NOBEL PRIZES (continued): • Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand scientist, is considered the father of nuclear physics. He received the 1908 Chemistry prize for his work with the chemistry of radioactive substances, discovering the concept of radioactive half-life and alpha and beta radiation. Yet his most famous work was performed nine years after his prize, when he became the first to split the atom in a nuclear reaction. The chemical element rutherfordium (Element 104) is named after him. Fourteen of Rutherford’s students went on to become Nobel Prize winners themselves. • Albert Einstein was responsible for “the world’s most famous equation,” E=mc2, the formula for mass-energy equivalence. But that wasn’t the work for which he received his Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1921, this genius took the prize for discovering the cause of the photoelectric effect.
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• Following a vacation at his country home, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming returned to his lab to find a fungus had developed in a stack of Petri dishes that contained a staphylococcus culture. The bacteria had died all around the area containing the mold, prompting him to perform experiments over the next 20 years showing that the mold prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. Fleming named his “mold juice” penicillin, and it was produced as an antibiotic that could cure numerous serious infectious diseases. For his work in the field of Medicine, Fleming was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize. • The “first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence” was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. At 33, Martin Luther King, Jr. became the youngest person to receive this honor for his work in America’s civil rights movement. King donated the prize money to the movement.