Proceedings of the 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society, july 10 - july 16, 2016

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Paper presented at the 52nd CFCS Annual Meeting, Guadeloupe, July 10-16, 2016 Discussion There was a general decline in the incidence of Anaplasmosis from 2004 to 2014. Improvements in Farmer’s husbandry practices could have led to this decrease in confirmed cases as farmers have educated themselves through the use of the internet and as such, are engaging in practices to improve conditions on their farms. Modified housing for large and small ruminants and improved diets can also have contributed to the decline(Wormser et al. 2006; da Silva and da Fonseca 2014; Kocan, Fuente, and Blouin 2007; De La Fuente et al. 2006). Anaplasmosis is spread by a one host tick, Boophilus spp. hence breaking the life cycle by resting of the pastures is probably a major factor in reduction of the disease. Additionally tethering restricts free grazing which will decrease the chances of finding ticks or tick eggs in pastures.The access and use of ascaricides has assisted in preventing and treating the vectors. Vaccination has been an economical and effective way to control bovine Anaplasmosis (Sainz et al. 2015; Brown 2014). Improvements in the veterinary services in South Trinidad may also have been negatively correlated with the decrease in Anaplasmosis. Improved techniques, farmer education, tick surveillance and distribution of drugs are some of the factors that may have impacted on the decline of the disease. These efforts help to preserve the biological and ecological landscape of agriculture in the Caribbean (Camus and Barre 1995; Parola and Raoult 2001; Grzeszczuk 2006; Alonso et al. 1992). Novel policies on animal importation implemented by policy makers to reduce the entry of diseased or tick infested animal may also have contributed to the decline of casesof Anaplasmosis. Animals are held at the point of entry and fully examined by quarantine officers before given clearance. Conclusion Confirmed cases of Anaplasmosis in county St. Patrick, Trinidad and Tobago were limited to Bovine Anaplasmosis. No cases were reported for sheep and goat. This suggests that sheep and goats may have some form of resistance to the disease. The confirmed cases of the disease decreased from by 37% from 2004 to 2014 in cattle, possibly through improved management practices and veterinary services. Bibliographic References Alamzán, Consuelo, Citlaly Medrano, Martín Ortiz, and José de la Fuente. 2008. “Genetic Diversity of Anaplasma Marginale Strains from an Outbreak of Bovine Anaplasmosis in an Endemic Area.” Veterinary Parasitology 158 (12): 103–9. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.08.015. Alonso, M, C Arellano-Sota, V H Cereser, C O Cordoves, a a Guglielmone, R Kessler, a J Mangold, a Nari, J H Patarroyo, and M a Solari. 1992. “Epidemiology of Bovine Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) 11 (3): 713–33. Brown, James H. 2014. “Why Are There so Many Species in the Tropics?” Journal of Biogeography 41 (1): 8–22. doi:10.1111/jbi.12228. Camus, E., and N. Barre. 1995. “Vector Situation of Tick-Borne Diseases in the Caribbean Islands.” Veterinary Parasitology 57 (1-3): 167–76. doi:10.1016/0304-4017(94)03118-G. Corrier, D E. 1977. “The Epidemiology of Bovine Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis in the Lowland Tropics of Colombia.” Workshop on Hemoparasites (Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis) 17-22 March, 1975, Cali, Colombia. da Silva, Jenevaldo Barbosa, and Adivaldo Henrique da Fonseca. 2014. “Risk Factors for Anaplasmosis in Dairy Cows during the Peripartum.” Tropical Animal Health and Production 46 (2): 461–65. doi:10.1007/s11250-013-0514-0. De La Fuente, José, Patricia Ayoubi, Edmour F. Blouin, Consuelo Almazán, Victoria Naranjo, and Katherine M. Kocan. 2006. “Anaplasmosis: Focusing on Host-Vector-Pathogen Interactions for Vaccine Development.” In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1078:416–23. doi:10.1196/annals.1374.081. De Wall, D T. 2000. “Anaplasmosis Control and Diagnosis in South Africa.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 916: 474–83. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05327.x. Grzeszczuk, a. 2006. “Anaplasma Phagocytophilum in Ixodes Ricinus Ticks and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis Seroprevalence among Forestry Rangers in Białystok Region.” Advances in Medical Sciences 51: 283–86. Guglielmone, A. A. 1995. “Epidemiology of Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis in South and Central America.” Veterinary Parasitology 57 (1-3): 109–19. doi:10.1016/0304-4017(94)03115-D. Kocan, Katherine M., J. Fuente, and E. F. Blouin. 2007. “Targeting the Tick/pathogen Interface for Developing New Anaplasmosis Vaccine Strategies.” Veterinary Research Communications 31 (SUPPL. 1): 91–96. doi:10.1007/s11259007-0070-z. Oie. 2012. “Bovine Anaplasmosis.” Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, no. May: 589–600. Parola, P, and D Raoult. 2001. “Ticks and Tickborne Bacterial Diseases in Humans: An Emerging Infectious Threat.” Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 32 (6): 897–928. doi:10.1086/319347.

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