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AM A KIT A

JERKtLEY

.IBRARY JHWERSITY Of CALIFORNIA

53 a

GRAMMAR OF THE

SAMARITAN LANGUAGE, EXTRACTS

AJSTD

VOCABULARY.

G. F.

NICHOLLS,

EEADER IN ORIENTAL LITERATURE, AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS LAXE EXHIBITIONEU OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

;

LONDON: SAMUEL BAGSTER AND

SONS;

YTABEHOrSE FOB BIBLES, NEW TESTAMENTS, PBAYEK BOOKS, CHT7RCH SEBTICF.S, LEXICONS, GBAMMABS, COKCORDANCES, PSALTERS, AND BIBLICAL "WORKS, IN ANCIENT AND MODERN LANGUAGES;

15,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

PREFACE.

work of

offering to the public a

so novel a character

as the present, the author has seized the

stating the grounds on which

opportunity of

was undertaken.

The importance of the study of the Biblical languages has never been questioned, excepting by those men who are ignorant of them, and are disposed to condemn in toto the utility of that which they have not the means or opporOn the other hand, those illustrious tunity to acquire. scholars,

whose

definition

of the utilitarian cui bono

have not only inculcated the momentous importance of linguistic study by precept, but have led the van thereof conspicuously by example. directly opposed to the former,

recount the imperishable names of those who, from the earliest ages of Christianity, have patronised or pursued this study, is unnecessary in this place their opinions of its ;

importance may be summed up in the words of the learned Dr. Jahn: " occurrit et illud, quod est totius theologiae

fundamentum, neque tamen Biblicarum cognitione

sine subtili et intimd

linguarum

satis firmari potest, yvrjaioT'rjs,

inquam,

PREFACE.

sacrormn librorum, qua Idbefactatd, ruit authoritas horum et

documentorum, again,

" librorum

subtili et

aedificium

theologiae

intimd linguarum srientid, coraprobare

The phrase " extension to

all

And

verum sensum, dbsque

^vrfa-ior'rjra

evertitur."

nemo potest."

Biblical Languages," although capable of

those versions of the Sacred Scriptures which

have been made during the

century into almost every important language and dialect, is usually confined to the last

following: viz. Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, Ethiopic, Amharic, and Coptic

;

to which, of course, the

Greek and Latin may be added.

The

first

four of the languages just enumerated have

received especial attention at the hands of scholars; while the four latter have been wholly neglected or forgotten. In

during the last few years, so little attention and study have they attracted, that, at the present time, it is impossible to acquire even the rudiments of them, except through the fact,

medium

of the Latin tongue. such disrepute, it

but

and, if possible, to remedy

The guage;

Why they have been

allowed

not worth while to inquire, to do with have only the fact that such is the case,

to fall into

present it

work

strictly

precursor to a

it.

Grammar

of the Samaritan Lan-

Rudimentary, and critical

intended as a

and philological view of the

The main object of the author has been to deal tongue. with the ordinary facts of Etymology and Syntax, and to produce such a work (to use an illustrious scholar's words), " non ut in ipso hsereat juventus, sed ut per

eum

transeat,

PREFACE.

How far he per eum excolatur, et ad altiora prseparetur." has succeeded in his endeavours will be for the discerning public to determine^ to whose favour he

would commend

his present attempt.

The author has writers

on the

consulted nearly the whole of the extant

subject,

as Cellarius,

Morinus, Castellus,

Leusdenius, and others.

the

first

especially in-

debted in the Etymological part of the work; whose notwithstanding

they

are

facts,

undigested, and expressed in

questionable Latinity, are undoubtedly invaluable.

The Syntax

however, wholly original; and the author has especially aimed at giving the ordinary rules, to the exclusion of all which might seem hypercritical to the young is,

scholar.

The Work

preceded by a brief dissertation upon the Samaritans, their language and literature, which the author is

hopes will not be unacceptable to the reader, and is concluded by an extract, from Walton's Polyglot, of three chapters of the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch, with exegetical

remarks upon the text, together with a short

Lexicon, carefully compiled by actual reading and obserThe student will do well, after he has mastered the

vation.

Grammar, to construe, by the aid of the Lexicon, and parse the whole of the extracts, in doing which he will find his labours considerably diminished by observing the analogy which the Samaritan bears to the Syriac and Chaldee. Before concluding,

it is

scarcely necessary to dwell

upon

PREFACE.

the extent to which the Samaritan text as edited in the

books

vitiated;

which have come

and no doubt many of the anomalies, to be considered

grammatical

The

peculiarities,

simply mentioned here, to show that the reader must bear with some are to be referred to this cause.

things,

which in the present

state

fact is

of the text are un-

avoidable.

The author hopes

to have

an opportunity of editing a

and philological Grammar, which, with a Lexicon and a revised text of the Samaritan Pentateuch, would form critical

somewhat complete

LONDON 1853.

library of Samaritan literature.

INTRODUCTION.

BEFORE entering upon the Grammar, a brief account of the Samaritans, their language and literature, may not be unacceptable to the generality of our readers. It appears that the ten tribes of Israel who had revolted

from Solomon's son, elected Jeroboam fixed his capital at

The

as their king,

who

Shechem, in mount Ephraim.

prevent his people from going to Jerusalem, set up two golden calves, one in Dan, and the other in Bethel, to which they might offer the usual Israelitish king, in order to

sacrifices.

pass over the remaining acts of

we come

Jeroboam and

his

Omri, the sixth king of Israel, who began his reign, A.M. 3079. He it was who purchased the hill of Samaria from Shemer, and built on it a city successors, until

called

by the same name, from which the

Samaritans,

gentile noun,

derived.

The city Samaria was besieged during Ahab's reign, by the Syrian king, Ben-hadad, but without success in the reign of Hoshea, however, Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, :

attacked it,

it,

and

after three years' siege

and carrying away the

The mixed

succeeded in taking

Israelites captive into Assyria.

of the banished Jews were occupied by a people, brought from different parts of the Assyrian

empire,

territories

from Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, and Se-

INTRODUCTION.

It is to these colonists that the

pharvaim. is

specially,

name Samaritans

though not exclusively, applicable. they were called D^filD CuthcEi,

to Josephus,

lowing extract will show (B. 19

^afjidpeiav XvOaiot,

TTjv

Bevpo

ix. c. 14):-

rfj

Trpoarjyopla,

$i,a

ravrrj e/c

TT}?

According as the fol-

ol Be ^eroiia

jap e^p&vro XovQas

^apa?

TOVT e^cov It

early ev ry HepaL^i

fjLera^Brjvac^ avrrj

teal TTOTa/409

ovo/jLa, etc.

appears, moreover, that these colonists were infested

lions, on account of their idolatry; and believing the cause of this visitation to be their ignorance of the worship due to the " God of the land," they resolved to request Shal-

with

maneser to send them a

who might land."

But

teach

priest or priests of the captive people,

them " the manner of the God of the

This request was complied with, a priest was sent. does not appear that the instruction he imparted had

the effect of totally eradicating idolatry from among them " for we read, that they feared the Lord, but served their ;

graven images."

How

long this semi-idolatry continued

would appear, however, that on say the return from the Babylonish captivity it had ceased for they not only made an application to Judah and Benjamin is

impossible to

;

be allowed to participate in rebuilding the temple, for which the latter had obtained a decree, but added, as if " we seek your God, reprobating their former wickedness, as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days of to

Esar-haddon, king of Assur, which brought us up here." This proposal was refused by Ezra and Kehemiah, and the other Jews;

who were

not only empowered by the decree of

to rebuild their temple, but also to fortify their city.

Cyrus This refusal on the part of the Jews, gave

rise to that

im-

INTRODUCTION. placable and deadly hatred

which ever

3 after existed

between

themselves and the Samaritans.

The

latter,

of Persia, at

work.

them

Ezra,

c. iv.,

and intrigues at the court length forced the Jews to desist from their

their calumnies

" hired counsellors against the proceedings recorded in

are told that they

and

judge from

there can be no doubt that the Samaritans were

actuated by the most fiendish spleen.

They

are even said to

have gone so far as to attempt to hinder the rebuilding by force, but without success, for the temple was completed. The Jews never forgave the Samaritans: and as an instance of the contempt

the

and abhorrence

we may mention

latter,

the saying,

which they held " he

who

eateth

who eateth pork." The of the law on a Samaritan copy

bread of a Cuthsean shall be as one

Jews even refused

to write a

parchment.

What

their feelings were, therefore,

to build a rival temple to their

when

own, may

was resolved

be more easily

imagined than described. Manasses, brother of the high-priest, and son-in-law of Sanballat, the governor of Samaria, was ordered, in common

with the other Jews, to give up his " strange wife." He refused, and was consequently compelled to fly for protection to his father-in-law.

the representation of Sanballat, that the building of

a temple in opposition to that of the

weaken the

latter,

whom

Jews would tend

he represented

as a nation ever

a temple and always ready for revolution, on mount the Samaritans Gerizim, of which by

disaffected,

was

built

Manasses was made high

priest.

Shortly after the building of this temple, the

Samaritans

INTRODUCTION.

4 revolted from

who

expelled them, and put Macedonians in their place, and gave the province to the

Alexander,

After Alexander's death, Ptolemy Lagus subdued

Jews.

both Judaea and Samaria, and carried away numbers of Jews and Samaritans to Egypt. Samaria afterwards fell into the

hands of John Hyrcanus the Jewish chief priest and soon after him into the hands of the Romans, during whose rule ;

Herod Antipater

temple and city with great

rebuilt the

which he gave the name Sebaste, or magnificence, At the Augusta. present time, few of this once powerful to

people exist. Scaliger, who was desirous of being informed of their customs, wrote two letters, one to the Samaritans

of Egypt, and the other to the chief priest, who resides at Their answers are now in existence, Neapolis, in Syria.

and are well worthy of perusal.

We ritans,

preceding brief sketch of the Samawith a short account of their language and Penta-

teuch

and

But

shall close the

;

as our

refer

those

subject,

especially of

what

called the Samaritan Version.

remarks have been, and must be brief, we may who wish for complete information on the the

" de origine

et indole

Walton's

Polyglot,

Gesenius

Samaritani Pentateuchi,"

Cellarius,

Proleg.

Schwarzius, Scaliger, Hottinger., and others. The Samaritan is chiefly a compound of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac.

Among

the words derived from these

sources, are to be recognised a great

number of Cuthaean

words, imported, doubtlessly, by the new colonists. Some of the words borrowed from the former languages

have undergone various transformations, as will be seen hereafter, while others have remained entire and unchanged.

The

sympathies of

the language

are

decidedly

Syro-

INTRODUCTION.

Chaldaic, as the reader will observe in the sequel.

probably ritans

be attributed to the

sought to fashion their

This

fact, that while the

own tongue

after the

Sama-

manner

of that of the Syrians, who were situated in Decapolis, north of Samaria; they scrupulously eschewed every thing which savoured of their southern neighbours, against whom they

appear to have entertained the most implacable hatred. There does not appear to be any substantial ground for the affirmation of Cellarius, that the Samaritan dialect

and

polished than those of

less

was ruder

its

neighbours. Generally syntax than the Hebrew, and free from those technical constructions with particles,

speaking,

it is far

which are ever,

its

especially found in the latter.

appear to

Hebrew on ;

more simple

convey

the contrary,

diction seems

paramount

It does not, howmore imperfectly than the there are cases in which its simple

ideas

to that of the latter;

and

judge

of a tongue by the utilitarian principle, that it was made for man, so far the Samaritan successfully attains the end for

which language was in part designed. There is one pecuwhich especially arrests our attenliarity in the Samaritan, and that is, the promiscuous interchange of the so called guttural letters but whether this is an argument against the tion

;

aKpifteia of the language,

it is

not our intention to determine.

been previously stated, that besides a large number of words borrowed from the three principal dialects of the It has

Shemitic family, the Samaritan language is found to contain to all three of them. The historical fact, that

words foreign

the Cuthaei held possession of the Samaritan territories after the Babylonish captivity, or else that the Jews, on their return from Assyria, imported a

previously

unknown

to their

number of

own and

exotic words

the cognate dialects,

INTRODUCTION.

not only sufficient to account for the presence of such words, but also gives a clue to fixing the date when the Samaritan dialect was formed. This appears to have been

about the seventh century before Christ. captivity, there

now

Previous to the

every reason to believe that the Alphabet

called the Samaritan,

was

also

employed by the Jews which were disse-

in transcribing those copies of the law

minated throughout the

known

as the

tateuch

tribes of Israel.

The Pentateuch,

Hebrseo- Samaritan, appears to support this supposition; for although written in Samaritan characters, the difference between it and the authorised Hebrew Penso small, that there can

be no

nouncing the former to be a copy of the the latter a copy of the former;

difficulty in prolatter,

or rather

notwithstanding the of it is ingenuity Kopp, highly probable that on their return the Jews adopted, instead of their ancient characters, the Chaldee,

now

called the

for,

Hebrew, in which the Sacred

text,

by Ezra, was written. In fact, the coincidence between the Hebrew and Hebrseo- Samaritan text is so reas restored

induced Morinus to say of the latter, purum putum Mosis Pentateuchum." The whole question, however, of the priority which ought to be given to one markable, "

that

of these two copies of the Law, apparently turns upon the point as to whether the Assyrian characters were known

Jews previous to the Babylonish captivity, a it is not our which The purpose to discuss here. question Samaritan Version, which is written in the Samaritan

among

the

dialect, and of which the following work is a Grammar, claims especial notice in this place. have previously spoken of the language in which it was written, whose genius is well set forth in the following

INTRODUCTION.

extract from the Atlas Ethnographique of the learned Adrien

Balbi:

Le Samaritain

tient de 1'H^breu,

Chalde'en, et

du Syriaque; mais differe cependant d'une maniere assez notable de ces idiomes, soit par ses formes grammaticales, par des racines qui lui sont propres, tions particulieres de celles qui lui sont soit

par des accepcommunes avec les soit

autres dialectes se'mitiques."

A few remarks upon the time, will not

and author of this Version,

be out of place here. the question of time, many illustrious scholars are Gesenius, in his learned discourse on the origin

Upon at issue.

and character of the Samaritan Pentateuch, is disposed to Hottinger place its execution some centuries after Christ. and Walton, on the other hand, considered

The

antiquity.

illustrious

orientalist

of the highest Gesenius has not it

favoured us with the grounds upon which he came to the preceding conclusion, whereas the opinion of the two latter scholars appears to be supported

as reasonable hypotheses

as the case admits.

In the

place, the internal evidence of the Version

first

sufficient to

show that

not older than the Babylonish must have been made after the

it is

it captivity, in fact, that

building of the temple, under the auspices of Sanballat, the governor of Samaria because the words rendered in our ;

Version (Deut. xxvii. 4) by Mount Ebal, were changed by in Mount Gerizim. This could them into

^OTA^'Vl^S

not have been done

The

reader

who

till

after the building of their temple.

will take the trouble to consult Schwarzius,

will find also another reason, which, it

may

ceding.

seem,

certainly

less

however

hypercritical

conclusive than the pre-

INTRODUCTION.

Moreover, the analogy which the corresponding Hebrew version bears to the Samaritan will probably enable us to fix

when

precisely the time

the latter was written.

During the long captivity of the Jews in Babylon, few, any of them, could have retained their own language free

from the contamination of that of their conquerors. Besides, on the termination of that captivity, all the old Jews who

had been removed from

their country

must have been dead:

we suppose the Assyrian king carried away their infant children, we cannot doubt that few at the restoration, judging from the ordinary length of human life, remained alive to return; and those who did must certainly have and

spoken the language of their conquerors. Most of the Jews who returned to their country must have been men who

had been, born in Assyria so that the Law in the original Hebrew must have been to them pretty much the same as a book written in the standard English of the present day ;

would be and by

The

to a real Lancashire provincialist.

quence was, that a paraphrase was this

made

called

means the Jews were enabled

conse-

Targumin,

to understand

that which, from their ignorance of their vernacular lan-

guage, must have otherwise remained almost a dead letter. Judging, therefore, from analogy, it seems reasonable to suppose that the Samaritan version was made for a similar purpose, and about the same time.

That

from the

was made

fact that

that view ;

for a public

highly probable such works were usually undertaken with

and there

purpose

no reason

to believe that a private

would undertake and complete such a work for his own amusement, much less that such an attempt would have have escaped the ravages of time as the Samaritan has, and individual

INTRODUCTION.

own age. This supposition, together with the fact that the independence of the Samaritans

been handed down to our

appears to have had no existence after the time of Alexander, at least be presumptive evidence that it is coeval

would

witli the

Targumin

;

because, generally speaking, works for

national use are not undertaken is

destroyed, or

its

independence

when

a nation's nationality

lost.

regards the author of this version, nothing is known; his name has not transpired, like those of Onkelos, Jonathan,

and Saad.

The way, however,

which he has performed

work, with few solitary exceptions, (and those probably due to the inaccuracy of the librarii, who have here, as in

his

other cases, disBgured the original text by innovations, either the result of design or negligence,) will justify the words of

Schwarzius: " Caeterum nostro, quisquis interpret! variae et ingenii et

runtur."

demum

ille fuerit,

doctrinae laudes merito defe-

SAMABITAN GBAMMAB, CHAPTER 1.

THE

Samaritan

letters are

the same in number as the

Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac; they have the same power, and the same names. The following Table contains the Alphabets of the four languages Names.

DIVISION OF LETTERS.

The Samaritan Alphabet may be written in various ways. The first of the three columns of letters given above contains the Alphabet as edited by Brian Walton in his Polyglot Bible,

the

Edmund

and

mode of

Castel in his Heptaglot Lexicon,

writing adopted in this

and

The second

Grammar.

column contains the Alphabet as adopted by Scaliger, and The third column Leusdenius in his Syriac Grammar. contains the letters which Castel affirms are especially used

MSS. The Samaritans have no means of distinguishing between the Hebrew letters b and & both of which may be represented by XXA There are only a few purely Hebrew words in

involving b, in which that letter

^mm for ppg,

2,A.V"fTT for

^nb,

represented

"* ;

as,

most other

etc.; for in

words, where analogy requires Sin, they imitate the Syrians, and use as, *\^ V for <Y^3 for "ibn etc.

;

The Samaritans have no final Hebrews, all

for

any of the

letters,

or dilatable forms, like the

but use the same form under

circumstances.

DIVISION OF LETTERS.

The

of the Alphabet are divided into five classes, according to the organs of speech chiefly employed in articulating them; viz., Gutturals V^yY; Labials 2.

letters

Palatals ViJm"T;

The preceding hereafter,

that

A^Z^T;

and Dentals Linguals is the division of Castel. It will be seen the

five

letters

A^flrv?

tageously considered as vowels, or matres

There Serviles.

may

be advan-

lectionis.

another division of letters into Radicals and

The Radical

a root or primitive form.

letters

The

are those

which

constitute

Serviles such as are

added to

READING AND ORTHOGRAPHY.

the Radicals in derivation,

declension,

conjugation,

and

composition.

All the Serviles

never Serviles.

be Eadicals, but the Kadicals are

letters

which are

The

^SV-mav^^^^l.

are,

also

may

Those

be Radicals

are,

A ^ *$ Z 3

Itf

? 3

essentially Radical

Serviles, Z

which may

9 A.

VOWELS.

The Samaritans have no points to mark the vowels, Hebrews. To remedy this defect, various means have been proposed. Some scholars are of opinion that the Hebraeo-Chaldaic method of punctuation ought to be 3.

like the

adopted others the Syriac, among which the learned author of the Heptaglot may be mentioned: he says, " Lingua ;

Syriaca optima est ac certissima Chaldaica, quam Samaritana." Cellarius has

regula

punctandi tarn

taken the mean between these extremes,

and, arguing from the fact that the Samaritan is for the most part a compound of Chaldee, Syriac, and Hebrew, he " Liberiorem esse Samariticam et

pronunciationem, quae sunt pure Ebrsea, Ebraeo forsitan more efferri posse; quse Syro- Chaldaica ad Syrorum indolern enunciari debere."

says,

in lingua

ilia

The remark

of Hottinger, Anti. Mor. p. 34, that Jac. Golius had been informed by an individual acquainted with the Samaritans at Damascus, that the pronunciation of the latter was rough and inartificial, would, perhaps, justify the belief that such

was the case in ancient

times.

This sup-

position receives confirmation from the fact that the Syrians

and Arabs, who bordered

as closely

on the Hebrews

as the

VOWELS. Samaritans,

have never admitted into their languages

by the Jews. made use of by

all

those subtle rules of punctuation adopted

The

chief vowel or mater lectionis

Samaritans

the

from the frequent occurrence substitutes in Samaritan words. This

is ;Y, as is manifest

of this letter or

its

must be carefully borne in mind, because in combinations of letters which cannot be properly pronounced

fact

we may suppose this vowel inserted. who is an advocate of the Masoretic punc-

without a vowel,

The

reader

tuation cannot do better than follow the advice given

however, no necessity for his doing so for it is not only easy to read the Samaritan without points, but the whole of the Shemitic languages in which they are Cellarius.

There

omitted.

The

is,

;

questionable

authenticity

of those points

ought to be a great objection to their use, especially in the Samaritan, where no regular system of punctuation has been adopted.

We may which are

suppose, therefore, the letters A^, chiefly called quiescents,

5f,

V, T,

fit,

to be the vowels or

which are to be employed in reading the Samaritan language. These letters are equivalent to our

matres

five

lectionis

vowels

u respectively.

There cannot possibly be any objection to extend to the individual letters of the Samaritan exactly the same usage as is observed in

or consonant, as pelled to

our

own language

b, d, g, etc.,

add a short vowel to

expressed; thus,

is it,

we pronounce

when any letter pronounced, we are com;

thus,

though that vowel

the preceding letters

not

be, de,

adding the short vowel e to each. In the Sanscrit language the short a or 3f is usually omitted. Thus

ge, etc.,

cff^

where there are two consonants without a vowel,

pro-

READING AND ORTHOGRAPHY.

nounced kara ; c^fj ^ katara, etc. Moreover, in our own with sliort vowels are words language, usually pronounced so rapidly, that if the consonants were written without the vowels as,

should have no difficulty in recognising them; who does not immediately recognise the

for instance,

words bkr, mckrl, mrnr, sllr, etc., as baker, mackerel, mariner, The same might be observed in other lanseller, etc.? guages, where, on the omission of the sliort vowels, the consonants are sufficient to indicate the word. Vide Coptic

Gram. Judging, therefore, from analogy, it is reasonable to suppose that the short vowels were omitted in Samaritan words, while the long ones were usually expressed by the A-

fit

And

quired after a letter,

in every case

we may

letters

where a vowel

suppose the mater

re-

lectionis to

be the short a of the Sanscrit, and supply it accordingly. shall subjoin a specimen from Gen. i. 1, 2, of the

manner in which the language may be read; presuming, of course, the student

aware

that, in

common

with

all

the

Shemitic languages (with the exception of the Abyssinian branch), the Samaritan is read from right to left.

Samaritan. Pronunciation.

Samaritan. Pronunciation,

The

*m*ZX"*

shumie

ith

Alee *

33*"^ v'k&shace

flftVflr^r v'rikni

tlamas

5^yV*" shame

B'kamauthe

A?3 SV%Y7 '

eiith

V'aroe

short vowels are

nounced long and

marked; the others may be proThe student will find no distinctly.

this course: we would, difficulty in reading, by adopting however, remind him of the pithy remark of Cellarius, " Linguas hasce addiscimus non tarn colloquendi causa, quam intelligendi scripta monumenta Orientalium Populorum."

ORTHOGRAPHICAL The Samaritans

SIGNS.

distinguish each

word by means of a

thick point placed after the word; as, ZZiiJiiS

AftrZ-

the end of a period they generally use the sign sometimes the simple distinctive , at others -: When the sense is suspended and imperfect, instead of our colon they substitute :

;

the sign

placed above the

word and

after

Sometimes

it.

the single point is used instead of it, and vice versa. They have various signs to supply the place of our full

=-:, <:, =< -< more frequently used.

stop;

as,

which

or -:.

Sometimes between two verses or

lines

The

first

that

find stops

com-

pounded of some of the preceding as, <-;- = = -:-<. It must be observed, however, that these signs apparently ;

depend on the caprice of the writer, and are found written in

differently

the copies of the Pentateuch. The small horizontal line - which is sometimes placed over letters, has various meanings. In the first place, it all

signifies that

an ambiguous word is not to be taken in its as, %$*** a name, but iiJ*** Shem the son

usual acceptation;

Noah

;

the second place,

thou.

32, 34,

Z>Y God, but

else

the preposition to or at. In a sign of apocope; as, AyY for ^A/

it is

7v%* which

a sign of cacography ;

ought

have been

as,

Gen. xxix.

%?$*** his

name.

The Samaritans do not divide their words at the end of a line but, if a word be too long, they reserve it for the next line; and, in the mean time, write the last word in such a ;

manner that the two line,

may

fall at

the end of the

divided from the rest of the word without any mark; 3*"iiS ^SV with Moses, saying. flTiaZ *

<\itt

last letters

as,

Before proceeding further, it is necessary to remark, that there are three parts of speech recognised in the 5.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

Grammar,

viz.

the Noun, Verb, and Particle;

which

may

be con-

order they will be considered.

CHAPTER

II.

THE NOUN. 1.

THE

Samaritan nouns, like the Hebrew,

sidered as having their roots in the verb.

some

in various ways: ***^A-

a man,

are formed

others

as,

the insertion of some

^fTO-m a goat,

&***3 a judge, etc.; or addition of a letter or letters to the beginning or end

quiescent letter;

by the

God:

=(ZyV

They

consist of radical letters alone;

of the root;

Some

as,

are

as,

Z2ZS?5 award,

^V**^

a judgment.

derived from imperfect verbs

;

as,

*\"?flfl

stranger, ftTT^/Y history, etc.

The

radical letters. as,

Z?V^3 a The

composed of four They are usually read with some quiescent; as are

treaty.

adjectives are found to vary in their formation, like

nouns substantive; naked,

nouns are such

quadriliteral

as,

"^ffT^P holy, %/f-A\ pitiful,

yYZ^*W

etc.

In a rudimentary Grammar like the present, a critical discussion of the various senses of the nouns, according to the species of the verb from which they are derived, would The Lexicon will supply their senses, be out of place.

which

will be sufficient for all practical purposes.

In the Samaritan, as well as in the other Shemitic or Syro- Arabian languages, there are only two genders, Masculine

and Feminine.

THE NOUN. The Feminine

supplies the place of a Neuter gender.

Nouns of the Masculine gender their

or signification.

termination

are usually

known by when

the former,

* they end in a radical letter, or servile other than 5[ or as, *"^/* a man, frTA-^S V an Hebrew ; by the latter, when ;

the subject of the noun is masculine; as, BfZ/f God. Nouns of the Feminine gender are also known by their

By the former, when they end a maid servant; by the latter, rfZt^LY when the subject of the noun is essentially feminine; as, Z"^ Rachel, Gen. xxxiii. 7; ?$fc a mother, Exod. xx. 12. termination or signification.

and A*;

as,

The nouns expressing

districts

and

cities are

generally

Sometimes under one termination both genders are included. This is especially the case with the names of feminine.

animals, as in the Hebrew.

Some nouns, though terminating

in an essential mas-

culine characteristic, are, however, feminine; as, Lev. v. 1,

A^^A earth,

^A-

^OT^

given for

***3^T

and when a

breath, ^fttV

soul sins.

As no

eye.

So V^A-

the

fixed rules can be

determining the genders, they can only be ac-

quired by reading and observation. There are two Numbers, the Singular and Plural. scarcely necessary to recognise

It is

a Dual number, since, in

consequence of the absence of diacritical points in the Samaritan, there are no means of distinguishing it from the plural. Cellarius apparently inclines to the opinion, that the dual

number,

if it

occur at

all,

not supported by sufficiently

conclusive examples to justify us in attempting to establish it as one of the essential numbers of the Samaritan language. * Nouns in T and however feminine.

fit

apocopated for

^ A? and ^ AfTf

(

9) are

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

of opinion, that ft inserted before the probably characteristic of the dual; thus,

Morinus, however, termination

Gen. xxvii. 36. Many exceptions may be taken ii5ftrA^9A} to the use of this letter as an essential mark of the dual

number, and none stronger than that of ^sm^ttf in Exod. xvi. 29, where it is absolutely necessary that the Hebrew P?*?i* should be emphatically marked, so as to prevent the possibility of confounding it with the plural, such, however, is not the case. The terminal Vfc, which is sup-

dual

ported by Castel, does not depend upon sufficiently conclusive examples to justify its adoption as a mark of this number.

All the pertinent examples produced of it by the learned author of the Heptaglot are accompanied by numerals,

which, in the absence of a characteristic termination of the noun, supply the place of the dual number. The termination The same remarks apply to the ^/f- is evidently plural.

form

3f/Y;Y in

numeral;

The

as,

Gen. xxxiii. '

SfAA^iiS^

which

nTAwV

Hebrew language,

existence of a dual in the

tially different

from

the

accompanied by the two handmaids.

plural,

Masoretic points.

In such cases as

from Exod.

where there

xvi. 29,

distinguishing the numbers,

it is

essen-

entirely due to the the one given above

an apparent necessity for doubtful whether this dis-

not as clearly pointed out by the context, indeof the diacritical distinction, as it would be by the pendent And addition of a numeral which removes all ambiguity.

tinction

in the case just mentioned this numeral

actually expressed

in the Syriac; as,

STATES OF NOUNS. 2.

The

Samaritans, like the Syro-Chaldees,

have three

THE NOUN. states or

forms of nouns,

viz.,

the absolute, emphatic, and

we have

In each of these states

constructive.

to consider the

formation of gender and number.

ABSOLUTE STATE. Every noun which

used simply or absolutely, or which does not govern another usually expressed by our genitive, is said to be in the absolute state; 3.

Singular Masculine.

a king, ^9*7 a master, etc. Plural Masculine. The affinity which the Samaritan

as, iJZiiJ

bears to the Chaldseo-Syriac, might lead us to expect that the plural termination tW of the latter would be far more

used than the case, as the iiJfflf

^*"^

Hebrew

*3flT

;

thus,

^ttt^m

Cellarius rightly affirms

judges, etc.

not the

Such, however,

iiJfflf.

more usual form

days,

that the

vast majority of nouns are thus formed.

The Syro-Chaldaic form paratively speaking, rarely

Nouns ending

which concur in xxxiv. 24,

fit

;

will also as,

be found, though, com-

^JTT^S sons, ^ITfaftfV eves, etc.

omit one of the consecutive yods,

affixing

the plural terminal;

!iJfln^ many sanrnm Some masculine nouns form their 53flfir*l

nations,

for

as,

Exod.

*3nrnfl^

plural like those of the

^^Sf* fathers, ^53*" names. The two nouns, ^nTI7T0[ life, ^ftft/f- a countenance, have no singular number this is also the case with some others. feminine gender;

as,

The Hebrew number is also

ecthlipsis of

fit

in the formation of the plural

to be remarked; thus, ^Jftt/YS houses,

from

in the singular number, the Hebrew plural being B^3 Feminine Singular. The feminine singular of this state .

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

formed by adding the suffix ^ as, BfZ^A- a maid servant, 3ffT$ a beast, from Zt^/f OT$ respectively. As regards the termination A, Cellarius doubts whether

;

it is

employed here in expressing the feminine; nouns in A*? and AftT to the constructive rather

legitimately

refers all

than to the absolute

state.

Characteristic of this gender also are

xx. 16,

t^V-^

The

ftt

\'mii5

also

X the Chaldee

^3^3^

^A-ftt^V

great, etc.

cities,

;

as,

Exod.

for the

;

as,

the case

plural

formed by

^Z*"

^ may

complete, ^3<\3 blessalso be preceded by ft as,

^A.T<\3 kine, from

The feminine nouns ^HTV"

This

fern.

races.

The feminine

Feminine Plural.

fit

ianTVT? living, masc., 5ft3fTTVlP, fern.;

as,

;

names of people and

all

the suffix ings,

Egyptian, masc., ^ftr'V/nia

with

and

have no other mark

adjectives in this state

feminine than

testimony; Deut. x. 18, ftt^a/Y a garment.

;

ftt^lP,

years,

T\3

respectively.

*%m2S% words,

^m^fr

stones, etc., follow the masculine gender in the plural

ber.

So with

^flt"-*!^

num-

women, which has no singular number.

EMPHATIC STATE. Masculine Singular. When a noun is to be expressed emphatically, this is done by affixing 9( to the noun, which is then said to be in the emphatic state; as, ^=fZ>Y- God. 7.

3*"^/f the man,

Hebrew

prefix n

participles,

Such

9(^5V

the

people,

etc.

Sometimes the

employed, especially with pronouns and be seen in the Chapter on the Particles.

as will

cases are, however, rare,

and foreign

to the genius

of a language, which from its Syro-Chaldaic sympathies, denoted the emphatic state by a suffix, not a prefix.

THE NOUN.

Nouns ending in flT/V on assuming the suffix 5f drop the Simipenult. fTT; as, rfAASV the Hebrew, for ^fTTA^SV. SyVAffrZA

larly,

and

SA-VOm

third,

respectively, etc.

fit A-Vflr3<\

Like the Chaldee, the absolute

Masculine Plural.

minal *%m becomes

Nouns

from flTA AITTZA

/owrZ/i,

=*flr

as, rftfTAa houses, for

;

of the afoo/. sing., instead of

{ft

9ftfr

**Jflr

teretc.

in the plural

foys, from =^3% etc. emphat., adopt The names of races and patronymics end in fTf/f, as in =*flTA.

absol. sing.

;

*nrnr$

from

life,

Canaanites, etc.

in the plural are regularly inflected; *jnrnrei

;

^tfriSt^ the heavens, from

etc.

^rrriis^,

Similarly

^flT*

women

(fern.), is

derived from the

Z>so-

lutexm 9.

^fTTA^

thus, ftfyYTZ Levites, flTA^V^iS

Nouns only found as,

as,

* or ^fTT^^.

Feminine Singular. The feminine singular of this formed by changing the absolute terminal -f into

state is 5f

as,

;

Ai*5T/f the earth, from BfiS^yV

from 5j^rrr^V

^A^fTT^P

AoZy,

AT^^yV

from

;

etc.

Nouns ending in ? and fit add B(A etc. 5( A^fZ^ from ftrZ3 "?!y0(^ A;

as,

;

Cellarius considers the

emphatic forms of such words as having been once the absolute,

whence by apocope those in t and

Some nouns

termination of their absolute state

hand,

etc.

masculine;

The

Such words form as,

*"*:&,

use of the letter

;

their

as,

*"3^ the

emphatic

similarly

;

soul,

state like

3VwY

the

^A^ a nouns land.

in iJAV<\yY thy land, Deut. xxi. 23,

presupposes an absolute form ^VSA-. 10.

HT arose.

are feminine in gender, but masculine in the

Feminine Plural.

the absolute, from which

This it is

Vide Chap. IV.

11.

more frequently used than formed by changing ^ into

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

5fA, if ^ be preceded

ft-

but

if not, into =<yV/

as,

;

SAA-rrm from Â^r^v, =*AA^m from â<\9; sA^nrza wonders, rfAîi&S beasts, or with A^ for

Deut. xxxiv. 11.

Similarly

from

^fflfA

as in

Gen.

26,

Egyptians

\'/7Iii5

c from ^OrA-^SV have, dropping ITT % AA- V/nii5 comes also without ftt, Exod. i. 19. rfAfTTA-^SV Hebrews, The following masculine nouns are similarly formed, viz.,

(fern.),

;

SAS3A^

from

xi. 5,

SA^iiS^ names, SAffft^

fathers,

=m^

./foAes,

Num.

or flrt^ from Chald.

CONSTRUCTIVE STATE. Masculine Singular. This is the same as the absolute masculine singular. The nouns 3A- father, "^A- brother, 11.

assume

fit

in the constructive state like the

Aanr

x. 21,

ores^

t^as ^Ae father

The noun

nr\9

as,

Gen.

A^S

^?^

Hebrew;

rrra^

of JEber, brother

all the sons

"^A-,

usually replaced

of Japheth.

though often used by the Hebrews, the

among

Samaritans by

flr<\9A^

Gen.

xiv. 12; ^SfttZA xxii. 23.

lute

The terminal

Masculine Plural.

12.

and emphatic masculine

plural, viz.

letters

of the abso-

are omitted

i*5

in the formation of the constructive state; thus, ^[TTiJA^ZiJ

angels in the absolute state, becomes HTiJA^Zii in the constructive; BfflTiiS

as,

530raZ/*

JTriJA^iS angels of

God;

tiftte

face of the water, etc.

Feminine Singular. This is formed from the emphatic state of the same number and gender, by omitting the final letter ?f and retaining the penult. A; as, At^ftrS 13.

Bf^A-

the wickedness '

emphatic

state; =*ZA^

of man; which is ^At^flTS in the A^nT^JA- the word of God ;

beast of the earth,

from =*/m$, or

THE NOUN. Feminine Plural.

14.

ends in

the Chaldee

The constructive feminine plural HT The mater lectionis A- some.

times precedes this termination;

i^A?

itt9yY

Aim

Gen. xlix. 26,

as,

the blessings

Gen.

mother have prevailed;

vi.

fJT^ai

of thy father and thy '

rJ^yY

A/Y^S

the

daughters of the man. The following masculine nouns follow this form; viz.

A39A father, A^*" names, Afift^ft ^te. Examples Num. xxxi. 26, 3A"^3 A33A ]7T"A^ Me *

are,

of the fathers of the congregation; Gen. xxxvi. 40, e raawes o/* Me rfu&e* o/* JEtow; Gen.

These observations will be

employed in forming the

sufficient to

26,

show the modes

different states of nouns.

CASES. 15.

tion

;

The genitive case is the only one marked by inflecthe others are formed by prefixing prepositions to the

nouns, sometimes separable, sometimes inseparable. The genitive case is not only formed constructively, after the manner explained in 11-14, but also with the Syriac prefix <?;

as,

Gen. xxii. 18,

people of the earth; witness

Num.

SWf-^

-*i*W

Exod. xx. 16, <\v^<^

xxi. 9,

^^^

Zi5

all the

^v^

false

"^^

brazen serpent. This case-mark is far more frequently used by the Syrians than the Samaritans.

The

;

dative and ablative cases are formed

inseparable

prefixes; as, i5fito3Z to thy sons, flTia"^ in

name,

also

separables

as,

AfTT3

t^ii5

from

the house,

etc.;

^fTT3

between the people, etc.

The

accusative or objective case

formed by prefixing

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

the separable word

SV^A-

Afire

ARt

(the Chaldee IV) to the noun; as,

Xm^*" Am '

Sometimes by prefixing

iiJV

sition signifying with like the '

iiSV

far as

A^iJ^A /

iiJV

these cases

Hebrew

J"iK;

Aaue recorded

earth.

the

properly a prepo-

Exod.

as,

AiSfttVIP she cut off the foreskin *

and

the heavens

which

;

iv.

25,

Exod. xx. 24, name. In all

probable that the preposition iJ5V has, as

are aware, lost

original force

its

and become

re-

dundant; though, from the similar instances found in other languages, this construction would seem to have originally

from phrases in which the force of the preposition was emphatically marked. The same remarks apply to

arisen

in Exod. xxxii. 35,

plagued

where we

find BfiiJV

^i5

3lyY he

the people.

in other languages, in the absence of a particle, the

active verb

The

a sign of the accusative case.

vocative case

the same as the nominative.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. There are three degrees of comparison: the positive, comparative, and superlative each of which is defined as in 16.

;

other languages.

Of the positive degree nothing need be said. The comparative is formed by ^3, a preposition

con-

veying an idea of superiority; as, ^V^yV iiSV ^5 more than the people of the land, Exod. v.5; /TftiS *

more righteous than

The

superlative

/, is

Gen. xxxviii. 26.

formed by an adverb;

very good:

Gen.

31,

by doubling the positive;

as,

a very greatly, Gen. xvii. 2.

as,

ADJECTIVES.

NUMERALS. 17.

The numeral nouns

are divided

two

into

Cardinal and Ordinal; as their construction

classes,

sufficiently

explained in the Syntax on Adjectives, it will be sufficient in this place to give tables of both classes.

The

following

a Table of the Cardinals

Masc.

Fern.

One

Two Three

AZA

Four Five Six

A" 1

3 A*" and

AA " 1

Seven Eight

Nine

Ten Twenty Thirty

Forty Fifty

Sixty

Seventy

Eighty Ninety

Hundred Thousand In the formation of the numerals between ten and a hundred, the

less is

commonly put

before the greater ;

as,

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

eleven, ^Jffftii5A

rule

AZA

eighty-three, etc.

This

however, relaxed in the case of numbers exceeding

is,

a hundred;

as,

=*A*"

^flP^V^

SA^iS

<\9

=**"53T

but Moses was a son of one hundred and twenty years, Deut.

xxxiv.

In the

Samaritan language, as in the other oriental the ordinal numbers do not exceed ten: beyond tongues, that,

their

xxxiii. 38,

The

place

supplied

^OrV3<\A^

Ordinals are

Second

Fourth Fifth

The forms

by the

A^3

T$A. or

First

Third

5(,

as,

Num.

Sixth

Eighth Ninth

SVfim

^ffr^

Tenth and tfryYOT are

also read fully

found in

^ZZV

full,

Num.

ZZV.

are;

ZV, Gen.

The feminine singular is The plural 1lV for

xxi. 27, ITTZZV.

found, Deut.

or in (7) Examples of the infinitive are, Z^ZV for ZtV, So P^rra in Pahel, etc. Pahel for Z^Vi*5, Exod. xvii. 12.

and (S)Examples of the fifth conjugation: perfect, ZV/* ZA-VA- for ZZVA-, etc.; future, ZAVA, Gen. xxvii. 10. mater lectionis, Imperative mood, ZVBf Exod. vi. 11, or with a

Z AV3f

The form

contracted from ZV5f

Deut.

ix.

28.

Z^J .

found in Exod.

Infinitive

x. 1 ,

seems to be

mood, AZA^V^J for

THE VERB. The

(e)

instances given in the preceding paragraphs, in

which the forms are uncontracted, seem to belong to the conjugation Pahel; in fact, the only means of distinguishing the

and third conjugation in form appears to be

first

considering the apocopated forms to belong to Pehal,

and the perfect forms

to Pahel;

ZZiiS,

The

(5)

passive of Pehal

while Ettaphal loses

etc.;

?ZZV, Gen.

as,

xix. 10;

etc. is

its

not apocopated;

middle radical;

as, as,

etc.

The will

observations

be found

made

sufficient

in this and the preceding section

without a paradigm.

QUIESCENT VERBS. Verbs are

23.

ters constituting fir

called quiescent whenever,

as they are improperly called,

These verbs

among

the root, any one of the quiescents

may be

divided into three classes;

;

let-

yfc

found.

as are quiescent in the first radical ; second, those

quiescent in the second

the

first,

such

which are

third, those quiescent in the third

radical.

The Samaritan mode of

inflecting these verbs is very

like the Syro-Chaldaic.

QUIESCENTS OF FIRST CLASS. In Aleph, or Pe-Aleph. 24.

The

inflected

class

of verbs, whose

first

like the perfect verb

radical

>V,

than any other

class

of quiescents. The following observations will supply the of a In the first and fifth conjugations, the place paradigm. initial A- is

changed into

whenever

it is

preceded by a

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

For example,

servile formative. \;snryfc

I will

The same law Gen.

in Pehal,

say; so, for \!*SyWS is

find

Z^fttAS walk; Z%mA?S, The Aleph is sometimes omitted; to destroy it; in

but in Gen.

;

be read

vi.

Exod.

iii.

changed rare, and

as,

;

ZiSfltttt,

also as,

etc.

Z3A-Ai3, Deut.

vii.

10,

find the passive is

Aphel used in a passive sense.

ZyVA^iS,

I cannot call to

Gen.

which the

quiescent

This

xi. 31.

mind another

In such forms as Zi5^, ZiS?Ai3,

etc.

21, the apocopated form ZiSAftt

Cellarius adduces an instance in to

^fra,

also observable in the passive forms; as,

xvii. 1,

given, unless

from ^^fr comes

instance of

etc.,

very-

it.

K is manifestly

the

sometimes takes place in Aphel, as well changed as in the passive forms. There does not seem to me, however, to be any reason for exclusively confining this metabole to

;

this

to those conjugations. viz.

ZiSt^

The example adduced by

in the conjugation Aphel,

may

Cellarius,

also

be referred

flT

are formed

to the first or third conjugation.

In Yod, QiPe-Yod. 25.

The

quiescents

whose

first

radical

much in the same way as Hebrew verbs of the same kind. The Yod is usually omitted in the future and imperative of Pehal, but in Aphel is changed to ? (a) Examples of the future: 93 yY for S-tftfA^ .

SlAfttA; though

may

be written regularly

9AA

for

Gen. xxi. 10, not AMTT. (ft) sit

Examples of the imperative mood

thou; so (7)

Gen.

Examples of the viii.

are,

from ^Zflf we have ^Z, fTT^Z,

21;

fifth

conjugation: a/WtvY

^mr for ^WTmr.

The

for

etc.

infinitive

I will

add,

THE VERB. Gen. xlv. 5,

There are

etc.

47 however, in which the

cases,

Gen.

A^fTTyY, instead of A9^?yY. Again, Z9?A^, Exod. xiv, 21. the same change for the (8) The flT sometimes undergoes is

not changed;

as,

iv.

IStttfr for

as in Aphel; thus, passive conjugations

from a radix =T$nr, (e)

Those

tense, as in

to be

cases in

Gen.

marked

which the

fir

omitted in the perfect

23, where ?i3Z is found for ^iSZftt, are The same may be said of the anomalies.

ix.

presence of Yod where Deut. xxxi. 19. 26.

<\A?A>Y; nr&T/Yyfc

etc.

Verbs in Aleph and

should be absent;

Yod

as STAfTf,

are usually regular, except

in the cases mentioned in the preceding sections.

QUIESCENTS OF SECOND CLASS. In Van, or Ayin-Vau. 27. The only class of verbs worthy of note under this head are those whose middle radical is Vau. The following

paradigm with

or ^SVP will give the student an idea of

the peculiarities of verbs of this class I.

PEHAL.

INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

Person.

Plural.

Singular.

~ --

2. 1 i

AiiSV? AiiSVP

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

Future Tense. Person.

Singular.

fM. -

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person.

Singular.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLES. Present

Mural.

THE VERB.

The preterite of conjugation: In the this conjugation strongly resembles the Syriac. of Pehal, we have given two forms of the third Remarks on the

28.

first

paradigm

the mater person singular, one with and the other without

The

lectionis.

ten is

tiiJP

as,

;

may be

third person plural Gen. xxxvii. 35 in ;

sometimes absent in the other persons. The future tense is generally read with ?

found without

Deut.

as,

it;

similarly writ-

fact, the mater lectionis

xiii. 8,

;

^"^ftTA

however,

it is, it

shall spare;

they will go, for titt^ffT, Exod. xxxii. 1;

Deut. xxviii. 52.

The imperative mood

When Yau for

PVtff for

like the

the ultimate or penultimate

Chaldee and Hebrew. a guttural or Resh, the

Gen. xxxv.

though omitted in the imperative,

frequently omitted;

^'Y;

as,

inhabit,

also, iS3 go, etc.

In this case the t

sometimes found in the future;

as,

'Yt^yY, Gen. xxiv. 55;

the rule, however, for omission in the future

generally

is,

speaking, the same as that for the imperative.

Of those

the infinitive mood, we have given various forms; which are preceded by iiJ belong rather to the third

conjugation; thus, s^VfiiiJ, Gen. xxxi. 7, is transitive, whereas the signification of Pehal is intransitive, as will be seen by consulting Gen. xxxviii. 10, where is to

be evil.

The mater

also

Compare

^V^,

m V9 intransitively

Gen. xxiv. 3, and

xiii. 6.

of the participle of the present is sometimes changed to V thus, instead of iiJA-V we find sometimes fc is changed to 5f as in the ii5VP Exod. iii. 5 lectionis

;

anomalous verb A^iiS written; etc.

;

as,

;

sometimes for Aleph,

^K*^, Num.

Such forms seem

xiii.

yVBf

yYflr is

20; ^A-flTT, Gen. xv. 14,

to carry considerable emphasis.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

SAME AS

< <

CO 37 3?

37 37

Q. A.

< A.

Jy-

Jv-

Jv"

37 37

3? 37

o 3

THE VERB.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

Kemarks on the second conjugation

29.

like the

tion

was

pleased,

The

student

Gen.

who

Sjriac verb in

flfTf^ AvY

;

^tfr^/Y/f

thus,

Exod. xxxii. 30,

etc.

acquainted with the paradigm of the

Ayin-Vau

nising the tenses,

will find

difficulty in recog-

of the conjugation Ethpehel. This conjugation

etc.,

Kemarks on the third conjugation:

30.

may

iv.

This Conjuga-

Syriac in its formation;

be generally It is,

Syriac.

known by

the characteristic

fir

as in the

Compare the Chaldee

however, rarely used.

Pahel. 31.

gation

Remarks on the fourth conjugation: is

as,

flT;

The

iiSfflflPAyY.

Ethpehel

This conju-

sometimes read with the characteristic

may

difficulty of distinguishing between it and have led to the adoption of T instead of fTT,

and the duplication of the

last

radical;

!^y?3A/Y,

as,

Gen. xvi. 2; ^iirrPAiS, xxviii. 13. 32.

Remarks on the

fifth

Aphel

conjugation:

the mater lectionis

accompanied by though the ftf may be omitted before the

rally

AOTyY, Gen.

xxi. 29;

BfAaiiiS,

distress,

as,

;

gene-

SflfljY

syllabic suffixes

;

as,

;

There are some

xlv. 4.

few instances in which

formant

fit

fc is put for fir as, VA-VflT shall The characteristic preDeut. xxviii. 53, 55.

fr is

;

very frequently changed to

as in the perfect

verbs.

33.

The

sixth conjugation

scarcely distinguishable

from

the second, except as regards the sense.

QUIESCENTS OF THIRD CLASS. 34.

The

quiescent verbs of this class

for their third radical.

rarely

found; thus,

The two

fit/W^,

have

yY,

3f,

ftt,

latter terminations

Num.

xxiii.

21,

which

are is

THE VERB.

usually quoted as Pehal, seems to be Pahel, from the root

The two other instances given by Cellarius, viz. from Gen. xxxvii. 35, and T$i3, Exod. vii. 20,

may may

be obsolete forms,

at least the

latter;

for the former

conjugation Pehal not being in use. The usual termination of quiescents of this class is 5f. The following is a paradigm of verbs of this kind with

be considered as Pahel, the

first

he wept.

PEHAL.

INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

Person.

Singular.

{: f M.

Plural.

Ai53 A

* 2.

{", 1.

Future Tense. Person.

Singular. f M.

\F.

* 2.

Plural.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person.

Plural

Singular.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLES. Present.

Past.

nras

Remarks on the first conjugation: The feminine of the third person of the preterite occurs Exod. ii. 1 6 ; plural 35.

flTAZ^t

as,

fflfZ^r

WAA-

they

came and drew, and filled ;

will be observed that the quiescent

in flTA-Z^S before

Gen. xxxii. 30.

The

Gen.

xi. 4.

not omitted

also the case in

Compare remarks

quiescent letter

=<^9^

as,

This

may remain unchanged

in the future

The Chaldee corresponds

;

exactly with

* suppose the terminal K changed to An instance of the feminine singular imperative is fTT?5f Gen. xxiv. 60. The form given in the paradigm for the

the Samaritan, if

feminine plural of the imperative >

Castel has

^t?Z1

mination j

far as I

exists,

may am

least

the Syriac

also

like the Syriac in _^,

rn\

"*l

The Chaldee

ter-

be added to the root; thus, tWiSfi.

aware, I do not think that any example the Pentateuch, to settle the matter

definitely.

The

infinitive is generally

accompanied by the prefix

;

THE VERB. ttfo^l

as,

number, Gen. xv. 5;

55 to see,

fttA^e^

Exod.

iii.

The

plural feminine of the participle It will

54, ^yVfttV".

xli.

found in Gen.

be observed that Benoni and

Pehil do not differ in form.

The

Kemarks on the second conjugation:

36.

of the preterite:

are examples

Gen.

xvii. 1,

following

fttta^AyY;

flTSA^yV, Exod. xiv. 21; AflNmAA-, Gen. xxxii. 30, An instance of the future will be found in Gen. ix. 14.

Kemarks on the

third conjugation: This conjugation terminated in the third as, usually preterite by fit Exod. xv. 25; JTftA, Gen. xxix. 13.

37. is

etc.

;

The

other instances given ,

The passive of the

38.

The

fifth

AWV*,

viii.

For the future 1

;

first,

nTS'VY

I will

(See the Syntax.)

flriJitSyY,

Gen. xxiv. 14.

Gen. xxiv. 19; Gen.

except by the sense; they

viii.

may

-*T$S, xxxi. 20. Gen.

xii.

preterites for the

For the imperative mood ^AV m iiJ, infinitive mood

xxxvii. 22.

For the participle

In the infinitive and participle, the

examples produced are exceedingly pertinent. 40. Cellarius has given the form JttZI AA>Y as belonging to the sixth conjugation;

seldom.

The

conjugations.

2; flfl^uY,

For the

-CA.<fll3i3,

vi. 17.

13;

increase.

in both cases they

though

?^,

and

;

5^A,

future.

ftt

B^^

supported by the followGen. xix. 24, ftfl?Z^ preterite

conjugation

For the

ing examples:

xv.

Cellarius, viz.

third conjugation cannot be distin-

guished from that of the have the same forms. 39.

are of the conjugation Pehal.

from

Castel,

occurs but very

following paradigm contains the remaining

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

THE VERB.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

ANOMALOUS VERBS. 41. This class of verbs Defectives and

Quiescents,

must be distinguished from the inasmuch as the latter are

though varying from the paradigm of a perfect verb, while the former apparently follow no regular rule,

regular,

but, in consequence certain

undergo counted

for

of peculiar combinations of

them to any class of verbs preThere are ten of these verbs which,

referring

viously considered.

from their frequent

occurrence,

may be

advantageously

explained in this place. I.

THE SUBSTANTIVE VERB

9fra he was.

INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

Person. 3.

Plural.

Singular.

|M. |F.

I" 1 .

Future Tense. Person. o !'

f M.

atnram or

rrrerrrA or

IF.

rrrarrrA or

__ fM.

U .

Plural.

Singular.

letters,

changes which sometimes cannot be ac-

^rrraA- or

irrairr

THE VERB.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person.

Plural.

Singular.

INFINITIVE MOOD. or

There are no

Gen.

The

participles.

xviii. 18.

third masculine future

sometimes further apocopated; as, fira, Gen. xxviii. 14. The first person masculine is also read flf?/* Gen. xvii. 8. ,

This verb

is,

most

for the

part, regular in the perfect tense

of the indicative, and in the imperative mood, both of quiescents of the third class.

which follow

THE VERB

II.

This verb

A/tt/

there

is.

the same as the Syriac A*| and

Hebrew

B>* ;

frequently found in the Syriac New Testament. Examples of the Samaritan are, Exod. xvii. 7, AftfyY^

3^*rrr

^9*19

God among

sometimes omitted; frwfy

GW m

The

Az's

as,

3/vnrto

whether ye are, Deut.

compound

which

ecthlipsis.

3<\AyY3

5rartt

omitted, especially

letter *

fit

^iSA-

when

suffixes

ifihou art, Gen.xxiv.42; xiii. 3.

The

of this verb and /*Zis

place, Gen. xxviii. 16.

z'mtta/ letter is often

are used; as,

The medial

us 9 '

derived

from

negative adverb Compare the Syriac

and

A*|x

(See Schaaf s Syriac Lexicon.)

crasis

and

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

THE VERB

III.

=*flret

lived.

PEHAL. This conjugation, which has an intransitive rarely used; as, /7T0(A she shall fire;,

Gen.

Deut.

iii.

which

22,

ttt^A ye

26;

live,

Gen.

should

shall

sense,

13; xxvii.40;

read

Exod.

live,

xii.

vide

iTT^/IT,

22.

PAHEL. This conjugation, which

XtrtAm they / will make found written 9(A^

is transitive, is

save

will alive,

Compare =CA^i3, Gen.

20,

often found; as,

Gen.

alive,

Deut. xxxii. 39.

?A^

as,

;

thee

keep alive,

which

Num.

xii.

12;

also

xxxi. 18.

rather of the fifth

conjugation.

APHEL. This conjugation

viz. 5f^ftr; alive,

Gen.

Num. 1.

as,

formed from a root which

from the metathesis of the

supposed to arise

fiTft*?/*

xxxi. 15

he lived, passim; *

;

*iJV

A-^tiiJZ

may

initial radicals,

^A/THX^

saved

save the people alive,

20, xlv. 5.

ETTAPHAL. This conjugation is used intransitively; as, ntWC/ffr, he lived, Gen. xxv. 7; ?V[A>Y live, Gen. xlii. 18.

The other conjugations IV.

THE VERB AV^

This verb, which

Chaldee nrp

are rarely

he descended.

the same as the Syriac

written for

changing "^ into V.

met with.

A*^

whence

it is

A**J

and

formed by

THE VERB.

PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

This

is,

for the

mitive form

most

read;

Sometimes the

part, regular.

as,

AA*^^

she

let

pri-

down, Gen. xxiv.

16, 45.

Future Tense. Person.

Plural.

Singular.

Avirnrr

AVfTTA -

AVOTA

N.B.

must not be inferred that

use;

some few

Gen.

xlii.

are given

all

by analogy.

38, xliv. 29, but,

from

its

these forms are in

^TAVA

occurs in

transitive sense,

may

be referred to Pahel or Aphel.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person.

Plural.

Singular. f M.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

The ix.

participles are

formed in the usual manner

21, Gen. xxviii. 12.

;

as,

Deut.

THE PAKTS OF SPEECH.

APHEL. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

The two

persons of this tense mostly used are. the third

singular; as,

and third

AVA- Exod.

plural,

TAVA

xix. 20;

Gen.

AAVtA

Gen. xxiv. 18;

xliv. 11.

Future Tense.

The

third plural,

!V?AVA, Gen. met with.

xliv.

^AV/tt, Num. 29. The other

Second

51.

plural,

persons are sometimes

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person.

2. '

Plural.

Singular.

AVA

INFINITIVE MOOD. AVfttiiS

The

Gen. xxxvii. 25.

passive form of this verb also occurs; as,

Gen. xxxix. 1; AflTVAyY,

Num.

THE VERB

x. 17, etc.

SSffT he gave.

PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

This

formed regularly.

The

instance Sflraitt, from

Lev. x. 17, given by Cellarius, must be referred to Pahel. Compare Lev. xix. 20.

THE VERB.

Future Tense. This

Pe-Yod.

regular, like verbs in

^A^, Hebrew

sometimes formed from

is,

however,

ID}.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person. r M. 2.

Plural.

Singular.

33 fir

I F.

ftttt

3;V Gen. xxx. 26 ;

also,

;

3* Gen.

xlii.

37.

Gen. xxx. 14.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLES. Present. ;

Past.

also, fl^nra

Gen. xlix. 21.

The latter participle appears to be used in Gen. =Onraftf she

was

given.

This

xxxviii. 14,

probably the case with the

instances mentioned under the perfect tense.

In Lev. xix. 20, our version has " liberty given her," though it should rather be he has not given her liberty ; a change of nominative

which has been adopted in Lev.

The

x. 17, correctly.

passive forms also occur as, ^aaf fflfAyY Lev. x. 14 !K33flrAvY, Lev. xxvi. 25 S^fTTAfir, Lev. xxiv. 20. Also ;

;

the participle 3=*nrA5, Exod. v. 16, 18.

VI. This

THE VERB Ati3

the same as the Syriac

A*^

he died. ,

Chaldee

n-ID

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

The middle

letter of

he died;

AfTES

the whole of this tense

AAflTCS she

died, Gen.

fit

xxiii. 2;

;

as,

^AtfTiiS

they died, Exod. iv. 19, etc.

Future Tense. This

exactly like verbs in

Ayin-Vau;

as,

Atii5A,

etc.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Plural.

Singular.

Deut. xxxii. 50.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLES. Past.

Present.

Gen. xxx.

VII.

Aftt^

THE VERB INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

This follows the form of verbs in Ayin-Vau; went. Gen. xxii. 13.

as,

ift he

THE VERB.

Future Tense. In

this tense

(Vide

omitted, on account of the guttural

iJ.

28 of this Chapter.)

The INFINITIVE MOOD

is 3=*ii5

;

SittiSZ

as,

to go,

Deut.

xxix. 18.

VIII.

THE VERB

ZAiA- he went.

PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD. In

mood

this

the verb

formed regularly.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Plural.

Singular.

ZA*

*LA

INFINITIVE MOOD. Gen.

xi. 31.

The corresponding conjugation Ethpehel as, iii.

ZA^flf

walk, Gen. xvii.

;

Gen. ZA^fttAiiJ walking,

IX.

THE VERB

Compare the Syriac

also found;

A A-

he came.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.

Person.

also

J~M.

Plural.

Singular.

IF.

AfttAA

f M.

AfTTAA-

AAA Gen. xlvi.

fTfAfttAA

AftfAA and A/TTAA

Future Tense. This

formed regularly according to verbs in Pe-Aleph,

and quiescents of the third

class.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Gen. xxxvii. 13, and /TTAA

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Gen. xxxvii. 10.

Gen.

xlii.

Num.

15.

x. 21

PARTICIPLES. Singular.

fM. Present.

flTAA

**5nrAA also ^rrrA/TTA

Gen. xxx. 38.

IF.

Plural.

SfTTAA

^AOTAA

Gen.

xli. 29.

THE VERB.

APHEL. INDICATIVE MOOD.

The

perfect

and future tenses are formed

nrA/TTA- he brought, Gen. xxxvii. 2

;

as usual; thus,

OrAfirftt he shall bring,

etc.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Plural.

Singular.

PARTICIPLES. Exod. This verb

nryWirAgS Deut.

x. 4.

viii.

16.

very frequently used in Pehal.

THE VERB

he was able.

ZiSffT

INDICATIVE MOOD.

The perfect tense of this verb is regularly inflected. The future follows the law of verbs in Pe-Yod as,

ZiJ ft

shall be able, Deut. xxxi. 2;

able,

;

Exod. the

xviii. 23, etc.

Hebrew anomaly

Num.

Zi3A, thou shalt be

There are is

adopted

;

cases, as,

however, in which

ZiJ? A-

/ shall

xxii. 11.

The

infinitive,

Z?i^>

occurs

Num.

xiii.

31.

be able,

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

CHAPTER

IV.

THE PARTICLES. 1.

The

Particles,

which form the third part of speech,

generally understood

are

comprehend the

Pronoun, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection; or, in other words, all those parts of speech recognized in Greek

and Latin, and

modern European languages, with the Verb and Noun.

in the

exception of the

PRONOUN. as being the most prominent and imof the portant grammatical divisions included in the term will be considered in the first place. The SamaParticle, 2.

ritan

The Pronoun,

pronouns

may

be divided into two

classes,

as in the

other Shemitic languages, viz. Separables and Inseparables; the latter (except the relative) are sometimes called Suffixes, the propriety of which term will appear hereafter. Under the head of Separables are included,

Personal

Pronouns in the nominative and vocative

Demon-

cases,

sometimes the Relative (which is, however, geneexpressed by a prefix), and the Interrogative Pronouns.

stratives,

rally

Under the head of

Inseparables

are

classed,

Personal

Pronouns in the oblique cases or preceded by a preposition, Relative, Renexive, and Possessive Pronouns.

SEPARABLE PRONOUNS. PERSONAL. 3.

the

The

first,

personal pronouns are, as in other languages, of second, and third persons, in both numbers.

THE PRONOUN. There

only one form for both genders of the

first

per-

son in each number; in the other persons there is a distinct form for each gender, as the subjoined table will shew:

TABLE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Pers. i.

Plural

Singular.

COM.

-ft

rrftA, rrri&A

we.

2. .

There

another form of the

which sometimes occurs

first

this

;

person singular, viz.

form and that

first

given in the table correspond exactly to the Chaldee N3^

and

n3NI ;

^N and

while the second and third forms are the

*?3N

line are the

The two forms

same

npx and

of the second person mascu-

fiK

The second person feminine without a line over

which

The

it;

found in Gen. xxiv. 23,

corresponds to the

usually written

With

Hebrew ^IK,

Fit*.

form of the third person masculine while the second is the Syriac 001-

first

as K-in,

the

first

Hebrew

the same

form of the third feminine, compare the

Chaldee and Hebrew K*n

The second form of

the

first

person plural

manifestly

the Chaldee ]}$.

With

the forms of the second plural, compare the Chal-

dee 1W13M, PB?K.

With the two forms and

P3 Pi fern.; for,

of the third plural, compare pan masc. by interchanging the quiescents n and N

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

70 '

of the same organ,' the Chaldee forms are easily trans-

formed to the Samaritan.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 4.

These are included in the following table

Plural

Singular.

!y, 5f%

C. tVT,

the Chaldee

this.

/*.

rfA'Y

^ffrZ/*

these, those.

Mzs, */te.

Compare the brew

^ftfVAi

SfftraA^,

form of the masculine singular with and the second and third with the He-

first

p?.,

nj.

With the feminine forms, compare the Chaldaean *n. The first forms of the masculine and feminine, as will be observed, are repeated as of common gender; this arises from their indiscriminate

and

fcOH

With

the

N-in

use,

somewhat

similar to that of

the Hebrews.

among

common form

of the plural, compare v?$. must be observed, that many of the Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns receive % emphatic as a prefix; It

thus,

^AA'AT^

that very place.

Again, =fnto9A'^flrZA-=f

these very stones.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 5.

Like the Hebrews, the Samaritans have a separable

relative

pronoun,

rally superseded '?.

It is

common thy

V*\te;

the prefix

its

use,

$, like

however, is genethe Chaldee T from

number and gender; thus, i^Tfltt stranger, who is in thy cities, Exod. xx. 10;

tfJTraZA-

xxxii. 4.

viz.

thy gods, which brought thee up, Exod.

THE PRONOUN.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. There are two forms of

|, which

who?

what

like our

are you ?

first

!^5,

9f*J, as it

sense

when

also

Thus,

and, *??**

form

pronoun; the

this

used of persons, and equivalent to our the second %%$, Chald. KD, used of things, and

Chald.

fit

Bftu

AyY

!&*H

what

A^S

his

whose daughter

The neuter

name ?

may be called, sometimes appears to lose its used with prefixes thus, BfiiSiS like as. There ;

another

form V^,

interrogative

found in

Gen.

Z/f-"VY as, tfri3 why my name ? Before proceeding to the Inseparable Pronouns, it must

xxxii. 29

;

be observed *

that, to express the

the very one,'

the

seek for

words

self,'

the same,'

Samaritans follow the Hebrews in

substituting iiJVl for its equivalent DJJJ, as in Gen. vii. 13, *X*&i

5f^iT/Tr

which

)v-.r>in

W^OQJLO

\a\

^M9 is

used in a similar

I myself

Compare the Syriac manner; as, Rom. ix. 3,

in this very day.

noVvMn you

1 Cor. vi. 7,

your-

selves.

It is probable that ^JT^P,

"*;& the

Latin

soul, are

seipsum.'

synonymous with

**sVl , as well

used as reciprocals, in the sense of the

by the numerous Testament, in which it is so

This inference

examples found in the

New

justified

employed by the Syrians. The Samaritans apparently use ^TT^ the heart, recipro5^*** cally; as in Gen. xviii. 12, where we find *

and Sarah laughed within her

heart,

e. herself.

INSEPARABLE PRONOUNS. 7.

These Pronouns, which

may

also

be called

suffixes,

from the peculiarity of their being joined to the end of

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

words with which

they coalesce, include the Personal Pronouns with a preposition, Reflexives, and Possessives. are contained in the following table

They

Person.

{*;*m .

nft

a 2

Plural.

Singular.

COM.

..*. F.

=*,

9ft

tare, ^nr,

These inseparables are not joined to nouns, verbs, and it will be particles indiscriminately proper therefore to ;

make a few remarks on their use. With respect to the^rsrf person, the form

ft?

bers; thus,

we have

of the singular

from

9\ comes

fttflftS

sons,

must be observed, that nouns of both num-

joined to

[tffl^

which

my is

lord; from

fflftS sons,

contracted into fTft9 , as

in the Hebrew.

There are some instances in which as, is

fflf

joined to verbs;

OretZ*** he sent me, Gen. xlv. 5, Exod.

frequently the case

the suffix

the letter immediately preceding

form, however,

fTfo/ViS

as,

This

14.

essentially radical.

The second verbs;

when

iii.

that usually found with

thou hast blessed

me; ftftnTA^ffr he

shall see me, etc.

Both forms of the^rstf person plural are used with nouns and verbs; instances of the first are, t^^Z/Y our God; our sepulchres; he

made us go

t^A^3/* our

up, Exod. xxxii.

fathers. 1

;

Again,

^A?3A-

thou

THE PRONOUN. Num.

hast led us out,

^A^fTrZ/Y our

are,

vered us, Exod. 8.

ii.

Upon may

It is

Instances of the second form

xxi. 5.

Gen. xxiv. 60; ^Atfl^ he

sister,

deli-

19.

the suffix

remarks

of the second person, the following

be made.

found with nouns of both numbers for the masculine

gender; and, for the feminine gender, with nouns plural; as,

ittZyY your

God; iSA^T

your son and your

iJ<\3

daughter; i5A^3yY your fathers ; iJffftfttV your eyes, In Gen. xix. 12, ftf is inserted before the terminal iJ; in speaking of Lot's daughters,

This insertion of

ters.

feminine form

Gen.

iii.

fit

find iiflrA^fl

your daughmust not be confounded with the

which

itfTT,

used with singular nouns;

iJflr^l your husband;

16,

etc.

for,

your

iJflrV*\A}

as,

seed,

Gen. xvi. 10.

The form

also

iSA^rmpyV have

loved thee;

i^Z"V* I will

send

i&^VA-

restore thee,

The

[ft

thee,

I established

as,

thee,

Exod.

The

Gen. xxxii. 26.

iJiiS'^

ix.

terminal

16;

usually found with the future tense I will I will make thee, Gen. xii. 2;

with the epenthetic ^ as,

found with verbs;

;

i&^V/f

Gen. xxviii. 15,

etc.

of the feminine form

joined with a particle; from thee, Gen. xxx. 2

;

as,

iJflTZ

usually omitted

ijftf is

to thee,

when

Gen. xx. 16; i&i*5

found in Exod.

ii.

The is

first form ^TiJ of the second person plural masculine found with nouns and verbs; but with the latter it is

generally not suffixed immediately, but with the interposition of the characteristic of the accusative case ; as,

your God; !V?i5A*9/* your fathers

and

will lead you, Gen. xlviii. 21.

particles; as, !ytiJZ to you,

;

^i5AffT

It is

also

^iiiiJV with you,

found with etc.,

though

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

in this case the second form ^tiSt

usually employed; as,

from you, Deut. ii. 4, etc. latter form is not only found with the particles, but

^TiJt^iiJ

The also

with nouns;

and

heart

The

your soul, Deut.

ZVT

!y?i5?3Z

your

xi. 18.

form in both genders, viz. !KiS^, is a verbal formed by means of the epenthetic ^, from i& from 3.

last

and

suffix,

^TiJt

as,

^iTi5, like

The

two forms of the feminine plural are joined

first

nouns;

as,

^fttii^;^ your soul; sometimes

the insertion

of ^, as in the case of the masculine suffixes; thus, ^fltiSTS/f

your father. Gen. xxxi. are found with verbs.

The form

The

other forms of the feminine

of the third person singular

with nouns of both numbers, also with verbs; his

head;

found

as,

^^"ftr^

Q'ift her seed; ^fTTIPvY he set him, Gen. xlvii. 7;

SAfTr"^ I drew him

forth, Exod.

10.

ii.

In the masculine

sometimes suffixed by the interposition of fthe S/f as, SA-Tiiret his father-in-law, Exod. iii. 1 shewed him, Exod. xv. 25. The A- was probably added to

gender,

;

MA^

;

mark

distinctly the difference

between the word and

Compare remarks on verbs, 7. The second form *? of the masculine gender,

its

suffix.

plural nouns,

as,

?/TfofttV his eyes y

ix. 1

Chald. 'n^?

;

This terminal particles, in

case

fTf

suffix Bft of

Nun

from *,

Gen.

etc.

inserted before the suffix; as,

1, xlvii.

Exod. xvi. 15; TftfZV upon him, thetic

used with

sons,

found also with singular nouns and

TOT9A- his father, Gen.xlvi.

The

Syriac ^.OIOLO

which

?ftt*\3 his

;

common is

11; TfTTetyV his brother,

etc.

gender, formed by the epenused with verbs; as, 9ftP^iiJ/Y I will

THE PRONOUN.

Exod. xxxii. 33; ^fTft^fTr It must be observed that

destroy him,

Deut. xxii. 13.

shall hate it is

her.

mostly em-

ployed with the future tense, and, comparatively speaking, he is very seldom found with the preterite; as, ^IttS"* 10. placed him, Deut. xxxii. The first two forms of the plural number masculine are the second being joined with nouns of the singular number, their hand, Gen. ^T^A is that which usually employed; as,

^ZAS^2S

xxxvii. 22;

on their

left

hand Exod. >

xiv. 22.

Also with nouns of the plural number; as, !ytA=*3A xii. 5. fathers, Exod. xii. 40; tmnftflftP Gen.

their

The

third form,

with verbs;

^"^TAitt

Num.

as,

!y?t&,

masculine, and

^3^ A I This

only employed

and

Num.

vi.

27;

bruised them,

is not, however, used excluform ^T occurs as, ^tZ^V he slew

suffix

sively, since the simple

;

^P\V<\, Num.

them, Gen. xiv. 16;

will bless them,

they struck them

Myt^iS

xiv. 45.

xvi. 39.

Vide Deut.

ix. 17.

The feminine forms of

this person, viz. ^fTTBf

and

tMtf,

are used with nouns of both numbers; as, ^fiftT ^*"^ their

Num.

judgment,

xxvii. 5;

^flT^TSA

their father,

Num.

xxvii. 7, etc.

The

of the feminine gender, may be joined form, The student must be but very seldom occurs. careful to distinguish it from the same form, which is used last

to verbs,

for the first person plural.

These pronouns,

will be observed, serve for the Personal

Pronouns in the oblique

cases, for the Possessives,

and Reci-

procals.

10.

The

prefix *S,

relative

which

pronoun employed

usually expressed

like the

Chaldee

*I.

by the

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

ON THE MODE OF SUFFIXING. 11. In

adding the inseparables to nouns of the absolute the characteristic of the feminine is changed into % state,

;

=fZ?^/Y a handmaid, fttA2?^k/Y my handmaid, Gen. xvi. 2. If the noun be plural, the terminal 2$ or ^ of the as,

J)\UTSL\ formative is

ing part;

But

omitted, and the suffix added to the remain-

from ^ftt^a

as,

sons,

comes

TW^S

his sons, etc.

the noun be in the emphatic state, the Bf is wholly XX omitted, and the suffix takes its place; as, 5(* 3^ the soul, if

/&*":&

3AA/Y

soul;

the wife,

iSAA/Y thy

wife

3A39/Y

;

^A5(3A- our fathers.

fathers,

There are three nouns which deserve especial consideration these are, 9/Y a father ; "^ A- a brother ; %$"?( a 12.

;

father-in-law.

inserting

These nouns are connected with their

suffixes

Chaldee and Syriac

like the

;

flf

Hebrew.

The

following are examples of this peculiarity Examples of 9/Y; as, 3TT3/Y, 3T3/Y, !m?9A-, :

with ?; rnra/p,

Examples of ^/f wither; and ^rTT$/Y, ;

as,

This person;

Also with

ftf

etc.,

fTT.

Exod.

rare; as, flPTii^,

itftttii^, Gen. xxxviii. 13.

etc.,

rrr.

iS^yt, SR^yY, ^T^yV,

t&fir$yfc, etc., with

Examples of *3^ are 25;

with

^nra/v,

t&nray*,

xviii. 1;

in Gen. xxxviii.

SnTiiJ^ her father-in-law. is

not, however, the case with the suffix of the

for in

Gen. xx. 12,

my father; and in I my brother's keeper?

the nouns are in

Gen.

find fTfS/Y

iv. 9,

3ft/Y

A\3

/TT$/Y

first

daughter

^1^*

In both these instances, however,

regimen,' which

may probably

the deviation from the general rule.

account for

THE PRONOUN. The

13.

are usually

suffixes

changing any

letter; as, fTft^Tft

added to verbs without lie

led me, Gen. xxiv. 27;

go up, Exod. xxxii. 4, etc. iSTV^yV they made Quiescents of the third radical in A- or ^ sometimes vary from this rule. These letters may be changed into as, thee

^TA^^S us,

he numbered them,

Exod.

They

ii.

Num.

;

19; ^A-ftl^ he delivered

19; !^?A3V he overlaid them, Exod. xxxvi. 36.

are also sometimes omitted ; as, ftt^W^ftt he shall see

me, Exod. xxxiii. 20.

The

14.

epenthetic

so often used

^ between the verb and

by the Samaritans, that,

its suffix is

coalescing with

the suffixes themselves, an entirely new series would seem to have arisen. See the table, p. 72.

The

15.

interposition of

which sometimes occurs may

be accounted for by supposing it to be a contraction of the case-mark Aftt; thus, =*A^Z^V, Deut. iii. 3, is the same as 5f

^Z^V

saw them.

;

similarly,

t^A?A^0t

for ^?AfTT

?A^

they

the pronominal suffixes, especially ^TiS and tVT, are frequently found separated from the verb by AflT

;

^TAflT

a^SftT he will bless you, Deut. i5*\3 he blessed them, Exod. xxxix. 43.

as, *

fact,

^Ti5 Aftt

;

which the methods employed by the Hebrews in suffixing the particles have also been 16.

There are

adopted by the

cases in

Samaritans;

thus,

*?fTTA^3,

Gen. xix.

which BfAA-^9, Gen. xxxvi. 16, 30; 5(A^3 Num. xxxvi. 2, are more usually employed. instead of

instances of

Hebrew usage

ness of the copyists,

language,

opposed

may have

are perhaps

who from

and

Such

to the careless-

their acquaintance with that

foisted in forms

to Samaritan usage.

due

which are undoubtedly

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

ADVERB. 17.

The

tions,

may

adverbs, as well as the prepositions and conjuncperhaps be considered as having been originally

substantives in the constructive state.

of radical letters alone

5^?

Some

of them consist

as, suddenly ; Z3V against ; Others are formed with serviles ; as, AVSfTHn

before.

;

It is scarcely little, or too little ; ZflT^SZ in order that, etc. worth while, in a rudimentary work like the present, to discuss the senses of the substantives from which these par-

The syntax of the adverb

ticles are derived.

will be

found

in the Chapter on that subject.

list

of adverbs

given by Cellarius,

subjoined, slightly differing from that

which

will be

found exceedingly useful

for reference.

where

nay behold,

^hitherto (a)

lo.!

moreover then; also

s-so,

also

when, since

verily

already

not; prohibitive

like as, Lev. xix. 34.

if,

since,

like as

where;

Heb. before that so, just as

!^i5

so, also

A-Z not

?Z oh

that,

perchance

why, because for

5f;V

behold

here, hither

however

A/7TZ not, nothing

wherefore (0)

THE PREPOSITION. hitherto,

moreover

snce

hitherto,

how

suddenly

vain, gratis

=*i3

ZvZiiS above

too

little,

whence

3\ much,

(ft)

and

now

little

exceedingly

fiTt*"

now

(7)

same as

rift

there far as

The adverb marked The

nuation of time.

generally used of the conti-

(a) final

omitted with a suffix;

as,

i^iSyY, Exod. ix. 17. Those marked (/3) are interrogative adverbs. The former Greek Sion. The latter is a compound of is from 3(3 and Z is and that !^iiJ ^yYfrom where ; Latin unde ; Greek, 7ro#ev. ;

The adverb marked

(7)

the

Hebrew

an imperative mood; its plural, iTS***, xlv. 4, but the singular form, flTS***, plural sense; as in

The

student

Exod.

;

it is

properly

found in Gen.

may be

used in a

xii. 3.

recommended

by heart; inasmuch

NJ is

to get this table of adverbs

as frequent recurrence to the Lexicon,

in the present state of Samaritan lexicography,

tedious, but requires more than ordinary verance to render it practically useful.

and perse-

skill

not only

PREPOSITION. 18. like

The the

Prefixes.

Prepositions

Pronouns,

viz.

may

be divided into two

classes,

Separables and Inseparables or

regards the former

class, it

sufficient

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

observe that they are generally employed as in the other Shemitic languages.

The

following Table of them, formed from that of Cel-

be read advantageously, inasmuch as those which are mostly in use larius, will

contains

ZA-

at,

at, to,

at, to

near

on account of

same as ZZ19

between

below, beneath

beside, except

without, from (7)

after,

behind

within

on account of (a)

from, before

behind, after

as far as

for,

ZV upon

in the place of ;

against, afar ; with

under, below; with prefix

prefix

ing

**X "I \-

also

tlZ

beyond,

The xx. 3

;

preposition it is

That marked

The

OTJ

marked

(/3)

(a)

before,

accord-

nigh to the

presence of;

accompanied by

ii5

Gen.

7V.

some

with ^5 prefixed. formed by means of a double prefix.

read, in is

to,

also with the prefixes

Hebrew

preposition (7)

cases,

formed in a similar manner to (7); thus, ZvZ^S & pleonasm, with the same force as ZV. (S) also

within

afar (/3)

like the

(S)

iiSV with, together with

also over against with prefix Z.

The pronominal in the

me;

suffixes are

same way they are added

i&iiJ

from

thee

;

^T^/VS

added to these prepositions to nouns thus, fflfiiSV with ;

after them, etc.

THE PREPOSITION. 19. fTf

Some

of these prepositions, as in the Hebrew, insert

between themselves and the

^tffZ V upon

tfTfZV upon him;

suffix; as,

us ; Xftt^^V in thy presence ; ^tftrej^V before

them, etc.

The two inserted

;

as i&ftf 9

^iS^tfrZ

and ^ftfZj which latter and without the

prepositions !MTT9

used for the Hebrew

*?$

are found with

between thee ;

you; ^ffr^nrZ

is ITT

between you

^TidfTftfflff:}

;

them, etc.

common

Generally speaking, the others adopt the

rule,

though there are many exceptions. 20.

The

addition to

preposition it,

not only assumes

fflf,

but, in

?; as, Gen. xxxviii. 13, xlv. 1, TfTrtZV

the latter place, however, the

;

marked by a small horiwas inadvertently

zontal stroke, signifying that the letter inserted.

For further information respecting the construction of the Prepositions, see the Syntax.

INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS. 21. These consist of single letters, to verbs in the infinitive,

and

and are joined to nouns,

to particles,

prefixing

them

from which circumstance the name sometimes given to them is

derived.

These prepositions are 3, i5, Z, ii5, corresponding exIt will be observed actly to the same prefixes in Hebrew. that the complete forms

with the

The

and A^i5 are generally used

suffixes.

following examples will shew

how

these prepositions

are connected with the suffixes: ^TiJT9 in

them;

him;

us,

etc.; i&iiS

you; ^nraf)

from

thee,

Gen.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

82 xxx. 2; i5A?iJ

For further

as thee, Deut. xviii. 18.

information, see the Syntax.

CONJUNCTIONS. 22.

The following or, either

*2*

list is

from that given by Cellarius:

lest '

but

unless

same as

if not, unless

because, for

because,

order that

but

;

because; also with the

also

[with prefix Z

but, only

;

prefix

iii.

same as

lest

(Gen.

if,

because

moreover

also,

(/:?)

that

3.)

The conjunction marked (a) is read with <W as, so as not. That marked (/3) is found with AZ in ;

sense of that not ;

The

prefix

versive, as in

and with

T and,

^V the

iiJA in the sense of but that.

not con-

also a conjunction; it is

Hebrew.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PARTICLES. 23. is

We must not omit to mention here the prefix

which

rarely used in the Samaritan with the force of the Greek

article, like

the corresponding

Hebrew

prefix PJ

except in

some nouns purely Hebrew; as, ?Smft2*/t-ft the GoJ; iiJTA^ the man. It is also employed with the pronouns; as, JVKftft he;

St-ntftft

ively;

The

^ft and ft^ft for VY and these, ^?^A^ they, etc.

she;

^ntZA^

following are instances of

its

ft^ respect-

use with the participles

;

THE PREPOSITION. fir

A A3

Levit. xi.

24.

rogative

Gen.

The

must be

iv.

Exod.

epxpfievos,

'W^f

;

use of %

5ftA

as,

ftt\

though ^V<\A Bf

am I my

lie

it is inter-

brother's keeper ?

r?V=*

rTT3A-

In Deut. xxxii.

6, H- is

put

wzy

for

5f;

thy father 9

The Samaritans do not appear

like Jl of the

44.

from that in which

^"iT^^

A-^ AfTrZA &

i5flr3A

25.

Gen. xlv. 3, ^fTTVV

father yet alive? etc. as,

as explained in the previous article,

so in

??&

xiv. 19;

6 KarQiK&v, Deut.

carefully distinguished ;

employ 3

as a suffix

Hebrews, expressive of motion or rest. For is sometimes found without the preposition Z,

can scarcely be held to supply

occur of V<\A without of the preposition

={,

its

as in

place

Gen.

;

because instances

xii. 5,

where

ellipses

are manifest.

ON THE PERMUTATION OF LETTERS. 26.

the Samaritan language undergo such

letters in

various permutations as those which are called

improperly, letter

5T$<YiTA.;

^3V is

P^A

as,

ZA "

for

also

iiJflr^rrr^V for

for

gutturals;

3<\T$

"Sm^m&fr etc. On the .

;

for T*\V

Z^V

found written for

The

etc.

for

Z^,

for

etc. if,

for i*JA.;

%^/t a mother;

other hand, /t

guttural

BfV^TA

as,

;

The

ft-.

=(,

A-; as, iiSV

=*iiJV for

though

usually,

V, "^,

very frequently written for VJ

This letter

ZV 1"

viz.

found for

;

as,

^<VY for V<\A. Also for A- as, -*Aiir$ for 3Ai3A. The guttural =* is found for V as, =*<\A^ for V^A. Also ;

;

for

A;, as, flTVe^ The above are only

nrv$A.

a few examples of such permutations;

numerous others could be produced, but may be

safely left

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

own

to the student's

observations.

Such

variations are not

except on the principle that "letters of the same organ may be interchanged promis-

easily to be accounted for,

cuously." 27. Other letters are found interchanged, besides the gut-

for

turals; as,

shewed;

Hebrew

in ^5T$, instead of the

Also ? for

etc.

njn he

tffl?ZS

as,

;

for

Gen. xxv. 32.

ftfiSZS,

Similarly,

found

for

by Morinus.

others are given

^, and

These are

sufficient,

Various

for V.

however,

for our purpose.

28. Besides

letters,

interchanging

the

Samaritan,

most other languages, is affected by those changes known as metathesis and aphceresis. Thus, flTAV for HTVA iiJ'/TlfTrV ;

for rC-m^nr?

of aphceresis are

<Y$

rrraor;

for

A for JV*

ZflTIP

for the

^/*,

BftAS

thus, Bf^A-

; ;

similarly,

\PV

for

T"W

complete form

shall give a

etc.

3^AZ, I confess,

;

ftra for

few examples of

behold ye, Deut.

change especially takes place with the particle as,

Zl?ii5

behold /, becomes, Gen. xxii. 11,

^AAS

Deut.

Instances

etc.

29. Before concluding, crasis

;

iii.

however,

10.

This

and verbs

;

26; ^Ti3"VYZ, Gen. xxxvii. 22, I

have some doubt

timacy of the crasis in the latter case.

as to the legi-

SYNTAX. CHAPTER

ON THE NOUNS. 1.

One

substantive depending on another

used by the

Samaritans

ASA'SiiSA

*5fZ

is frequently of an adjective; thus, and his mother took for him

instead

A3^T

an ark of bulrushes, Exod. ii. 3; '^rrriU^A'nrVVS 'AITf? ww TT 'fiTVP'\ AlttT and the clothes 2C of service and the gar*

ments of holiness, Exod. xxxi. 10; ?i5A^ of righteousness, Deut. xxxiii. 19. 2.

A substantive

fiTC^T

frequently used, as in the

sacrifices

first

section,

instead of an adjective, to denote the materials of

which

anything is composed; as, Exod. xxviii. 17, ^SA^ATiiJZ*"^ rows of stone. In this place we may notice the phrase

anraW'anrt^'anrA^A-,

Gen.

xli.

signifying

two

years of days, or two full years, as it is rendered in our version it must be observed that the governing noun is in the absolute state, and not in the constructive, as is gene;

rally the case

;

the nouns governing and governed must

therefore be considered in apposition, the former expressing

the whole, the latter parts thereof. 3. The cardinal numerals from three to ten inclusive inter-

change their genders, as in the Hebrew, inasmuch as feminine forms are joined with masculine nouns, and vice versa ; thus,

SYNTAX.

day, Gen.

Mree

Gen.

s<ws,

xiv. 9

two years, Gen. xlv. 6; 3 5, etc., are concordant ; but '

vi. *

iStfft"*

;

Num.

xxix. 26

xli.

t&AA-

;

3V"* A

;

^^fTC *

^flftf}

Gen. xlv. 11;

^iiS*^ five years,

Ame, Gen.

3AZA

^JJTTSa

few

V9"*

W-

Gen.

she-asses,

and in number

xlv. 23, are all discordant in gender,

one

./owr AzVys, Gen.

3V3wY- ^ITfa^Z*"

10;

also;

the singular numeral being added to a plural noun. It will appear by the subjoined examples that the cardinals are used in the constructive as well as in the absolute state

?ftT

as,

;

SttrVTA*

A^A

fiTA^

two of his wives, Gen. xxxii. 22

eight of oxen,

Num.

vii.

;

BffTrZZ^iiS*

;

A^V

of sayings or commandments, Deut. iv. 13, etc. 4. The cardinal numerals usually precede their nouns, as our examples will shew this is, however, by no means fera

;

always the case, as they sometimes follow; in which situation ^"^ one is always found. 5.

Those numerals which are multiples of ten are joined and plural nouns; ^mlZft ^ffTAZA thirty *

to singular

pieces,

Num. 6.

Gen. xxxii. 15

camels,

Gen. xxxvii. 28

iiJftr^^V

3^i3

;

A***

twenty

^iJfTTAZA

silver

thirty years,

iv. 3.

The

composite numerals from ten to one hundred are

usually so arranged that the less precedes the greater

Gen. xxxii. 22, <Y^V

Num.

xxix. 20,

hundred are or precede;

free

^Vi

The

etc.

from

^A-?^

eleven

;

as,

V3S/Y fourteen,

composite numerals

beyond one

and can

either follow

this restriction,

AZAT

^-^V

3ftii5A three

hundred and

Gen. xiv. 14; ^SITt^-^VT 3A-iiJ one hundred and '

eighteen,

twenty, Deut. xxxiv. 7.

The

ordinal numerals do not exceed ten in

number

;

THE NOUNS. their place

beyond that number,

for

87 is

by the year Num.

supplied

cardinals; as, 53JTrV3^yVr A^***3 in the fortieth

xxxiii. 38.

The noun

substantive

frequently doubled, so as to

convey the idea of a whole, comprehending a series of individuals of the same kind ^A^ thus, in Lev. xxiv. 15, *

;

^Z/f

'Ms-

ZZ1P/TT

"^;Y

whosoever curseth his

God;

that

every man, without exception.

is,

This repetition of the substantive frequently implies multitude ; as, in Gen. xiv. 10, ^A-VflT^ ^fTCS !y\l7T3 many *

slime-pits;

rendered in our authorised version,

or, as it is

"full of slime-pits."

The <\^V

repetition in Gen. xxxii. 16, has a distributive sense *

<\^V Tfflrav

into the

hand of his

and he

35fntT

;

delivered them

servants, drove by drove.

This repetition expresses duality and diversity in Deut. ^9/f two different stones, or two stones of '

xxv. 13, ^3/f.f

different weight.

been previously said that one noun dependent frequently used instead of an adjective; there

It has

on another

are cases in

which the governing noun has the

adjective; as,

force of an

3T^' ^fTrg'^^V'^AA-AfTrZA^T^? and

as for the flower of his captains he hath drowned it in the Red sea, Exod. xv. 4, rendered "chosen captains" in our version.

The by

construction just explained

substantive, his children,

dren all

that always followed

properly a Zi5t3 more than all

Zi3, the signification of which, since

;

the whole';

Gen. xxxvii.

nft^'^Za we

goodness,

as,

W\3

3, properly, the

whole of his

chil-

Exod. xxxiii. 19;

11; flm^'ZiS iJA-^flTSV Z3 all

In the two

examples the con-

all are sons,

thy work, Deut. v. 13.

Gen.

xlii.

last

SYNTAX.

discrepancy of noun. 10.

inferred from the former ones,

may be

struction

number

superlative sense

between

noun with

By joining

exists

the plural number, a

frequently conveyed

holy of holies, Exod. xxvi. 33

of servants, Gen.

2,3

itself in

ix.

as, ^flT

;

^flT^iS*"

;

where a

and the governed

" C^V

***?>* servant

^mxlfr 3ZA- God of gods, Deut. *

;

x. 17.

11. The governed noun of two nouns in regimen may have either a subjective or objective sense thus, A^ifo/f *

;

^^^

may be

either the injury inflicted on Sodom, or, the

by Sodom on others. In Gen. xviii. 20, Sodom, the relation is objective.

inflicted

injury *

iiS^k AV5W7I

In Gen.

the cry about

26, 3ii5nr

Atfft^ the fishes of the sea, the relafttA^i&yV wy wr07z<7 be upon '

tion

thee,

Gen. xvi. 5

subjective.

^ AITriSS

may

ittttZV

;

flniS

iTftf

here the suffixed pronoun is objective. /*<? here it cfciys o/'fo's mourning, Gen. 1.4;

be subjective or objective,

to Joseph,

and in the

in the former case referring

latter to Israel.

The

reader

who

has

an acquaintance with Latin and Greek, will immediately see that the Samaritan usage here precisely accords with that of the genitive, objective, and subjective in those languages. 12. When one noun depending on another is used for an adjective, the suffixed pronoun, if there be any,

added to the governing, noun; thus, in Lev. xx. holiness, instead

holy name,

^^p

flT^P

flTiiJ*"

of holiness,

13.

The

or,

adjective,

my name

^^f

holy mountain,

when

the

%$***

as it is usually rendered;

mountain of my holiness, instead of tain

at other times to the

sometimes

governed

name of my holiness, or, '

ftt*"^V *\^^ the

[rC\Tv

my moun-

etc.

qualifying

substantive,

THE NOUNS. usually put after

it;

flrfitV great is

SflTS^SV =*rttVTA-ii5

as,

great luminaries, Gen. is used predicatively,

When,

16.

Exod.

iv.

as,

; '

13, BfZZiiS^i

A-Z

sub-

a preposition with the same force

the field, i.e.

The

number

14,

subject of a simple proposition in the

plural

sometimes accompanied by a predicate in the

iJffm

5^33 ^fTTSV work *

field-work.'

singular, the effect of as,

'AfTf *M>O

however, the adjective

xviii. 17.

accompanied by an adjective; thus, Exod.

15.

m^ A

The Hebrews and Samaritans sometimes use a

14.

stantive as

precedes the substantive

punishment, Gen.

the thing is not good,

anra

that curseth thee,

Gen. xxvii. 29

which '

and

^^ WVZ

add

a distributive force

;

itfirwZ cursed be each one

blessed be each one that blesseth thee, '

fTTV^ a pastor of sheep is each of thy servants, Gen. xlvii. 3. Similar constructions are observed in the classic authors; as, Catull. c. 107, 'inspe;

iitfT^SV

rantinobis;' Tibull.

With

tffV^, which

number, compare

The

16.

lib. 3,

T"i,

^A-V

in last elegy,

supposed to

Zech.

nobis merenti,'

etc.

be of the singular

xi. 17.

peculiar construction of the

noun

EWX

with a

plural verb, among the Hebrews, does not appear to have been adopted by the Samaritans in the corresponding word

^anraZA ^n

for,

;

in Gen. xx. 13, where the

Hebrew *

xxxv.

plural

used, the corresponding Samaritan is fiTAflT^V^ God caused me to wander ; fltZlAA *AZ^

B(Z because there

God appeared

t^A

unto him,

Gen.

17. Nouns collective, though in the singular number, are Zi5 as, capable of being construed with a plural verb ?ZA-V ^AV^SA the whole of the earth came, Gen. xli. 57; *

;

SYNTAX.

90 *

AflTS

BfiiSV

similarly,

;

house of Pharaoh

the

TViiS*"

xlv. 2

Gen.

heard,

1% ^t^flttTr? and '

the whole

the people shall say, Deut. xxvii. 26.

These nouns

them;

may have

also a plural

pronoun referring

^TAftT a stranger shall thy seed be in a land not and it shall afflict them, Gen. xv. 13 BfA ;

iiSfTT^nr^V

Num.

14; *

^fTfl-^

^m*\ftra^

as,

^ZfiTAyY

t^flrS

own,

yVZ^

xvi. 3.

the other hand, a plural noun

singular verb;

whole of

!y?Z^i3 because the congregation, the

them, are holy,

their

m ^3

18.

^T^aZfTr^'^Z'AffrZ'V^yVS'a^T^'m^frfaAtA

as,

nrafflf let

flrAtfr

were born,

daughters

^V^A

found with a

there be lights,

many

Gen.

vi.

troubles have befallen

me, Deut. xxxi. 21.

19.

adjective of the masculine

tiful

daughters, Gen. *

fflfVZ^

^flT^TV

vi. 2.

sometimes added to '

a substantive of the feminine;

as, tMTr^flnj***

Gen.

So,

?(AA^3 '

xli. 19,

beau-

^A.r\3

other hine were ascending, etc.

20. In a simple proposition, the subject accompanied a dependent

predicate;

noun generally agrees appears,

however, that the predicate

agree with the governed noun

"^A-9 Lev.

fira

;

ti/

as,

A and the plague of leprosy, if

xiii. 9.

This

D-mn njnn ? njny

The

construction,

also the case in the

where njnn

yaj,

^ V*vm

may

^AiJ^*?

shall be in a

man, Hebrew, which is,

found instead of

cases of this kind,

gender with the

may

rw.

be termed

zeugmatic. 21.

may

The Samaritan

use of ZiS with regard to

be advantageously mentioned here, as

that stated in the previous section

and

all the

women went

out,

its

;

predicate

accords with

thus, 5fflT"^ Zi3

Exod. xv. 20;

THE NOUNS. and

all the

days were, Gen.

v. 23, 31,

Gen.

In both

29.

ix.

these examples, the agreement of the predicate with

observed; this does not,,

governed noun must be appear to be the case in Exod. '

^T9 ^SVAflT 22.

When

xii.

work shall not be done

all

a predicate

gender or number,

added

A-Z

16,

the

however,

^flT3V

ZiJ

in them.

to subjects of different

generally agrees with the

more worthy and children ;

the wife

*9^Z*nraA'SfflrairZffre*SAAAbe her masters, Exod. xxi. 4

as,

shall

i3ffrA/

Gen.

i3ffif3^

xviii. 1 1

subject in Gen.

TfttSS

The

predicate appears to agree

viii.

18,

the case

when

out,

See

his sons.

and

his sons,

Num.

xii. 1.

the verb precedes; but

the agreement of the predicate *

following examples

ii^S^

^Tl^T

may

and This

when

old,

with the nearest

'flT^ % AAA-t ?fm3?

and Noah went

the wives

^ mT

;

Abraham and Sarah were becoming

P3^T and

his wife, is

generally

the verb follows,

be inferred from the '

TnT^ZrTPT SA-Z'SA-

A^V?

and Leah approached ^Tfir <yV3 and bowed themselves ; and then Joseph sons,

~<n^T Z also, and her

iiJ^P

approached, and Rachel, and bowed themselves, Gen. xxxiii. 7 and Abimelech rose up, ;

T\^Vt*^5MOn^*5S25SSnr3^'2MVFt and Memar, and returned, Gen. xxi. 32. 23. The Samaritans, like the Hebrews, sometimes use a nominative case absolute, which

may be

connected with the

by supplying such a phrase 33<S Zi5 as to all the gold, Exod.

rest of the sentence in English,

as to,' or

xxxviii.

as regards'; *

flra

;

3/*

A^ZffT

3At^Z3itt and as

his

concubine, she herself also bare, Gen. xxii. 24.

24.

Here

also

may be

noticed the peculiar hypallage, or is remarkable in the Shemitic

inversion of words, which

languages

;

as,

A ?i5^

iiS^yVS in the blood of purification,

SYNTAX.

V^Vta of

A3i5 m

of 'in the

instead

Levit. xii. 4,

the copulation

seed of copulation;'

Lev.

v. 15, for

This

of blood;'

seed, Levit. xxii. 4, instead '

"$mlV/r*X

shekels of

3^3

silver

shekels,

silver.'

25. In all languages

abound.

purification

or less pleonasms are found to

especially the case with certain nouns in

the Samaritan; as

With mi * face;

(a)

waters, Gen.

SAimiS

;

ttttfr

BffTTiiJ

ttftft

xxiii. 3, instead of

face of his dead, Gen. body.'

With

(/3)

hand; ftf^ Z3 '

$/f.

on the face of the

V ^ from

?/ *

of every living being, Gen. ix. 5; SJ^JSJ Moses, Exod. ix. 35, i. e. by Moses.' (7) With ^^SfTTiiS a word, tenour ;

before the

from the dead

^ from

YA3 y

the

hand

hand of

according

the

purport of the

'according to the lot;'

B^f& ^^m*3 ZV '

Num.

lot,

xxvi. 56,

^fttZ^'^ZWI'X'ZV according to the Gen. xliii. 7, i. e. according to his '

tenour of his speech, speech.'

The

student will observe others, too numerous to mention

here.

ON THE VERB. 1.

The Samaritan language,

like the

Hebrew, has only

To supply the tenses, the perfect and future. in other and the of languages, the pluperfect imperfect place we can only be so that sometimes Samaritan perfect is used, two absolute

guided by the context as to the force which must be given Vide the remarks on the moods, 6, Chap. III. to it.

The

usual force of the perfect

Mowing

example

;

iS<\3t

is '

that conveyed in the

9?VffrZ

THE VERB. and Isaac and charged him, and said

The

was,'

perfect

did;'

laugh? Gen.

a^tnr

A/IT

xviii. *

3^"*

as,

The

3. ii.

murmur

perfect

thus, =*Z/

;

God had

is f

him, Gen. xxviii.

to,'

*ZAV"fln:

Israel loved Joseph, Gen. xxxvii. 3; *

to,' =("**S

V S*SV

and

the

against Moses, Exod. xv. 24.

also

found in a pluperfect sense in Gen.

WWt <W^=*

not caused

to rain.

A-Z^ for the Lord Another and more usual '

method of expressing the pluperfect Syntax of the

blessed him,

in the sense also of 'began

people began

and

found in the imperfect sense of A^iiJA !VS*Stt3Z why did Sarah

* 13; in the sense of used

^re^ and

called Jacob

also

will be

found in the

Infinitive.

Some

verbs include, under the perfect form, both a and perfect present sense; such as, A&^ he hates and he 4.

conveying both the senses of odit' and odio habuit.' Also, iija^ he knows and he knew. Compare the Greek oZSe and the Latin novit,' perfect forms with present '

hated,

senses. 5.

sometimes find a future circumstance related in

the perfect tense, as something which has actually taken The design of the writer in this case was to mark place. future occurrence as something already irrevocably decreed and decided upon, and therefore, as it were, accomthus, in Gen. xv. 18, :*V%Y AJ7T A3=MT iS/TftSZ plished

the

;

thy sons have 6.

The

I given

peculiar use of ?, called

the Hebrews,

unknown

Syrians; so that the in

Hebrew 7.

The

the land.

Van

conversive

among

to the Samaritans, Chaldees,

numerous

rules

founded on

this

and

idiom

are not applicable to those dialects.

future tense, besides the force of our future, has

SYNTAX.

94 various other senses

among

the

Samaritans, examples of

which are appended. (a) In some cases the future seems present; as,

Exod.

again,

^iS/f

v. 15,

have the force of

m P3A*5^

Gen. xxxvii. 15,

what

S3VA *%&

thou?

seehest

why do you so?

sometimes used to imply possibility, propriety, or like the perfect in Lev. iv. 2, ftt^fWAyY A-Z

(/3) It is

necessity,

which ought not to be done. (7) In the first sense, denoting Deut.

12,

possibility, it is

frrSTZ'ZS^A^fTryY how can

I alone

found in bear you?

(8) In the second sense, Gen. xx. 9,

^^SVAflT

deeds which ought not to be done. In the third sense, Gen. xxiv. 5, AftT *

(e)

3^3 8.

must

The

I needs

future

restore thy son ? also used indefinitely to denote that

Num.

takes place frequently; thus, in *

3fo^3i7T

ix. 16,

which

ftftftt

^iJ

was alway, a cloud covered it ; SV\/f* !^a TSjJtf' t&VT and a mist

3t&V ^flt^A '

again, in Gen.

ii.

ascended from the earth. 9=

Sometimes *

SfrriiS

<\TV^

implies permission to do anything

m^^'^m

let

one fetch,

I pray you,

;

as, little

water, Gen. xviii. 4. 10. It

used, as

was before observed,

in forbidding, dis-

suading, and deprecating, for the imperative as, Z^TPA'yVZ thou shalt not kill, Exod. xx. 14; it may also be used in ;

commanding, exhorting, and imploring îiJ^St îiSÂ * AITT? V3 A m

;

Z^A

thus,

iftZ/

thou shalt fear

and shalt swear by his name, Deut. thy God, and serve him, vi. 13; Z^Vftt Z^T he shall surely die, Ex. xxi. 15. '

11.

The

future

also in a general proposition, the following examples will

employed

which always holds good;

THE VERB. render this clear; 3V!MTr

a foster-mother

3^3

Deut.

A/TT

<\31

Num.

suckling,

xi.

3^iS as a man doth bear

ZS^ftt^

12;

his son,

31.

The moods known

12.

the

beareth

junctive do not differ

to us as the Indicative

among

and Sub-

the Samaritans as regards their

inflection; they can only be distinguished, therefore, by

The two

the context.

absolute tenses, generally speaking, same name in direct

to our Indicative tenses of the

answer

narration

and in conditional

but in indirect narration,

;

depending upon something previously mentioned, to the Subjunctive. answer they

clauses,

The Subjunctive

13.

certain conditional

?ZA, AflTZA

xliii.

xx. 25; particle

A3^=*

"^V^A is

such

;

iJA

lest;

I should

if thou shouldest if

I should find,

also omitted; as,

by the use of

**JA , iiJV

as,

3Z% SZ^Z

AZ3

chiefly designated

particles

unless;

Thus, rftOrAffTA

ZfTT^Z

if;

that, etc.

bring him not, Gen. up,

lift

Gen.

etc.,

Exod.

The

xviii. 26.

^ifta^A^T and

I overdrive

them one day, Gen. xxxiii. 13. 14. The condition also on which the subjunctive clause

should

depends

sometimes omitted, and must be supplied from iJiiS^ 353V as, iJAAA i3V

within a

little

there

had

the context;

lien

<\TVA^

one of the people with thy wife,

Gen. xxvi. 10. 15.

The

another,

copulative

used like the Latin

a consequence; thus,

and

ut,'

with

joining one verb

expressing a purpose or

S^iJnr?

man, that he should

1:^9 i&^Z*"A^ ml Aftt^ AZT

hast not told me, that

Gen. xxxi. 27;

particle

lie,

I might send thee away with 3ZA *"^A AZ God is

Num.

xxiii. 19.

mirth,

not a

SYNTAX.

The Subjunctive mood may

16.

relative

pronoun

accompanied by

also

be used when a

a verb expressing some-

thing indefinite, or depending on a condition not expressed; asfirs <V^3 Zi30rA?, and thou shalt eat of the thus, i5Z '

flesh ivhich he

may give

thee,

Deut.

xii. 15.

17. To express the Optative mood, the Samaritans adopt the following methods: They make use of the particle TZ, the Hebrew 6 would that, joined to either the perfect or

future tense;

we had died i3fttZ^53

SflFVinSS in the land

^AfTf^ ^Z would that ! fit % tZ of Egypt Num. xiv. 2 *

V^A-S

;

would it may be according

thy words! Gen.xxx.34.

The Optative mood is also expressed by 3*rrrArrr aria the Hebrew |nr as, :&A*

the formula

18.

;

would God we had

died,

Exod. xvi.

be observed that S^fttAftt

It will

3, is

Hebrew passive in form, but

active in signification.

The Imperative mood is sometimes used in an Optattttt mayest thou be a fTTZJZjVZ thus, 5f Atl-^

19.

tive sense

mother

;

thousands of millions, Gen. xxiv. 60.

20. The Imperative mood, when enjoining the performance of something, is often joined with another imperative expressive of the result or consequence of the action en-

?3Z^t ^3^ f

joined;

as,

Gen. xxxv.

The

21.

time,

is,

purify yourselves, and be clean,

Infinitive

mood, though usually

restricted to

however, capable of being referred to some definite *

time on combination with particles; as, ^<\3yY /TTAtP^yVa f]T3i5 on my going out, I will spread forth my hands, Ex. *

ZfTT^^Z for the purpose of delivering him into thy hand, Deut. ii. 30. 22. The Infinitive mood is placed absolutely without the

ix.

29;

iS^A-3

5t^Aii5

THE VERB. intervention of particles;

as, in

Gen.

97 v. 2,

day they were created. This instance and that given by Cellarius, from the first verse of the same chapter, scarcely belong to the rule; for A-^3 in both cases may be the prein the

person singular, accompanied by the suffix !yr. 23. The Infinitive mood is, perhaps, used for the Imperative in some cases. The identity of form, however, which terite third

exists

between the

infinitive

and the second person masculine

singular of the imperative, in consequence of the absence of

vowel points in the Samaritan, exceedingly diminishes the

number of such

irregularities.

The

participles being verbal adjectives, and having no means of distinguishing by inflexion between any of the tenses except the present and past, may also refer to future

24.

time, (a)

and serve

as gerundives, etc.

frequently have a present sense, like those in

They

ens in Latin,

and in

fact are generally

used to express the without the

present definite as well as the imperfect, with or

rf^

substantive verb f

3V / am

doing ;

;

^9 V

thus, *^9 V doing *

=fiT^

;

he was doing,

and etc.

ftft;Y

also,

Vide next

section. (/3)

The

participle seems to

xix. 14; to his i.

his future sons-in-law.

(7)

The

participle

and between the

have a future sense in Gen.

m/Y^fta ffT3?^ ?tfr^Z ZZ^? and he spake sons-in-law who were about to marry his daughters, '

the

used as a gerundive in Lev.

animal that ought

animal that shall not be

25.

The

to be eaten,

xi.

;

and between

eaten.

periphrastic use of the participles and verb

stantive for the finite verb

very frequent;

sub-*

thus, for the

SYNTAX.

Zttml

imperfect,

^AfTm

^fTCA>mV ye were rebelling *

against the Lord, Deut. xxxi. 27;

and he was '

Gen.

river,

iiSVV

sitting in the door of his tent,

JW*

^AS

Gen.

A-?5f?

xviii. 1

;

and, behold, he was standing on the

In Gen.

xli. 1.

<VY^

person singular imperative

m \3S$

;

found

Bf*?^ and

for the third let it divide.

26. The participles have also frequently a future sense, like those in rus in Latin; thus, SV^V^J'^ZS^'^A-Bt?

and, behold, vi.

13;

I am

about to destroy them from the earth, Gen.

^XAm'^/t^^'^ttZfr'Xttm^

your God giveth,

or, is

about

to give,

which the Lord

you.

have previously observed, that the participles have sometimes the force of the Latin gerundive or verbal in bilis; to the instance given above may be added, Bf^s 27.

^^5f

=**\A/*

flTA-

Gen. xxviii.

this,

BfAi^iSZ PZ3V

what a dreadful (horribilis) place is Z^'AfTf 17; the instance from Gen. ii. 9,

^ZfttV every tree pleasant

to the sight, is

and

has the force of a supine in u, infinitive, Bf^^iiSZ which is commonly used after adjectives; as, arbor delec-

tabilis visu.'

generally the nominative case agrees with the verb in gender and number, there are instances in which 28.

this

Though

concord

examples of such *

sin lieth,

Bfffr^ was darkness, Gen. xv.

found with a feminine noun;

Gen. 17.

found, as in Deut. xxii. 23. be

done,

what

will

(/3)

give

irregularities.

A masculine verb

(a) V<\i5

We proceed to

neglected in both cases.

iv.

;

B^Bf

Bf^av? and

may be easily ^rTTSV ^VAfTr work shall

Other instances

Exod. xxxi. 15, Lev.

xi.

32;

tm^l'Vi

fTft

become of his dreams, Gen. xxxvii. 20. following are instances of discord in number

The

as,

there

*2$

THE VERB.

other gods,

Gen. eacli

iJfma

14;

^m^m^

Exod. xx. 3;

afira

one that curseth

AZ ^ow

s/taft

m^ftf

there be lights,

let

have

iHTTWZ

cMrsee? fo

blessed be each

one that

VflTVZ

and

thee,

The

Gen. xxvii. 29.

use of the singular participle gives a distributive sense, as in the Hebrew. (7) Nouns used only in the plural may have a singular blesseth thee,

verb agreeing with them as, shall be no more water, Gen. ?/ttZV

VflTSA^ sprinkled on him,

because

Num.

ix.

JTT^V

=*fTTiiJ

;

A-Z

15;

nraflT

=fT^

there

AZ^f

fttiSS

water of separation was not

the

xix. 13, 20.

(S) In the following instance, gender and number are both neglected; as, "Sm^m^V ^?Z*3 BfyY^iJ the congre*

gation, the whole of them, are sanctified,

The nominative of a verb

29.

Num.

xvi. 3.

frequently omitted

when it

can easily be supplied from the context. There is also a frequent ellipsis of the words ZZiiS^J a thing, and *"^/t a man.

Verbs in the third person singular, both

30.

and

intransitives

passives, are susceptible of a neuter use ; especially such

as contain implicitly in their signification the nominative to

which they

refer; as,

be anger in the eyes of

iiATA^S So

OT^fTrVS

lord,

3TVYflr Z/t let not there

Gen. xxxi. 35

* ;

not be grievous in thy sight,

let it

for the passive; as, to be called on,

began

given by Walton

PV^A^iJZ Gen.

iv.

yYZ

Gen. xxi. 12.

AA m;Y A-^

26.

and

^yYfiifff

then

was

have altered the text

of these examples; in the latter, I have read Aphel in a passive sense, instead of AA 1" or we may render with Walton's text, then one began in the

first

last

;

to invoke, etc.

;

to this, however, the passive infinitive

be employed in an active sense; Chap. III. Compare the Latin idiom so often used by Tacitus.

objection, unless

SYNTAX.

100

When

31.

a circumstance

related without reference to

the agent, the third person singular finite sense

should

;

as,

20;

ii.

die,

A^ftt

AfiTiiJ

Num. vi.

;

employed in an

inde-

VV^A AZ

Y? V^

Gen.

help,

=*Z3^

one hath not found a ^AT and if one in dying

Z3ftt

AZ^

w^era one in falling

' Compare the English one' and similar construction is adopted in the

shall fall, Deut. xxii. 8.

French

on'.

Coptic to express the passive voice. 32. There are is

numerous

used instead of the third

and when you

shall offer *

which the second person Lev. ii. 4, ^^P 9<\TA iiSAT

cases in

offering,

i3ZVfTf^i3 as

offer; 'W-filZ

as,

;

when any one

Zoar, Gen.

shall

xiii.

10, you go one goes to Zoar; see Exod. xx. passim. Compare " Nil interest, an pauper et infima de Horace, Carm. ii. 3, " Tu secanda mardivo moreris." sub Also, ii. 18, gente mora locas, etc."" Such instances are profusely found in all as

i. e.

languages.

The idiomatic usage of the verbs sppta and S-lt? among Hebrews is also followed by the Samaritans in the verbs

33.

the

and =* AAA 3&* i33<\9A 3AyTA? and <\^V as, 3A^TA a and took added Abraham wife, i. e. again took a wife, Gen. '

;

xxv.

* ;

SfTfiiS

AV\A9

A/TT

ST^

went and digged the wells of water, xxvi. 18.

V^-fllttf

<\^V

Isaac

digged again, Gen. Numerous other instances may be easily found.

34. There

another peculiar use of the

finite

verb with an

which the former may be rendered adverbially; and the angel of the Lord sranr iJAZiiJ

infinitive, in

as, <\3ViiS

3^A*?

went further,

what 35.

is this

The

Num.

xxii. 26;

=*AVP

m i3Z

AA^\A^

**%

thou hast quickly found 9 Gen. xxvii. 20. substantive verb, being the copula of a proposi-

tion, generally agrees

with the subject of that proposition,

THE VERB.

101

it is found agreeing also with the predicate ; as, in Gen. xxxi. 8, %<\*Ifr m* 'Zttt^^ the speckled shall be thy

though

wages.

The

36.

substantive verb used as a

expressed in the

present and imperfect

See

copula is usually but omitted in the future,

perfect and as

;

we have

previously observed.

24.

The

37.

accusative case,

expressing an object,

used

with verbs passive and intransitive, with the omission of a preposition signifying as

to,

Greek construction with the with the

ellipsis of secundum

which case

resembles the

of Kara, and the Latin

ellipsis *

^nT^ZflT AfttZ ^ he who shall =f yY3Z? not be circumcised as to the flesh ^-^9 of his foreskin, Gen. xvii. 14. Perhaps we ought to con;

Afflf

thus,

sider ^tfr^Zfrc as Pahel, cise the flesh, etc.

as to

and render, he who

shall not circum-

^?Z A^i5^ A/f- yYZ S^ftf ftt^^T *

my name Jehovah, was I not known and

and

to them,

but

Exod.vi.3;

be purified as to all the raiment,

as to every instrument of skin, etc.,

38. Sometimes a transitive verb has

Num. two

xxxi. 20.

accusatives, one

of which

may be preceded in English by the phrase as to thus, in Deut. xxii. 26, ***& BfZ^TC and hath slain him ;

There are various other forms of accusatives, explicable by supposing an ellipsis of a preposition;

as to his

easily

life.

^<\yY **SVnr and stood at the door of the Exod. xxxiii. 9, where there is an ellipsis of the tabernacle,

thus, 5fti3^i3

preposition

<WZ before ^\ A

must be observed, that verbs of naming take an accusative case of the name, and a dative formed by the 39. It

preposition Z, of the thing to

which the name

given;

102

SYNTAX.

xmlml

thus,

God

called (to) the light day, and(to)the darkness, etc. Gen.i.5.

The

40.

cause or agent

passive verb,

3ZTflT$

sometimes expressed,

SZfTTftZ

41.

express the verb

iSftf^f}

Abram

iiJS3yY blessed be

mighty power, Gen. xiv. 19; !y?3?Z by you, Ex. xii. 16.

by reason of his ^SVAflf shall be done

habere' the Samaritans and

Hebrews adopt the circumlocution known in Latin * I* /*<*$' 1X1 and pro habeo'; thus, fTT^A^'

he hath he has given into 53ftf

M *;ynr/Y VA <\9lZ,

42.

The

if a

after a *

the sign of the dative case; thus,

hand, Gen. xxxix. 8

man have

* ;

est

all that '

^nr^fTf tVfc

two wives, Deut.xxi.15.

substantive verb has sometimes the sense of

become', followed by the preposition Z as, in Exod. iv. 9, iS^yYZ S^sft'&S %nV5 "Xttntt and the water which ;

9^A^

Other verbs

thou tahest out of the river shall become blood.

with a similar notion 43.

The

may

follow the same construction.

Samaritans, like the Hebrews, studious of bre-

sometimes express, by a single verb, an idea usually conveyed with us by two; as, in Exod. xxxiv. 15 ^t^AifTf vity,

they go f

after

-the

44.

Lord,

45.

man

;

may

as, =*<^r

gods

;

to follow

36.

stand either as a nominative

VZ * m^A-

to be alone,

The noun denoting verbs

Gen.

ii.

rm*i3

^ Ami '

18, etc.

the agent or sufferer, which in

put in the nominative, with infinitives

regimen, or in the accusative until the

their

after

hath wholly followed, Deut.

infinitive clause

not good, the

finite

fornicate

wY9'A-Zi3 '/*Z^ because he hath completed

or accusative to a verb it is

;

as,

coming of the morning, Gen. xxxii. 24 on bearing to him Isaac

* ;

his son,

Gen.

THE VERB. xxi. 5

?flftnr^

;

mandments, and

TrrrcTPa

his

<\f

103 in not keeping his com-

judgments ; like the Greek eV

TO>

/JLTJ

When

the inseparable particles **J, Z, 3, 9, are prefixed to the infinitive, the resulting combination answers 46.

Greek construction of the

to the Latin gerund, or the cle

with the

arti-

subjoined of these

Instances are

infinitive.

prepositions with this force.

With 9; as, firZ^ra^ when I killed, Exod. xii. 13; ffre^Z"^ when Isent; ^nrtnrWArtTSV^"^ because (a)

he heareth your murmurings, Exod. xvi. 7.

With 3

(ft)

the sun, Deut. xvi. 6;

^"V

down of

Z^ViiJiS at the going

-i*"^*"

as,

;

ViiJ^iS on the hearing of Esau,

Gen. xxvii. 34.

WithZ;

(7)

shall be to thee

^A^^'W^^Z'^Z'^ranr?

as,

the assembly,

for calling

Num.

they rose to console, Gen. xxxvii. 35

which

sware

give

come

after they were

out,

x. 2

they

;

' ;

Deut. x.

them,

Num.

and

;

11;

so, in

the

same

place, ^flTiiJZ by saying; Â^ZîSZ'ffreÂA^vYZt and he would not let them go, Exod. x. 27. In the last sense,

the

frequently omitted;

fTftyY'ATta'^ no more go xxviii. 68, (S)

find

in Exod. x. 28,

notice;

accompanied by Z

^^ia^iiJZ

as,

Num. viii.

execute,

ZZVZ and

the

With

xiv. 17

;

11.

*3;

face ; while, in Deut. with Z.

as, '

substantive verb, with the

for the future,

^^m ? 1

worthy of

that they

may be about to ^^^J^'A^^T

Also, in Gen. xv. 12,

sun was about

AVm^X

'^/WtA'ZyY

^tfr^^iiJZ'^raA^rA'yYZ

The periphrastic use of the

infinitive

(e)

as,

to see

to set.

=*A*?Z^T^ from slaughtering,

Z^A

yVZ fear not

to go,

Gen.

Gen. xlvi. 3,

SYNTAX.

104

A^ov

Syr.

?A^

^,^ *

whence

and

\nforrtV

t^iiJ

Gen. xxvii.

JJ, o

In this

read, although the

have corrected

it;

were so dim as not

his eyes

to see,

case, the whole preposition

Hebrew

^3 ViiSiiJ

rnK"J

2-^

(TTZ

Bf^ far be it from me to do this, Gen. xliv. 17, etc. (?) This preposition is used to express a cause or the

ground upon which an action '

as,

;

AfTT SfV^iJiiS'? not because ye were more

ber than all people, but because the

because he kept the oath, Deut.

47.

performed

The

Lord

A-Z

num-

loved you,

and

vii. 7, 8.

construction of the finite verb with

its infinitive

has been frequently alluded to in the previous part of the

Grammar, and examples have been given of it; will suffice to say, that in those cases in which is

this con-

must bear in mind that the

struction obtains, the student infinitive

so that

not redundant, but, with the

finite verb,

forms

a strong asseveration, and increases the force of the latter intensely

;

as,

Z^VftTZ^V he

death, Gen. xxvi. 11

;

shall most certainly be put to

SZ'Zi&'ZtiJiiS we shall certainly pre-

vail against him.

48. In the construction mentioned in the infinitive

with which

47, the species of

generally the same as that of the finite verb

it is

connected, as in the

first

example given in

the preceding section; and, even in the second example, a transitive notion is conveyed in the finite verb, for the action

implied in prevailing passes on, which, perhaps, for the use of Z?i$ii5 in Pahel.

which a

^AV^ here

There are

may account

certainly have gone down,

we may

suppose

i\\e

however,

cases,

difference of species seems evident ; as,

Gen.

xliv.

ATfttV^ 26

;

but

finite verb to have an intensitive

THE VERB. which

force, 5,

is still

105

further increased

by the

Vide

infinite.

III.

Chap.

49. Participles verb, so as to

may

follow the construction of the finite

noun immediately, or by

govern the following

the interposition of a preposition

and

* ;

as,

Aftt

/ft^T

was encompassing the whole land, Gen. ii. 11; 3?Z3Z 3Z3Z^S bearing seed, Gen. i. 29; ""\3iiS rfiJ*""^ !MJf fK 3^=& ^fttf:) dividing light and darkness. 50. They may have the construction of nouns in regimine ;

VvyV

ZiJ

knowing good and evil, Gen. iii. 5, keeping sheep ; though, in both cases, it seems preferable to consider rflfii5i5^ and fttV ^ as nouns, which have much the same force as the Greek construction of the

article

former

nnSSiS'^

with the participle; thus, in the above cases, the is the same as ol ywaxTKovres, and the latter as ol

The

<f>v\acro-6vTe<;.

latter

example

may

be explained

also

15 of the Noun.

51.

Many

participles

of intransitive verbs,

as well as

passive ones, turn the noun, with which they ought to be connected by a preposition, into the genitive case; as, *

ffflPT& having gone out of the ark, Gen. ix. 10;

rrrZ*?ZV city,

Gen. xxxi. 26

AflfS^iJ as captives of the sword,

Gen.

xxiii.

10;

Zi5Z

to all entering the

though, in

all

these cases,

rous others, the governing participles

may be

nouns substantive, an assumption which their peculiar forms. Compare the forms with the substantives

;

gate of his

and nume-

considered as

supported by ?;& and ZtZV

^ m3 a judge, Z^V a homicide, etc.

106

SYNTAX.

THE PARTICLES. PRONOUN. The

personal pronouns of the second and third persons, especially the suffixes, are found in the plural masculine 1.

^~^AV

referring to nouns in the feminine gender; as,

^T^^V

flocks;

them, Exod.

drove them away, Exod. 21, referring to the mid wives.

their

!KZ

17;

ii.

A pronominal

in suffix singular is sometimes referred, a collective sense, to a plural noun, comprehending a body 2.

of individuals thy enemies, 3.

and

^AfTR anr^ *

as,

S^fir

the

Lord has

delivered him,

A personal pronoun, when

it refers, iii.

;

ZiJfTfA

AZ 9^ SBa^*? *

of the tree of the knowledge of good, it, Gen. ii. 17.

against

etc.

added to the noun to which

not redundant, but emphatic;

-&i3

as,

Gen.

Aflra,

^ZfTTV

^5H? and

thou shalt not eat of

etc.,

pronoun is sometimes added to a separable one of the same person, to mark with force and 4.

inseparable

emphasis the person to

!KAA 5.

whom

it refers;

Num.

as,

xiv. 32,

^arrFViaiT and your dead bodies, you, I say, etc. The personal pronoun is used to denote an ellipsis of *

the verb substantive, especially in the present and imperfect tenses; as,

^T$Vf.

sons of one

man

=**?

^91*

are we, Gen.

flft9

xlii. 1 1

;

t&Z3 A*?^

The demonstrative pronoun, when

distributive sense

;

as,

^<YZ

^3<\V

not near one to the other, Exod. xiv. 20;

and

all

flft

of us, the

A / am he,

See Castel's Gram. Harmon.

Deut. xxxii. 39. 6.

they said one to the other.

repeated,

AZT and

has a

they

came

THE PRONOUN. The demonstrative

interrogative %*%Z

redundant

5^*"

as,

;

in *

^<Y

which

107

sometimes coupled with the

case the former

A^iiJA

apparently wherefore hath

=*i*5Z

Sarah laughed? Gen. xviii. 13; flftA^Z 1" t&? hast thou sent me ? Exod. v. 22. '

The

relative

*^l why

pronoun very frequently includes the noun which it refers; as, ZZ^iJA^ that say, Exod. iv. 12; ^SV^ that which he 1

or antecedent pronoun to

which thou shalt did, etc. 9.

but

The

not put in the genitive case; this case be required by the construction, it is expressed relative

pronoun

a subsequent pronominal suffix ;

mZ 5ft

as,

Vi3

A-Z^

fiTTI

the nation which thou shalt not understand as to the

language thereof, Dent, xxviii. 49. in the accusative; as, ftrZ

of course, stand

It can,

A^AA^

5fAAA-

the

tvoman

which thou hast brought me, Gen. iii. 12; ^tAftt ^SVfff^ rf^yY which the man shall do (them), Lev. xviii. 5, where f

^?Aftt 10.

redundant.

The

relative,

when

includes the antecedent

noun or

ZV 3fii5V AftT ^1 pronoun, may take a preposition; as, the lead to the ^ iJZ AZZiiS people place which I spake to thee !^3A ?3^ get straw of, Exod. xxxii. 34; '

^VP^A* ^3 *

from the place which ye can find, Exod. v. 11 ^!K9yYZ of that which was our fathers, Gen. xxxi. 1 !y\={yYZ

;

of that which

When

Aaron's,

etc.

is preceded by the noun with a preposition to which it refers, this preposition is omitted before the relative; as, ^A^Z*"^ SV^yYZ

11.

the relative pronoun

we came *

Slftrrr

the

to the

land to which thou sentest

3^3^

Lord has

ntfr^^V ZX$from

us,

Num.

all the nations

scattered thee, Deut. xxx. 3.

^ZV

xiii.

;

whence

108

SYNTAX.

The

adverb !^yY there, with the relative preceding has the force of a relative adverb; as, =$33^ ^3/y^ it, where there is gold, Gen. ii. 11; "SmxZfr* where 12.

God was; !^yY

^tVYA^

yfctsCT wytare

The

relative

pronoun

;

which

the

Lord

=*T3(ftt

The

14.

^o^

Num.

as,

relative

which

*/*<?

etc. as,

;

Lord

;

I afflict whom

s^a/Z

Lord hath

tfie

usually refers to persons ;

^=* 5fAfm m i3

#Aw drove? Gen. xxxiii.

aZZ

ZZ^S

13;

S-^A-A-^

xxiii. 8.

ever, sometimes used of things

person;

spake, Deut. iv. 15

a?z^

=Qi3^/

not afflicted (him),

srt^ffr

xii.

Gen. x. 14,

also,

as the tents

Zz'Ae

frequently omitted

are,

Vide

23.

iii.

V9V *3frft3 u *!33 hath fixed, Num. xxiv. 6 STOfnr

^A-^

Exod.

ye Gen. xxi. 17; ^*&Y;*S

A<? is,

whence he was taken, Gen. 13.

tafore

it is,

how-

which involve the idea of a

Zi5

wAa<

to thee is

This interrogative

some-

times found in oblique, as well as in direct narration r*Z^1? !M3 wAo skw> him, Deut. xxi. 1.

;

as,

15. It is also

used in an

our whoever, whatever ; is

having business,

indefinite sense,

as,

2$m2j%

Exod. xxiv.

14.

^-^

fTTZ

whoever

Similarly with the

^ in 3#J Tin] NT"*O, Judg. vii. Also with the addition of the prefix *Y

Hebrew

and answers to

3. f ;

as,

A-^"^^'

whoever hath sinned against me, Exod. xxxii. 33.

pare also the corresponding tf

Hebrew V" Nn

"il^N

Com^p,

and

Synac ^,\ 14*4 ^c.

ADVERBS. 1.

Adverbs

are, for the

They are sometimes by

a preposition;

most

part, construed

with verbs.

placed absolutely, at other times as,

fTT^tZ myself alone,

governed

Num.

xi.

14;

THE ADVERB.

very, Gen.

t^A

iv.

there,

iv.

35;

mt '\flrvu 9

exceedingly, Gen. ^iJAiiJ 12; thence, Gen. xi. 8.

\nr*\

Gen.

Nouns

himself alone, Deut.

besides

3C<Y?Zii5

but,

109

ii.

xvii. 2;

are also used adverbially, either absolutely or

when governed by a preposition; as, ^?flr to-day, Gen. iv. 14; ^TfiKS this day, Gen. xxv. 31; flrZflrZT iSiiJJTryY *

t/fly

awe?

m^f, Lev. viii. 35

^A^^IP^, Num.

;

A^V

Gen. xxxviii. 28

./frvrf,

;

x. 13.

Certain adverbs are also joined to nouns, or separable pronouns, in the same way as to verbs as, ^fTT ^*" 3^ very 3.

;

good, Gen. is

this

Num.

^"tt

;

:*<W;Y

fttAAift

in the

two

X2S how dreadful

how good!

place! Gen. xxviii. 17;

xxiv. 5

iiJflra^

t*^5

latter cases 9(^5 is

properly the See Syntax of the Verb, 27. The particle TfcZ is sometimes joined to nouns sub;

relative. 4.

and

stantive

adjective, *

from the following Deut. xxxii. 6 >YZ3 wise,

as will appear

A^Z? and not

examples iiJii^ 5f AiiS^ ^3 A} at no period of her separation, Lev. xv. 25, Hebrew arnrnij *&?; Z;Y'/*Z9, by no God, Deut. xxxii. 2 1 :

;

Similarly

irepirei'xia-is,

The

Compare the Greek

;YZ!3

ov/c a?ro8o(7t9,

AfttZ

particle

similarly

construction,

in Thucydides

used to the

nihil', parum', etc.; thus, [rrA--m3 A/TTZ ^flTCS AflTZt dum, Deut. xxii. 27 '

;

panis

parum

(a) It

German

is l

aquce,

also

Num.

wz'^zV '

Latin

ad servan-

AfTTZ joarwm

xxi. 5; Gen. xlvii. 13, etc.

found like ne in

nie-mand';

and Lucian.

nemo', and nie' in the ^A-'AflTZ n man; ZZiiJiiS A/TTZ '

as,

might be rendered, in conformity with the preceding, nihil rei, Gen. xxxi. 50, Exod. v. 11. is used to (/3) It deny a quality predicated by an adjecnothing, or

tive,

and has a

suffix referring to the subject of the predicate

110

SYNTAX. SAffTZ^ which

SAffTiJ^

as,

;

bush

(it)

The

particle

iZ9

5fZf)

vii.

wo* dividing, Lev.

*Aa* hearkeneth not unto '

ZiJA-AiiS TAffrZ ^flft^

;

was w0 burning, Exod. or

(it)

the voice of his father, Deut.xxi. 18 /te

not clean, Gen.

(it)

3Z^i3 iTAflrZ 33Z^iT to the hoof xi. 4 ?rrr9/* ZV9 ViiS^ ?AflrZ /^

iii.

used, like >YZ, with a

substantive; as, Deut. iv.42, 53iT$ ^Z93 toz^ wo knowledge; but in Deut. xix. 4, without a mark, i. e. not knowingly. f

Some

minal for

adverbs, besides a preposition, take also a prono-

^T$Z,

Syriac

Num.

aZowe,

VjZ^ia

=&A-

/ myself alone ; where ^TZ

from Z and

,0^,

xxiii. 9

Deut.

able alone,

suffix ; as, /TT^tZ

/TT^TZ

ZiJyY

owe, alone;

A-Z

Exod. xiv. 11;

iiSnr^SV truly were there no, no sepulchres?

ZiS all,

*iJyV

sometimes joined, as in AfttZ tZ3iiJ^ thus,

particles of negation are

Greek, to strengthen the negation;

not

iSAflrZ ifthou thyself art not sending, Exod.viii. 21.

Two

Hebrew

5^*?Z

myself Also without prepositions,

;

$??q.

negative particle is also construed with the word so that the negation is not merely confined to this

word, but extends also to the verb

S^V"^

Zi5

SAflT

Gen.

killing him,

lest

iv. 15.

;

Z^TPiiS

as,

^Z^Z

finding him every one might be

The negation

is,

however, some-

times special; as, Num. xxiii. 13, tff^W^A yYZ =fZiJt but all of it thou shalt not see, i. e. you shall see a part. *

10.

The

repetition of the adverb, besides giving the usual

intensive force, sometimes denotes a progressive action; as,

Bft^^yY little,

AV3flr-m

Exod.

mount above 11.

xxiii.

30;

thee higher

AVafTNn /

ZvZ and

ZVZ

will

expel

iSfttZV

him

little

V^fTT he shall

higher, Deut. xxviii. 43.

Comparative particles are sometimes redundant;

as,

THE PREPOSITION. '

flrZ

where 3

V9/Y m* sware

redundant

iiJfTfc^^a

;

Ill

to-day, '

Gen. xxv. 33,

^t^t and

the

people were complaining, Num. xi. 1, which is rendered by the LXX., Kal rjv 6 \ao? yoyyv&v. Compare Exod. i. 12. 12. The particle ^i3Z is principally used to point out an event as the consequence of one previously stated thus, *yYZ ZiSZ therefore ye shall not lead, Num. xx. 12 ;

;

fir^Z

of Israel, Exod.

\*XK ^3Z

vi.

* ;

^flr?

to the children

therefore say

Z^P

Zi5

^iSZ therefore who-

soever slayeth Cain, Gen. iv. 15. 13.

The compound

particle

Zftr^S therefore, differs

somewhat from the preceding one, for while the latter marks the relation of two events as that of direct cause and effect, the former generally indicates an event resulting indirectly

from a preceding one; thus, <\31 V9 this account shall a man leave, Gen. ii. 24 *

**S"* therefore

this,

find

^3 Zftt^S on WAi' ^i5 ZflT^S *

flr *

;

he called the name, Gen. xix. 22

1% ZV, Gen.

;

instead of

xx. 6; ZffTS9Z, Gen. x. 9; and

the simple ZfTT^S, Gen. xvi. 14. 14.

Many

by some,

particles

which are included in the conjunctions

are referred to the adverbs

others.

this

account, the student will probably find, under conjunctions, particles

which, from their force and use, he has led to con-

sider as adverbs,

and

vice versa.

PREPOSITION. 1.

The

separable prepositions are properly nouns in the

governing the word before which they are as, BfV\A^ ZV upon the earth; with my wife ; !K<WZ unto them ;

constructive state,

placed in the genitive case; fit

AAA-

!i$V

letween

me and

between thee, etc.

SYNTAX.

112

The

separable prepositions are also preceded

separables and inseparables, so

as to

compounded of both;

fication is

^V^9

as,

signi-

and ^V-^Z, from

\3l*Z from <\3, with a double prefix;

TV^;

by other

form words whose

ftt^'ZV,

etc.

Many

prepositions are not immediately connected with

noun they govern, but are followed by other as, % Aid^ especially the inseparables Z and 2$ the

particles,

;

within the

veil,

Heb.

roisj'

^Z3^ii5 beside the family, 4.

The

Lev. xvi. 15;

n3B^K,

Exod.

xii.

preposition Afflfa between,

37.

construed in the two

following ways: the preposition is repeated with both the objects which form the limit of the space implied in AJTT9 mi as, 3a $*tMim'*<V*y!Mir9 between the light and dark;

In the place of the second Aftf9 the suffix Z is read; =*tffi3Z' ^flra tMT9 between the water and water, Gen. i. 6 ;

ness.

as,

fJTMPitfZ

9T\ViiS

Deut. xvii. 5.

^fira?

and between contact and

contact,

This section contains an account of the principal senses

of the separable prepositions 9 ,

The

preposition 9

iS5

(a) Denotes place ; as, 3fA^f99 in the house, Gen. xxxix. 5,

and

sometimes employed with substantives, so as to form as, ^iiS^iiSf} deceitfully, Gen. xxxiv. 13.

with them adverbs;

Expresses motion towards; Gen. xi. 4.

(J3)

ven,

5(ZZ^9 towards

as,

(7) In the sense of against ; as, 9(ZiS9 against xvi. 12;

Gen.

^frr^-mias against Egypt, Exod. xiv. 25.

(8) It expresses also the material;

rf^^aT of gold, and of 32 also the subject of an ;

all,

hea-

silver,

action

as,

and of ;

as,

'^a^aa? brass,

SC9

3f3**S9

Exod. xxxv.

ZiStfttflf

he shall

THE PREPOSITION. eat thereof,

i33Z

as,

Exod.

xii.

113

43, 44; also the manner of an action;

ZiS3 with all thy heart, Deut.

vi. 5, etc.

(e) In the sense of for, on account of; 5f A3^19 for his theft, money, Deut. ii. 6

3^i33 for Exod. xxii. 3

as,

;

3***ji0p on accoun t offive, Gen. xviii. 28. () With the force of by, through; as, =* iiS9 by Moses, Num. xii. 2 also in the sense of with, denoting the instru-

;

ment;

/ttS^^p with

as,

sword,

with, in the sense of together ivith

as,

;

Gen.

22; also

xlviii.

J7f<WA-3 with

rod,

Gen. xxxii. 10. It has frequently the senses of

(97)

when, after

that, etc.,

Moreover, this prepoespecially with the infinitive mood. sition is frequently wanting, and sometimes redundant. 6.

The

preposition a,

(a) Primarily signifies to

according

the former

our

likeness,

is so,

/i0w

26.

When

it is

doubled,

; thus, 3 9fTTeti3 SA^A^iS ^ V*\3i5 wicked, Gen. xviii. 25

;

as Pharaoh, Gen. xliv. 18.

In the sense of about, nearly; of number,

()

hundred, Exod.

*Ae

#me of life, Gen.

(7) Like 3, as,

the latter as

the righteous as the so

Gen.

^A/ttS^WiJ

as if; thus,

like as,

t^v

ViiJ^iJ

xii.

37;

of time,

xviii. 10.

used in the sense of when, after that;

and when Esau heard, Gen.

xxvii.

;

AtiiJiJ^yVa after he had made an end, Deut. xx. 9. 0( as a ZzWs (5) It is deficient in Gen. xlix. 9, ^tfr^A'

whelp. 7.

Sometimes

The

redundant, like 9.

it is

preposition

2,,

(a) Is used in the sense of at, as,

-$Z 'AfttA-^ to go,

ZiS

to,

wfo'cA there

Deut. xxix. 18.

or in, expressing motion; is to

him, Gen. xxxix. 8

;

114

SYNTAX. It expresses the essence, condition, or state of a tiling;

(/3)

as,

S^nrVV'^^Z'^A^snranr and man was

in the state

A^t

awd sAe was

of a living soul, Gen. ii. 7 =C AvYZ to me for a wife, Gen. xx. 12.

ftfZ

;

and

(7) It denotes the instrument,

3V0iZ (S)

In the senses of according

ing to their species

to ; as,

concerning ;

account of their noise,

as,

^t^ftf^^lZ accordZ ftf^^/f- say con-

fit

as,

on account of;

Num.

!y?ZVZ on

as,

xvi. 34.

Expressing advantage, in the sense of for;

(e)

;

cerning me, Gen. xx. 13:

ybr

used for 9

by ike sword, Lev. xxvi. 7.

tffow,

Exod. xiv. 25;

[TfZ'^'5

as,

^tZ

/*#? been with me, Gen. f

xxxi. 42: also in the sense of exchange ;

as, ^3/Tfi3Z

^A3A^

brick for stone, Gen. xi. 3.

The

(f)

construction of

previously explained.

the infinitive has been

Z with

sometimes redundant and

It is

defi-

cient.

The preposition *5, (a) The original force of 8.

the

full

form

!^iS, is

from ;

this preposition,

like that of

denotes the cause;

*3Vi*5

as,

ZyV from the God of thy father, Gen. xlix. 24 here I have read Z>V SVS for Walton's ZAtfTViiS, according

itt9>Y

;

to Castel's

emendation in the Heptag. under

arises its negative force

;

as,

unto Jacob, Gen. xxxi. 29,

form

^!i$ is

aPVfflf

instead of

biy.

ZZitJiiS

Hence

not to say

which the complete

found.

account of, because; as, 'AtiiJ^ia (/3) With the sense of on loved you, Deut. vii. 8. because God ^tiSAflr *ttm '

(7) In the sense of after;

MtKm "MtX^ '

as,

some days, Gen. iv. 3. (8) This preposition has other

senses,

which

are,

after

however,

CONJUNCTIONS. Like the

of rare occurrence.

115

rest, it is

sometimes deficient

and redundant.

CONJUNCTIONS. The

separable conjunctions agree in construction, for

the most part, with the adverbs, except that they are always put before sentences, for the purpose of connecting them. like

Some,

nouns and adverbs, are preceded by prepositions;

=fZ

as,

so as not, Deut.

The relative

prefix

iii.

^ is sometimes used with the perfect

expressing the reason for a thing done; as, !^ZV t^A'^Z^^'^V'WZ we went to the land because thou sentest tense,

us.

Num.

xiii.

Exod. xx. 21.

^flraZA^

;

^A*^

because

God was

there,

found with the future, expressing

It is also

the purpose or consequence of any thing; that it may be well with thee, Deut. iv. 40.

as,

i5Z

The

f^fttftT^

relative

similarly used with prepositions. 3.

there

A is

conjunction

sometimes found where, in Hebrew, '

of ")K% after a preposition as, ZftTYfi that my soul may bless thee, Gen. xxvii. 4 ;

ellipsis

;

that

you may

live,

Deut.

iv. 1.

4. Sometimes a sentence upon which another depends seems to be wholly omitted; to complete the sense, therefore, and construction, it must be supplied as, Aiii5A-' AZ^ *

;

3AA^3

AfTT

ffr-mVA *l?S because

said,

I will

take

thou take thy daughters, Gen. xxxi. 31, where there an ellipsis of the Latin cavebo'.

care, lest is

The

inseparable conjunction t the members of a sentence; necting of ' and' or ' also'. 5.

(a) It

found in Gen.

xii.

variously used in con-

usually has the sense

12, in the sense of

but';

as,

116

SYNTAX. and

they will kill me, but thee

will they save alive.

(y3) *

ntA-m

the

^Aflft^

have you come

ZV3 A^^^iiJ *

is also

to *

master, Gen. xx.

(7) It

sense

since';

as,

J7TWZ ^AtfTAA *

since

wherefore

Gen. xxvi. 27;

ye hate me,

Afirat because she

of a

the possession

3. *

found in the sense of either ',

In the sense of 'so

()

however',

^AA? me,

therefore '.

that', 'in order that';

as,

^VSA^A

ij*ZA ^J*" AOT ZZ ^ A? <\v*"Z flra^s ye my name falsely, that ye profane not the name of your God, Lev. xix. 2 AAii5? that he may die, Exod. xxi. 12. 1

shall not swear by

;

(e)

In the sense of

when' or while'; '

as,

ZZV ^?Z?

when Lot entered Zoar, Gen. xix. 23. The particle ? is used in a sentence to which

'W-ftlZ

it (f) gives a retributive sense, arising from the expression of a condition or cause in a preceding one as, r{ A?i5^ fttiiSnTZ *

;

!HiiS

flft^iiS^A? whether because thou

fore wilt thou serve '

iaAHTV AfTT i5Z

covenant, Deut.

vii.

art

my brother,

there-

me freely, Gen. xxix. 15; '^v^nr^ftft therefore the Lord will keep for thee the 12.

^arrftflrV'nrZ'IAA?

3L^ ^XL%mWX'Km3 t

Similarly, in the

day of your eating of

it,

then

your eyes be opened, Gen. iii. 5. The conjunction T is sometimes apparently redundant; (77)

shall

as,

AOm^'^^^-'MPVAAT'rTriiS^'ZiiA'Za

eateth bread leavened, that soul shall be cut

every one off,

Exod.

who xii.

15, 19.

There are various other

senses, too

numerous

mention

here. 6.

When

the conjunction 23

repeated, the former

INTERJECTION 8. *

signifies

either

the latter

or';

whether ox or sheep, Deut. xviii. Greek usage of et and et.

The

particle 3/Y,

S o'

as'; thus,

our fathers, Gen.

when

as,

117

frfW This

repeated,

*3/Y is

S?A

!*5/Y

similar to the

used in the sense

!&A*9A^3/v:^^/Y'3yY

so we, as

xlvii. 3.

Conjunctions expressing doubt are not always found with this force, but are sometimes used to denote the difficulty of 8.

accomplishing the object in question, or to bring forward prominently other similar circumstances connected with it as, ;

^isom vzrrr^s

vtZ^/v nrz?/v

ascend unto God, peradventure

your the

srarrr <sorz

I shall make an

Exod. xxxii. 30; Heb.

sins,

LXX.,

Iva

^i\da-o)fjLai.

of the conjunction

well

^/nrrrA^w

venture".

shall not touch of

it,

It is

atonement for

rendered by

In this case, the peculiar force

marked by the English " perad*9 :y?9M?A /vzt and ye

lest

v-1K.

v^/v / will

ye be destroyed, Gen.

iii.

3, ren-

dered by the LXX., iva prj airoOdv^re, where the stress lies upon the necessary consequence of their so doing, and ^Z^'^Z'S^A let her reconveys no doubt;

SA^aZ'flraV we may be for contempt, i. e. may be mocked, Gen. xxxviii. 23, which is expressed by the LXX.,

ceive it to herself, lest

a\\a

ILJ]

7TOT6 Kara^6\acr0a)fjLv.

all

these cases,

though

adverbs of doubt are used, they appear to carry but little of their usual force, but prominently introduce certain points arising from the previous sentence.

INTERJECTIONS. 1.

The

interjections, properly speaking, are placed abso-

lutely in a sentence; that

upon any word

is,

do not depend in construction

or words therein.

SYNTAX.

118

in Latin

descendamus.

and Greek, some verbs are used

AV/flfVfTTAA aye,

jections; thus,

So, mZttt3***

/caTa/Balvcofjuev *

^2SA^S

JTT3*"

treaty,

A-^ Behold! here

V^P^

AAA

C0we/

liceat,

Gen.

seed for you, &tf

make a

Gen. xxxi. 44.

Some nouns have

or, age,

iSAOT

mihi ineundum, qu&so, ex sententid facere

zfer

xxiv. 42; V<\A^ !VtiKZ Gen. xlvii. 23; ^AflflP

as inter-

;

the force of interjections when, on

account of a vehement affection of the mind, they are abruptly expressed, and are entirely independent of the rest of the sentence i.

absit

;

as,

aflT^fJ VZ

servis tuis,

Zt^

Gen. xliv.

profanum

servis tuis !

Few

remarks are required on the Syntax of the Interfor jection practical purposes, inasmuch as that part of speech 4.

independent of the rest of the sentence. The force of which may be derived from the Lexicon,

the Interjections, that

is all

On most

required.

the Syntax generally

part,

languages.

may be

observed, that, for the

agrees with the Hebrew and the other Shemitic

EXTEACTS, THE following remarks upon the text and construction of some passages in the Extracts will be read with advantage by the

student.*

GENESIS, Ver.

nftWTF\ should probably be read S^fTr^ or

BffTftVftt^

with the

compare the rendering

;

latter.

KJJ2V3

the

Targum

Cellarius explains the form in the text as,

" factum /car aTTOKOTrrjv ex

JA^in^

inanitas ;" to this con-

jecture the use of the preceding SfiiSyV*" as an adjective

somewhat opposed. Ver.

There

<WyV

Ver. 11.

an apparent is

for

ellipsis

^yYA, from

before

Vfcflr.

^fttiiSt***.

The

suc-

may be taken as an emphatic we may render, let the earth (fern.) abundantly

ceeding ^yVftf in the text, infinitive

;

bring forth herbage sowing (i. e. the earth) seed, f inasmuch is Pahel or as Aphel participle fern., as may be

SV^A^i

inferred from v. 12, 29. *

The author would remind such

of his readers as are disposed to be made in the spirit or on the

Sebaldi Ravii, that his conjectures are not principles of Houbigant.

f That

is,

by the agency of wind and water, as in the Rose of Jericho.

seeds of the Anastatica Hierochuntica, or

case of the

EXTRACTS.

120

X^ttt would

Ver. 14. flrZfttZ

lead us to expect ^rttZfttZ for

so in vers. 16, 18.

;

regards

in this verse,

iftTftT

and

^t^Rfflf in the suc-

ceeding, both are evidently misread for !yrant, as Cellarius would seem to insinuate in a note upon this place ; " ^Tftt eliso

% pro

pro ^^flr ." I doubt whether fmrZiS should form part of

iT^iT^fir

Ver. 16. the text;

and

this

quod per paragogen doubt

is '

est

confirmed by the succeeding ^VTta, where no such

parallel passage, ?1*YTAS AflT

circumlocution occurs, although

appears perfectly antithe-

tical.

*AA^J may be Aphel for SA^fTra, from

<\?,Y;

metathesis, for ^A-iiS, regularly B^ntiS, Pahel.

The

Ver. 17. or,

latter supposition receives confirmation

succeeding verse. Ver. 20. 3?VZ

^tavZAftt, position

may

from ^Z*"^iS in the

infinitive

emphatic

The former

well as a substantive.

after

sup-

perhaps preferable.

Ver. 25.

regards the expression *"?3'ZV3*Zi5*Afm: can be little doubt of its inaccuracy as it there ^AiiJ^yY-,

now

stands;

it is

incompatible with the Hebrew, Targum, It might be read with a slight altera-

and Syriac version.

SAiOTA ZV^ *

tion,

m TO

Za Am?, which

tolerable.

On the other hand, it may be corrupted from a gloss, ^AiiS^yY' ZV9, in explanation of the term tt^jY in the succeeding verse, and carelessly transferred into the text. In the

latter case,

the phrase

omitted from Walton's text. it

now

A^J^A- ZV9 should be '

It is difficult to explain it as

stands.

Ver. 26.

^^kflTtiJt

imitated from the

Hebrew

somewhat anomalous participle b>ph or

bph

;

probably the Tsere

121

EXTRACTS. being represented by

Vide

fir.

Should

be read ^flttM

Penil?

also ver. 30.

Ver. 28. 5ffir^kfIT2V

All the versions tend to render the reading

Should

suspicious.

be 3^JIT3V, as in ver.

The compound A^flfiSSVv'S immediately to the Hebrew n'^Dhn, whence it is answers succeeding

24, 25, etc.?

Here again, I apprehend, the true probably derived. reading may be obtained by expelling ?, when we may render, which hath crept, Pahel;

such an elision

at least,

would produce a form consistent with the general

principles

of the language.

EXODUS, XX. Ver.

^rrrvrrra^

ZVT

rendered from the Hebrew. a substantive, and in

all

^rrrA-ArrrZ/v

Of course

ZVT

there

is literally

probability this substantive

in the extended sense of descendants

;

hence we

ellipsis

is ii5fito3

may

render,

of fathers upon the immediate descendants e. children and (i. grand-children), and upon the third and descendants In the Targum we have, fourth (generations). visiting the sin

Ver. 10.

Upon

the hiatus after ^AiSA-^ Cellarius re-

marks, "hiatus arguitvocem %A-%&3jumentum tuum, quam codex Ebraeo-Sam. habet; in versione autem non apparet." Ver. 11.

The reading

Ver. 16.

^fir-^A

Pahel, from

Ver. 17.

^^ The

from Deut. xxvii.

A*"*** for

AA"*

apocopated for the

full

be remarked.

form Sfira^A

latter part, of this 2, etc.; xi. 30.

should also be noted.

verse

interpolated

-The apocopate

tffira

for

122

EXTRACTS.

I have retained

AT^yV

in the text,

in deference to

who says, " BfA't^/Y idem quod min ," am convinced we ought to read rJAT^A in-

the opinion of Castel,

although I stead.

Ver. 19.

This verse

27.

chiefly derived

must be observed;

for ^ftTft

flTft

from Deut.

as also

Aphel imperative, formed regularly like the Chaldee from ^VP the vowel Tsere being represented by the ^JftTVPA-

mater

lectionis

Ver. 20. is

In the phrase

governed by the

ellipsis

A*ra^ of

xviii.

the

the infinitive

in the adverb.

This verse

t3W?.

be read

regards the expression ftraVf^nfAftTflreZ, something

clearly

wrong.

perhaps should be either ftfVtZ, as in

Gen. xxx. 34, or rrraT9=<nTAi7rnri5

The reading

in the text

latter conjecture

the latter

;

evidently a

conjectures just given; for, ftt?Z

The

ZffTS9Z

interpolated from Deut. v. 28, and verses. 18, succeeding Perhaps <T3Wra should

Ver. 22.

ftf

may even be

compound

preferable.

of the two

for nTi3?Z or nTia^tZ.

an incorporated gloss on

the former, or vice versa.

Some

attaches to the

little difficulty

word S At-fittiS

I propose to derive it from the latter part of the verse. the to to At-fil attend, bear, compound AftH71i3 being found

in Gen. case,

/ will I

xlii.

23, in the sense of interpreter.

we ought tell all

to read

that pertaineth to the decrees

have simply rendered Ver. 25.

we may

^fll^l

;

and render,

and judgments,

etc.

precepts" in the Lexicon.

perhaps Pehil with a suffix; so that

render, thou shalt not build them

hewn them (masc.)

If this be the

AOf-mtiS as a participle,

(fern.), having thou shalt not build them of hewn,

EXTRACTS.

The word may

etc.

of the prefix 53

The discrepancy

;

also

be an

in this case, in gender

123

infinitive,

with the omission

render, after hewing them.

between

^fTf

and

^ should be

noted.

DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV. Ver. first

The student

will see that the greater part of the

and the two succeeding verses of the Hebrew, pro-

bably containing a complete account of the extent of the panorama exhibited by God to Moses, are rendered in the version

by a vague expression of the limits of Moses' obserwithout vation, specifying the individual occupants between those limits.

The proper reading of

Num.

TftTe^fflf

should be

Tft<W

as in

xxii. 1, xxvi. 3, 63, etc.

Ver.

Yer.

After <\3V, the suffix 3ft

is manifestly omitted. the somewhat confused Upon phrase iftT/ttiSS " forte Cellarius ^"*ia, remarks, quod dedecus, neminem a

morte eximi; vel fletus nimius, quod indecorum dolori inI have doubts about the dulgere." genuineness of this passage,

which

would be superfluous

to give here.

GENESIS,

VSA

Afire s ffrerc*"

Zv sa m< Zv *

iUyV? 3

^rrra?

^"^^ ^sfo ^ma ^^Z/v

vvt

GENESIS,

a?ZaZ

aZaZ^J

3^v

125

AWA*

svv*

^Arrc

Ziv? 13

?raftsZ 16

Arm:

tovnr sct^r ^V^A^ Zv

^z^^Zt

^^trrra

frfZrrrza? *

ZlViT

^a*"^

^rrrs?

20 *

SV<\A^

Zv avatar

-miavr

^ZA^

A^T

Arrr

*Anret

Anrr

ma!^

!^?5fnr^^^iz

Ziv? 22 23

EXODUS, xx.

126 Arrr?

s^lZ SV^A

*ZA

A^rrrav A/rr

ZV9 za Anrr ^ AZ* *ZA

*?9v* 25

3tnz s>ws9 *

Zivir

v sf^ttlZ \i3A* 26

A/TT

*ZA

^?i5?

A.*\9? 27

Zv <\*5A? 29

ZaZ? 30

Zv Z1V?

EXODUS,

XX.

EXODUS, XX.

127

ZS^A AZ AZ rrra^rrr

2jrrm?v iarrraZA az *rrrarrr Za? Z^a az <S3VA *

Zv f

arrrAAmZA' Zv?

Zv?

yp*

AOT

zs^rrr^

Anr

A/TT

scrcnr

Arrr

n Afrr?

5(afTr

svw^

Ann:

Arrr?

Zv Arrr? ssrrr

a?tZA^

3?3frrre

a?3A

Arrr

BIV^A^

M??A^ 12

arrr^rrr

Z^PA

A^Z 13 A-Z 14

A^Z 15 A-Z 16 AITT3

^^^A

A-Z 17

EXODUS, XX.

128

zzv az

^rrtoaA

3AaA? *

nrtaA?

ssa

sMirA^iFVi

AOT

^*a?nr

A-Z

ZanrA?

Arm:

A/TT

^55$

A^r^

^rrrZiP

Bf^Ams^

A^A

A/IT

Arrr

t&ZafffA

v^* s^v

zat

^^5At

SAt^rrnpnr

AZ^f

AITT

iafrrBf

ZZ^rrr ?

Za Anr

ZZ^arrr

siavz

*"*x

^^A? 20

EXODUS, XX.

129 aAfi

Zv 21

< Zv

wnr wvssj*" \2Mms2 * m ia *

*av

iairraZA*

srarrr

ZZ^a* 22

ZrcmZ

s^rrrAnr

^nra?/7r

rrr^^v^

nra *AZ*

^ ZZia m^v

Za Arrr iav ^zz^aA? ^^^9 vrrrr '

iavp

2,2^5

^iarrriaz

Afrr

^rrrZv

a^A?

rrrZ

^?â VA *A^Z âtZ'^âvA

rrriav

^SVA

BC^S^A^

^a^ia 24

DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV.

130

nrZlAA

nrwra Zv *

A-Z^

DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV.

AViiJiJ 'yVZ* ^ATi*59*5( A"*

iijnr^VTSA^S'^' 5J

"i*$'ir

< ^ m i*s :

x^mt A/IT

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?[^A AOT

DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV.

131

1 1

LEXICON, *

The Student

will

remember, that the words which have been previously discussed

in the

Grammar, are not contained

in the Lexicon.

A 9A

a mother

a father

a female domestic

a stone

to say, speak

Abraham

to rest, cease from ;

a hand a

Aphel of

man

female; also

earth, land

a -man

to shine ; as a subs.,

face;

Heb.

a law;

light

also

way, path to

to prolong

honour;

Aphel, Chald. TBJ

Z^A

earth, land fire

go away, depart

who, which

a brother

how?

Chald.

a wife

wVA

a *ree

a place

day; Syr.

ZiJA to

eat,

devour

God same as preceding

a beast of burden, cattle

a house

LEXICON. to weep, lament flTi53 grief,

133 kind, genus; for

lamentation

^ftn Greek

t^3 a son, child

to build

winged

flesh

Gerizim

to seek, enquire after a lord, master

ZV3

Comp.

761/05

s to sacrifice

a plain, valley

*V?3j

gold to fear; also

<\3 son; fern to create

ZV'T

dread, fear

iron

remember, to

make mention

to bless

of;

as a subs., a male

a likeness

TI abody;/rom to

lift

over,

pass

over

a mountain

commit adultery

hew,

cut, circum-

cise

a decree,

this, that

to be to

command

add;

vide

Syntax

A-fTfl a valley, recess

^ftfl a stranger

Z1ZT Galgal

less

to discover

generation, age; for

Zrm to steal baseness, disgrace

same as

presumption to hold innocent to call,

name

to plant, 5

seed

sow;

subs. , seed

LEXICON.

134

dry earth a hand

neighbour to rejoice

distant, last

to give

a vision, sight to see, behold

the Lord

Joshua

to sin

a day

to live

to-day

life

know

knowledge, wisdom

3Wf

^flr

sea; Chald.

Isaac

heaven

glory, greatness

to desire

Jordan

ass;

Jericho A^fTT to occupy, inhabit

for

mercy

be well

3PVJTT Jacob

to pollute

know, discern

an axe, a sword a tree, shrub to

Israel 3/yftt to remain,

occupy

be dark

darkness

33?i5 a

star

^y?3 to

good, well a mountain to

move away,

all,

any

Z?Zi5

all,

the whole

V533

make

m ^A-flt to

flower,

pre-

ZiS to

pervert to create,

dispose,

pare; also ^3iJ

to darken, to be-

come dim Canaanite

bring

to collect

forth; as a subs.,

silver

a herb

to write

LEXICON.

135 tabernacle, tent

the heart to be in a flame;

as a subs., a flame

3?Z3Z 3Z3Z

3PZ

Nebo a prophet; Chald.

darkness, night a lamp, torch a bud, germ

a luminary

to bud, flourish

to be light;

as a

to teach

subs., light; also

a reptile

a river

to cast forth

a fish

;

/?rop.

name,

Nun to

a hundred; Heb. a luminary IVESJ gratis, in vain

raise,

up;

to keep to sacrifice to explore, try

altar

Moab

to fly

to fear, dread

an animal

water

to breathe

-the

lift

as a subs., seed

[jiD'D

middle; Chald.

to give, bestow

a plane, valley a collection to

fill

fullness

to speak, say a word; a

Plural,

to take, or receive to create, multiply

to adore to bear witness

a sign

precepts

an eye

Egypt

pot-herb

Moses

mount, ascend

LEXICON

136 a

hill,

beacon for ;

an animal land

to place, support

darkness

to hate

to depart;

testimony

to acquire, seek

ZA-V same as ZZV or ZV to

as a

make;

SMS., a servant

work

to multiply, increase

word

a sphere, an arch

to pass over

Z1V

a command, precept;

the firmament

to see, behold

time

prodigy, wonder a mouth

a sin

same as i3ZV

a graven image

Phogor another, strange to return

command

precept

a tree; afoo

an eye burnt offering

ZZV

to visit,

to enter; also

fruit, fruitful

Pharaoh to separate also V<\

divide;

Euphrates age, eternity

judgment

holocaust a people to occupy, inhabit

a flock of sheep; also

^AV

to flourish

grassy

;

m form, image side, coast

ay.,

morning; opposed

LEXICON.

137 void;

Z3P a

district,

region Chald.

bury

to creep

a sepulchre

as a subs., a face to justify, sanctify state, city

;

a creeping thing

to approach, touch

fern.,

a neighbour

evening

also

and

3<\P

seed

desolate, mis-shapen

a sabbath

to kill

ZP a voice thunder (tonitrua)

V3*** to swear ^l*** to send

a beginning

the firmament

a bird, fowl

to cover over, to

to envy, be jealous

plaster to place,

firmament 3<\P to approach, touch

put

the heavens

trumpet plaster

Sichem

head, top;

to rule

to finish, great,

mighty

greatness

same as 3<\ same as ^flf^

adj.,

fill

peace offerings

name

remote, distant

to hear

to love

to serve,

strength, vigour

the sun

breath, smell

a year

complete

a finishing **** a

;

obey

LEXICON.

138

as a verb,

an ox

mock, prevaricate same as 3ft*"

3rrn?A- brave,

a step to **

;

A an abyss

a crocodile apt,

strong likeness

14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED

LOAN This book

due on the

DEPT.

date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. is

last

r-n L.D MAR 2 2

21A-50?/,

IslO)476B

General Library University of Calif ornis Berkeley