Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Demonstration Projects in Berlin Rainwater harvesting, stormwater management and building climatization
Marco Schmidt Technische Universit채t Berlin Institute of Architecture Dep. of Building Technology and Design
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
sustainable infrastructure ?
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
sustainable infrastructure ? Building requirements are becoming increasingly complex. Current building design call not only for accepted technical standards, but also for an optimization of a variety of objectives, some of which conflict with each other. The main objective is to organize the planning, building and management of projects to ensure that environmental and natural resources are conserved, the highest standards possible are reached with regard to environmental and social impacts, and sustainable living and working conditions are achieved and maintained.
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Urban Climate • • •
reduced evapotranspiration increased thermal radiation increased heat, „urban heat island“
Naturalistic Landscape: • 80% evapotranspiration, 20% groundwater recharge and runoff • 86% of „consumed“ radiation balance (Prec. Berlin: 680 mm, PET 760 mm)
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
Semi -Permeable Surfaces
GtE
Buildings 27% Street (Concrete) 5%
Partly Sealed Surfaces 27% Platten 8% Pflaster 5%
Monitoring for the “Berliner Waserbetriebe” 01/1999 – 12/2004
Mosaik 5% Polygonalverband 0%
Green Areas 43%
wassergebundene Wegedecke 4% Rasengittersteine 3%
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Annual Retention Evapotranspiration, surface runoff and groundwater recharge Hydrology of different surfaces [in mm] 1.1.2001-31.12.2004 TU Berlin 100% 90%
157 275
80% 70%
416
60%
320
475 569
185 584
10
50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
382 315
241 182 88
73
0%
Groundwater Recharge
Surface Runoff
Evapotranspiration
327
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
Urban Hydrology • escalated flood risks • polluted surface waters
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Energy • thermal discomfort inside of buildings • increased energy consumption for indoor climate control and rise of operating costs in energy consumption
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Increase of CO2 emissions due to cooling in Europe Kt CO2 (EU Total) 68070
400% Germany (%)
350%
Greece (%) France (%)
58070
Spain (%)
300%
Italy (%) EU Total (% and Kt CO2/a)
48070
250% 38070
200%
28070
150% M.Schmidt 2006 after: EECCAC 4/2003
100%
18070 2000
2005
Source:
2010
2015
2020
Energy Efficiency and Certification of Central Air Conditioners (EECCAC) Study for the D.G. Transportation-Energy (DGTREN) of the Commission of the E.U.
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
• Rainwater harvesting for climate control of the building • No rainwater sewerage service (zero runoff) • Complete runoff management inside of the building complex • Reduction of operating costs
Institute of Physics Humboldt-University Berlin
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Goals: Drawing up and establishment of standard guidelines for the design, construction and management of building projects: - reducing costs of design and building, - minimizing operating costs for water and energy as well as building life cycle costs. The Berlin Program for Urban Ecological Model Projects has entailed a further development in the field of residential and urban construction, led to new technologies as well as guidelines for public and publicly funded construction projects.
Rainwater Management in one of the courtyards
0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.05 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25 -0.30 -0.35 -0.40 -0.45 -0.50 -0.56 -0.75
20
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Difference in Surface Temperatures Conventional Roof – Green Roof (Infrared measurements) 60,0
[°C]
Temperatures 20.6.2001 Surface Black roof
50,0
Surface Green roof Sealing Green roof
40,0
Air 0m Green roof Air 1m Green roof
30,0
20,0
10,0
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
,0
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Reduced evapotranspiration in urban areas increases thermal radiation and changes up to 95% of the radiation balance to heat
Bitumen roof
Uncomfortable microclimate
Energy balance, daily mean
Disadvantages
High surface runoff, low evapotranspiration
Global Radiation 5354 Wh
Latent Heat 1827 Wh
Reflection 482 Wh Niederschlag
Marco.Schmidt@TU-Berlin.de 2002
Low durability of the sealing of the roof
Pollution of the surface waters
Evaporationcooling 123 Wh
Increased Thermal Radiation 2923 Wh Main Influencing Factors: Surface colour (Albedo)
Thermal Radiation Balance 7555 Wh
Radiation Balance 1949 Wh
Heat capacity of the surface Exposition
Ă˜ Daily Mean in Wh/m² June-August 2000 UFA-Fabrik Berlin-Tempelhof
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
On a green roof, evapotranspiration reducces thermal radiation and changes up to 65% of the radiation balance to evaporative cooling
Extensive Greened Roof Energy balance, daily mean
Improvement of the microclimate
Advantages
High durability of the sealing of the roof Reduction of the runoff by evapotranspiration
Global Radiation 5354 Wh Reflection 803 Wh
Evaporationcooling 1185 Wh Latent Heat 872 Wh
Marco.Schmidt@TU-Berlin.de 2002
Niederschlag
Increased Thermal Radiation 2494 Wh Main Influencing Factors: Field capacity of the soil
Thermal Radiation Balance7555 Wh
Radiation Balance 2057 Wh
Exposition Percentage of cover of the vegetation
Ă˜ Daily Mean in Wh/m² June-August 2000 UFA-Fabrik Berlin-Tempelhof
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
increased thermal radiation
Institute of Physics Berlin HUB-Adlershof
Connected Area
Adiabatic cooling systems:
7
Irrigated planters:
149
Connected roofs:
4700 m²
Pond in the courtyard:
225 m²
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Mean daily evapotranspiration 7/15/05-09/14/05 correspondent cooling rate: 280 kWh per day [mm/d]
[kWh/m²d]
Mean ETP of a facade greening system, Adlershof Physik 7/15/05-09/14/05
30
south facade, 2nd floor
20,4
south facade, 3rd floor
25
south facade, 1st floor
17,0
courtyard, 1 st floor courtyard, 2nd floor
20
courtyard, 3rd floor
13,6
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
0,0
6:00
0
5:00
3,4
4:00
5
3:00
6,8
2:00
10
1:00
10,2
0:00
15
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
Evaporative cooling in Central Air Conditioners (CAC)
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Difference in energy consumption with and without evaporative cooling 25,0
[kWh]
20,0
15,0 Reduction in energy consumption > 67 %
10,0
5,0
0,0 20.7.06 20.7.06 20.7.06 20.7.06 20.7.06 20.7.06 21.7.06 21.7.06 21.7.06 21.7.06 21.7.06 21.7.06 0:02 4:07 8:07 12:07 16:12 20:27 0:27 4:27 8:27 12:32 16:32 20:37
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Costs: 1 g H2O 1 Liter 1 m³ 1,30 €
1 J = 1 Ws 2450 2450000 2450000000
kWh 0,00068 0,68 680,6 100,38 €
Rainwater instead of Tap water: Rainwater Tap water
Conductivity 30 µS 700 µS
max 1600 µS 1600 µS
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Stormwater retention
Berlin: 180 m続 Seoul: 1200 m続
Daegu: 900 m続
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
First project: Concept for a careful urban renewal, quarter “108 Berlin-Kreuzberg”, Group “Ökotop” TU Berlin 1983
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
3. Belß-/ Lüdeckestraße Berlin-Lankwitz • Transormation from a low cost housing of the Fifties to an urban ecology demonstration project • e.g. cogeneration of heat and electricity • increasing the urban density from 142 to 402 flats • Rainwater harvesting out of the public stormwater sewer, supplying 250 inhabitants for toilet flush and limited irrigation
Architects: Baufrösche, Stadt- und Bauplanung GmbH • Kassel/ Berlin
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Belß-/ Lüdeckestraße
Project data
Monitoring for the Berlin Senate for Urban Development, Department Ministerial Affairs of Building, section ecological construction
The building estate Belß-/ Lüdeckestreet Start of the project: Storage capacity: Average daily usage: Percentage of drinking water: Filter: Constructed wetland
March 2000 180 m³ (15 mm) 9,9 m³ 31 % 2x 2,5 m²
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
• Collection of the first flush • Treatment: constructed wetland inside of the building • Visualisation • UV- Radiation
200 180 160
Rainwaterharvesting Belß-/ Lüdeckestraße 9,3 mm Precipitation constant use
Volume in m³
140 120 100
increased use
80 60 40 20 0 21.6.99 25.6.99 29.6.99 3.7.99 8.7.99 12.7.99 16.7.99 20.7.99 24.7.99 28.7.99 2.8.99 6.8.99
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
4. Potsdamer Platz
Potsdamer Platz 1998
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Potsdamer Platz – DaimlerChrysler area
Base requirement from the city council: Maximum drainage of stormwater 3.2 l/sec/ha
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Architekten: Renzo Piano, Kohlbecker u.a. Landschaftsarchitektur: Krüger/ Möhrle, Daniel Roehr, Berlin Urbanes Gewässer: Atelier Dreiseitl, Überlingen
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
300
200
[mg/m²
Optimization of nutrient retention
Input and output of Nutrients (Sum NO3 - N and NH4 – N)
250
150 100 50 0 Niederschlag
Konv. Dach
Zeoflor
Ulopor
Terramineral
D5
D12
Terramineral
D5
D12
350 300
o-PO4-P
[mg/m²
250 200 150 100 50 0 Niederschlag
Konv. Dach
Zeoflor
Ulopor
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Source of data: Meisel 2005
01.12.04
02.09.04
26.05.04
09.03.04
16.12.03
24.09.03
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
27.06.03
14.04.03
11.10.02
10.07.02
25.04.02
01.02.02
01.11.01
06.08.01
15.05.01
21.02.01
23.11.00
07.09.00
12.04.00
0,06
17.02.00
20.12.99
27.10.99
01.09.99
05.07.99
Concentration in mg/l
Sustainable Infrastructure
GtE
Phosphorus (TP)
0,07
Phosphor Main Lake 1999 - 2004
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0
01.12.04
02.09.04
26.05.04
09.03.04
16.12.03
3
24.09.03
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
27.06.03
14.04.03
14.01.03
11.10.02
10.07.02
25.04.02
01.02.02
01.11.01
06.08.01
15.05.01
21.02.01
3,5
23.11.00
[mg/l]
07.09.00
12.04.00
17.02.00
20.12.99
27.10.99
01.09.99
05.07.99
Sustainable Infrastructure
GtE
Nitrogen (TN)
4
Total Nitrogen Tank / Main Lake 1999 - 2004 TN Tank C1 TN Main Lake
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
Source of data: Meisel 2005
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
5. WATERGY and Cycler Support A novel solar humid-air-collector system for combined water treatment, space-cooling and heating; construction of two prototypes for applications in architecture and greenhouse horticulture
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Buoyancy tower
Cooling duct Evaporation layer Shading
Vegetation zone
Sustainable Infrastructure
Free air circulation
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
Constant water evaporation
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Research focus in the current project Horticulture • Approval of suitable species • Measurement of growth rates at increased temperatures, humidity and CO2 values • Approval of plant protection benefit / new problems
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Main results Irrigation with ~1,5 l/m2 at ~65% water recovery • This means a real water consumption of ~ 0,5 l / m2 comparable value of conventional greenhouses: 2 - 3 l / m2 • Water autarky is already reached as this is less than the value of the average dayly rainfall/m2 in the region
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Main results • Plant production in closed environment along four vegetation periods with comparable yield to standard cultivation • No use of pesticdes • CO2 Fertilisation at double atmospherical concentration (at average)
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
WATERGY Prototype 2
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sixth Framework Programme FP6-2002-INCO-MED/SSA-2 INCO – Mediterranean Partner Countries Specific Support Action
Cycler Support Supporting the implementation of FP6 research activities related to waste water use and recycling by using new generation greenhouse systems, adapted to the requirements of the MED partner countries
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Cycler Support A project supporting new technologies of greenhouse integrated water recycling and water purification • technologies for proper re-use of wastewater in irrigation • technologies for solar sea - or brackish water desalination • technologies of rainwater harvesting
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
• re-use of wastewater including pre-selection, pre-treatment and adapted irrigation technologies • use of seawater for evaporative greenhouse cooling • dehumidification of greenhouse air as a source of fresh water by water condensation or water absorption and - desorption.
http://www.cycler-support.net/
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Conclusions • There is an increased need for passive cooling techniques, in Europe as well as in tropical countries • Rainwater harvesting techniques and stormwater management can be combined with energy saving measures • The benefit of evapotranspiration in improving indoor climatic conditions and the microclimate around buildings is frequently underestimated • develop strategies for the future: New directive of the european parliament on the energy performance of buildings (2002/91/EC) !! • Learn from the past !
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Learn from the past: Rainwater harvesting system in the neighborhood
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
Predicted Results:
[mm]
< Berlin >
Precipitation
120
â&#x20AC;˘ Ratio of Precipitation to pot. Evapotranspiration
Pot. Evapotranspiration 100
80
60
< Rio de Janeiro >
Marco.Schmidt@TU-Berlin.de
[mm]
GtE
160
Precipitation
140
40
Pot. Evapotranspiration
120
20
100
Marco.Schmidt@TU-Berlin.de
80 60 40 20 0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
400
Pot. Evapotranspiration
300
Precipitation
< Singapore >
Pot. Evapotranspiration
300
Dec
Precipitation
< Seoul, Korea >
350
350
Nov
[mm]
Dec
[mm]
Oct
250
250
Marco.Schmidt@TU-Berlin.de
200
200 Marco.Schmidt@TU-Berlin.de
150 150 100 50
100 50 0
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Source of Data: FAO
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
Radiation (source: PhysicalGeography.net)
GtE
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
Meet the MDGs: Improve the conditions of 100 million slum dwellers
Favela Santa Martha, Rio de Janeiro, 12/2003
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
GtE
New: directive of the european parliament on the energy performance of buildings (2002/91/EC) New Standard (ASTM): DIN 18599 (2006):
> 800 pages !
Sustainable Infrastructure
TU Berlin Building Technology & Design
Thank you for your attention ! Muito obrigado ! Vielen Dank ! http://www.gebaeudekuehlung.de
Thanks to:
GtE