5('$.&-$ <DHO %DUWDQD UHGDNWRUND DUW\VW\F]QD 0DJGDOHQD %ãĕGRZVND .LQJD 'XQLQ 0DFLHM *GXOD 0DFLHM .URSLZQLFNL -XOLDQ .XW\ãD ZLFHQDF]HOQ\ -DNXE 0DMPXUHN 6ãDZRPLU 6LHUDNRZVNL UHGDNWRU QDF]HOQ\ 0LFKDã 6XWRZVNL $UWXU ŦPLMHZVNL UHGDNWRU DUW\VW\F]Q\
=(63Ðâ $JDWD $UDV]NLHZLF] 0LFKDã %LOHZLF] 6ãDZHN %OLFKLHZLF] .DWDU]\QD %ãDKXWD =\JPXQW %RUDZVNL 0LFKDã %RUXFNL -DNXE %RŧHN 0DUFLQ &KDãXSND $QQD &LHSODN 9HQGXOD &]DEDN %RU\V &\PEURZVNL $QQD 'HOLFN 6]WRNKROP 3DZHã 'HPLUVNL $JDWD 'LGXV]NR =\JOHZVND .DURO 'RPDĸVNL 0DUW\QD 'RPLQLDN -DNXE '\PHN &YHWD '\PLWURYD -RDQQD (UEHO .DWDU]\QD )LGRV %DUWRV] )UćFNRZLDN 0DFLHM *GXOD 'RURWD *ãDŧHZVND 6\OZLD *RãDZVND .DWDU]\QD *yUQD $JQLHV]ND *UDII $JQLHV]ND *U]\EHN &ODUD ,DQQL ,]DEHOD -DVLĸVND $GDP -HORQHN 0DUFLQ .DOLĸVNL -Dŋ .DSHOD 7RPDV] .LWOLĸVNL 0DULD .ODPDQ 0DãJRU]DWD .RZDOVND .DUROLQD .UDVXVND 'DZLG .UDZF]\N 3DW .XOND âXNDV] .XťPD $GDP /HV]F]\ĸVNL -DURVãDZ /LSV]\F 6HEDVWLDQ /LV]ND 0DãJRU]DWD âXNRPVND 0DJGD 0DMHZVND $GDP 0D]XU 'RURWD 0LHV]HN .XED 0LNXUGD %DUWãRPLHM 0RG]HOHZVNL 3DZHã 0RŋFLFNL :LWROG 0UR]HN $JQLHV]ND 0XUDV 0DFLHM 1RZDN 'RURWD 2ONR $GDP 2VWROVNL -RDQQD 2VWURZVND -DQXV] 2VWURZVNL 0DJGDOHQD 2]LPHN 3DZHã 3LHQLćŧHN $QQD 3OXWD .RQUDG 3XVWRãD 0LFKDã 3\WOLN 0DJGD 5DF]\ĸVND -RDQQD 5DMNRZVND 3U]HP\VãDZ 6DGXUD 1DWDOLD 6DZND 0LFKDã 6FKPLGW -DQ 6PROHĸVNL $QGUHDV 6WDGOHU 7RPDV] 6WDZLV]\ĸVNL %HDWD 6WĕSLHĸ .LQJD 6WDĸF]XN $JQLHV]ND 6WHUQH ,JRU 6WRNÀV]HZVNL 0RQLND 6WU]ĕSND -DNXE 6]DIUDĸVNL $JDWD 6]F]ĕŋQLDN .D]LPLHUD 6]F]XND %DUEDUD 6]HOHZD -DNXE 6]HVWRZLFNL (OL]D 6]\ERZLF] 0DJGDOHQD ŊURGD 2OJD 7RNDUF]XN .U]\V]WRI 7RPDVLN -XVW\QD 7XUNRZVND .DUROLQD :DOĕFLN 3DWU\N :DODV]NRZVNL %ãDŧHM :DUNRFNL =RÀD :DŋOLFND $JQLHV]ND :LŋQLHZVND .DWDU]\QD :RMFLHFKRZVND -RDQQD :RZU]HF]ND 'RPLQLND :UyEOHZVND :DZU]\QLHF =DNU]HZVNL $JQLHV]ND =LyãNRZVND :RMWHN =UDãHN .RVVDNRZVNL .225'<1$725.$ ./8%Ð: .5<7<., 32/,7<&=1(- $JQLHV]ND :LŋQLHZVND /2.$/1, .225'<1$725=< ./8%Ð: .3 %,$â<672. âXNDV] .XťPD %(5/,1 0DUWD 0DGHM 7DLQD 0DQVDQL %<720 6WDQLVãDZ 5XNV]D &,(6=<1 -RDQQD :RZU]HF]ND &=Ĕ672&+2:$ 0DUWD )UHM 7RPDV] .RVLĸVNL *1,(=12 3DZHã %DUWNRZLDN .DPLOD .DVSU]DN .$/,6= 0LNRãDM 3DQFHZLF] .,-Ð: 2OHNVLM 5DG\QVNL :DV\O &]HUHSDQ\Q .26=$/,1 0DJGD 0ã\QDUF]\N .5$.Ð: :HURQLND ŊPLJLHOVND .U]\V]WRI -XUXŋ /8%/,1 5DIDã &]HNDM $JQLHV]ND =LĕWHN âÐ'Ť -RDQQD )LOLSF]DN =DUyG 232/( 6]\PRQ 3\WOLN 26752:,(& Ŋ:,Ĕ72.5=<6., 0RQLND 3DVWXV]NR 6=<'â2:,(& ,QJD 3\WND 6REXWND 7258ķ 0RQLND 6]ORVHN 75Ð-0,$672 (OŧELHWD 5XWNRZVND :52&â$: 'DZLG .UDZF]\N .25(.7$ 'RPLQLND *yUVND 2.â$'.$ .DWDU]\QD %ãDKXWD /$<287 QD SRGVWDZLH SURMHNWX 0DULR /RPEDUGR ² .DWDU]\QD %ãDKXWD 6.â$' , â$0$1,( /H ŦH :<'$:&$ :\GDZQLFWZR .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHM 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH LP 6WDQLVãDZD %U]R]RZVNLHJR =$5=Ć' 672:$5=<6=(1,$ 6ãDZRPLU 6LHUDNRZVNL SUH]HV 0LFKDã %RUXFNL 'RURWD *ãDŧHZVND G\UHNWRU ÀQDQVRZ\ 0DFLHM .URSLZQLFNL $'5(6 .U\W\ND 3ROLW\F]QD XO )RNVDO S ,, ² :DUV]DZD WHO ( 0$,/ UHGDNFMD#NU\W\NDSROLW\F]QD SO '58. , 235$:$
ZZZ RSROJUDI FRP SO :\GDZDQLH SLVPD Å.U\W\ND 3ROLW\F]QDµ GRÀQDQVRZDQH MHVW ]H ŋURGNyZ 0LQLVWUD .XOWXU\ L ']LHG]LFWZD 1DURGRZHJR
6XSSRUWHG E\ JUDQW IURP WKH 2SHQ 6RFLHW\ )RXQGDWLRQV
'URG]\ &]\WHOQLF\ =DFKĕFDP\ GR ZVSDUFLD QDV]\FK G]LDãDĸ ] JyU\ G]LĕNXMHP\ ]D SRPRF 'DURZL]Q\ PRŧQD SU]HND]Dþ GRNRQXMćF GREURZROQ\FK ZSãDW QD NRQWR 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH LP 6WDQLVãDZD %U]R]RZVNLHJR %DQN 'Q% 125' 3ROVND 6 $ ,,,2 :DUV]DZD 7\WXã SU]HOHZX SRZLQLHQ EU]PLHþ Å'DURZL]QD QD U]HF] 6WRZDU]\V]HQLD LP 6WDQLVãDZD %U]R]RZVNLHJRµ ,QIRUPXMHP\ ŧH QLH SURZDG]LP\ SUHQXPHUDW\ UHGDNF\MQHM
www.krytykapolityczna.pl www.dziennikopinii.pl ,OXVWUDFMH QD VWURQLH RNãDGNL SRFKRG]ć ]H VWURQ\ KWWS ZZZ IDTV RUJ SDWHQWV $33$5$786 )25 75$,1,1* ,1 7+( 86( 2) &+2367,&.6
,-"4" é3&%/*" f ,50,0-8*&, 8*%;*"è ,50,0-8*&, 8*&
%8'<ķ %,*26
WHNVW L ]GMĕFLD 0$5&,1 .$/,ķ6.,
1,(:,11( 3/$1< 1,( ,671,(-Ć
-2$11$ :2:5=(&=.$ ,OH QDOHŧ\ ÅZSRPSRZDþµ Z G]LHFNR ŧHE\ Z SU]\V]ãRŋFL FLHV]\ãR VLĕ VZRMć ZUDŧOLZRŋFLć L G\VSR]\FMDPL VWDZLDMćF\PL MH Z SRŧćGDQ\P PLHMVFX ŋZLDWD"
:&,Ć*$ 1$6 :,5
ze 6/$92-(0 æ,æ.,(0 UR]PDZLD 6â$:20,5 6,(5$.2:6., .RQÁLNW PLĕG]\ OLEHUDOQ\P SHUPLV\ZL]PHP D IXQGDPHQWDOL]PHP MHVW RVWDWHF]QLH NRQÁLNWHP IDãV]\Z\P ² WR EãĕGQH NRãR Z NWyU\P MHGQD VWURQD QDSĕG]D GUXJć
,-"4" é3&%/*" f ,50,0-8*&, 8*%;*"è ,50,0-8*&, 8*& 326=8.,:$1$ ./$6$ Ŋ5('1,$
REDAKCJA
2':$Ŧ<ý 6,Ĕ %<ý Ŋ5('1,0 *(1($/2*,$ , 35=<6=â2Ŋý 32/6.,(- ./$6< Ŋ5('1,(-
0$&,(- *'8/$ ŦHE\ RNUHŋOLþ PLHMVFH MDNLH Z G]LVLHMV]HM 3ROVFH ]DMPXMH NODVD ŋUHGQLD WU]HED SU]HŋOHG]Lþ MHM KLVWRULĕ 0RŧH RND]Dþ VLĕ ŧH ]DEXU]\ WR GRPLQXMćFH VFKHPDW\ RSRZLHŋFL R 35/ X L V\VWHPRZHM WUDQVIRUPDFML
./$6$ Ŋ5('1,$ '/$ '(02.5$&-,
z $/(.6$1'5(0 %,.%2:(0 UR]PDZLDMć 0$&,(- *'8/$ -8/,$1 .87<â$ -$.8% 0$-085(. , $*1,(6=.$ :,Ŋ1,(:6.$ 3U]HŋZLDGF]HQLH ŧH NODVD ŋUHGQLD MHVW QLH]EĕGQD GR EXGRZ\ GHPRNUDW\F]QHJR SDĸVWZD QDSĕG]DãR WUDQVIRUPDFMĕ GDZQ\FK NUDMyZ ] EORNX UDG]LHFNLHJR -HVW VLOQH Z SHZQ\FK NUĕJDFK QDZHW G]Lŋ L SREU]PLHZD Z QDG]LHMDFK QD EXQW NODV\ ŋUHGQLHM SU]HFLZ 3XWLQRZL &DãNLHP EH]SRGVWDZQLH
=$3201,$1$ 6=8)/$1',$ $/%2 )(7<6=<=0 ./$6< Ŋ5('1,(-
-$.8% 0$-085(. 3ROVND NODVD ŋUHGQLD PD VZRMH NRU]HQLH QLH Z SU]HGZRMHQQ\P PLHV]F]DĸVWZLH F]\ ZŋUyG Z\VDG]RQ\FK ] VLRGãD ]LHPLDQ DOH Z 35/ X 0D MHGQDN ] W\P SRFKRG]HQLHP ZLHONL NãRSRW -DN JR SU]HSUDFRZXMH Z NLQLH SRSXODUQ\P"
)$17202:$ ./$6$ Ŋ5('1,$
z 0$*'Ć 6=&=(Ŋ1,$. UR]PDZLD -$.8% 0$-085(. 2G ELDã\FK VNDUSHWHN GR NRV]XOHN ] ŧRãQLHU]DPL Z\NOĕW\PL = SU]H]URF]\VW\P 791 HP SRPLĕG]\
&=< ./$6$ Ŋ5('1,$ 6,Ĕ =%8178-(" z (':,1(0 %(1'<.,(0 UR]PDZLD -$.8% '<0(. 3RGPLRW\ SXEOLF]QHM GHEDW\ SRZVWDMć DG KRF : WOH F]DL VLĕ VNUDMQD LQG\ZLGXDOL]DFMD SROVNLHJR VSRãHF]HĸVWZD
./$6$ Ŋ5('1,$ ² .72.2/:,(. :,'=,$â .72.2/:,(. :,("
.3 ./$6$ ล 5('1,$ ยฒ .72.2/:,(. :,'=,$รข .72.2/:,(. :,("
./$6$ ล 5('1,$ 1$ .5('<7
z 0,.2รข$-(0 /(:,&.,0 UR]PDZLD 0,&+$รข 6872:6., .LHG\ล SUDFD E\รฃD Rล URGNLHP VWDELOQRล FL L WRลงVDPRล FL GDZDรฃD XWU]\PDQLH DOH WDNลงH Z\]QDF]DรฃD PRGHO JRVSRGDUVWZD GRPRZHJR ']LVLDM ]ZรฃDV]F]D Z (XURSLH ล URGNRZR :VFKRGQLHM WR NUHG\W KLSRWHF]Q\ NRQVWUXXMH ]DUyZQR DVSLUDFMH MDN L VSRVyE ลง\FLD NODV\ ล UHGQLHM
./$6$ ล 5('1,$ =$1,.$ 2'.ฤ ' 32:67$รข$
z +(15<.,(0 '20$ฤท6.,0 UR]PDZLD -$.8% 0$-085(. 7H]D R ]DQLNDQLX NODV\ ล UHGQLHM SRMDZLD VLฤ QLHPDO RG SRF]ฤ WNX MHM LVWQLHQLD ยฒ JรฃRV]RQR Mฤ MXลง Z G]LHZLฤ WQDVWRZLHF]QHM $QJOLL 7ZLHUG]HQLH ลงH SROVND NODVD ล UHGQLD ]DQLND MHVW SR SURVWX HPSLU\F]QLH QLHSUDZG]LZH
./$6$ ล 5('1,$" $ 02ลฆ( 32 352678 ร 0รข2'=, :<.6=7$รข&(1, = :,(/.,&+ 0,$67ยต"
z .$=,0,(5=(0 )5,(6.( UR]PDZLD 0,&+$รข 6872:6., 3RQDG SURFHQW 3RODNyZ XZDลงD ลงH QDOHลง\ GR NODV\ ล UHGQLHM 3RMฤ FLH Dลง WDN SRMHPQH SU]HVWDMH FRNROZLHN RSLV\ZDรพ
ล 5('1,2 32:2'=, 6,ฤ 1$0 &25$= *25=(- &=</, '/$&=(*2 : $0(5<&( 1,( %ฤ '=,( -8ลฆ ./$6< ล 5('1,(- -$.8% '<0(. 2VWDWQLP VSRLZHP NODV\ ล UHGQLHM E\รฃD Z $PHU\FH ZLDUD ลงH LVWQLHMH V\VWHP Z NWyU\P ZV]\VF\ Z\JU\ZDMฤ 7D ZLDUD ZรฃDล QLH SU\VรฃD
ลฆ(*1$- ./$62 ล 5('1,$" :,7$- 35(.$5,$&,(
z *8<(0 67$1',1*,(0 UR]PDZLD -$.8% '<0(. 8ลง\ZDQLH VWDU\FK HW\NLHW VWDรฃR VLฤ EH]Xลง\WHF]QH ร .ODVD ล UHGQLDยต PRลงH R]QDF]Dรพ G]Lล ZV]\VWNR
80-/0รฉรซ ล /('=7:2 : 635$:,( 6=78.,
WHNVW 3,275 3$:/,(16., %ฤ Gฤ ]H]QDZDรฃ %ฤ Gฤ PyZLรฃ R VZRLFK PRW\ZDFMDFK L FHODFK 2 V]WXFH
8 304+* $;:-* (%;*& 3,ฤ รฝ'=,(6,ฤ 7< 62%ร 5 , %(=3$ฤท6., 3,(6
-$.8% 0$-085(. 3yลฅQ\P SRSRรฃXGQLHP Oฤ GXMHP\ QD ORWQLVNX 6]HUHPLHWLHZR -HVW QDV GZXQDVWX G]LHQQLNDU]\ ] 3ROVNL ]DMPXMฤ F\FK VLฤ ZV]\VWNLP RG RJyOQLH SRMฤ WHM NXOWXU\ SR VSRUW ยฒ 3DWU]FLH MDNLH VDQNFMH MDNLH VDQNFMH 5yEFLH ]GMฤ FLD SRNDลงFLH 3RODNRP MDN 0RVNZD FLHUSL RG VDQNFML ยฒ ]DFKฤ FD 'LPD
, &$5 , 67$/,1 , -(/&<1
z ,/-ฤ %8'5,$76.,6(0 UR]PDZLD -$.8% 0$-085(. 3XWLQ FKFH KLVWRULL 5RVML EH] VSU]HF]QRล FL ยฒ EH] NRQร LNWyZ : ล ZLHWOH WHM SROLW\NL KLVWRU\F]QHM QDZHW UHZROXFMD SDลฅG]LHUQLNRZD MHVW NRQW\QXDFMฤ D QLH ]HUZDQLHP SPIS RZECZY
326702'(51$ 526-$
&(=$5< :2'=,ķ6., 1LHEDZHP VWXNQLH Syã ZLHNX VSRUyZ GHEDW L NãyWQL R SRVWPRGHUQL]P , FR ] QLFK Z\QLND" =JRãD QLHZLHOH E\ QLH U]HF QLF SR]\W\ZQHJR 6SUyEXMP\ PRŧH ]DWHP SRP\ŋOHþ R SRVWPRGHUQL]PLH SR URV\MVNX
1"3, 1".*ì$* +,6725,$ =$72&=<â$ .2â2
2/(.6,- 5$'<16., $UW\VW\F]Qć ZL]Mĕ NLMRZVNLHJR NUHPDWRULXP X]QDQR ]D ÅEãĕGQć ]DUyZQR Z Z\PLDU]H ÀOR]RÀF]Q\P MDN L SV\FKRORJLF]Q\Pµ Å]DSU]HF]DMćFć ŋZLDWRSRJOćGRZL KXPDQLVW\F]QHPXµ ÅGHPRUDOL]XMćFć L WZRU]ćFć IXQGDPHQW\ SRG UR]PDLWH HNVFHV\ LGHDOLVW\F]QHµ
%;*&//*, 01*/** 6=3,(*2:$1( Å-$µ
3(7(5 *$/,621 -DN HOHNWURQLF]Q\ Z\ZLDG L ]ELHUDQLH GDQ\FK NRPXQLNDF\MQ\FK GRW\FKF]DV SU]HNV]WDãFDãR L QDGDO SU]HNV]WDãFD QDV]H ÅMDµ" +LVWRU\N QDXNL SROHFD SRF]\WDþ )UHXGD
6(.$725< 35=(&,: 7:,(5'=< (8523$
'$:,' .5$:&=<. %HUOLQ WUZD ŋZLĕWRZDQLH URF]QLF\ XSDGNX PXUX EHUOLĸVNLHJR *UDQLFD EXãJDUVNR WXUHFND VHWND DNW\ZLVWyZ SUyEXMH ]QLV]F]\þ PXU HXURSHMVNL
%;*&//*, $;è08*&," 10-*5:$;/&(0 .$7(&+21
&(=$5< 0,&+$/6., :VãXFKXMĕ VLĕ Z JQLHZ U\QNRZHJR RFHDQX Z ŋSLHZ RFHDQX Z ]ãXGQć FLV]ĕ RFHDQX *QLHZ ŋSLHZ L VSRNyM WHJR RFHDQX Vć ]ãXGQH &]DV ZUyFLþ QD EDJQD 'R ÅSROVNLHJR JyZQDµ
8*ì$&+ 32.$Ŧ 8.5<7(
$'(/$-'$ 758Ŋ&,ķ6.$ &R E\ãR GDOHM QLH ZLHP ER WUDPZDM Z NWyU\P E\ãDP SRMHFKDã GDOHM $KD GLDORJL VRELH Z\P\ŋOLãDP
/"4* "6503;:
./$6$ Ŋ5('1,$ ² .72.2/:,(. :,'=,$â .72.2/:,(. :,("
/*&8*//& 1-"/: /*& *45/*&+รก -2$11$ :2:5=(&=.$
-&,$:+/&
.3 ./$6$ ล 5('1,$ ยฒ .72.2/:,(. :,'=,$รข .72.2/:,(. :,("
-HGQL Z ZLHNX GZXG]LHVWX ODW ]DNรฃDGD Mฤ ร .U\W\Nฤ 3ROLW\F]Qฤ ยต DOER ร 3UDNW\Nฤ 7HRUHW\F]Qฤ ยต UR]PDZLDMฤ ] %DรฃNฤ F]\ 5RWWHQEHUJ LQQL QLH ZLHG]ฤ QDZHW FR WR ]D ร JXU\ -HGQL RPDZLDMฤ UyลงQLFH PLฤ G]\ V]WXNฤ VSRรฃHF]QLH ]DDQJDลงRZDQฤ D V]WX Nฤ NU\W\F]Qฤ LQQL XWNQฤ OL QD GXFKRZRล FL URPDQW\]PX L ELHJรฃRล FL Z SRVOXJLZDQLX VLฤ QDU]ฤ G]LHP 1LH PDMฤ UyZQ\FK V]DQV Z SROX V]WXNL FKRรพ F]ฤ VWR ZNรฃDGDMฤ Z WR UyZQ\ Z\VLรฃHN 1D SRF]ฤ WNX NDลงGHJR URNX DNDGHPLF NLHJR URELฤ ] QRZ\PL VWXGHQWDPL V]WXNL DQNLHWฤ ]DSR]QDZF]ฤ &KFฤ VLฤ GRZLH G]LHรพ GR MDNLFK NRGyZ NXOWXU\ PRJฤ VLฤ RGZRรฃ\ZDรพ D NWyUH PXVLP\ X]XSHรฃ QLรพ ลงHE\ PRJOL VZRERGQLH SRUXV]Dรพ VLฤ Z ล ZLHFLH NUHDFML DUW\VW\F]QHM &R URNX Z\QLNL Vฤ SRGREQH VWXGHQFL Z &LHV]\QLH QD VWDUFLH PDMฤ QLVNL SR]LRP NRPSHWHQFML NXOWXURZ\FK 0HWU\F]ND DQNLHW\ QDSURZDG]D QD Z\ MDล QLHQLH WDNLH VWDQX U]HF]\ ] QLFK SRFKRG]L ] URG]LQ URERWQLF]\FK : LFK GRPDFK F]\WD VLฤ QLHZLHOH D MHล OL SRMD ZLDMฤ VLฤ WDP JD]HW\ WR ]D]Z\F]DM ร *Rล รพ 1LHG]LHOQ\ยต ร )DNWยต L ร $QJRUDยต 6DPL WHลง F]\WDMฤ RND]MRQDOQLH F]\OL ยฒ L WR Z QDM OHSV]\P UD]LH ยฒ GZLH NVLฤ ลงNL Z URNX 5]DGNR XF]HVWQLF]ฤ Z Z\GDU]HQLDFK NXO WXUDOQ\FK :\FKRZ\ZDQL WDN RG ZF]H VQ\FK ODW V]NROQ\FK QDVLฤ NDMฤ QLHFKฤ FLฤ GR NXOWXU\ V\PEROLF]QHM VรฃDER Mฤ UR]X PLHMฤ .LHG\ WUDร DMฤ QD VWXGLD SRWU]HEX Mฤ ROEU]\PLHJR VDPR]DSDUFLD L SRPRF\ ลงHE\ WR ]PLHQLรพ ลฆHE\ SR SURVWX QDGURELรพ EUDNL $ P\ VWUDลงQLF\ SyO L MDNRล FL VHOHNFMR QXMHP\ RFHQLDP\ QD]\ZDP\ MHGQ\FK ZUDลงOLZ\PL Pฤ GU\PL GREU]H URNXMฤ F\PL D GUXJLFK QLHZUDลงOLZ\PL VรฃDER
UR]JDUQLฤ W\PL VLHURWDPL LWS &L SLHUZVL Oฤ GXMฤ Z Zฤ ]รฃRZ\FK PLHMVFDFK HGXNDFML Z KRW VSRWDFK FL GUXG]\ QD SHU\IHULDFK Z F]DUQ\FK G]LXUDFK 1D KRU\]RQFLH MHG Q\FK PDMDF]\ VWRรฃHF]QD =DFKฤ WD QD KRU\ ]RQFLH SR]RVWDรฃ\FK UR]P\ZDMฤ VLฤ V]DQVH QD Z\Mล FLH ] XF]HOQLDQHM SUDFRZQL 3URFHV UyลงQLFRZDQLD XF]QLyZ ]DF]\QD VLฤ EDUG]R ZF]Hล QLH 6WXGHQW WR VWDU\ NRฤธ NWyUHJR V]DUSLฤ L SRGV]F]\SXMฤ RF]HNX Mฤ F SLฤ NQHJR NรฃXVX NLHG\ RQ OHGZR FR QDXF]\รฃ VLฤ FKRG]Lรพ $E\ OHSLHM ]UR]X PLHรพ FR SRZRGXMH Z\รฃฤ F]HQLH WDN ZLHOX PรฃRG\FK ] NXOWXU\ ]DF]ฤ รฃDP ]DJOฤ GDรพ GR SRGVWDZyZHN ลงHE\ ]REDF]\รพ MDN VR ELH UDG]ฤ PรฃRGV]H G]LHFL L F]\ PRลงOLZH MHVW RSLVDQLH PHFKDQL]PX Z\NOXF]DQLD 2JUDQLF]\รฃDP VLฤ GR NU\WHULXP HNR QRPLF]QHJR LOH QDOHลง\ ร ZSRPSRZDรพยต Z G]LHFNR ลงHE\ Z SU]\V]รฃRล FL FLHV]\รฃR VLฤ VZRMฤ ZUDลงOLZRล FLฤ L G\VSR]\FMDPL VWDZLDMฤ F\PL MH Z SRลงฤ GDQ\P PLHMVFX ล ZLDWD" 3RSURVLรฃDP G]LHFL ]H V]Nyรฃ SRGVWDZR Z\FK SDฤธVWZRZ\FK L SU\ZDWQ\FK ,9ยฒ9 NODVD R UR]SLVDQLH VZRLFK SODQyZ OHNF\M Q\FK RUD] GRGDQLH ]DMฤ รพ SR]DV]NROQ\FK 1DVWฤ SQLH XVWDOLรฃDP LOH SLHQLฤ G]\ SU]H ]QDF]D VLฤ QD HGXNDFMฤ :\EUDรฃDP F]WHU\ SODQ\ VSRล UyG ]HEUDQ\FK V]Hล รพG]LHVLฤ FLX 'ZD QDOHลงฤ GR G]LHFL ]H V]Nyรฃ SU\ZDW Q\FK D GZD ]H V]Nyรฃ SDฤธVWZRZ\FK -HGQR G]LHFNR MHVW ] GXลงHJR PLDVWD JG]LH NX PRMHPX ]G]LZLHQLX FHQ\ V]Nyรฃ L NXUVyZ ZFDOH QLH Vฤ Z\ลงV]H RG W\FK Z PQLHM V]\FK PLDVWDFK 1LHUyZQRล FL Z HGXNDFML SRZVWDMฤ MXลง QD SR]LRPLH SRGVWDZRZ\P L SRJรฃฤ ELDMฤ VLฤ Z WUDNFLH NROHMQ\FK ODW V]NRรฃ\ -DNLHM VLรฃ\ L Z\REUDลฅQL PDP Xลง\รพ ลงHE\ MH ]D WU]Hรพ X GRURVรฃ\FK VWXGHQWyZ" 1LH ZLHP
-2$11$ :2:5=(&=.$, 1LHZLQQH SODQ\ QLH LVWQLHMฤ
104;6,*8"/" ,-"4" é3&%/*" REDAKCJA
.3 ./$6$ Ŋ5('1,$ ² .72.2/:,(. :,'=,$â .72.2/:,(. :,("
: URNX VRFMRORJ (GPXQG 0RNU]\ FNL ]DXZDŧ\ã ŧH Z 3ROVFH NODVD ŋUHGQLD MHVW E\WHP UDF]HM LGHRORJLF]Q\P QLŧ HP SLU\F]Q\P &]\ SR ODWDFK EXGRZDQLD Z 3ROVFH VSRãHF]HĸVWZD NODV\ ŋUHGQLHM E\W WHQ VWDã VLĕ FKRþ RGURELQĕ EDUG]LHM QDPDFDOQ\" : W\P QXPHU]H Å.U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHMµ SU]\JOćGDP\ VLĕ SROVNLHM NODVLH ŋUHGQLHM 6NćG VLĕ Z]LĕãD GRNćG ]PLHU]D D PRŧH MHM LVWQLHQLH Z QDV]\P NUDMX MHVW W\ONR ]ãXG]HQLHP" &]\ ZR EHF Sã\QćF\FK GR QDV ] =DFKRGX ZLHŋFL R XSDGNX WHM NODV\ MHVW VHQV VLĕ QLć MHV]F]H ]DMPRZDþ" ŦHE\ WR ZV]\VWNR VSUDZG]Lþ ZDUWR SU]\MU]Hþ VLĕ GRNãDGQLHM PRPHQWRZL Z NWyU\P NODVD WD ZNUDF]D ] LPSHWHP GR SROVNLHJR VSRãHF]HĸVWZD -DN SRND]XMH Z VZRLP WHNŋFLH 0DFLHM *GXOD ZEUHZ SR]RURP WR ZFDOH QLH URN E\ã ] WHJR SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD GDWć QDMZDŧQLHMV]ć 'XŧR ZDŧQLHMV]\ RND]XMH VLĕ URN 7R ZãDŋQLH Z GHNDG]LH U]ćGyZ (GZDUGD *LHUND NV]WDãWXMć VLĕ Z SROVNLP VSRãH F]HĸVWZLH FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QH GOD NODV\ ŋUHGQLHM SRVWDZ\ U\ZDOL]DF\MQH L NRQ VXPSF\MQH NWyUH ] FDãć PRFć REMDZLć VLĕ Z ODWDFK WUDQVIRUPDFML .ODVD ŋUHGQLD PLDãD ]DVWćSLþ LQWHOLJHQ FMĕ Z MHM UROL QDSĕGX VSRãHF]QHJR SRVWĕSX 7\P UD]HP SRZV]HFKQHJR ² R LOH ERZLHP QLH NDŧG\ MHGQDN PyJã ]RVWDþ LQWHOLJHQ WHP WR GR NODV\ ŋUHGQLHM GRVWĕS PLHOL X]\ VNDþ ZV]\VF\ &]\ UROĕ Wĕ ]DJUDãD GREU]H"
: NUDMX Z NWyU\P SR]LRP QLHUyZQRŋFL VSRãHF]Q\FK L XVWDZRGDZVWZR RE\F]DMRZH V\WXXMć QDV SR VWURQLH VNUDMQLH NRQVHUZD W\ZQHM FK\ED WUXGQR XG]LHOLþ SR]\W\ZQHM RGSRZLHG]L QD WR S\WDQLH &]\ VWDãR VLĕ WDN GODWHJR ŧH ² MDN FKFć QLHNWyU]\ ² WD QDMVLOQLHMV]D ] SROVNLFK NODV RGHUZDãD VLĕ RG VZ\FK NRU]HQL E\ ŋQLþ QD NUHG\W VHQ R SRQDGQDURGRZHM ZVSyOQRFLH ZLHOELFLHOL VXVKL MRJJLQJX L JU\ Z JROID" -DN Z\JOćGD V\WXDFMD SROVNLHM NODV\ ŋUHGQLHM Z SRUyZQDQLX ] 5RVMć Z NWy UHM RVWDWQL UDSRUW %DQNX ŊZLDWRZHJR GR NODV\ ŋUHGQLHM ]DOLF]\ã VSRãHF]Hĸ VWZD GZXNURWQLH ZLĕFHM QLŧ MHV]F]H ODW WHPX L 6WDQDPL =MHGQRF]RQ\PL JG]LH R ]PLHU]FKX NODV\ ŋUHGQLHM G\V NXWXMH VLĕ RG SRãRZ\ ODW ;; ZLHNX" 5R]PDZLDP\ ] VRFMRORJDPL DQWURSROR JDPL NXOWXU\ ŋOHG]LP\ Z]ORW L ]PLHU]FK NDULHU\ ELDã\FK VNDUSHWHN SU]\JOćGDP\ VLĕ NRORURZHM SUDVLH L ÀOPRP Z NWyU\FK ]QDOD]ã\ VLĕ SRUWUHW\ SROVNLFK SU]HGVWDZL FLHOL WHM NODV\ =DVWDQDZLDMćF VLĕ QDG SU]\V]ã\PL VFHQDULXV]DPL SROLW\F]Q\FK Z\ERUyZ NODV\ ŋUHGQLHM VWDZLDP\ S\WDQLH R MHM DXWRQRPLĕ &]\ VWDþ Mć QD G\VWDQV ZREHF Z]RUyZ NRQVXPSFML QDŋODGXMćF\FK NODVĕ Z\ŧV]ć L NU\W\Nĕ VSRãHF]Q\FK UR]ZLć]Dĸ VãXŧćF\FK ZãDŋFLFLHORP NDSLWDãX" &]\ SR V]XNXMćF ZãDVQHM GURJL EĕG]LH ]GROQD GR VSRãHF]QHM VROLGDUQRŋFL"
1
പ ĚŵƵŶĚ DŽŬƌnjLJĐŬŝ͕ EŽǁĂ ŬůĂƐĂ ƑƌĞĚŶŝĂ͍͕ ͣWƌnjĞŐůČĚ WŽůŝƚLJĐnjŶLJ͕͟ ϭϵϵϯ͕ Ŷƌ ϮϭʹϮϮ͘Ă
REDAKCJA, 3RV]XNLZDQD NODVD ŋUHGQLD
/"4* "6503;:
KP #42 / ./$6$ ล 5('1,$ ยฒ .72.2/:,(. :,'=,$รข .72.2/:,(. :,("
&%8*/ #&/%:,
%"8*% ,3"8$;:,
V]HI G]LDรฃX QDXNRZHJR W\JRGQLND ร 3ROLW\NDยต Z &ROOHJLXP &LYLWDV NLHUXMH 2ล URGNLHP %DGDฤธ QDG 3U]\V]รฃRล FLฤ
VWXGLXMH ร OR]Rร ฤ QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH :URFรฃDZVNLP NRRUG\QDWRU .OXEX .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHM ZH :URFรฃDZLX SXEOLF\VWD ']LHQQLND 2SLQLL .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHM
"-&,4"/%3 #*,#08 VRFMRORJ SUDFXMH Z &HQWUXP )LOR]Rร L :VSyรฃF]HVQHM L 1DXN 6SRรฃHF]Q\FK QD XQLZHUV\WHFLH Z 0RVNZLH L Z &HQWUH 0DXULFH +DOEZDFKV SU]\ (FROH 1RUPDOH 6XSpULHXUH Z 3DU\ลงX DXWRU NVLฤ ลงNL *UDPDW\ND SRU]ฤ GNX 6RFMRORJLD KLVWRU\F]QD SRMฤ รพ NWyUH ]PLHQLDMฤ QDV]ฤ U]HF]\ZLVWRล รพ (2014)
*-+" #6%3"*54,*4 KLVWRU\N L DNW\ZLVWD &]รฃRQHN UHGDNFML SLVP ร 0RVFRZ $UW 0DJD]LQHยต L ร 2SHQ/HIW UXยต :VSyรฃUHGDNWRU UD]HP ] -HNDWHULQฤ 'HJRW L 0DUWฤ ']LHZDฤธVNฤ NVLฤ ลงNL 3RVW SRVW 6RYLHW" $UW 3ROLWLFV DQG 6RFLHW\ LQ 5XVVLD LQ WKH WXUQ RI WKH GHFDGH RUD] UD]HP ] $QGULHMHP ลฆ\ODMHZHP 3HGDJRJLFDO 3RHP 7KH $UFKLYH RI WKH )XWXUH 0XVHXP RI +LVWRU\ (2014)
)&/3:, %0."รช4,* SURIHVRU Z ,QVW\WXFLH )LOR]Rร L L 6RFMRORJLL 3ROVNLHM $NDGHPLL 1DXN EDGDF] VWUXNWXU\ NODVRZHM Z 3ROVFH DXWRU ZLHOX NVLฤ ลงHN QD WHPDW VWUXNWXU\ VSRรฃHF]QHM P LQ 6SRรฃHF]HฤธVWZ NODV\ ล UHGQLHM (1994) i 3ROVNLHM NODV\ ล UHGQLHM (2002)
+",6# %:.&, NXOWXUR]QDZFD G]LHQQLNDU] L SXEOLF\VWD ']LHQQLND 2SLQLL .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHM $EVROZHQW 0,6+ 8:U VWXGLRZDรฃ *HQGHU 6WXGLHV Z ,%/ 3$1 L QDXNL SROLW\F]QH QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH 3yรฃQRFQHM .DUROLQ\ Z 86$
,";*.*&3; '3*&4,&
+",6# ."+.63&, ร OPR]QDZFD SR 8- JG]LH XNRฤธF]\รฃ UyZQLHลง VWXGLD Z ,QVW\WXFLH 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK NU\W\N ร OPRZ\ SXEOLF\VWD ']LHQQLND 2SLQLL .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHM
$&;"3: .*$)"-4,* SLVDU] L SXEOLF\VWD VWDรฃ\ IHOLHWRQLVWD ']LHQQLND 2SLQLL .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHM
1*053 1"8-*&/4,* DUW\VWD URV\MVNL UHGDNWRU DUW\VW\F]Q\ URV\MVNLHJR Z\GDQLD .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHM
0-&,4*+ 3"%:/4,* ร OPR]QDZFD L DXWRU NUyWNLFK IRUP ร OPRZ\FK IHOLHWRQLVWD ']LHQQLND 2SLQLL UHGDNWRU XNUDLฤธVNLHM HG\FML .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHM G]LDรฃDF] &HQWUXP %DGDฤธ QDG .XOWXUฤ :L]XDOQฤ Z .LMRZLH
(6: 45"/%*/( EU\W\MVNL VRFMRORJ L HNRQRPLVWD VSHFMDOL]XMฤ F\ VLฤ Z EDGDQLDFK QDG UR]ZRMHP $XWRU NVLฤ ลงNL 3UHNDULDW 1RZD QLHEH]SLHF]QD NODVD
."(%" 4;$;&รฉ/*", NXOWXUR]QDZF]\QL VW\SHQG\VWND )XQGDFML )XOEULJKWD ยฒ UHGDNWRUND SLVPD QDXNRZHJR ร :LGRN 7HRULH L SUDNW\NL NXOWXU\ ZL]XDOQHMยต ZZZ ZLGRN LEO ZDZ SO
"%&-"+%" 536รฉ$*รช4," WDND RVRED
VRFMRORJ NLHURZQLN =DNรฃDGX 3UREOHPyZ 6SRรฃHF]Q\FK L 3ODQRZDQLD 6SRรฃHF]QHJR Z ,QVW\WXFLH 6RFMRORJLL 8:
$&;"3: 80%;*รช4,*
1&5&3 ("-*40/
PDODUND GRNWRU V]WXNL RG L VRFMRORลงND GRNWRU RG SLHOฤ JQLDUND G\SORP -DNR VRFMRORลงND ]DMPXMH VLฤ EDGDQLHP SROD V]WXNL Z 3ROVFH MDNR DUW\VWND ยฒ SUREOHPHP ]GRPLQRZDQ\FK 2G SUDFXMH Z ,QVW\WXFLH 6]WXNL 8QLZHUV\WHWX ล Oฤ VNLHJR 2G NRRUG\QXMH G]LDรฃDOQRล รพ ล ZLHWOLF\ .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHM 1D *UDQLF\ Z &LHV]\QLH :VSyรฃ]DรฃRลง\FLHOND *DOHULL 6]DUD Z &LHV]\QLH MHM NXUDWRUND Z ODWDFK ยฒ
KLVWRU\N QDXNL SURIHVRU QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH +DUYDUGD
."$*&+ (%6-" VRFMRORJ Z\NรฃDGD Z ,QVW\WXFLH 6RFMRORJLL 8QLZHUV\WHWX :DUV]DZVNLHJR ZVSyรฃUHGDNWRU ] 3U]HP\VรฃDZHP 6DGXUฤ NVLฤ ลงNL 6W\OH ลง\FLD L SRU]ฤ GHN NODVRZ\ Z 3ROVFH :VSyรฃSUDFRZQLN ,QVW\WXWX 6WXGLyZ =DDZDQVRZDQ\FK
."3$*/ ,"-*รช4,* IRWRJUDI F]รฃRQHN ]HVSRรฃX ร .U\W\NL 3ROLW\F]QHMยต
ร OR]RI
+0"//" 8083;&$;,"
4-"70+ ;*รฆ&, ร OR]RI L SXEOLF\VWD