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THE BIRTH OF THE FRIDGE • The death of the icebox began with the birth of refrigeration, and that began with a scientific principle and a bunch of feverish patients.
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5. T or F: The more items you have in your fridge, the more efficient it is. 6. What is the average life expectancy of a typical refrigerator? 7. In the movie Forrest Gump, what was Forrest’s home state? 8. What group performed the hit song “Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone”? 9. In chemistry, what is the symbol for the element tungsten?
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1. Approximately, how much of the cold air in a fridge escapes when you open the door? 2. How many times a day does the average American open the refrigerator door? 3. What is the ideal temperature to keep your refrigerator set to? 4. 90% of refrigerators in America are one of what two colors?
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• If you take a gas or liquid and compress it tightly and then allow it to expand, it absorbs heat from its surroundings as it is expanding. This is the basic principle behind refrigeration, air conditioning, and ice making. Various people experimented with the principle and managed to make small amounts of ice. JOHN GORRIE • In 1833 Dr. John Gorrie moved to Apalachicola, Florida. One of the main illnesses afflicting his patients was yellow fever. He noted that people who slept under mosquito netting tended to stay healthier than those who did not, but never realized that mosquito netting kept out the mosquitoes who carried the germs that caused yellow fever. • Gorrie noted that feverish patients recovered faster if they were kept cool, which was not easy to achieve in Florida. He tried hanging buckets of ice from the ceiling with fans to circulate the cool air. This helped, but ice had to be shipped from Boston and cost a lot. • Gorrie was familiar with the fact that compressed gasses absorb heat from their surroundings when they expand. He built a steam engine that drove a piston back and forth inside an airtight cylinder which was surrounded by water. First the piston would press down, compressing the air inside. Then it would pull back, and the compressed air expanded, pulling heat from the water. Then a valve would open at the end of the cylinder and the next time the piston pumped, it would push the cool air out and pull hot air in, to repeat the cycle over and over. The surrounding air became cool and the water became ice. Fever patients recovered.
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