Past Mock Exam Papers - LC - HL - Geography by The Examcraft Group

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Leaving Cert Higher Level

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GEOGRAPHY

TABLE of CONTENTS Pre-Leaving Certificate Examination - HIGHER LEVEL

MOCK PAPER 1

MOCK PAPER 3 MOCK PAPER 4

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MOCK PAPER 5

MOCK PAPER 2

35 69 103 139

MOCK PAPER 5

175

MOCK PAPER 7

211

MOCK PAPER 8

247

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Name:

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Address: Class:

Teacher:

Pre-Leaving Certiϐicate Examination

GEOGRAPHY – HIGHER LEVEL

Total Mark

SecƟon

Mark

TIME: 2 HOURS 50 MINUTES 400 marks

For the Examiner’s Use Only

Part Two Structured and Essay QuesƟons

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Total Mark Part One Short-Answer QuesƟons QuesƟon 1 QuesƟon 2 QuesƟon 3 QuesƟon 4 QuesƟon 5 QuesƟon 6 QuesƟon 7 QuesƟon 8 QuesƟon 9 QuesƟon 10 QuesƟon 11 QuesƟon 12 Accumulated Mark Disallowed Marks Net Mark

QuesƟon

Total

Grade:

Note: Remember to return this paper with your answer book. Otherwise, you will lose marks.

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Volcanic AcƟvity

Examine the photographs above and answer each of the following quesƟons. Match each of the photographs A, B, C and D with the feature or process that best matches it in the table below.

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(i)

Feature / Process

LeƩer

PyroclasƟc ow

Lava ssure erupƟon Caldera

Lava vent erupƟon

(ii)

Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false by Ɵcking () the correct box. (a)

Dome cone volcanoes form from basic lava. True

(b)

False

A dormant volcano is a volcano that will never erupt again. True

False [8m]

The Physical Environment

Examine the photographs above and answer each of the following quesƟons. Match each of the photographs A, B, C and D with the feature that best matches it in the table below.

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(i) (ii)

Indicate, by Ɵcking () the correct box, whether each of the features in the table below is most associated with the process of erosion, deposiƟon or weathering. Q.3 (i)

LeƩer

Feature

Q.3 (ii) Erosion ()

DeposiƟon ( )

Weathering ()

Arête

Scree Slope

Arcuate Delta Bird’s Foot Delta

[8m]

Ordnance Survey Map Examine the 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey map and legend accompanying this paper and answer each of the following quesƟons. Measure the length, in kilometres, of the Barrow Way from where it enters the map at S 640 975 to where it crosses the River Barrow at S 683 935.

(ii)

EsƟmate the area, in square kilometres, of the land south of the county boundary.

(iii)

Does the anƟquity at S 656 989 provide evidence of seƩlement from the Norman or the Early ChrisƟan period?

(iv)

Give a six-gure grid reference for the railway staƟon in Athy.

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(i)

[8m]

The European Union

EU member states

ICELAND

FINLAND RUSSIA

NORWAY ESTONIA

ARK

LATIVIA

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM

UKRAINE

IA VAK SLO

VA DO

CZECH REPUBLIC

LUXEMBOURG

BELARUS

UNITED KINGDOM

NE TH ER LA ND S

IR EL AN D

DANE M

LITHUANIA RUSSIA

AUSTRIA HUNGARY

FRANCE

SWITZERLAND

CROATIA

BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA

BULGARIA

ONIA MACED

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MONTENEGRO KOSOVO

N BA

POR TUG AL

SERBIA

ITALY

SPAIN

ROMANIA

SLOVENIA

TURKEY

GREECE

CYPRUS

(i)

Which of the following countries is not a member of the European Union: Ukraine or Portugal?

(ii)

Name one country that was a founding member of the European Union (then the EEC) in 1957.

(iii)

Name one policy of the European Union that has impacted the Irish primary economic sector.

(iv)

Briey explain one problem likely to be faced by EU member states in the future.

[8m]

The Geology of Ireland

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Examine the map of Ireland above and answer each of the following quesƟons. (i)

Complete the table by matching each of the images A to D with the name of the rock that best matches it in the table below.

(ii)

Match each of the following locaƟons with the rock type that is most associated with it in the table below. Macgillycuddy’s Reeks

Dublin-Wicklow Mountains

The Burren

Giant’s Causeway

Q.6 (i)

Rock

LeƩer

Q.6 (ii) LocaƟon

Granite Limestone Basalt Sandstone [8m] 7

Aerial Photograph and Ordnance Survey Map Examine the aerial photograph and the 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey map and legend accompanying this paper and answer each of the following quesƟons. In what direcƟon was the camera pointed when the aerial photograph was taken?

(ii)

IdenƟfy one example of how the river in the photograph is used for recreaƟonal purposes.

(iii)

IdenƟfy the type of road that enters the photograph in the right middleground.

(iv)

Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false by Ɵcking () the correct box. (a)

(i)

The photograph was taken in winter. True

The photograph is a high oblique photograph.

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(b)

False

True

False [8m]

Ordnance Survey Map 92 86

535

81 92

(a)

IdenƟfy the type of glacial lake present in the Devil’s Punch Bowl.

(b)

What is the height above sea level (in metres) of this lake?

81 99

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(i)

99 86

(ii)

What is the aspect of the slope at X?

(iii)

IdenƟfy, using a six-gure grid reference, one piece of evidence from the map that suggests Muckross Lake has a tourist funcƟon.

[8m]

Weather (i)

Match each of the meteorological terms in table A with the descripƟon that best matches it in table B by wriƟng the correct leƩer in the box provided. Table A LeƩer

Table B Meteorological Term

DescripƟon

Isobars

Lines that link places of equal temperature

Isohels

Lines that link places of equal levels of rainfall

Isohyets

Lines that link places of equal atmospheric pressure

Isotherms

LeƩer

Lines that link places of equal hours of sunshine

(ii)

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986

1041

Study the weather chart above and indicate whether the following statements are true or false by Ɵcking () the correct box. (a)

There is a warm front inuencing the west coast of Ireland. True

(b)

False

The Iberian Peninsula is being inuenced by a depression. True

False [8m]

10.

StaƟsƟcal Analysis

House Prices 2007-2021

Examine the infographic above showing house prices in Ireland, 2007-2021, and answer each of the following quesƟons. In what year did house prices in Ireland peak?

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(i)

(ii)

In what year did house prices fall to their lowest in the period covered by the graph above?

(iii)

How many more transacƟons took place in 2021 than in 2013?

(iv)

Explain briey one factor that might contribute to rising house prices.

[8m]

11.

FaulƟng

(i)

Examine the diagram above and answer each of the following quesƟons. IdenƟfy each of the landforms A and B. A

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B (ii)

True or false, the landform labelled A forms part of a normal fault?

(iii)

What term is used to describe the slope at C that has resulted from the downward movement of land?

(iv)

Which rock type, igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic, is present at D in the diagram above?

[8m]

Fishing in Ireland

12.

Examine the informa�on above and answer each of the following ques�ons.

Calculate the diﬀerence between the number of people employed in sheries and in processing.

(ii)

Briey explain the term aquaculture.

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(i)

(iii)

The graphic shows the number of people employed directly and indirectly in the Irish seafood sector. Briey explain the diﬀerence between direct and indirect employment.

(iv)

Briey explain one challenge faced by the Irish shing sector.

[8m]

PART TWO – STRUCTURED and ESSAY QUESTIONS – 320 MARKS

Candidates must aƩempt FOUR quesƟons. This must include one quesƟon from three of the secƟons below:

SecƟon 1 PaƩerns and Processes in the Physical Environment (QuesƟons 1-3) SecƟon 2 Regional Geography (QuesƟons 4-6)

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SecƟon 3 ElecƟves (QuesƟons 7-12)

SecƟon 4 OpƟons (QuesƟons 13-24)

The fourth quesƟon can be from ANY secƟon.

THESE QUESTIONS ARE TO BE ANSWERED IN THE ANSWER BOOK.

SECTION 1 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT QuesƟons 1 to 3 All quesƟons carry 80 marks

QuesƟon 1 1A. Ordnance Survey Map Examine the 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey map and legend accompanying this paper. Draw a sketch map of the area shown to half scale.

1B.

A county boundary The built-up area of Athy An area of coniferous plantaƟon north of northing 98 Mark with the leƩer X one conuence on the River Barrow.

Surface Processes

[20m]

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Answer (i) or (ii).

• • • •

On it, correctly show and label each of the following:

(i)

Examine the role of the process of deposiƟon on the formaƟon of one uvial landform, or one coastal landform, or one glacial landform that you have studied. Or

(ii)

Describe and explain the factors governing the operaƟon of one mass movement process that you have studied. [30m]

1C.

Seismic AcƟvity

Examine how a study of the plate tectonics model helps us to understand the global distribuƟon of earthquakes.

[30m]

QuesƟon 2 2A. Karst Landscapes

A B

(i) (ii) (iii)

Name each of the landforms A, B, C, D, and E. What is the term given to the verƟcal lines found in sedimentary rock, shown at F? Explain briey the form of weathering most associated with the formaƟon of such landforms. Many of the landforms above formed as a result of ‘groundwater’. Briey explain this term. [20m]

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(iv)

Examine the diagrams above that show both surface and sub-surface landforms in a karst region and answer each of the following quesƟons.

2B.

The Rock Cycle

Explain the formaƟon of two igneous rocks, with reference to examples that you have studied.

[30m]

2C. Plate Tectonics

Describe and explain construcƟve/divergent plate boundaries.

[30m]

QuesƟon 3 3A. The Structure of the Earth

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Examine the diagram above and answer each of the following quesƟons. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

3B.

Name each of the layers of the earth labelled A to E. Name the two main minerals found in the earth’s core. What term is used to describe the boundary between the earth’s crust and the earth’s mantle? Explain briey what is meant by endogenic forces. [20m]

River RejuvenaƟon

Examine how a river in its lower course can be rejuvenated, with reference to landforms that develop when this occurs. [30m]

3C.

Human InteracƟon with the Rock Cycle Human acƟvity impacts on the rock cycle in a number of ways. Describe and explain how this interacƟon takes place, with reference to one of the following: • • • •

The producƟon of geothermal energy Mining The extracƟon of building materials Oil/gas exploitaƟon. 17

[30m]

SECTION 2 REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY QuesƟons 4 to 6 All quesƟons carry 80 marks. QuesƟon 4 4A. Map Skills Draw an outline map of a European region (not in Ireland) that you have studied. On it, show and name each of the following:

4B.

TerƟary Economic AcƟvity

The outline of a named feature of relief (upland or lowland) in the region. Two named urban centres in the region. The course of a named river in the region.

• • •

[20m]

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Examine two factors that have inuenced the development of tourism in an Irish region that you have studied. [30m]

4C.

Urban Development

Discuss the factors that have inuenced the growth and development of one urban area in a European region (not in Ireland) that you have studied. [30m]

QuesƟon 5

5A. Transport in Ireland

Examine the informaƟon above and answer each of the following quesƟons. What percentage of the populaƟon aged 18 and over travelled less than 2km on a daily basis in 2019? What was the dominant mode of transport in Ireland in 2019? What is meant by the term commuter? Explain briey one factor that may account for the lower percentage of drivers in Dublin compared to the rest of the country. The infographic states that only 2% of the populaƟon own an electric vehicle. Explain briey one reason why this gure is so low and suggest one method that could be used by the Government to increase it. [20m]

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(i)

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

5B.

Primary Economic AcƟvity

Examine two physical factors that have inuenced the development of one primary economic acƟvity in a ConƟnental/Sub-ConƟnental region (not in Europe) that you have studied. [30m] 5C.

Secondary Economic AcƟvity Examine two factors that have inuenced the development of secondary economic acƟvity in a European region (not in Ireland) that you have studied. [30m] 19

QuesƟon 6

6A. Agriculture in Ireland

Examine the informaƟon above and answer each of the following quesƟons. Calculate the value of beef and livestock exports in 2015. What percentage of Ireland’s food and drink exports does meat and livestock represent? By what value have exports of food and drink increased since 2009? Do livestock exports represent part of Ireland’s pastoral or arable sector of farming? Explain briey two physical factors that might account for Ireland’s high level of beef producƟon. Explain briey one factor that might have negaƟvely impacted Ireland’s meat and livestock exports since 2015. [20m]

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(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

6B.

The Concept of a Region

Examine how socio-economic factors can be used to dene regions, with reference to examples that you have studied.

6C.

[30m]

PopulaƟon Dynamics Account for the distribuƟon of populaƟon throughout a ConƟnental/Sub-ConƟnental region (not in Europe) that you have studied. [30m]

SECTION 3

ELECTIVES

Questions 7 to 12

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PaƩerns and Processes in Economic AcƟviƟes (QuesƟons 7, 8 and 9) PaƩerns and Processes in the Human Environment (QuesƟons 10, 11 and 12) All quesƟons carry 80 marks.

PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES QuesƟons 7 to 9

QuesƟon 7 7A. Aerial Photograph Draw a sketch map of the aerial photograph accompanying this paper, half the length and half the breadth. On it, correctly show and label each of the following:

7B.

The intersecƟon of two roads A bridge A tourist aƩracƟon A greeneld site suitable for development.

• • • •

The Policies of the European Union

Examine how the policies of the European Union have impacted the Irish economy.

Economic Development

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7C.

[20m]

[30m]

With reference to a developed economy that you have studied, examine the impact of two of the following factors on the development of nancial services or footloose industries or mass tourism: • Physical factors • Human factors • PoliƟcal factors.

[30m]

QuesƟon 8 8A.

Measuring Development

Human Development Index (HDI), 2019

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Legend: > 0.950 0.930 0.910 0.900 <0.99

Examine the map above showing the Human Development Index (HDI) for selected regions in Ireland, 2019, and answer each of the following ques�ons. (i) (ii)

(iii) (iv) (v)

8B.

Which region, the midwest or the southwest, had the higher HDI in 2019? Calculate the diﬀerence between the HDI in the western region and the south-eastern region. Name two indicators used to calculate a region/country’s HDI. Explain briey one reason why the northwest region has a lower HDI in comparison to the Dublin region. Explain briey one advantage of using HDI as an indicator of economic development. [20m]

Colonialism Examine the impact of colonialism on a developing economy that you have studied.

8C.

[30m]

Sustainable Energy

Examine the economic and environmental impacts that moving towards more sustainable sources of energy would have for Ireland. [30m] 23

QuesƟon 9 9A. European InaƟon Average Annual European Ina�on Rates, 2012 and 2022 Country Germany Ireland Italy

2012 2.1% 4.7% 2.6%

2022 7.6% 8.2% 3.3%

Examine the data above showing the average annual percentage ina�on rates for a number of European countries in 2012 and 2022.

9B.

Using graph paper, draw a suitable graph to illustrate this data. Explain briey one eﬀect of a high ina�on rate.

Economic AcƟvity

[20m]

(i) (ii)

Examine the 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey map and aerial photograph accompanying this paper.

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Discuss three reasons why the Athy area is a suitable loca�on for the development of tourism. Use evidence from both the aerial photograph and the Ordnance Survey map to support your answer. [30m]

9C.

MulƟnaƟonal Companies

Examine the impact of both of the following on the opera�on of one mul�na�onal company that you have studied: • Corporate strategies inuencing the opening and closure of branch plants • The product life cycle.

[30m]

PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT QuesƟons 10 to 12

QuesƟon 10 10A. Aerial Photograph Draw a sketch map of the aerial photograph accompanying this paper, half the length and half the breadth.

An example of a Norman se�lement A recrea�onal land use A riverside apartment complex An oﬀ-street car park

10B. Urban Planning Strategies

[20m]

• • • •

On it, correctly show and label each of the following:

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Examine the eﬀec�veness of urban planning strategies, with reference to example(s) that you have studied. [30m] 10C. PopulaƟon Dynamics

Examine how changing fer�lity and mortality rates impact on popula�on structure, with reference to examples(s) that you have studied. [30m]

QuesƟon 11 11A. PopulaƟon Growth POPULATION OF THE EARTH Number of people living worldwide since 1700 in billions

2048: 9 bln 2024: 8 bln 2012: 7 bln

1999: 6 bln

1987: 5 bln 1960: 3 bln

1974: 4 bln

1804: 1 bln 1927: 2 bln 1700

1800

1900

2000

For further informa�on please visit: www.knowlegde.allianz.com

Source: United Na�ons World Popula�on Prospects, Deutsche S��ung Weltbevökerung

(i) (ii) (iii)

What is the projected popula�on of the Earth in 2048? Calculate the diﬀerence between the Earth’s popula�on in 1974 and 2012. Explain briey two factors that might account for the rapid increase in the Earth’s popula�on since 1960. Rapid popula�on growth can o�en lead to overpopula�on. Explain briey what is meant by the term overpopulaƟon. Other than popula�on growth, briey explain one cause of overpopula�on.

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(iv)

Examine the graph above showing the popula�on of the Earth, 1700 – 2048 (projected) and answer each of the following ques�ons.

(v)

[20m]

11B. Rural SeƩlement PaƩerns

With reference to the 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey map accompanying this paper, describe and explain three diﬀerent rural se�lement pa�erns evident on the map. [30m]

11C. MigraƟon Describe and explain changing pa�erns of migra�on in Ireland since 1950.

[30m]

QuesƟon 12 12A. Life Expectancy Life Expectancy for Selected NaƟons, 2020 Life Expectancy (Years)

Japan

Costa Rica

Niger

Ireland

Somalia

Jordan

NaƟon

(i) (ii)

Examine the data above showing life expectancy for selected naƟons.

Using graph paper, draw a suitable graph to illustrate this data. Explain briey why country of birth is the principal factor in determining life expectancy.

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12B. Land Use

Examine how land-use zones change as urban centres grow, with reference to example(s) that you have studied.

[20m]

[30m]

12C. Future Urbanism

Discuss two issues facing ciƟes of the future in the developed world.

[30m]

E PL SECTION 4 OPTIONS

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Questions 13 to 24

All quesƟons carry 80 marks.

Note: It is beƩer to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a supercial treatment of a large number of points.

Global Interdependence Note: It is beƩer to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a supercial treatment of a large number of points. Discuss how aid programmes can help and hinder development.

14.

Discuss the causes and impacts of one global environmental issue that you have studied [80m]

15.

Examine the contribuƟon that fair trade can make to sustainable development.

13.

[80m]

Geoecology

Note: It is beƩer to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a supercial treatment of a large number of points. Discuss how weathering, leaching and podzolisaƟon can inuence soil development.

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16.

17.

Examine how biomes have been altered by human acƟvity with reference to each of the following: • • •

18.

[80m]

Industrial development Early seƩlement and the clearing of forests Intensive agricultural pracƟces

[80m]

Describe the specic climaƟc and soil characterisƟcs in one biome that you have studied and examine the impact of these specic climaƟc and soil characterisƟcs on vegetaƟon in this biome. [80m]

Culture and Identity Note: It is beƩer to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a supercial treatment of a large number of points. Examine how people express their culture and idenƟty in everyday life.

20.

Examine the impact of colonialism and migraƟon on ethnic/racial paƩerns.

21.

Examine the importance of language as a cultural indicator.

[80m]

19.

The Atmosphere – Ocean Environment

Note: It is beƩer to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a supercial treatment of a large number of points. Examine how solar energy is distributed through circulaƟon paƩerns in the atmosphere and oceans. [80m]

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22.

23.

Describe and account for the specic characterisƟcs of one global climate type that you have studied. [80m]

24.

Examine how exchanges of water between oceans and atmosphere give rise to disƟncƟve weather and climate regimes. [80m]

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