwhi c hc an be t r ans l at edf r om t heWel s hwor dgwi be r .Wast hes kul ls t i l lvenomous af t eral ongper i odi nt hegr ound? So ,how do Is e et hel e ge ndsor i gi n?Re me mbe r i ng t hatmany Angl es eymens ai l edt hes evens eas ,c oul dnotas nakeofs omeki nd havebeenbr oughtt ot hes es hor esf r om s omef arof fl and.Gr owi ng unexpec t edl yl ar gei twass etf r eet ogoi t sownway.Thes nakenot onl ygr ew phys i c al l y,butovert heens ui ngyear sper hapsgr ew,l i ke t heangl er ' sf i s h,i neac hr et el l i ng.Asf ort heyoungman,goi ngawayt o beeduc at ed ort o wor k wasnotunus ualand maynothavebeen di r ec t l yl i nked t ot hepr ophes y.Di d hegetpoi s oned byt hes nakes venom and di e al mos ti ns t ant l y?I s n' ti tmor el i kel yt hathe was
i nf ec t edbys omet hi ngi nt hes oi lands ot ooks ever aldayst odi e?We wi l lneverknow t het r ut hofc our s e,buti t ' sagoodyar n. Bi bl i ography ' Wel s hDr agons ' . . J ac quel i neSi mps on( Wor ds wor t hEdi t i ons / TheFol kl or eSoc i et y.2001) J acri pa J ac kt heRi pperAZbyPaulBegg,Mar t i nFi do&Kei t hSki nner " J ac kt heRi pperFor um" ht t p/ / c as ebook. or g/ f or um/ mes s ages / 4922/ 10323. ht ml Br i t i s hCens us1881
StPat ri ckandhi sChurch Youdonothavet obebor nonMĂ´nt obec omef amousont hei s l and. Sai ntPat r i c ki sones uc hper s on. Sever alpl ac esc l ai mt hatt hepat r ons ai ntofI r el andwasbor nt her e. Angl es eydoesnotdot hat ,buti tdoesc l ai m t hathel andedon t he i s l andandes t abl i s hedac hur c h,per hapst heol des tonAngl es ey Thes t or yi st hat ,i nabout440A. D. ,Pat r i c kwass hi pwr ec kedwhi l s t r et ur ni ngf r om I onaaf t ervi s i t i ngSt . Col umba.Hef oundr ef ugeont he i s l ett hatbear shi sname, YnysBadr i g( known i n Engl i s h asMi ddl e Mous e) ,t hemos tnor t her l ypoi ntofWal es .Thi si sonas i mi l arl at i t ude t oNew Br i ght on,Ever t onandShef el d. Reac hi ngt hemai nl andofAngl es ey,Pat r i c kes t abl i s hedhi sc el li na c avei nt hec l i f fbel ow t hes i t eoft hepr es entc hur c h.Her et her ewasa f r es hwat ers pr i ng.Lat er ,wear et ol dhemovedt ot hel andabovehi s c ave,pr obabl ywher et hec hur c hnow r eac hesbac ki nt ot her oc k. The c hur c h we s ee now i sl ar gel yt he r es ul toft wo Vi c t or i an r es t or at i ons ;t hatof1840,wheni tl os ti t sanc i entwi ndows ,andLor d Henr ySt anl eyofAl der l ey' s1884embel l i s hment s .Lor dSt anl eywasa c onver tt ot heMus l i mf ai t h,butakeens uppor t eroft heWel s hChur c h Her ef ur bi s hedStPat r i c k' si nI s l ami cs t yl ewi t hanew bl uet i l edf l oor . I ns pi t eoft her es t or at i on,mos toft hef abr i coft hepr es entbui l di ng i sf t eent hc ent ur y.Ther ear eal s os omeear l i ers ur vi val s ,at wel f t h c ent ur yNor manf ontandagai ns tt hewes twal l ,ananc i entgr aves l ab wi t hanunus ualwheel c r os sdat i ngf r om t heni nt hc ent ur y. I nmoder nt i mes ,al t hought hec hur c hi sr el at i vel yi s ol at ed,i thas been at t ac ked byvandal s .I thashowevernow been r es t or ed onc e agai n andi sar emi ndert hatChr i s t i ani t ywasaes t abl i s hedon t hi s i s l and mor et han 150 year sbef or e Augus t i ne c ame t o Engl and t o bec omei t sf i r s tAr c hbi s hop.
ThreeCoi nsi naFount ai n. . . " Thr eec oi nsi naf ount ai n. . . " ,wer et hef i r s twor dsofas ongt hatwas popul ars omeyear sago.Thes ongc amef r om al m andt hef ount ai n wast heTr eviFount ai ni nRome.I tc oul dhavebeenanyf ount ai n,pool orwi s hi ngwel l ,f orwher evert her ei swat erpeopl ehaveanur get o t os sc oi nsi ni t .Soyou wi l ls eec oi nsi nt hehol ywel l ss uc h asSt Sei r i ol ' sandStCyngar ' s ;i tal s oenc our agesc har i t yf undr ai s er st os et upwi s hi ngwel l s Thi shasbeenhappeni ngf orc ent ur i esandappear st ogobac kt ot he vot i veof f er i ngst hatouranc es t or sof f er edt ot hedei t yors pi r i t .The f i s s ur esi nt her oc ksandt heopeni ngsi nt hegr ound,t hatmys t er i ous l y gavet hepur ewat eri t alt ol i f e,wer es eenaspor t al st ot heot herwor l d Annwn.Themeagr eof f er i ngsofs mal lc oi nst hatwet hr ow i nt ot he poolwoul dnot ,ofc our s e,beens eenass uf c i entbyt heanc i ent s .They hadt omakear ealof f er i ng,s omet hi ngofr ealval ue.Thi si st houghtby s omet obet heor i gi noft hes t or yofAr t hur ,hi ss wor dExc al i burand t heLadyoft heLake. Theval ueoft heof f er i ngsi sr eadi l ys eenwhenwel ookats omeoft he goodsr ec over ed f r om r i ver s ,pool sand l akest hr oughoutBr i t ai n. Thes eof f er i ngsar eus ual l yweapons ,ar mourorot heri t emsoft he hi ghes tqual i t y,of t endepos i t edi ns uc hawayori ns uc hapl ac e,t hat t heyc oul donl yhavebeenof f er i ngs .Agoodexampl eoft hi si si nabog atBei t hi nAyr s hi r ewher eac i r c l eofbr onzes hi el dswass etupr i ght . On oft hel ar ges ts uc h vot i ves i t eseverexc avat edi st hatatLl yn Cer r i gBac h,nearVal l ey.Thec i r c ums t anc esofi t sdi s c over ywasver y ac c i dent al and, unf or t unat el y, ver y des t r uc t i ve. The wor kmen c ons t r uc t i ngVal l eyaer odr omei n1943wer et hef i r s tt onot i c es ome met alobj ec t sandbonesi nt hepeatt hatt heywer emovi ng.Butbot h t i meandmanpowerwer es c ar c ec ommodi t i esandwagi ngawart ook pr i or i t yoverar c haeol ogy. Dozensofar t ef ac t swer e,however ,r ec over edandwhoknowshow manymor el i ebur i edundert her unwaysordeepi nt hepeatbog?The obj ec t sal ls eem t ohavebeenatt hef ootofas heerr oc kf ac ewhi c hhad f or med a nat ur alpl at f or m above a l ake or pool .Whati sr eal l y amazi ngi st hatt hi ss pots eemst ohavebeeni nus ef oral ongper i odof t i me,wi t hawi der angeofmat er i al .Onl yt hemet al l i cobj ec t sr emai n, butar c haeol ogi s t s have c onc l uded t hatt he of f er i ngs r ange f r om
s wor ds ,dagger s and s pear st o ent i r ec har i ot s .(See Pr e hi s t or i c Angl e s e ybyFr anc esLync hf ort hef ul l es tdes c r i pt i onanddet ai l . ) Onet hi ngpuzzl esme,amongs tal lt hes et hi ngsofobvi ousval ue t her ewer egangc hai ns ,us edt os hac kl es l aves .Thes ear enott heus ual t ypeoft hi ngt hatonewoul dc ons i derasavot i veobj ec t .Fr anc esLync h s ayst hat ,al t houghani malboneswer ef ound,nohumanboneswer e f ound;pr es umabl yhumans ac r i c edi dnott akepl ac eatt hi ss pot .We know f r om Tac i t usandot her st hatt hes ac r i c eofpr i s oner swasnot unknown and s ac r i c ed vi c t i msf r om t hi sper i od have been f ound el s ewher e.Wer et her es t i l lpr i s oner si nt hec hai nswhent heywer e c as ti nt ot hewat er ?Thef ac tt hatboneshavenotbeenf ounddoesnot meant hatt her ear enonet her e,es pec i al l ygi venal lt hec i r c ums t anc es . Onas mal l ers c al ear et hehol ywel l sas s oc i at edwi t hmanyoft he Cel t i cs ai nt sandt hei rc hur c hes .Ever ys ai ntwoul dhavet ohavehi s c el lnearas uppl yofwat er ,s oi ti spr obabl et hatt heyal lhadawel lor s pr i ngt hatwasl i nked t ot hem.I ti sequal l ypos s i bl et hatmanyof t hes ewer eanc i ents ac r eds pot s ,f orweknow t hatt heear l yChr i s t i an t eac her st ooks i t est hatwer eal r eadyi nus eandChr i s t i ani s edt hem. I nt heol dCel t i cl egendsmanywel l sors pr i ngshadaguar di ans pi r i t , af i s h-t r out ,eelors al mon-ors omeot herc r eat ur el i vi ngi nt hem.The ol dwel lofStDwynwen,now s adl ydr yandder el i c t ,i ss ai dt ohave beenhomet oanundyi ngeelwhi c hgr ant edt hewi s hesofl over s . Today,i twoul ds eem,t henear es tmos tpeopl ec omet oas pr i ngi st o haves omeofi t swat eri n apl as t i cbot t l e.Manywat er c our s eshave beenf i l l edi nordi ver t edi nt oc ondui t sunder gr ound.Ouranc es t or s l i vedneart onat ur e;wet r yt oputour s el vesasf arawayf r om i tas pos s i bl e
4 ※ Thet our i s tc oupl ear r i vedatt hef amousvi l l ageof Ll anf ai rpwl l gwyngyl l gogerychwyrndrobwl l l l ant ys i l i ogogogoch.
They phot ogr aphed t he s t at i on pl at f or m;t hey s napped eac h ot her s t andi ngundert hegi ants i gnovert hef as c i aofPr i ngl es ;t heybought t hei rpi c t ur epos t c ar ds .Then,overac upofc of f eei nt hec af et er i a,t hey di s c us s edhow t hel ongnames houl dbepr onounc ed. Let sas kt hegi r l ,s ai ds he.O. K. ,s ai d he,and wentovert ot he c ount er ." Tel lme, hes ai dt ot hegi r latt het i l l ,How doyoupr onounc e t henameoft hi spl ac e?"Shel ookedhi mi nt heeyeands ai d,s l owl y andc l ear l y," PRI NGLES" • ●•
What ' si naName? You may not i c easyou t r avelar ound t hei s l and,t hatt her ear e s ever aldi f f er entl anguages ,aswel lasWel s h,us edi nt henamesoft he t ownsandvi l l ages .Nor manFr enc h( Beaumar i s ) ,Engl i s h( Ki ngs l and, Gal l owsPoi nt ) ,Nor s e( Angl es ey) ,Hebr ew ( Car mel )andonewhi c hI t hi nki sI r i s h. ThenameIam goi ngt odi s c us si sVal l ey.Ther ehavebeenmany di s c us s i ons aboutt hi s name -and j us tas many ar gument s and di s agr eement s .Foral ongt i me,f r om t he1970s ,of f i c i al dom us edt he Wel s h ver s i on Y Dyf f r yn,a di r ec tt r ans l at i on oft heEngl i s h wor d val l ey,al t houghl oc alpeopl ehadal waysc al l edi tYFal iorVal l ey.I t s eemst hatt her ear enow s er i ousdoubt saboutt het r ans l at i onast he Count yCounc i landot herof c i albodi eshaver ever t edt oYFal i . Ther ehavebeeni nt hepas tt woval l eyt heor i es ,nei t herofwhi c h,t o me,s eem t ohol d wat er .Thatt heval l eyr ef er r ed t oi st her ai l way c ut t i ng,wec andi s mi s si mmedi at el y;t henameVal l eyi sr ec or dedi n t he1820sl ongbef or et her ai l wayc ame.Theot heral t er nat i vet hatt he val l eywast hepl ac ewher et hes t onef ort heSt anl eyEmbankmentwas exc avat edc anal mos taseas i l ybedi s mi s s edf ors ever alr eas ons . J onesandRober t si nThePl ac eNamesofAngl es eyt el lust hata s mal lc l us t erofdwel l i ngst hats t oodneart hi sdepr es s i on,ast heyc al l i t ,wasr ef er r edt oasVal l eybyt hel abour er sandPent r eGwyddel odby t hel oc alpeopl e.Theyt aket hef ac tt hatbef or et hebui l di ngoft he Embankmentt henamewasnotus edaspr ooft hatt hepl ac et akesi t s namef r om t hedepr es s i on.Mos tot herwr i t er sf ol l ow t hes amel i neof ar gument . Butt hes t or yar guesagai ns ti t s el f .Fi r s tofal l ,t hes oc al l edval l eyi s , ashasbeens ai d,adepr es s i onr at hert hanaf eat ur et hatwar r ant st he Engl i s hwor dval l ey.Thes ec ondc l uet ot heor i gi noft henamei si nt he s t at ementt hatt hel abour er sc al l ed i tVal l ey and t hel oc al sPent r e Gwyddel od( I r i s hmen' sVi l l age) .A s i mi l arc ommuni t ynearLl ys f aen, ont hemai nl and,i sc al l edPent r egwyddel . I nt heear l yni net eent hc ent ur yf ew ofei t hert heWel s hs peaki ng l oc ali nhabi t ant sort heI r i s hGael i cs peaki ngl abour er swoul dhavea r eady c ommand oft he Engl i s hl anguage.Thi si ss hown i nt he appel l at i on gi ven byt hel oc al s .So whatwoul dt heI r i s hc al lt hei r
vi l l age,nott heI r i s hvi l l age,l i ket hel oc al sbut ,mos tl i kel y,s i mpl yThe Vi l l age-i nI r i s hAnBai l e,us ual l yt r ans l i t er at edi nEngl i s hasBal l y( e. g. Bal l yki s s angel ).Whatas i mpl es t epi ti st ot heWel s hHenLPFal i ,as t he c ommuni t y was known. Fr om t hi s anot her s t ep, a mi s under s t andi ng by Engl i s h empl oyer sand t hei rc l er ks ,gi vesus Val l ey. Suc h mi s under s t andi ngs by t he Engl i s h have gi ven r i s et oa numberofnamesont hemai nl and.TheRi val si sr eal l yYrEi( t het ongs ) andSwal l ow Fal l si sYRhaeadrEwynnol( TheFoami ngFal l s)notY RhaeadrWennol( TheSwal l ow Fal l s ) .Ourf amousBr i t anni aBr i dge wasal s onamedf r om s uc hami s under s t andi ng.Ther oc konwhi c ht he c ent r alpi eri sbui l ti smar kedonol dc har t sasCar r egFr ydai n. Thi snot Br i t ai norBr i t anni aRoc k,whywoul dt her ebeaBr i t anni aRoc ki nt he MenaiSt r ai t s( s omes ugges ta s hi p named Br i t anni a waswr ec ked t her e) ?I ti st houghtt hatt henameder i vesf r om t headj ec t i vebr wd, meani ngt ur bul ent ,aver yl ogi c alnamewhenones eest hec ur r ent .
Beaumari s • ●• And t he Gi l eadi t est ook t he pas s agesofJ or dan bef or et he Ephr ai mi t es :and i twas s o,t hatwhen t hos e Ephr ai mi t es whi c h wer ees c aped s ai d,Letmegoover ;t hatt hemen of Gi l eads ai dunt ohi m,Ar tt houanEphr ai mi t e?I fhes ai d,Nay; t hen s ai dt heyunt o hi m,Saynow Shi bbol et h:and hes ai d Si bbol et h:f orhec oul dnotf r amet opr onounc ei tr i ght .Then t heyt ookhi m,ands l ew hi m att hepas s agesofJ or dan:and t her ef el latt hatt i me oft he Ephr ai mi t es f or t y and t wo t hous and.-( J udges12: 56)
Iquot et hi spas s ageofSc r i pt ur ebec aus eBeaumar i si ss omet hi ngof aShi bbol et h.Thenamec omesf r om be aumar ai s — beaut i f ulmar s hwear et ol d.Butweal s of i nd Lat i n ver s i onsi n ol d doc ument s— Bel l um Mar i s c um, Bel l o Mar i s c o and even Al bum Mar i s c um.The Shi bbol et hi st hatEngl i s hs peaki ngpeopl eus ual l ys ayBowmar i s ,but t hel oc alf or mc anbes eeni nt heof f i c i alt r ans l i t er at i onBi wmar i s ,i ti s pr onounc ed t hes ameasbeaut i f ulnotasBeau Ges t e.Al t hough t he s pel l i ngwasBeaumar i swhent het ownr ec ei vedi t sc har t eri n1296, s pel l i ngsi nl at edoc ument sof t enr eec tt hepr onunc i at i on.I n1492we f i ndBewemar r esandi n 1692wegetver yc l os et hemoder n Wel s h ver s i on wi t h Bewmar es .A pr onunc i at i on of t en hear dl oc al l yi s Bl i wmar i s ,whi c hs eemst obei nuenc edbyt heLat i nBel l um.Toadd even mor ec onf us i on t he Mor r i s br ot her ss omet i mes c al l ed i t Duwmar i s !Beaumar i swasf oral ongper i odoft i met hec ount yt own ofAngl es ey.Thi si sr ef l ec t edbyt hepr es enc eofi t sc our t hous eand gaol ,bot hofwhi c har et our i s tat t r ac t i onst oday. Oh,Ial mos tf or gott hec of noft hepr i nc es st hatIment i onedear l i er . I ti si nt hepar i s hc hur c h,Sai ntMar yandSai ntNi c hol as ,i nBeaumar i s . Si wanorJ oanwast hedaught erofKi ngJ ohnofEngl andandt hewi f e ofLl ewel ynt heGr eat .Thes ar c ophagushashadavar i edhi s t or yand poorSi wangotl os ts omewher ei ni t st r avel s .WhenSi wandi edi n1237 s hewasbur i edatt heabbeyi nLl anf aes .WhenHenr yVI I Idi s s ol ved t hemonas t er i esLl anf aes ,l i kemanyot herec c l es i as t i c alf oundat i ons , bec ameac onveni ents our c eofs t onef ort hel oc alpeopl e.Thel i d f oundi t swayt oBeaumar i s .Event ual l yt hec of ni t s el ff oundar es t i ng pl ac eatt heBul kel eyes t at eatBar on Hi l l .Ant i quar i an f ol l i eswer e f as hi onabl ei nt heei ght eent hc ent ur yandat empl ewasbui l tt ohous e
t he c of f i n oft he pr i nc es s .Al as ,t he es t at e bec ame negl ec t ed and not hi ngnow r emai nsoft hemans i on.Somet i mei nt hei nt er i m per i od, t hec of f i nwasr emovedf r om i t sf ol l y.I twasf ound,bei ngus edasa hor s et r ough,bef or ebei ngr euni t ed wi t hi t sl i di nt heni net eent h c ent ur yandpl ac edher ei nt hec hur c hpor c h. Bi bl i ogr aphyf ornameor i gi nsi nc l ude: ThePl ac e name sofAngl e s e yGwi l ym T.J ones&TomosRober t s . Uni ver s i t yofWal es , 1996 ThePl ac e name sofWal e sHywelWynOwenUni ver s i t yofWal es , 1998 AGui det oWe l s hPl ac eName sAnt honyLi as . Gwas gCar r egGwal c h,1994
TheLongName Ll anf ai rpwl l gwyngyl l gogerychwyrndrobwl l l l ant ys i l i ogogogoch
i spr obabl yt hebes tknown pl ac enameon Angl es eyand no book about t he i s l and woul d be c ompl et e wi t hout a ment i on of i t . Ll anf ai r pwl l gwyngyl l ,t heor i gi nal-and s t i l lof f i c i al-nameoft he vi l l agei snomor eofat onguet wi s t ert hanLl anf ai r Mat haf ar nEi t haf orLl anf ai r yngNghor nwy,butThomasHughes ,a t ai l ori n Menai Br i dge,dec i ded t o embel l i s hi t .The embel l i s hmentwas ei t her a pr i vat ej oket hatgott aken upbyot her soradel i ber at eat t emptt o publ i c i s et hevi l l age.Thef ul ls t or yc anbef oundi nTheLandoft he LongNamebyJ ohnLas ar usWi l l i ams . Thenameal mos tmakess ens eandi sus ual l yt r ans l at edasSt . Mar y' s Chur c h by t hepooloft hewhi t ehazelneart hewhi r l pooland St . Tys i l i o' sChur c h by t her ed c ave.Ther ei sa l i t t l epr obl em i nt hat gogogoc hi snotr edc ave( t hatwoul dbeogofgoc h)andi fi twas ,t her e i snoc ave,r edoranyot herc ol our ,i nt hear ea.Somewr i t er sc ons i der t hatThomasHugheswast hi nki ngofanot herpl ac ename,Ll andys i l i ogogo i n Car di gans hi r e.Ther ei showever a ver y pr omi nentl oc al f eat ur e-t hei s l andmi ds t r eam oft hes t r ai t ,wi t ht hebui l di ngs-Ynys Gor adGoc h( RedFi s hTr apI s l and) .It hi nkt hatLl andys i l i ogor adgoc h wasi nt endedandgotc onf us eds omewher eal ongt hel i ne. Cl i mb t he Mar ques sofAngl es ey' sc ol umn and l ook att he vi ew bet weent het wobr i dgesandyouwi l ls et hatt hel ongname( wi t hmy s ugges t edamendment )i sapr et t ygooddes c r i pt i on.ThomasHughes ' i nvent i on oft hel ongnamei spr obabl yoneoft hemos ts uc c es s f ul publ i c i t yi deasever ,i thasbeenat t r ac t i ngvi s i t or sf ormor et han140 year s . Ll anf ai r pwl lhasanot herc l ai mt of ame.Aspr oudl ypr oc l ai medon t hes i gnoft heWomensI ns t i t ut ebui l di ng,i twasher et hatt heWIi n Br i t ai nhadi t sbegi nni ngs .I tf i r s tmeti nJ une1915.Af t ermeet i ngf or s ome t i me i nt he s ummer hous e atGr ai g,i tmoved t oi t s new headquar t er sneart het ol lhous ei n1921.TheWInow hasamus eum i nt het ol l hous e.
FourLi ons Ever yonei sf ami l i arwi t hTr af al garSquar ei nLondon; Nel s ons ur veys t hes c enef r om at ophi sc ol umnandf ours t onel i onsl i eguar di nghi m. Ther ei savaguel ys i mi l ars c eneon t heMenaiSt r ai t s .Cl os ebyt he Br i t anni aBr i dge,j us tbel ow StMar ysc hur c h,Nel s on s t andson hi s al t houghnotashi ghupashedoesi nLondon.Her et hel i onshavet he upperber t h,f ort heydot hei rs ent r ydut yupont hebr i dgemor et han 100f eetabovehi m. Thes t at ue,s t andi ngon t hes hor e,waser ec t ed byLor d Cl ar enc e Paget ,s onoft hef i r s tMar ques sofAngl es ey.I ti snotj us tamemor i alt o t he gr eatnavalher o,butwas i nt ended as a navi gat i on ai df or mar i ner spas s i ngt hr ought hi sdi f c ul ts t r et c hofwat er . Thel i onsor i gi nal l ys t ood att hepor t al sofSt ephens on' st ubul ar br i dge.Today,s adl y,f ew peopl ear eawar eoft hem ast heys peedover t her oadwayaboveandr ai lpas s enger sc anonl yc at c hagl i mps eof t hem amongs tt hes t r uc t ur eoft her ebui l tbr i dge.Eac honei sc ar ved outofel evenbl oc ksofl i mes t onef r om Penmonandwer edes i gnedby J ohnThomas ,whoal s owor kedont heHous esofPar l i ament . Theyar e l ar gec r eat ur es ,25f eetl ongandnear l y13f eethi gh. J ohn Evans ,known as Y Bar dd Coc os ( The Coc kl e Bar d)was r enowned-andl oved-f orhi sbadpoet r y.Hi sl i nesaboutt hel i onson Br i t anni aBr i dgear epr obabl yt hebes tknownofhi swor k. Pe dwarl l e wt e w He bdi m bl e w Dau' r oc horyma Adau' r oc hordr e w. Whi c hc anbet r ans l at edas Fourf atl i ons Wi t houtanyhai r Twohe r eont hi ss i de Andt woove rt he r e . J ohn Evansi sbur i ed on Ll andys i l i o( Chur c hI s l and)j us tdown t he s l openor t heas toft hec hur c h.