Tidbits Grand Forks - June 25, 2015 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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June 25, 2015

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UPC CODES

Mrs.

by Janet Spencer

On June 26, 1974, a 10-pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit gum became the first item ever swiped across a supermarket UPC scanner. Come along with Tidbits as we scan bar codes!

IN THE BEGINNING • The invention of the UPC code began back in 1948, when the president of the Food Fair chain of grocery stores went to see the dean of Philadelphia’s Drexel Institute of Technology to beg him to instigate research on capturing product information automatically at the checkout counter. The dean said no, but the entire conversation had been overheard by a graduate student named Bernard Silver. Carpet Cleaning • Silver was intrigued and mentioned the issue to Services, Inc. his friend Joseph Woodland, who was a graduCarpet Cleaning • Carpet ate student and teacher at Drexel. Together the Cleaning SPECIAL! two men began to work on the project. • Upholstery $99 • Woodland, who had once worked on the ManCleaning 3 Rooms & hattan Project, had recently been working on a Hallway • Water Not valid with any other offer. plan to improve Musak through renovations in Extraction Expires 7-31-15 sound technology. He was mulling over Silver’s product information problem while lounging on Miami Beach one day. He pulled his fingers 701-775-8500 through the sand, leaving lines. This gave him Residential & Commercial the idea to begin with Morse code and just exDid You Know Vacuums tend the lines, so dots became skinny lines and Require Regular Maintenance? dashes became fat lines— the first bar code.

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THE BEGINNING OF BAR CODES • To read the code, Woodland used the same technology he’d been working with on his Musak project. The technology was originally invented for movie sound tracks: sound was printed in a light-and-dark pattern on a transparent strip along the edges of the film, read by a light, transformed to electric waveforms, converted to sound, and played by loudspeakers. Woodland and Silver filed a patent application on October 20, 1949. • In 1951 Woodland got a job with IBM where he hoped to push his invention forward. In his spare time, he and Silver built the first actual bar code scanner in the middle of Woodland’s living room. The finished product was the size of desk, wrapped in oil cloth to keep out the light, and used a 500-watt light bulb along with the same kind of photomultiplier tube used in movie sound systems, which was hooked up to an oscilloscope. When a bar code on a piece of paper was moved across a beam of light from the bulb, the beam was reflected into the tube of the sound system, which caused the signal of the oscilloscope to move, which translated what had been on the paper. It was crude, it was huge, it so terribly hot it caused the paper to catch on fire, but it worked. Their patent was granted in 1952. • IBM offered to buy the patent, but Woodland and Silver thought the offer was too low. A few weeks later, Philco met their price and purchased the patent in 1962. Philco later sold the patent rights to RCA. • Meantime, technology progressed relentlessly. By the late 1960s, lasers were common and inexpensive. Lasers used a single milli-watt helium-neon beam instead of a 500-watt incandescent bulb. Integrated circuits were invented, and suddenly a single microchip could do the work of a wall full of switches. The bars of the bar code were revised to record the numbers 0 through 9 instead of Morse code.

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BAR CODES (continued): • Railroads were interested in bar codes because tracking freight cars caused an impossible tangle of paperwork. In 1969, railroads became the first industry to make widespread use of the bar code. General Trading Company of New Jersey followed suit, using bar codes to direct shipments to the right loading docks in its distribution facility. Then the General Motors plant in Michigan began to use them to monitor production. • In 1973, the Uniform Grocery Product Code set nationwide standards for the bar code and the Universal Product Code – or UPC – was born. The National Cash Register Company began building efficient scanners and introduced the first model at the 1974 convention of the Super Market Institute. • Six weeks later, on June 26, 1974 at the Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, a jumbo package of Wrigley’s chewing gum was the first item ever scanned. It just happened to be the first item out of the shopping cart of a shopper, and it is on display at the Smithsonian Institute. • The UPC code is composed of two sets of five digits which give the manufacturer’s code first and the product code second, so that every item scanned has its own unique ID number. The identifying numerals are also printed along the bottom of the bar code for the sake of the checkers, in case the scanner is down or the bar code has been partially obscured and the item needs to be entered by hand. There’s also a single digit on the left side that identifies which type of product the item is: meat, produce, drugs, etc. And a single digit on the right acts as a “check digit.” It adds up some of the previous numbers and subtracts them from 10 to come up with the magic 'Everything OK' number. If someone has altered the code with a felt tip marker, the numbers don’t add up and the product is rejected. (continued)

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BAR CODES (continued): • Modern optical scanners use the same basic principal introduced by Woodland and Silver: a beam of light passing across the code records the light and dark spaces as electrical pulses, which are fed into a computer that can recognize the series of pulses as characters and match them to products. The information is fed to the computer, which not only knows the price of the item but also acts as an inventory system, tracking how much of any given item is still on hand, how fast it’s being sold, when it will need to be re-ordered, how many coupons have been redeemed, as well as tracking community purchasing patterns. • Bar codes are not just for pricing products. They are also used for tracking inventory on aircraft carriers; for coding blood in blood banks; for following applications in the Patent Office; for identifying people in places like hospitals, libraries, and cafeterias; for sorting baggage at airports; for marking clothing left at the dry cleaner’s; for monitoring radio-collared endangered animals; and for keeping track of logs in lumberyards. The Army uses them to identify ships. Runners in the New York City Marathon don bar codes on their vests and the computer records the order in which they cross the finish line. At the Masters Golf Tournament in Georgia, bar codes on spectator passes prevent scalping and theft of badges. NASA put bar codes on the backs of heat-resistant tiles to make sure they were installed on the correct spots of the space shuttles. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires all hazardous materials have bar codes that can be easily scanned to find out its characteristics in case there’s an accident. • Silver, who died in 1963 at the age of 38, never got to see his invention reach phenomenal proportions. But Woodland was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Bush in 1992.

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• Patterson was so impressed that he bought the cash register company for $6,500. He re-named the company National Cash Register, shortened to NCR. He was convinced that selling cash registers would make him rich. • He started out by mailing out 90,000 brochures to every major retailer in the Midwest. It was the nation's first serious direct-mail campaign— and was a complete failure. Patterson discovered that the brochures had been received by the same salesclerks that were stealing cash. The brochures were destroyed before they could be seen by the business owners. • Patterson changed his strategy, next sending out fancy hand-addressed envelopes marked "highly confidential." Inside, the store owners found a fancy invitation asking them to come to the best hotel in town for a demonstration of a fool-proof method of ending employee theft forever. Just for showing up they would receive a handsome gift (such as a nice letter opener).

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• Cash register sales, barely 1,000 in 1886, reached 15,000 in 1892 and 100,000 in 1910. The following year, NCR sold its millionth machine, as it became apparent that a cash register was an essential tool for retail sales. • Next he turned to improving conditions for his workers. In an era of sweatshops, his factory in Dayton, Ohio, had floor-to-ceiling windows and landscaped gardens. There were hot showers and a cafeteria serving subsidized food. Free medical care was provided. Employees were invited to take advantage of night school, a library, and lectures and concerts, which were all on company grounds and provided for free. • But Patterson had a temper as well, and was well known for firing people on a whim. One of the people he fired was Charles Kettering, who had designed many improvements in the cash register. Charles was fired for failing to demonstrate proper horsemanship in a company exhibition. Kettering went to work for the auto industry instead, where he made many astonishing discoveries. Another fired employee was Thomas Watson, who subsequently went to work transforming IBM into an industrial giant. • By the time Patterson died in 1922 at the age of 78, National Cash Register was a thriving industry. His son took over after his death and ensured that the company continued to thrive.

Answer

• The machine was a crude cash register that kept a running tab of money received during the day. The saloon keeper patented it in 1879 but had sold only 19 in two years. Patterson ordered two of them sight unseen. They cost $50 each. In the next six months his previously unprofitable coal store turned a $5,000 profit because employees were no longer able to stuff money in their pockets.

Weekly SUDOKU

• John Patterson's coal company had a problem with employees robbing the till. There was no reliable method of making sure clerks didn't simply help themselves to the cash that came into the store during the day. When Patterson heard about a saloonkeeper who had solved the problem by inventing a money tabulating machine, he investigated.

• Patterson's next move was to carefully coach all his salesmen in what was the nation's first "canned speech." He made sure they had their sales speech completely memorized, drilling them on questions prospective customers might ask. He instructed them how to behave towards the clients, and sent them fully prepared into the field. He also gave each salesman their own territory, which was another new innovation. Then he invented the sales convention, which was "part circus, part camp meeting, and part Chautauqua."

Answer

JOHN PATTERSON

King CROSSWORD

NOTEWORTHY INVENTORS:

• On July 4, 1826, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the second and third presidents of the United States, respectively, die on the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Both men had been central in drafting the historic document. • On June 30, 1859, Frenchman Emile Blondin becomes the first daredevil to walk across Niagara Falls on a tightrope. Wearing pink tights and a yellow tunic, Blondin crossed a cable about 2 inches in diameter and 1,100-feet long using only a balancing pole. • On July 5, 1865, in London, revivalist preacher William Booth and his wife Catherine establish the Christian Mission, modeled after the British army, with women given ranks equal with men. In 1878, the organization was renamed the Salvation Army, and two years later the first U.S. branch opened in Pennsylvania. • On July 2, 1881, President James A. Garfield is shot as he walks through a railroad waiting room in Washington, D.C. His assailant, Charles J. Guiteau, was a disgruntled and perhaps insane office seeker. Garfield died 80 days later of blood poisoning. • On July 1, 1951, Cleveland Indians ace Bob Feller pitches the third no-hit game of his career, making him the first modern pitcher ever to throw three no-hitters. Feller made his first start in 1936, when he was just 17.

• On July 3, 1985, the blockbuster action-comedy "Back to the Future," in which the iconic DeLorean concept car is transformed into a timetravel device, premieres. • On June 29, 1995, the American space shuttle Atlantis docks with the Russian space station Mir to form the largest man-made satellite ever to orbit the Earth. It was the 100th human space mission in U.S. history. © 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

• It was U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey who made the following sage observation: "Compassion is not weakness and concern for the unfortunate is not socialism." • Chop suey is not actually a Chinese dish; it was invented in California. • Dick Simon, one of the founders of the Simon and Schuster publishing company, was struggling in his business when he visited his aunt in 1924. She had been looking for a book of crossword puzzles to give to her daughter, but the puzzles being relatively new (first appearing in newspapers in 1913), there was no compilation available. Seeing an opportunity for his fledgling business, Simon and his partner, Lincoln Schuster, published a book of puzzles right away. The puzzle book was an instant best seller, and its revenues supported Simon and Schuster while the publishing company was establishing itself. • You might be surprised to learn that in 1967, the Monkees chose Jimi Hendrix to be the opening act for their summer tour of the U.S. The pairing didn't last long, though; Hendrix discreetly left the tour after he was banned by the Daughters of the American Revolution for being too sexually suggestive. • If you have a particularly quiet friend, he or she might suffer from laliophobia, a fear of speaking. • Those who study such things say that if you're playing a game of Monopoly, you're most likely to land on B&O Railroad and Illinois Avenue. *** Thought for the Day: "The great secret of success is to go through life as a man who never gets used up. That is possible for him who never argues and strives with men and facts, but in all experience retires upon himself, and looks for the ultimate cause of things in himself." -- Albert Schweitzer © 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

(Answers located 2 pages after this one)

• Save the peels from your oranges, and dry them at a low temperature in the oven. You can add them to a pot of coffee or tea for a flavor boost that is refreshing and delicious. • “If your tomato garden is experiencing caterpillars, try planting dillweed close to your tomatoes. It can provide a diversion, allowing your tomatoes to grow pest-free!” — Y.F. in Florida • “Cure your color in new garments (especially dark- or bright-colored) by soaking the item in cold, salty water before washing. Make sure that the fabric will allow this! • “Take good care of quality paint brushes, and they will take care of you! Wash thoroughly in soapy water and rinse very well. After the brush is washed, combine enough water to cover the bristles and add two tablespoons of fabric softener. Swish for a minute or two, being sure to get it in the brush good, then hang to drip dry. Before you use the brush to paint, simply rinse the fabric softener away.” — M.E. in Washington • Baking soda can be used as a tooth scrub. It’s particularly effective against stains, as it is a mild abrasive. • “When you are dusting, don’t forget the light bulbs. Dusty light bulbs can contribute to less-bright lighting and can shorten the life of your bulbs. Turn lights off when you are not using them. You will save electricity that way.” — A.L. in Oklahoma Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, c/o King Features Weekly Service, P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475. © 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

WEST NILE VIRUS RISK FACTORS West Nile virus (WNV) is an infection transmitted by mosquitoes. The mosquito most common for transmitting this virus is one that is widespread throughout the Grand Forks region. This mosquito does not discriminate. People of all ages are susceptible to WNV infection, but the elderly are at higher risk for developing the more severe form of this disease (neuroinvasive illness). Children infected with WNV generally show no symptoms or may have a mild fever. 2014 Human West Nile Virus Cases Number of Cases

North Dakota - West Nile Virus Cases By Date 2002 - 2014

United States

Weekly Data 2002 - 2014 Total Human Cases in ND - 1,534

Risk factors for West Nile virus: • Time of year – The majority of WNV cases occur from July – September. • Geographic region – The Dakotas have reported some of the highest cases per capita in the United States. • Time spent outdoors not wearing protective clothing and mosquito repellent – If you work or spend a lot of time outdoors (golfing, gardening, hunting, etc.), you’re at a higher risk of being bitten by mosquitoes. • Proximity – If you live in an area where WNV has already been identified or near mosquito larval habitat. • If you have a weakened immune system. The best way to prevent West Nile virus infection is to avoid mosquito bites. • Use mosquito-repellant products containing DEET. • Wear long sleeves and pants. • Eliminate any standing water from your property, such as trash bins, plant saucers, rain gutters, buckets, etc.

answer

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September 11, 2014

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BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. Sharon Opdahl, Agent Sharon 2534 17thOpdahl Avenue South Grand Forks, ND 58201 Agent Bus: 701-746-0495 sharonopdahl.com

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BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. Sharon Opdahl, Agent Sharon 2534 17thOpdahl Avenue South Grand Forks, ND 58201 Agent Bus: 701-746-0495 sharonopdahl.com

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HEART ATTACK FACTS • 37% of all deaths in the United States are related to heart disease, making it the largest single cause of natural death. Heart disease kills twice as many people as all forms of cancer combined. The major causes are smoking, fatty diet, high blood pressure, obesity, stress, heredity, lack of exercise, and diabetes. It is an illness produced of man's environment. Before 1900, heart attacks were very rare. The rate of heart disease increased so sharply between 1940 and 1967 that the World Health Organization called it the world’s most serious epidemic. • Every single cell in the heart is guided by an electrical impulse which synchronizes the heartbeat so all muscle cells contract in unison to pump the blood. During a heart attack, the cells begin firing out of turn so the efficiency of the heart is lost and the blood does not get pumped. When doctors shock the heart, the shock overrides each cell’s individual firing mechanism and once again synchronizes every cell, hopefully getting them all to work together again. WANT TO RUN YOUR OWN BUSINESS? Publish a

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• In 1936 a grocer named Goldman in Oklahoma noticed that people stopped shopping as soon as their arms got full. Most shoppers brought their own hand held baskets from home. So Goldman invented a big basket on wheels so shoppers could buy more. Shoppers at first resisted using the grocery cart, feeling it made them look silly. Goldman hired women to walk around the store putting items in their carts. Goldman made a fortune selling his baskets to other stores. • A store will lose about 12% of its carts every year to theft. Each cart costs about $100. • In a typical year about 33,000 accidents involving shopping carts will be reported. • The average American makes 3.4 trips to the grocery store each week. Fridays are the most popular days for grocery shopping. Saturdays and Tuesdays tie for second place. • Women do the grocery shopping 70% of the time; men do it 17% of the time; and the rest of the time they do it together. Less than half of shoppers shop alone. • Grocery stores are designed to make the customer walk as far as possible, with basic staples placed at the far ends of the store. Studies show it's how far the person walks in the store rather than the amount of time spent in the store that influences how much money is spent. • Whatever department is closest to the door in a grocery store will typically sell 1% more merchandise than if it's placed elsewhere in the store. • A typical store will have over 25,000 items displayed including 243 items in the produce department alone. • The apple is the most popular produce item, followed by oranges, bananas, lettuce, potatoes, and tomatoes.

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Tidbits Laughs My girlfriend bought a new toaster last week. It wasn't working when she got home so she decided to call the customer helpline. The guy who answered the phone asked her for the bar code so he could see the product details. "No problem," she said. "Thin line, thin line, thick line...."

GROCERY STORE FACTS (continued): • Cereals high in sugar are always stored at kids' eye level whereas nutritious brands are placed at the adult eye level. Children's cereAnswer: Dell. als have an average of 44% sugar but adult ceA VERY LARGE NUMBER reals have 10% sugar. A typical store has 124 • cold Edward Kasner was a mathematician. In 1938 cereals. was asked to come up with a name for a • Ithe was 1910 when the first premium was very large number: the numeral one, followed packed inside a cereal by a hundred zeros. Hebox. askedThe his Jungleland two young Funny Moving Pictures put inside nephews what name theyBook wouldwas suggest. each box of Kellogg's Corn Flakes. • Nine-year-old Milton suggested a name • The likely be shoplifted from a out items of themost funnies. A to cartoon strip character supermarket arewas cigarettes, healthMilton and beauty named Barney very popular. chose Barney’s name for number. aids, meat,last seafood, andthe batteries. Kasner announced the of new name for the pay big • • It's estimated that 34% shoppers do not number intohis next book, altering the spelling. attention food labels. Sixty years later, Larry Page Brin • • Lemon Pledge furniture polishand hasSergey more lemdeveloped a new internet search engine. Other on in it than Country Time Lemonade does. search engines searched each webpage and • The FDA Mazola remove ranked themordered according to howtomany timesthe a words cholesterol" from its label because specific"no term appeared on them, but Page and the had never contained Brinproduct designed their search engine tocholesterol, search for the does specific and then find outcholesterol. how many nor anyterm vegetable oil contain links there were that led back to • The Federal Trade Commission that wentpage, up which resulted in a better search engine. against ITT Continental in 1979 for claim• ing Theytheir decided they needed a name that Fresh Horizons bread contained five reflected how many websites the search times the fiber as whole wheat bread. The enginewas wastrue, searching. They tookdidn't the name claim but the company menof Edward Kasner’s very large number, only tion the extra fiber came from wood pulp. they misspelled it slightly, so it ended up being • Sales consumption whitethebread inspelledand exactly the sameof way cartoon characterevery Barney his 1963, last name. creased yearspelled up until whenWhat’s it beit called? gan a slow(Answer decline.at bottom of page) COMPUTER FACTS • Ever wonder why you never see Grade B eggs supermarket? Those arekbtheofeggs that • at In the 1981 Bill Gates said, “640 memory ought to be enough for anybody.” are sent to bakeries and other factories where less-than-perfect eggs are used as an in• the Moore’s Law states that computer performance gredient. doubles every 18 to 24 months, and ever since 1971, this has been true. • When supermarkets first made the scene, one • store HP, Google, Microsoft, and arranged Apple were all called the Alpha Beta everystarted in garages. thing in alphabetical order so that customers Answer: Google, from googol. could find everything.

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