Lokshikshan for Swachh Bharat -NirmalJalAviral Ganga
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Lokshikshan for Swachh Bharat -NirmalJalAviral Ganga thounk;h xaxk vkSj ge
Ganga Alliance-Kanpur Society For in Community Health SACH, Delhi South Asian Dialogues on Ecological Democracy (SADED)
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© New Politics Series] 2015
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Published by South Asian Dialogues on Ecological Democracy (SADED) (With financial support from Siemenpuu Foundation, Finland) B E - 14 A, D.D.A. Flats, Munirka, New Delhi- 110067 Phone: 011- 26101580
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Email: networkscommunication@gmail.com
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Through this Lok-Shikshan ( Education of the Public} methodology, we intend to propose an approach to the Clean Ganga Mission and the newly set up Ganga Rejuvenation Ministry for wider education and awareness across the Ganga basin cities. Chapter one provides the context of the Lokshikshan for Ganga -Rejuvenation and objectives, methodology and target audience for the LokShikshan Program. Chapter-Two- gives the basic information about the Ganga River and describes its long journey from Gaumukh to Ganga sagarChapter-Three- gives a brief history of the modern development paradigm and quest for growth which led to destruction of Ganga River, its pollution and damage to its ecology. It dwells on the historical dimensions, economic and political compulsions and technology choices made in that context. The last section provides a brief overview of the global context of river restoration. Chapter-Four - we describe the overall status of Ganga Pollution in different cities in India. We also provide brief case studies of specific issues and challenges [for cities of Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Devprayag and Delhi ) for prevention of Pollution to Ganga . We also give a brief overview of governance and techno-managerial challenges which need to be addressed. Chapter-Five- provides , some suggestions to explore a new path to overcome the failures of the past and achieve the objectives of the Ganga Rejuvenation and prevention of Ganga pollution. NamamiGange.
ecology, geomorphology, history, culture, challenges of restoration and ongoing
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Shikshan Program are To inform the participants on all aspects of Ganga River (
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THE MAIN MESSAGE IN THIS MODULE : The Objectives of the Lok-
Government programs); To imbibe and create respect for the Ganga River as an ‘organic unity’
and for its spiritual and cultural dimensions, so that these
considerations can become integral components of our development planning; To develop a healthy analytical and critical attitude and capacity for understanding the results of the past developmental efforts and how to make lateral and innovative thinking to find new solutions, instead of doing more of the same; and To develop a common national vision and mission for the collective and joined up efforts for the rejuvenation of Holy Ganga River. The Methodology and Target Audience: The following elements of the training strategy are suggested initially, which need to be modified based on feedback loop from the ongoing assessment of the training and communication sessions at different levels: (i) Communication strategy based on Indian Principles of Navrassidhnata ( of Bharat Muni) (ii) Emphasis on cognitive understanding and not on behavioral change , per se; Audience specific and levels of training – (iv) Interactive and not only didactic; and (v) Practical work combined with classroom:. Table: Suggested audience and levels of Training for Lok-shikshan for Ganga Rejuvenation SN
Audience
Number of days
1
Common People
One day or one half day
2
Students in schools
!-2 hrs. session.
3
Students in colleges 2-3 days program and universities and 7 days program combined with field work
NGO functionaries
4
Government
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4
5
Top
planners
decision makers 6
work
Trainers – schools 1 day program; half day dedicated to training and colleges
7
and 1-2 days program away from their location of
methodology
Trainers: government 3-5 days intensive program including techniques functionaries
and of training and communication needs assessment
planners
Following initial actions are suggested to the Ganga Rejuvenation Ministry and Clean Ganga Mission to make a new beginning: (i)
Explore the Third Path for Ganga Rejuvenation: Give Up the World Bank mind-set and paradigm for finding the solution.
(ii)
Lok-ShikshanProgram-Educate the people about Ganges, on the lines suggested above. We can perhaps begin by aiming at training faculty of 1000 activists/ academicians politicians/bureaucrats/common citizens who are reasonably well informed on the entire range of issues regarding the Ganga River and have the skills to educate and train others, and undertake communication research to adapt the training curriculum to the needs and results;
(iii)
Research:the traditional knowledge, beliefs and cultural practices of our people regarding water management and reverential attitude towards water bodies and rivers.
(iv)
Focus on the poorest and most marginalized along the Banks of rivers of
NirmalJal- revive public hand pumps and piaos’- the free facilities for drinking water in all the public places – ‘to ensure provide free drinking
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(v)
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Ganga negatively affected by mismanagement of ecosystem of Ganga;
water to the public; Conserve groundwater and treat it as primary source of water supply for the city. On the other hand curb the unsustainable use of ground water (vi)
Swach Bharat and National Urban Sanitation Mission in the right way:
(vii) Governance - Clarify the primary accountability -Who are the agencies which are responsible: State Government, Central Government, National Green Tribunal, Allahabad High Court & Supreme Court, para-statal organizations and Urban local bodies; Empower Nagar Nigam and Nagar Palika;
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(viii) Recognize the Rights of the River.
CONTENTS
1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 2. 3.0. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 4 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 5
PAGE NUMBER
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GANGA STOTRAM FOREWORD LOK-SHIKSHAN- EXPLORING A NEW PATH FOR THE REJUVENATION OF GANGA Objectives of the Lok- Shikshan Program Methodology and Target Audience Understanding the ambivalent mindset of the audience : GANGA RIVER – ITS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY HISTORY OF DAMAGE TO ECOSYSTEM OF GANGA Ganga in Modern Indian History State of Ganga Today The Issues regarding damage to the ecosystem of Ganga Ganga rejuvenation- an Indian perspective Global Perspective of Ganga rejuvenation GANGA POLLUTION Perspective of CPCB City Specific Case Studies of Ganga Pollution – Kanpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Devprayag, Delhi Challenges of Governance for prevention of Ganga Pollution Options for Techno-managerial solutions Swachh Bharat Mission: October 2014 Issues and options for the Ganga rejuvenation for the consideration of the New Government NAMAMI GANGE : PUBLIC ACTIONS FOR CLEANING GANGA and GANGA REJUVENATION
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1
CHAPTER
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NO
SriGangaStotram ThisGangaStotram,writtenbySriAdiShankaracharya,devoteeofLordShiva,purifie sus andfulfillsall ourdesiresVictory
O GoddessGanga!Youarethedivineriverfromheaven,youarethesaviourofallthethree worlds,you
are
pureandrestless,youadornLordShiva’shead.O
Mother!maymymindalwaysrestatyourlotusfeet.
O MotherBhagirathi!Yougivehappinesstoeveryone.Thesignificanceofyourholywate rsis
sunginthe
Vedas.I
amignorantandamnotcapableto
comprehendyourimportance.O Devi!youarefullofmercy. Pleaseprotectme.
O Devi!Yourwatersareassacredas“Charanamriti”ofSriHari.Yourwavesarewhitelik esnow,moon andpearls.PleasewashawayallmysinsandhelpmecrossthisoceanofSamsara.
O Mother!thosewhopartakeofyourpurewaters,definitelyattainthehigheststate.O MotherGanga! Yama,theLordofdeathcannotharmyourdevotees.
O
peoplefallenfromtheirpath,andso youare reveredinallthreeworlds.
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uareBhishma’smotherandsageJahnu’sdaughter.Youaresaviourofthe
8
Jahnavi!yourwatersflowingthroughtheHimalayasmakeyouevenmorebeautiful.Yo
OMother!Youfulfillallthedesiresoftheonesdevotedto
you.Thosewhobowdownto
youdonothaveto grieve.O Ganga!Youarerestlesstomergewiththeocean,justlikea youngladyanxioustomeether beloved.
O
Mother!thosewhobatheinyourwatersdonothaveto
takebirthagain.O
Jahnavi!Youareheldin
the
highestesteem.Youdestroyyourdevotee’ssinsandsavethemfromhell.
O Jahnavi!Youarefullofcompassion.Youpurifyyourdevoteeswithyourholywaters. Yourfeetare adornedwiththegemsofIndra’scrown.Thosewhoseekrefugeinyouareblessedwit hhappiness.
O Bhagavati!Takeawaymydiseases,sorrows,difficulties,sinsandwrongattitudes.Youa retheessenceof
thethreeworldsandyouarelikea
necklacearoundtheEarth.O
Devi!Youalonearemyrefugeinthis Samsara.
O
Ganga!thosewhoseekhappinessworshipyou.Youarethe
sourceofhappinessforAlkapuriandsource ofeternalbliss.Thosewhoresideonyourbanksareasprivilegedasthoselivingin
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Vaikunta.
O
Devi!Itisbetterto
livein
yourwatersasturtleorfish,orliveonyourbanksaspoor“candal�rather
thanto
liveawayfromyouasa wealthyking.
O
GodessofUniverse!Youpurifyus.O
daughterofmuniJahnu!onewhorecitesthisGangaStotrameveryday,definitel yachievessuccess.
ThosewhohavedevotionforMotherGanga,alwaysgethappinessandtheyattainliberat ion.Thisbeautifuland
lyricalGangastutiisa
sourceofSupremebliss.to
Ganga!Victory to Shiva!Victory to Ganga!Victory to Shiva!
FOREWORD Why This Training Module
While the Ganga movement was raising its pet slogan of aviral ganga and nirmal ganga, the emphasis was to give primacy to the demand for aviral Ganga, and it was assumed to some extent that once the aviral ganga demand was achieved, the nirmal ganga also, will become possible. However, some of us, at that time thought that the issue of nirmal ganga, or GangaRiver Pollution needed more attention than it was getting from civil society organizations. We agreed
newly set up NGRBA, and this was causing a disjuncture between the civil society
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The interventions required for aviral Ganga were not really in the purview of the
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withthe basic premise of the save ganga movement on the primacy of aviral ganga.
representatives and government representatives in NGRBA and not leading to any fruitful results in terms of a clear policy and program consensus, across the spectrum of varied stakeholders. We also thought that the mandate given to NGRBA was more focused on prevention of Ganga pollution issues. The actions of the government were
not being sufficiently scrutinized by the civil society
organizations collectively, and the government was not being taken to task on its failure to achieve any results even on the actions that it had prioritized to save ganga. Therefore, we decided to engage on the pollution issues of Ganga. The Kanpur city was home to tannery Industry. The Kanpur City had acquired the illreputation for being location where Ganga river was most polluted, partly due to alleged pollution caused to Ganga water by the Tanneries. Therefore we thought that a process of bringing multiple stakeholders together will pave the way of some informed action on the ground and will provide useful lessons for the saving the Ganga, as a whole. This was the beginning of our very small and modest effort in Jajmau, Kanpur on the platform of Ganga Alliance.
The pollution to Ganga in Kanpur has drawn maximum attention in last two decades. However, the interventions which have been carried out, have failed to achieve the intended results. For the last three years (2011-14) we have has been working in Kanpur. Our activities have been more focused in the Jajmau Area of Kanpur- Zone 2 of Kanpur Nagar Nigam, even while we have been raising issues related to all aspects of Ganga pollution in Kanpur. The citizen’s forum in Kanpur, Ganga Alliancewas intended to be a mechanism whereby all stakeholders can
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Ganga water in Kanpur. However, there are some very important lessons in terms
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come together on a common platform to find a solution to problems of pollution of
of identifying the problems and understanding the apathy and lack of action which we aim to address through this lok-shikshan methodology.
One of the reason for this lack of interest on the part of various government and Urban local body officials, in our understanding is due to their ingrained apathy towards the health of the river. The river as an entity in itself, deserving attention in its own right, as a dimension of our urban, rural or basin planning, has almost been totally absent from the consciousness of our administrators, and political masters in the last six decade. Therefore the issues of river protection have never been discussed and debated in the official circles. Hence it is important that this important dimension is restated and reestablished in our national consciousness.
Now, with the coming of power of the NDA Government in the Centre, the prevention of Ganga pollution and Ganga rejuvenation issue is expected to get more serious national attention. The PM has made a personal promise for this to the entire nation and more so for the city of Varanasi, which he represents as a M.P. in the Parliament. A new Ministry has been set up for the first time for Rivers rejuvenation and Ganga Rejuvenation and Clean Ganga Mission – NamamiGange has been placed under this Ministry.
A Ganga University is planned to be
established to train the scientists and technologists in Ganga science. A Fresh initiative has been taken -Swach Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) and a National Urban
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program of lokshikshan becomes very important.
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Sanitation Mission has been launched on 2nd October, 2014. In this context, the
While a lot of documentation has been produced on this issue in last two decades and a half, there is very little that is available to an average person or practitioner. Therefore it was felt by us, that we need to develop a curriculum and a training module which can be used for educating the common people, the students and government functionaries on the importance of Ganga river, the various facets of Aviral Ganga and Nirmal Ganga, the history of the crisis of Ganga and challenges of Ganga Rejuvenation and options for finding various administrative and technical solutions. We feel that such an education program will help to raise awareness and bring greater seriousness in various stakeholders to take up the issue in a joined-up and integrated manner. The present work is a first draft in this exercise. A Hindi version of the same will follow very soon. While this module will be developed further in course of our work this year in Kanpur, under AWP, we intend to propagate it to the Clean Ganga Mission and the newly set up Ganga Rejuvenation Ministry for wider replication across the Ganga basin cities. The change of ways of working for Ganga Rejuvenation cannot be limited to one city and a unified methodology and approach is required across the spectrum. We do hope that this module will be able to make its humble contribution in this noble quest. March, 2015 • Ramji Tiwari, Ramkishore Vajpayee and Deepak Malviye- Ganga Alliance, Kanpur • Viren Lobo, Dr. Onkar Mittal: Society For Action in Community Health –SACH
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• Vijay Pratap: South Asian Dialogues for Ecology and Democracy –
CHAPTER -1 Lok-Shikshan- Exploring a New Path for the Rejuvenation of Ganga This chapter provides the context of the Lokshikshan for Ganga -Rejuvenation and objectives, methodology and target audience for the LokShikshan Program
The challenges of Ganga Rejuvenation are three fold- (i) Technical - the necessity of working simultaneously on the Aviral and Nirmal issues; (ii) Understanding – a deep sense of self-critical reflection that the present state of Ganga is due to development paradigm of the last 150 years and a quest for exploring a third path (iii) a will for joined up working between different levels and tiers of the government and with the Government –citizen participation to plan and implement solutions which can yield the desired results. In order to achieve this, we need a detailed course curriculum and training methodology to bring everyone on a common denominator. The history of the past 40 years of ganga rejuvenation efforts has been by the civil society to criticize the government and the government to announce new interventions which are of the same kind which failed in the past. As a nation, we need to come out of this abyss
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systems.
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and explore a new path, in the great samanvaywaditradition of our philosophical
The present module is a humble attempt to put this agenda on the national table, in the context of the renewed commitment of the Central Government and Supreme court, High Courts and National Green Tribunals to pursue a concerted course of action for Ganga Rejuvenation in the country. 1.1.. Objectives of the Lok- Shikshan Program • To inform the participants on all aspects of Ganga River ( ecology, geomorphology, history, culture, challenges of restoration and ongoing Government programs) • To imbibe and create respect for the Ganga River as an ‘organic unity’ and for its spiritual and cultural dimensions, so that these considerations can become integral components of our development planning • To develop a healthy analytical and critical attitude and capacity for understanding the results of the past developmental efforts and how to make lateral and innovative thinking to find new solutions, instead of doing more of the same. • To develop a common national vision and mission for the collective and joined up efforts for the rejuvenation of Holy Ganga River.
1.2.
Methodology and Target Audience
The following elements of the training strategy are suggested initially, which need to be modified based on feedback loop from the ongoing assessment of the training
Communication strategy based on Indian Principles of Nav-rassidhnata( of Bharat Muni) : The human motivation is linked to
many different
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i.
15
and communication sessions at different levels:
bhavaswithin our manas. In order for us to make right effort, the link to these bhavas or rasas.. One of these navrasas is bhakti ras. It is well known that the Indians have highest devotion to Ganga as teerth and purity of water on religious principles. These elements of our collective manas have not been tapped for mobilizing the nation in collective effort to clean and rejuvenate Ganga in a methodical way. One of the important element of this training curriculum is to resurrect this vital force in our collective consciousness to induce people to work for Ganga rejuvenation. ii.
Emphasis on cognitive understanding and not on behavioral change- The ongoing communication programs in different projects of Government of India and International donor development agencies have access to huge amount of financial resources and trained human resources having expertise in behavioral change communication. However, without exception, these programs have failed to achieve the desired results. We need a fresh approach which is aimed to develop a correct knowledge and collective self-critical approach amongst the varied stakeholders, so that they can arrive at a shared understanding of the problem and an implementation plan with joined up commitment. Such an approach is lacking at present.
iii.
Audience specific and levels of training – A general audience of schools students or community members may require just half a day orientation. The more active and interested persons amongst them can be provided 203 days training program. The academics and the practitioners may require a week long course to become familiar with all aspects of the challenge and get a deeper understanding of the issues, which they can use to reflect on their theoretical
Interactive and not only didactic: The curriculum has been suggested merely as an aid in stimulating discussion around these points and should not be used as a
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iv.
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and practical challnges and come up within fresh insights and solutions.
kind of lecture design to be delivered in one sided manner to the audience. Even when it is half a day program, the participants can be encouraged to divide in groups and have short group discussion among themselves after intial short lecture. The presentation made by the group lead members can be followed by more detailed discussion on the issue. There are other participatory techniques which can be taught in ongoing faculty training programs. v.
Practical work combined with classroom: The trainer should encourage the participants to undertake some rapid practical tasks like visit to a river or any other water body to make observations on its health or a short interaction with local people to understand their views and perceptions on the health of the water body, level of pollution and causes of pollution and possible solutions.
Table: Suggested audience and levels of Training for Lokshikshan for Ganga Rejuvenation SN
Audience
Type of training
Number of days
1
Common People
Lecture for education
One day or one half day
2
Students in schools
3
Students in colleges and Learning program – 2-3 days program certificate course
Government and NGO Learning functionaries
programs 7
with certificates
days
combined
program with
field
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4
!-2 hrs session.
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universities
Lecture for education
work 5
Top
planners
and Sessions dedicated to 1-2 days program away
decision makers
experience
sharing from their location of
and reflections 6
work
Trainers – schools and Training of Trainers
1 day program within
colleges
half day dedicated to training methodology
7
Trainers – government Training of Trainers
3-5
functionaries
program
planners
and
days
intensive including
techniques of training and
communication
needs assessment
1.3.
Understanding the ambivalent mindset of the audience :
A systematic process of communication and training needs assessment needs to be undertaken before embarking on the program of designing a training and communication strategy and a course curriculum. Such a process has recently been commissioned jointly by the Clean Ganga Mission and the World Bank to a Howard educated consultancy company based in India and a communication plan is being worked out, based on their research in the communication and training needs of a wide section of stakeholders in Ganga Basin. This needs a review, by the New Government in Centre and the New Ministry of Ganga rejuvenation.
spiritual exploration and national and international agencies. ( The details of this
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this issue for the last forty years in different capacities in the grass root, academia,
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The experience and knowledge of our small group is based on our engagement on
experience are given in the annex). We are very much humbled by the failure of ours, as
national to effectively intervene in the processes of protecting and
rejuvenating Ganga river. Our very small and focused effort in Kanpur, as AWP has also been able to take off the ground. We would like to forthrightly share here the ambivalent mindset of the nation, as per our understanding, so that this curriculum is well informed by this challenge and able to contribute to some lateral and innovative thinking to take us out of this abyss. (a) Ganga Water: a Teerth Holy water has been used in religious rites by the Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Christians, Muslims and other religions since ancient times. The Hindus believe that water of the Ganga provides moksha or salvation. The Ganga Dashahara brings throngs of bathers to the riverfront in Hardwar and all Tirthas on the dashmi of the waxing moon fortnight of the lunar month of Jyeshtha. A dip on this day in the Ganges is said to rid the bather of ten sins. The photograph at ManikarnaGhat at Varanasi has the following caption, “ Who dies in the water of Ganges obtains heaven”. Since Ganga had descended from heaven to earth, she is also the vehicle of ascent from earth to heaven. Consequently Ganga is considered to be a Tirtha, corssing point for all living beings as well as dead irrespective of the world in which their soul is located at present.
(b) The River and the humans The river is not only outside us but ‘within’ us also. The river is not only on the
areas, its relationship with Indian monsoon, all these phenomenon form an integral
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merging of the river in the sea, formation of fresh water streams around the coastal
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surface, it is underground, in the clouds and perhaps in the galaxy too. The
whole. The human interventions affect these in more than one way, whether we understand it or not, perhaps we do not. Man, as part of nature,
needs to
understand this and act accordingly despite the apparent dissociation due to the use of technology that can modify nature on an unprecedented scale.Man has therefore to evolve further to perform the role of protector of the nature that gives man life . Unfortunately, our recent history is a pointer in the opposite direction. In a recent conference in Delhi, called as India River week, it has been recognized that our planning processes have failed to give cognizance to river as an entity, at all, which is so surprising. This has been one of the important reason that we have tended to destroy our rivers, as for our modern minds, in our quest for national development and growth, the river as an entity which required consideration in its own right did not exist at all. In our quest for getting more golden eggs, we ended up killing the goose. When we try to understand Ganges, we have to keep all these aspects in view. The
Goose
That
Laid
the
Golden
Egg:
an
Aesop
Fable
A man and his wife owned a very special goose. Every day the goose would lay a golden egg, which made the couple very rich. "Just think," said the man's wife, "If we could have all the golden eggs that are inside the goose, we could be richer much faster."
"You're right," said her husband, "We wouldn't have to wait for
the goose to lay her egg every day." So, the couple killed the goose and cut her open, only to find that she was just like every other goose. She had no golden eggs inside of her at all, and they had no more golden eggs.
but also for the Sea in which it merges. What happens to the water that reaches the
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The Ganges water is important not only for the land through which it is flowing
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Š Ganga River in Crisis and Modern Industrial civilization
Sea in Bay of Bengal relates to many phenomenon which we may or may not see as well. The drainage of the river water into Sea, the water bodies and forest cover contributing to the moisture regime in the atmosphere over the Indian subcontinent, these various elements related to the climate affect the entire Ganga basin.The relationship of these elements to Indian monsoon has been largely ignored in the current discourse over the water policies, river policies, climate change and saving the river Ganges. The adoption of the food and cropping patterns not useful to the climate of this country are causing an agrarian crisis, water crisis and health crisis all over the Ganges basin. As a basin spanning 60% of India, its ramifications are immense. We need to reflect on all these dimensions if we are serious about saving the river. The rivers have changed course and directions countless times in their history. It may be fascinating to study that. The same must have been the story of Ganga river through the ages. In recent times, in the past 200 years,beginning with entry of the East India Company Armies in Delhi in the year 1803 and the initiation of the Imperial Canal building enterprise in India, the very existence of Ganga river has come into crisis due to the acts of humans. We need to understand the processes that led to this tragic state of affairs. All of us are party to destruction of the river. We need to change our ‘journey’ of the last 200 years, if want to save the Ganges. The demand for more hydro-power and electricity, more water for domestic and industrial use, the modern large scale enterprise of mixing of human excreta with water, all these are all our own sins. This has led to the current crisis of Gangetic River Systems. The crisis is further compounded for the posterity by our failure to
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Ganges River systems in India.
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educate and engage the younger generation on the very basics isssues of the
(d)The Teertha and Tourism in Modern Life
The teertha and tourism in Modern ‘Hindu’ Nationalism have got mixed up with commoditization and monetization of life. Today, it has become difficult to separate out the reverence for Ganga from the various market mechanism and other demands of the modern life and polity that surrounds the expressions of that reverence in national life. The two sets of processes have intricately intermingled with each other. Mindless expansion of roads has been undertaken in Himalayas for the needs of the national defense as well as for boosting the tourism. As a result, millions of people are seen crowding and thronging to various pilgrimage sites like Kedarnath and Badrinath and KumbhaMela at Hardwar, Allahabad and other teerthas. The agencies of the State have been facilitating these movements, respecting the religious sentiments of the people, rather than controlling and preventing excessive crowds to protect the ecology of the river and Himalayas. Often the argument has been promoted loudly, even from Ganga-bhaktas, promoting tourism in Uttrakhand and other religious places may enable the state and local to earn more revenue. This may greatly outweigh the potential revenue earning from hydro-power projects on the tributaries of Ganga in Himalayas and hence the promotion of tourism may be a savior for Ganga. Another set of GangaBhakt have tried to make a case for sparing Ganga from Hydro-power projects, but the same can be done on other rivers in the country. The implications of these options and arguments have never been debated seriously in any public forums in
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the country. .
(e) Modern Culture and aesthetics and maintainingswachta and purity of water The modern aesthetics has no resonance with this sacred attitude towards Ganges and its purity of water. There is total apathy towards maintaining this purity; This apathy may be reflected in following practices which are harmful for the purity of the Ganga water, by almost everyone in India, irrespective of their religion: • Use of detergents for cleaning clothes • Use of chemical dyes to make clothes colorful • Drainage of untreated human excreta into the river; some may even claim that mother river has the capacity the absorb the human excreta and purify it. • Throwing all kind of garbage into streams and river, even in temple towns. People shed their old clothes and other personal belongings in Ganga water, assuming that their personal sins are attached to these belongings and so they cannot carry these things back. • Use of leather –shoes and other accessories for smartness • Willingness to mix excreta with water purely for our convenience; • Other issues related to health/healthyfoods/agriculture/lifestyles –Crisis of Life Style diseases –diabetes, hypertension, metabolic disorder, cancers (f) Need for new spirituality There are moments in the history of nations when we need to pause and reflect and go back to the basic tenets of our endeavors, the departure points of our journey and locate the mistake there. . The Ganga activists need to realize that more than
saving the Holy River Ganges. The pristine beauty, the purity of water and the
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social transformation and transformation in governance, if we are serious about
23
anybody else. We as a nation need a change in our developmental paradigm,
bounty of the river is in the end our own self reflection- to refer to the famous
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advait philosophy of india.
Chapter -2 Ganga River – its Social and Cultural Geography This chapter gives the basic information about the Ganga River and describes its long journey from Gaumukh to Ganga sagar
GANGA RIVER : A BRIEF INTRODUCTION Ganga river stretches from Himalayas to Gangasagar in the length of 2615 km. The “Ganges” originates in the Himalaya after the confluence of the six rivers: The Alaknanda meets the Dhauliganga at Vishnuprayag, the Nandakini at Nandprayag, the Pindar at Karnaprayag, the Mandakini at Rudraprayag, and finally the Bhagirathi at Devprayag( after which point the river is known as Ganges) in the State of Uttrakhand. The Bhagirathi is considered as source stream; it originates at the Gangotri Glacier, at en elevation of 7756m. The streams are fed by melting snow and ice from glaciers including glaciers from peaks such as Nanda Devi and Kamet. The IITs in its description has divided ganga into following three segments: • Upper Ganga – Gaumukh to Hardwar – 294 km
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• Lower Ganga –Varanasi to Gangasagar- 1134 km.
25
• Middle Ganga- Hardwar to Varanasi -1082 km
However all the five major river streams in Uttrakhand are considered part of the Ganges Systems. Hence, It may be useful to divide the river into four stretches for its proper understanding – (i)
Bhagirathi and Alaknanda with their tributaries merging to form Ganga at Devprayag,
(ii)
from Devprayag to Bijnore barrage;
(iii)
Bijnore Barrage to Varansi; and
(iv)
Varanasi to Gangasagar.
• The first and second stretch had relatively pure water until now in the five Ganges in Uttrakhand, but the planned new dams on these rivers may destroy the entire Ganges river system in UttrakhandHimalyas. This includes the so called run of the river (ROR) dams and the run of the river dams with ponding (RORP). • The Third stretch is joined by tributaries like Yamuna, Ramganga and Kali. This stretch is particularly under stress of industrial, sewerage and agricultural pollution. • The fourth stretch is joined by tributaries like Ghagra, Gandak, Bagmati and
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26
Koshi. This stretch faces the problems of repeated floods and related disaster
After travelling 200 km through Himalayas, The Ganges emerges at the pilgrimage town of Hardwar in the Sivalik Hills. At Hardwar, a dam diverts some of the waters into the Upper Ganga canal, which links the Ganges with its main tributary, the Yamuna. The Gaanges, whose course has been roughly southwestern until this point, now begins to flow south east through the planes of North India. Further the river follows an 800 km long curving course passing through the city of Kanpur before being joined from the south west by the Yamuna at Allahabad. This point is known as Sangam at Allahabad. Sangam is a sacred place in Hinduism. According to ancient Hindu texts, at one time a third river, the Saraswati met the other two rivers at this point. Joined by numerous rivers such as Kosi, Son, Gandaki and Ghagra, the ganges forms a formidable current in the stretch between Allahabad and Malda in West Bengal. On its way, it passes the towns of Mirzapur, Varanasi, Patna and Bhagalpur. At Bhagalpur the river meanders past the Rajmahal Hills, and begins to run south. At Pakur, the river begins its attrition with branching away from its first tributary, the Bhagirathi-Hooghly, which goes on to form Hooghly River. Near the border with Bangladesh the FarakkaBarrage , built in 1974 controls the flow of the Ganges, diverting some of the water into a feeder canal linking the Hooghly to keep it relatively silt- free. After entering Bangladesh, the main branch of the river is known as Padma River until it is joined by Jamuna River the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra. Further downstream, The Ganges is fed by Meghna River, the second larges tributary of
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Fanning into the 350 km wide Ganges Delta, it finally empties into Bay of Bengal.
27
Brahamputra, and takes on the Meghna’s name as it enters the Meghna Estuary.
Chapter -3 History of damage to Ganga ecosystem This chapter gives a brief history of development paradigm and quest for growth which led to destruction of Ganga River, its pollution and damage to its ecology. It dwells on the historical dimensions, economic and political compulsions and technology choices made in that context. The last section provides a brief overview of the global context of river restoration.
3.1. Ganga in Modern Indian History The process of damage to the Ganga river system in Modern India was initiated in the 18th century itself with the advent of the British. In 1842, the famous Upper Ganga canal was constructed by the British Engineer Col. Probe Cautley, ostensibly to prevent famines in the area. At around the same time , the British started the process of destruction of Himalayas and started engaging in commercial forestry by planting pine tries which caused irreparable damage to the Himalayan ecology. Also in British India, there was a school of thought which was in favor of using Ganges as a major means of transport and trade. This school was defeated and preference was given to railways. This was another major water shed in the process
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ankle deep water.
28
of destruction of Ganges. A river that had steamers flowing in it in Patna, today has
In 1916 when the diversion canal around Hardwar was being made, MahamanaMadan Mohan MalviyaJi led a major agitation against the British and obtained promise from the colonial government of India that no further damage will be done to the flow of the Ganges in its entire course. However the Government of Independent India did not keep the promise and embarked on mind boggling course of further destruction of the Ganges River systems including its tributaries: Some of the major acts of destruction are following: A large number of interventions have led to the destruction of the river are in the last 200 years: the destruction of the forests and its impact on river streams and local climate; the obstruction to the flow of the river due to large dams and barrages in its entire course; the diversion of river water in the canal systems; the over extraction of the underground water; destruction of the ponds and other water bodies; and encroachment over the river lands and flood plains. Some of the specific major acts of destruction of the river Ganges may be recounted as following: The direct damage to the main stem of the river: i.
The story begins with construction of upper ganga canal by the British Engineer Colonel ProbyCautley,between 1842-54.Further diversion of water through upper ganga canal systems has been done by doubling its capacity in the post Independence India; Construction of Farakka Barrage
iii.
Construction of Tehri dam
iv.
Over extraction of ground water all along the river for agriculture purpose
Indirect damage to the river due to damage to its tributaries and smaller streams:
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29
ii.
v.
Diversion of water in Western Yamuna canal, by the barrage at Tejawala in Yamuna Nagar . This diversion was further enhanced by construction of new barrage a HathiniKund in 1980
vi.
Construction of a series of new dams- already constructed and planned, in all the five ‘Ganges’ in Uttrakhand
vii.
Construction of Kosi Barrage in 1960 and straitjacketing all the major rivers of Bihar causing immense damage to North Bihar;
viii. ix.
Construction of Farrakka Barrage at Rajmahal in 1971 Destruction of Forests and plantation of commercial species for Timber in Himalayas by the British and continuation of these acts in postindependence India.
x.
Use of all the major tributaries of Ganges – in the middle Ganges – Yamuna, Kali, Ramganga and others- as dirty water drains
By the time we entered onto a new chapter in our recent history of destruction of our river systems after adoption of the new liberal economic policies in 1980s, to hide the truth, GAP-1 was launched in 1986, to clean the river Ganges. This was a complete failure but success from the governance point of view, as people’s attention got diverted to the false issues and in the backyard the river systems were destroyed one by one. We need to be aware that what real game is played in the garb of NGRBA today and what are the real intentions of World Bank for making its investments in the Ganga river and for GOI to accept it.
western/Upper Ganga canal at Hardwar and following that in other places in her
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The maximum part of the flow of Ganga is instantaneously diverted in the
30
3.2. The State of Ganga today
onward jouney towards the sea. The width of the flow has become drastically reduced. The depth and velocity are reduced. The river thus is drying day by day. But the pollutant load in increasing. Many species of aquatic life, the real stakeholders have disappeared. The phreatic line slope has increased. The seepage velocity has increased due to differences in ground water level and level of the river, known as free seepage height. This is causing more subsidence of the land. The bank erosion and damage to villages and towns situated on the river bank have increased during floods. The ganga thus is loosing her depth and width relationship. It needs to be protected. –[ref: U.K. Choudhary]
The combined effect of low flow and discharge of polluting effluents into the Ganga has caused severe deterioration in the quality of water in the river. The following synoptic statements bear out the sad condition of the river( Ref: Paritosh C Tyagi): i.
Of the total length of 2525 kms, barely 371 km is fit for bathing throughout the year.
ii.
This perennial snow-fed river is dry or nearly so downstream of lift irrigation projects and the various dams and barrages constructed on it.
iii.
Snow melt is threatened by climate change. Gangotri Glacier is receding; it may vanish in 2030 according to a UN report.
iv.
River fronts are severely degraded by insanitation, dumping of wastes and encroachments-even by philanthropic bodies.
v.
Several episodes of ‘Ganga on Fire’ have occurred due to industrial effluents
Ganga Action Plan Phase 1 and phase -2 have not been able to clean Ganga to expected level, i.e. make it fit for bathing.
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vi.
31
causing fire accidentally.
vii.
The Ganges dolphin is was near extinction before Ganga Action Plan and is still critically threatened.
3.3. The Issues regarding damage to the ecosystem of Ganga
The justifications that have been given to intervene in the river in the name of economic good and human interests – for example –canal making for surface irrigation, making reservoirs for flood control or for augmenting lean season flows; for dam building for making hydro-power and for using river was waste water drain – all these interventions are open to debate. The modern trained robotic educated mind makes interventions based on assumptions grounded in an arrogant attitude and with surety of authoritarian power at its command. The pragyaapradh or hubris committed
with its available science and technology is leading to the
disastrous consequences- but these are not sufficient to dissuade it from the harakiri.. • Aviraldhara-uninterrupted flow of the Ganges: Almost 100% educated believe that river water should not be allowed to wastefully flow into sea, but should be harnessed for making reservoirs and embankments for flood protection, harnessing hydroelectric power, canals for irrigation and for domestic and industrial usage. There is some understanding today on deleterious effects on river ecology if the flow is obstructed or channelized, but
and should not use it as synonymous with ecological flows or minimum
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who are raising the aviral as a slogan should avoid the deception of language
32
this is yet to be taken into cognizance by the mainstream hydrocracy. Those
ecological flows. We need to clearly recognize as a nation that with Tehri Dam and other dams and Farakka Barrage and many other barrages and embankments in place, the aviral flow cannot be restored. At same time the everyone needs to be educated on the deleterious consequences on the river ecology of the dam building enterprise. • Dam building in Himalayas and other rivers: The world commission on dams in late nineties had taken a neutral and middle of the stool stand on dam building. It has opined that other options should be explored before the dam building option is undertaken. One result at that time was the withdrawal of funding by the World Bank for Narmada project. However in recent years, the World Bank has surreptitiously revised its stand and issued a new guidelines which are openly propagating the dam building on rivers. The Government of india is carrying on large scale enterprise of dam building in Sikkim, Bhutan, North East and Uttrakhand. In almost all of these cases, the local populations have to sacrifice the destruction of their natural resources while all the benefits accrue to the needs of cities hundreds of miles away. It is a myth to consider the common people of Uttrakhand are in favor of dam building. In fact the state of Uttrakhand is seeing large scale migration today of its population, this was an issue on which the movement for Uttrakhand was built. Hence we need to build a comprehensive consensus against this option. All so called development enterprise should be shown first of relevant to the local context and people.
that we need to conserve water in agriculture. The canal building programs have
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overexploitation of Underground water There seems to be some consensus
33
• The agriculture in the Indo-Gangeticplains - the case of canal systems an
failed to yield dividend and farmers are largely dependent on exploitation of ground water. The water tables are going down fast. Traditionally the farmers in Indo-gangetic plains have used floods as a means of irrigation and increasing the fertility of the soil. These systems were destroyed under the colonial enterprise. The new systems have come under crisis only in last sixty years. • Flood catastrophes in North Bihar :The entire way of life of North Bihar has been destroyed by the embankment building enterprise on Koshi, Bagmati and Gandak in last fifty years resulting in large scale environmental disasters. • Climate Change:The issue of destruction of Ganges system is totally absent from the debate on climate crisis and climate change. The Indian monsoon, the role of fresh water stream along the Indian Coastal line and its impact on Indian Monsoon and the other regional dimensions of Climate change are not even considered
in the climate change debate. There is a lack of Ecological
awareness resulting in Maximum and mindless exploitation of mother earth. Even a good sense of restraining counterproductive exploitation is lost – e.g. endless hydro-electric projects; commercial forestry replacing the natural habitat;.The new catchword of Integrated water resources Management (IWRM) also treats River a resource to be pragmatically managed in an ‘integral’ manner . It assumes that We can direct the water, as per our will. Central to all this malaise is pragyaapradh – misusing knowledge as An incentive to earn more money and more bodily pleasure. 3.4. Ganga rejuvenation- an Indian perspective – [Ref: Inner Voice of Bharat
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34
Research Team]
Development of Energy slavery in India:What and where the things go wrong. And what is the solution? Many Indians are too often criticized as very superstitious in following strictly traditional life of excessive cleaning of them selves, even to cook daily food in terms of their acharas or vyavahars even today. But from the beginning of independence, an irreversible trend started. • In the name of development , we resorted to unprecedented industrialization which was necessary for a newly born nation. But what got created was unprecedented industrial pollutants which were left in the air and rivers without treatment. • Second in the name of agriculture development we started resorting to the usage of unprecedented chemical and industrial fertilizers which ultimately ended in our water streams, water bodies and rivers polluting the pristine rivers, that are source of live saving water, commerce and backbone of transportation of ancient India. • Third, an unprecedented rush to build dams in the name of modern temples was unleashed on India when at that time and even today every western nations is de-damming themselves to allow uninterrupted flow of their rivers. This damming is going to disrupt the surface moisture distribution on the earth and results in disruption of the already scarce monsoon rains which will pave way for another round of water scarcity and abandoning agriculture. This creates demand for more dams. • This created large stretches of river bed exposed without water thus paving the way for these river beds to become the grounds for dumping every waste that is
dung and cows that were central to energy/transportation/economic model
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• Another dimension is the dependency on petrol. For a long time, it was cow
35
generated in the name of modernization along the stretch of rivers.
odoriental countries but it was replaced by oil[petrol and diesel] as central to economic engine since independence. In the agrarian sector for long, the energy requirements are based on the concept of one man’s waste is another man’s resource. This belief set a trend of massive natural community recycling each doing his role. With the replacement of oil as central economic engine we created another round of massive pollutants being created and released in already scarce water bodies without any supervision. • With rivers vanishing, agriculture lands vanishing, associated cattle production vanishing, the space thus created by these receding systems were filled with the filth of unprecedented kind causing unprecedented damage to environment and public health. • India’s cattle wealth and energy needs: India is having the larges cattle population in the world. The electricity generation potential from Indian Cattle is calculated by IIT Delhi. We can generate electricity or create fuel grade methane using cattle alone to supply for the entire South Asia probably free of cost for next thousands of years without depending on other fossil fuel or nuclear energy. And surprisingly, the cost of this energy generation is cheaper than solar energy and nuclear energy cost. Unlike solar that cannot work during cloudy season or when sun is not there in the night, the CBG works 24X7 in generation of electricity or auto fuel or for cooking gas, if professionally run like Industry. And this way we can do way with all wastes created by any sources as all that will turn up in huge plants generating energy. We can relieve not only Ganga, but all rivers from effluents and make them clean and continuous ( aviral and nirmal). We can do away with disastrous damming of
3.5. Global Context of River Rejuvenation
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36
rivers and its impact on environment and ecology of India.
A Successful Push to Restore Europe’s Long-Abused Rivers From Britain to the Czech Republic, European nations have been restoring rivers to their natural state — taking down dams, removing levees, and reviving floodplains. For a continent that long viewed rivers as little more than shipping canals
and
sewers,
it
is
a
striking
change.
byfredpearce
From the industrial cities of Britain to the forests of Sweden, from the plains of Spain to the shores of the Black Sea, Europe is restoring its rivers to their natural glory. The most densely populated continent on earth is finding space for nature to return
along
its
river
banks.
The restoration is not perfect. River floodplains cannot be fully restored when they contain cities, and hydroelectric dams are still needed. But The political imperative is strong, with the 2000 European Union’s Water Framework Directive requiring that all rivers be returned to a "good status" by 2015. The phrase is not defined, but the idea is that rivers should no longer be used as industrial sewers or as canalized and concreted shipping lanes. The change has been dramatic. While water engineers in Europe have been cleansing rivers of pollution for half a century, they now are trying to restore them to something like their natural state.
Britain, for instance, has promised to restore some 1,500 kilometers of rivers. It has 2,700 projects in its National River Restoration Inventory, 1,500 of them already completed. One of Spain’s largest rivers, the Duero,
France’s longest river, the Loire, where two decades ago activists from all over Europe successfully battled to prevent construction of the Serre de la Fare dam
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engineering projects.is being cleared of dams and other man-made obstacles. On
37
Some of the most dramatic environmental battles in Europe have been over water
near Le Puy, engineers are now tearing down existing dams, such as the MaisonsRouges. Denmark’s largest river, the Skjern, is getting back some of the marshlands at its mouth, after meanders were reinstated and artificial banks lowered to allow seasonal flooding of arable fields that have now been returned to grass
meadows.
For too long, engineers have seen rivers as little more than navigation routes, and pipes to supply water, remove waste, and rush floodwaters to the ocean. Nature was an inconvenience that had to be tamed. But if you pick a fight with nature, you usually lose, as flood engineers from the Mississippi to the Rhine and Danube have learned.
During floods on the Rhine in 1995, levees failed and large parts of the Netherlands at the river’s mouth flooded. The country decided that confronting rivers did not work because, however high you raise the levees, a river in flood will find the weakest spot and burst through. It began instead to set aside land for flooding
—
to
"make
room
for
the
river."
That realization, combined with a growing anti-dam movement, has caused big changes
in
how
engineers
considered
rivers.
Some of the most dramatic environmental battles in Europe have been over water engineering projects, most notably on the Danube. Back in the 1980s, the Sovietinspired Gabcikovo-Nagymaros project — aimed at improving navigation,
dam on a much loved bend in the Danube near Budapest helped cause an
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— helped end the Cold War. Massive opposition in Hungary to the Nagymaros
38
preventing flooding, and generating hydropower for Czechoslovakia and Hungary
upwelling of more general political opposition that eventually brought down the communist
government
in
1989.
The Danube, which runs west to east, from Germany’s Black Forest to its delta on the Black Sea, is the most international river in the world, with a catchment that includes 19 countries. The river has been cut off from Austria and Germany have been removing levees to restore the floodplain of a tributary of the Danube.percent of its floodplain. But today much of the floodplain is slated for restoration.
For instance, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Austria are together putting meanders back into a canalized Danube tributary, the Morava River, where NATO forces on one bank once eyed Warsaw Pact forces on the other. Austria and Germany have been removing levees to restore the floodplain of another tributary, the Inn River, at the foot of the Alps. And downstream, Ukraine has taken down levees on two of the largest islands of the Danube delta, Ermakov and Tataru, allowing spring flooding and the return of birdlife and the introduction of freeroaming
cattle.
"Until recently, the model for our engineers was to have straight rivers," says Gheorghe Constantin, director of water resources in Romania, another Danube nation. "We kept building levees right up to 2006, when there were huge floods on the Danube. The levees broke. So we decided to leave more space for the river. It was
a
new
model,
taken
from
the
Netherlands."
In northwest England, the Environment Agency, a government body, is bringing
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mean simply taking some forgotten stream out of a sewer pipe or concrete culvert.
39
So what, in practice, is meant by river restoration? In some urban areas, it can
back into the light the Irwell and Medlock, both of which run through Manchester, once
the
world’s
first
great
industrial
city.
Progress is slower In London. Take a trip on the city’s Underground to Sloane Square station and you will find, hanging above the platform, a large green metal conduit that carries what remains of the River Westbourne on its way to the River Thames. London has 20 other lost rivers, including the Westbourne, Fleet, and Tyburn. In Belgium, the Zenne River through Brussels has been a covered sewer for
centuries.
Cleaning up famously filthy rivers remains a challenge. "We have been to hell and back on the Thames," says Alastair Driver, of the Environment Agency in England, which has been in charge of the river for two decades. New sewage treatment works brought salmon and other fish back to the tidal Thames, but a growing city population and slow investment have recently put things into reverse. "The river is becoming dirtier again," Driver saysRestoring rivers requires recreating old channels and meanders and re-vegetating banks of river each year. For a few days a year, it becomes disastrous. You can see sewage in the river for 10 kilometers upstream
of
London
Bridge."
After cleaning pollution, bringing back natural flows is next on the restoration checklist. Europe’s water demands on rivers are not so great that they generally run dry. But disruption to their natural hydrology is intense. Dams, weirs, and other barriers proliferate, disrupting fish migrations and changing river flows. Hans
every
two
kilometers."
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counted half a million man-made barriers across rivers in Europe. "That is one
40
Bruyninckx, director of the European Environment Agency, says his agency has
Restoring rivers also requires recreating old channels and meanders, re-vegetating banks, and reconnecting rivers with their floodplains. The task is huge. Northern Sweden may appear unpopulated and largely untouched by humans. But, in fact, foresters there straightened and cleared vegetation on huge numbers of rivers between the 1850s and 1970s, so their logs could be floated downstream to ports.
Now those Swedish rivers are being restored. The main technique is dumping trees in the river. "We need large structures — they are very important for slowing down water and trapping organic material," says Johanna Gardestrom, an ecologist at Umea University. "The trees are also food for aquatic insects, which in turn are food
for
fish."
Another benefit of putting trees back is to keep rivers cool. "Salmon and brown trout die if water temperatures stay above 22 degrees [Celsius] for over seven days," says Rachel Lenane of Britain’s Environment Agency. "With climate change, we are seeing those conditions in southern England now. But trees can cut two degrees off water temperatures, and up to five degrees if there is full cover."
One of the last free-flowing stretches of the upper Danube, between Vienna and Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, is managed by a new Austrian national park where wardens are restoring lost side channels of the river, as well as riverine forests. "We want to end the fortification of the Danube," said Carl Manzano of the Donau-Auen park authority. "We are taking away concrete and rip-rap so the river
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Everywhere Europe’s river restorers face practical limits on what they can achieve.
41
can recreate its natural bank. 50,000
cubic meters of stone structures have come down. Kingfishers are returning, and wild
bees
and
birds
like
the
little
ring
plover."
But, he admits, full restoration would require much more. Naturally, the river would be braided here, with many channels, he says. But "we have to accept" that may never come back. And hydroelectric dams upstream have lowered the river’s average water level by half a meter since the 1980s. Everywhere Europe’s river restorers face practical limits on what they can achieve. Ulrich Pulg of Uni Research in Bergen, Norway, estimates that 50 percent of rivers in Germany, 30 percent in Norway and 70 percent in Belgium can never have their ecosystem processes restored. Whole cities would have to move. So the challenge is often to recreate rivers that recognize humanity’s needs. But while the restorers work out what they can achieve in some areas, they are losing ground in others. Illadvised engineering projects continue. And to the restorers’ frustration, some are being carried out in the name of the environment. For example, to fight climate change, hydroelectric power generation is making a comeback in Europe. It is seen by some as the solution to low-carbon energy generation. Sweden already gets more than 40 percent of its power that way, Austria 60 percent, and Norway more than 90 percent. The latest craze is for small-scale hydro plants, without dams — hundreds of them. The presumption among policymakers is that with no large dams
these
"run-of-river"
schemes
have
no
ecological
impact.
But
KlementTockner, of the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology in Berlin, warns that their cumulative impact on river flows, as water is diverted through turbines, is becoming significant. "We are seeing huge numbers of small hydropower plants
Most alarming of all, engineers in some countries continue to propose pouring
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42
affecting lots of free-flowing rivers, but not delivering much power," he complains.
more concrete and chopping down more trees to upgrade flood defenses and protect against coming climate change. Such is the story in Poland today, where the conservation group WWF has recently revealed a potent mix of European funding and old Stalinist engineering habits that is creating an environmental disaster. Across Poland in the past five years, some 16,000 kilometers of small rural rivers have been "improved" by engineers. Often using EU development money, the rivers have been straightened, fitted with artificial banks, cleared of vegetation, and diverted in the name of flood protection. This "rehabilitation" work has occurred on one third of the nation’s rivers. The results of this throwback to past engineering practices are often disastrous and rarely of any flood protection benefit, says WWF’s PrzemysławNawrocki. He has published a poster that reads: "Poland will soon be the perfect site for river restoration...because most of its rivers
will
be
destroyed."
That’s the trouble with river restoration. It is, of course, valuable work. But first
Page
43
you have to destroy your river.
CHAPTER- 4 GANGA POLLUTION In this chapter we describe the overall status of Ganga Pollution in different cities in India. We also provide brief case studies of specific issues and challenges [for cities of Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Devprayag and Delhi ) for prevention of Pollution to Ganga . We also give a brief overview of governance and techno-managerial challenges which need to be addressed.
4.1. OVERALL PERSPECTIVE OF CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
a. Major point sources of Pollution of Ganga Major point sources of pollution in river Ganga are discharge of untreated/partially treated sewage from- -urban- centres- discharge from open drains carries sewage, industrial wastewater, returned storm water discharge from major tributaries discharge of untreated/partially treated/treated wastewater from industrial units.
Central Pollution Control Board has a network of 57 water quality monitoring
terms of BOD from its origin to Rishikesh and in the segment of Bihar. However,
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to said network, it was observed that river Ganga within the prescribed limits in
44
stations on river Ganga and monitoring 9 core parameters regularly. With respect
in the stretch of Rishikesh Downstream to Garhmukteshwar and Kannauj Upstream to Trighat and few locations at West Bengal (Dakshineshwar, Uluberia& Diamond Harbour) water quality exceeds the criteria in terms of BOD Dissolved Oxygen & pH is meeting the criteria at almost all the monitoring locations while Faecal Coliform is not meeting the criteria at most of the monitoring locations from Kanpur Downstream onwards upto Diamond Harbour.
b. Status of Drains discharging wastewater to river Ganga
CPCB has inventorized and monitored 138 drains in Ganga river Catchment. 76 % of the pollution load was contributed by Uttar Pradesh. Maximum flow was also measured in Uttar Pradesh. In Uttar Pradesh, Chhoyia, Permiya, Sisamaunala are the major polluters which contributes maximum pollution load. In West Bengal maximum numbers (54) of point sources were identified. This indicates that if the pollution load in the major drains of Uttar Pradsh, Bihar and West Bengal is addressed, water quality would show substantial improvement.
c. Performance Evaluation Of Sewage Treatment Plants
Performance evaluation of 64 Sewage Treatment Plants was conducted. It was observed from the findings that capacity utilization wise, West Bengal needs immediate attention. All the non functional STPs needs to be made functional. The STP’s at Bhatpara (new), Titagarh, Bandipur need improvement. With respect to Uttar Pradesh, Jajmau, Dinapur, Bhagwanpur at BHU needs improvement in its
performance.
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functional. STP at Lakkarghat in Uttrakhand needs improvement in its
45
performance. In case of Bihar, treatment plant at Chapara, Patna needs to be made
d. Reconnaissance survey of river Kali (East) and Ramganga
CPCB has surveyed and monitored river Kali (East) and Ramganga and inventorize point sources of pollution. Major tributaries of river Ramganga are river Kho, Gagan, Kosi, Dhela, Bhakara, East and Waste Begul and Deohra (Gorra). During survey, it was found that Moradabad and Rampur drain are two major drains discharging industrial/domestic wastewater in river Ramganga. Total BOD load discharge to river Ramganga by tributaries/darins is 132 TPD. Flow of river Kali at Khatauli town was zero which shows that natural source of river Kali was abolished and flow was only observed during monsoon. There are nine point sources namely Abu Nallah-1, Abu Nallah-2, Odean drain, Chhoyia drain, Hapur drain, Kadrabad drain, Gulaothi drain, Bulandshar drain-1 and Bulandshar drain-2 which carry industrial and domestic wastewater into river Kali. Total BOD load discharged by 09 drains to river Kali (East) is 165 TPD.
e. Inventorisation Of Grossly Polluting Industries (GPI)
CPCB has also inventoried 764 grossly polluting industries discharging wastewater to main stem of River Ganga (either directly or through drains) and its two important tributaries Kali-east and Ramganga in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. It was observed that water consumed by grossly polluting industries is 1123 MLD.In terms of number industrial units, tannery sector is dominating where as in terms of wastewater generation Pulp & paper sectors
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Bihar generate minimum wastewater (19%) in terms of water consumed whereas
46
dominate followed by chemical and sugar sector.It is also observed that GPI in
GPI in West Bengal generate maximum wastewater 75.5% in terms of water consumed this followed by Uttarakhand (56.7%) and Uttar Pradesh (39%%).
In the riverine system Ramanga carries maximum industrial wastewater followed by main stream of river Ganga and Kali-East respectively. f. Industrial Pollution of Ganga in Uttar Pradesh • It is observed that there are 687 industries of grossly polluting status discharging 269 MLD wastewater. • The Sugar, Pulp and Paper and Chemical are the major industrial sector which discharged 70% of total wastewater generated in the state. • Out of 688 industries 594 are located in the main stem of Ganga River. It is also observed that 442 industries are tannery. • Volume wise highest wastewater 85.7 MLD is coming from sugar industry. This indicates that the tannery although have a higher number of industries but discharging less volume of wastewater, which concludes that tanneries are basically small scale industry. • With respect to River Kali-East sugar, distillery and pulp & paper are the major industrial sectors which are discharging in to the river. In comparison to the number of the industries with respect to Ganga is small (53) but discharging 71.4 MLD wastewater. Pulp & paper is discharging 36.8 MLD wastewater, which is 52% of the total wastewater discharged into the river Kali-East by grossly polluting industries. Next to Pulp & paper is Sugar industry (15) and
discharging 106 MLD wastewater and major of them are sugar industries which
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• It is pertinent to mention that Ramganga which houses 44 industries but
47
discharging 14.8 MLD.
are discharging 50% of total wastewater discharged into the river Ramganga in Uttar Pradesh. CPCB has issued directions to all State Pollution Control Boards, following 17 Industries have been identified as most hazardous industries Aluminium, Fluoride; Cement; Distillery; Dye and dye intermediate; Chlor Alkali; Fertilizers; Iron Et steel; Oil refinery; Petrochemical; Pesticides; Pharmaceuticals; Power Plants; Pulp Et paper; Sugar; Tannery; Zinc; Copper The State Pollution Control Boards(SPCBs) is to plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams, wells and air pollution in the State. For this, SPCBs are also required to ensure installation and regular operation of the requisite pollution control facilities in the polluting industries; For strengthening the monitoring and compliance through self regulatory mechanism, online source and effluent monitoring systems need to be installed and operated by the developers and the industries on installed and operated by the developers and the industries on 'polluter pays principle' 4.2‌CITY SPECIFIC CASE STUDIES 4.2.1‌Kanpur A large number of industries in Kanpur are equally responsible for pollution of Ganga and other water bodies, other than the tannery industry. ? What steps are required for prevention of pollution to Ganga water from Industrial sewage. Nearly 50 percent of the population of Kanpur or even more is facing utmost
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mismanagement of our urban development policies and programs. Do we have any
48
constraints in access to drinking water and sanitation which is an outcome of total
alternative policies and programs to offer concretely to bring about an actual change in this state of affairs in next five years? The following is the latest data on Ganga Polltution in Kanpur PRIMARY WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR Ganga – Upstream and downstream against DESIGNATED - BEST - USE - CLASSES DO/mg/litre
BOD/mg/litre
Coliform
Count
MPN/100 ml
Kanpur
Ganga 8.3
3.42
3825
Ganga 6.7.
6.7.
72917
2.0 or less
50 or less
3.0 or less
500 or less
Upstream Kanpur
Downstream Drinking water – 6.0 or more tolerable limit l Bathing water
5.0 or more
While the above data is alarming as far as Ganga Pollution is concerned, this does not reflect the status of Industrial Pollution in Kanpur. It is well kn own that thousands of Industries in Kanpur are discharging their effluents in Pandu River, Ganga canal and in various water bodies and sewerage systems which is ultimately going into Ganga River. Since the year 1987, the tannery Industry has been in the
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number of Industries are equally culpable.
49
focus for Ganga Pollution in Kanpur, but it should not be forgotten that large
Though the political voice has been created for finding a solution to tannery pollution to Ganga water in Kanpur, no solution has been forthcoming despite involvement of the World Bank. It is high time that the UP Pollution Control Board and the Kanpur Nagar Nigam own up their responsibility for this mess and come forward for a time bound solution on this issue. In Kanpur, 10 drains were identified contributing 598 MLD (20%) of wastewater with BOD load of 634915 kg/day (86%). TABLE:
ANALYTICAL
RESULTS
OF
POINTS
SOURCES
OF
POLLUTION OF GANGA IN KANPUR –CPCB SN
Nala
Flow -MLD
BOD Load- Kg/Day
1
Dabkanala -1 KachaaNala
94
15792
2
DabkaNalla -2 PakkaNala
25
3475
3
DabkaNalla 3 PakkaNalla
0.26
10
4
ShetlabazaarKachhanala
29
12296
5
WazidpurNala
54
45522
6
Sati Chaura
1.1
97
7
GolaGhatNala
0.83
114
8
BhagatdasNala
11
1144
9
SisamauNala
197
544980
10
Permiyanala
186
11485
SUBTOTAL
598.19
634915
Loni Drain
41.9
4860
2
City Jail Drain
35.86
7208
SUBTOTAL
77.86
12068
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1
50
Unnao District
1
Pandu River
1396
34900
Status of Sewage Treatment Plants Under River Action Plan • Kanpur Population 2005- 2690,486 • Number of Drains- 23; Discharge Drains- 371 MLD; Sewage Diverted – 160 MLD • STP constructed – 3 Capacity – 170 MLD; STP proposed under Phase IIConstructed -1 capacity 200 MLD. The status of World Bank Funding for Kanpur Ganga River Action Plan Ganga Basin Authority has approved Ganga cleaning project submitted by the Kanpur Jal Nigam. The authority on its part has now forwarded the project worth Rs 69.6 crore to World Bank for grant. Nigam authorities said that two more projects were being prepared under Ganga Action Plan. Implementation of the three projects would give a facelift to the river in the city, said the officials. The authorities of Kanpur Jal Nigam prepared an initial level project for Ganga Cleanliness worth Rs 69.6 crore. "The plan has been cleared and forwarded by the GBA to World Bank for financial approval." Stating that work on the project would begin as soon as funds were released by the World Bank, he said that the Nigam would focus on repairing sewer lines and sewage treatment units. Besides a few new treatment plants too would be set up, he
worth project too is on the verge of completion and we will send it for GBA's
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projects of worth Rs 443 crore and Rs 1,200 crore respectively. "The Rs 443 crore
51
added. Semval further said that the Jal Nigam was also working on two other
approval in next few months. The work on Rs 1,200 crore worth project too is in the pipeline," added Semval. He added that if all goes well, Ganga Ghats would get a major facelift after implementation of these projects. Though the projects were meant to check river pollution, the beautification of ghats would be possible if the river gets clean.Thepollution level of the river is quite high in the city. The big nullahs opening into the river along with discharge of waste from ill-treated sewage has made the river water unfit for drinking.[ According to GM, Jal Nigam, Sharad Kumar Semval, press statement ] The Challenge of Tanneries Pollution: The tanneries, in the last three decades have made earnest efforts to curb the menace of pollution in holy Ganga. We were the first to install Primary Treatment Plant in our premises with our own funds. Then we contributed 17.5% of Rs. 22 crore for Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) to Ganga Pollution Control Unit of U.P.Jal Nigam. In an affidavit filed in Supreme Court Jal Nigam had submitted that proposed CETP will treat chrome, sulphite, chloride etc in the wastewater received by it. But after the C.E.T.P started operations , we received notices for establishing Chrome Recovery Plants in our campus. To solve this issue of recovering chrome from the treated hides, every big tannery in Kanpur established chrome recovery plant in their campus with their own funds. The Small Tanneries were asked to contribute Rs19200/-each, to Kanpur Nagar Nigam for establishing the
common chrome recovery plant, which they did
diligently. C.E.T.P is operated and maintained by U.P. Jal Nigam and Tanneries at Jajmau are paying operation and maintenance charges every month. Common plant
is
run
by
Kanpur
Nagar
Nigam.
Sir after removing suspended solids through primary treatment plant, the remaining effluent reaches CETP through Conveyance system. .As per our information no
52
recovery
Page
chrome
tannery drain is connected with Holy River Ganga. If any Tannery is discharging its effluent in River, it should punished for this crime. At the same time, if the U.P. Jal Nigam's CETP treatment requires upgradation or modernization, it should
be
undertaken
immediately
by
the
State
Government.
For last six years, the tannery owners have been running after the Government departments to ensure that the old CETP could be upgraded. We contracted ILFS as our consultant and paid a consultancy fee of Rs60/- lacs to get a DPR prepared for upgradation of CETP. However no body in the government is listening to us and helping Industry. Every body is busy in blaming the Tanneries. Ironically, billions of rupees were spent under Ganga Action Plan (GAP-1 and 2) to clean Ganga River. However, nobody is asking about the utilization and results of these funds. To save the corrupt, who in the name of Ganga, mismanaged crores of public funds, the tanneries are being chosen as easy target for blame. Today, the Tannery Owners are being blamed for the crime which they are not committing. No acknowledgement and appreciation is made of our sincere efforts to cooperate with the Government to prevent pollution to Holy Ganga River. Tragically, the tanneries are getting the bad reputation for being the major polluter of Ganga River. Sir we don’t want to anyone to pollute the Holy River. It is our life line. Sir, if this situation continues like this, I can predict that this industry which today, is giving employment to millions of people, will become history. The same danger is faced by the river because of unfair targeting of the blame and not
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4.2.2‌..Varanasicase study summary
53
catching the actual culprits. Naiyer Jamal. Small Tanneries Association.
1. Total Population today 1.4 million; 1931- 3 lakh 2. Sanitation ranking of Varanasi City
Out of the 423 cities being ranked for the levels of sanitation, Varanasi fares at 331. It is under the red category which means that it is on the brink of public health and environmental ―emergency‖ and needs immediate remedial action 3. Ganga Water Quality at Varanasi :The Ganga Action Plan launched in 1986 by the Government of India has not achieved any success despite expenditure of over five billion rupees. Even though the government claims that the schemes under the Ganga Action Plan have been successful, actual measurements and scientific data tell a different story. The failure of the GAP is evident but corrective action is lacking. The ineffectiveness of the current Ganga Action Plan could be found based on the results observed
Near Assi/Tulsighat Downstream of the Varanasi City ... Varuna confluence with Ganga
Permissible limits for bathing
Demand (mg/l) 3-8 mg/l
Oxygen Fecal
Coliform
Count / 100ml 20,000 - 100,000 per 100ml 1,000,000-
20-50 mg/l
2,000,000
per
100ml Less than 3mg/l
Less than 500 per 100ml
54
At beginning of the Varanasi City ...
Biochemical
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Location / Parameters
Note : Higher the Biochemical Oxygen Demand, higher is the pollution (conversely there is more dissolved oxygen needed to make the water safe) 4. Safe Domestic Water Supply: We have queer situation ( at least three cities where we have had a closer look- Delhi, Kanpur, Varanasi) where the city on paper has relatively surplus water supply available, yet the citizens are facing water shortages. One common reason is old rustic water supply lines. Second is contamination of water supply lines with sewage- due to variety of reasons. 5. Sewage- Some part of city has sewage and others not, most of it goes to Ganga, untreated. STPs are under construction…with JNNRUM money and JICA loan, would they solve the problem – Industrial pollution primary due to dying industry and metal industry; STP Technology- the wastewater irrigation is causing heavy water pollution of vegetables. Another issue is that UASB technology of STP is not successful due to low BOD in sewage –as the septic tanks are still being used – GIZ 6. Sanitation : Varanasi is famous for its distinction in Open air defecation ; 30 lakh tourists every year, yet even Ghats do not have proper toilets 7. Solid waste management system of VMC very weak 8. Uncremated / semicremated dead bodies and animal carcasses dumped into Ganga 9. The problem of drainage, in several areas in the city during the rainy season. The Ganga water also intrudes on the Ghats – part of the city natural drainage is towards ganga and other parts it is towards varuna and other parts towards Assi River
waste management
55
The BHU has its own systems of water supply, sewage treatment and solid
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10.
11.
Governance : usual mess between Varanasi Nagar Nigam, Jalsansthan,
GPCU of Jal Nigam – no community systems existing. A comprehensive plan for the river had not been prepared so far. There should be a comprehensive plan for the Ganga basin and the approved project should be linked with it, 12.
History and heritage – Princeps proposal for building underground canal
for drainage … the community control mechanisms during KashiNaresh in British India and change of these arrangements : Need to improve the city and ghats as Heritage city
Varanasi: suggested way forward
Unlike in the case of Kanpur, where IITs have suggested a model river management plan, no such plan exists for Varanasi. The City mayor himself has questioned the various investments being made by JICA and JNNRUM, in absence of such a plan for the city. Based on past experience and current challenges, it is obvious that mere construction of two new STPs and rehabilitation of some of the sewer lines is not going to solve the basic challenge of NirmalJal and Nirmal Ganga in Varanasi.
Following alternative approach is hereby suggested for further discussion with Ganga activists and practitioners: Discard the World Bank approaches suggesting more and more addition of
metering, waste water treatment through BOT and other similar interventions. The reality of Indian cities and local solutions need to be taken
56
infrastructure without any strategic thinking – like 24X7 water supply,
Page
•
into account, e,g – nallahs work as storm water drainage and you do not perhaps need new storm water drain, •
Restoration and resurrection of traditional citizen and society centric city management traditions- in the new context- citizen centric city government .
•
Considering that a large population in city is still using the Ground water and ponds water , there is need to include as essential components of city water supply systems – the hand-pumps, wells and ponds. The exclusive dependence on piped water supply should be revised. At the same time greater emphasis needs to be laid on protecting the water sources and find indigenous ways of purifying water
•
Treat traditional nallahs or drains of the city, as sacred as river - ensure no solid waste is thrown in these nallahs so that ultimately the river is protected from contamination
•
Decentralized waste water treatment to be prioritized/ and allow the treated wastewater to throw through nallahs; Industries to put their own plants for treatment of industrial waste water
Give top priority to Solid waste management in the city - have local committees to include - bhishti, piao, plumber, mehtar GIVE THEM ALL
57
TITLES OF GANGA PRAHARIS
Page
•
•
Water as great healer/ research into purity of ganga water / emphasis on safe water to protect health / prohibit mixing of domestic waste water with Industrial waste water to protect wastewater irrigation
Points to ponder from the case study • While the overall quantum of water available with Jalsansthan seems to be plenty, there is little water available to majority of citizens. Moreover, more often than not, the water seems to be contaminated. What steps are required to address this problem • If the two STPs one under JNNRUM and others through JICA become operational, would this solve the problem of Ganga pollution in Varanasi,? • What additional steps are required for example, in prevention of pollution to Varuna and Assi rivers and their restoration as living rivers?
4.2.3…Allahabad: summary of case study
1. Total Population :1 million 2. Sanitation ranking of Allahabad City :Out of the 423 cities being ranked for the levels of sanitation, Varanasi fares at 249. It is under the red category which means that it is on the brink of public health and environmental ―emergency‖ and needs immediate remedial action ( Reference:)
SUMMARY Sectors in order of priority/ preference of requirements –
58
Challenges of water and sanitation in city
Page
3.
1. sewerage & drainage, 2. Water Supply, 3. Solid Waste Management, 4. Roads &transport, 5. Slums, 6. Public transport, 7. Beautification/ heritage & tourism, encroachments etc. 8. There is no willingness to pay among the citizens
1. Sewerage and Drainage • Drainage is the biggest problem in the city; Several areas in the city are low lying where water logging takes place (Allahpur, Tagore town, George town, New Bahrana, Rambagh, Naqashkona, DarashahAjmal, Bakshi Bazar, Karbala, Lukarganj, Minhajpur, Katji Road, Subedarganj, Chaukhatka, Ghantaghar); Open drains pass through several areas; There are no drains along the road; drainage master plan is needed • Only 20% of sewage is treated; 70% of city has no sewer line; • New houses have septic tanks while the old ones are connected to city drains; • Treated wastewater is not acceptable by farmers; 100% treatment of sewerage & disposal is needed • Sewerage and rain water are mixed; Sewer water and rain water should be
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2. Water Supply
59
separated;
• Water supply is mostly tube well based; • Groundwater level is going down; Cannot depend on groundwater for long time • First water works project to be boosted/ revamped; • Rs 22.14 crore scheme proposed but only Rs 5 crore granted by government ; Second water works for treated river water is needed • Water supply lines are rusted, leaking, burst at several locations; Old lines are deep into the ground (15 feet) while the new ones are only 2-3 feet down; Old pipelines need be replaced • Overhead tanks need be constructed • People pump their own water from piped supply
3. Solid Waste Management • No proper collection and disposal system in place. sweepers, vehicles, equipment; Insufficient equipment and manpower; No filling lands available; No petrol/fuel to dump at land fills which are located 30 km away. Required small size vehicles to pick and dump waste at identified sites for power generation (egVijaywada) • 105 dumping yards identified where from MSW is collected; Equal number of dump yards on the roadside; • 1-2 m high, covered dustbins required every 200 m in residential areas; No
60
Allahabad
Waste segregation already started in
Page
effective collection mechanism –.
4. Slums • All slums to be attended to Improvement of slums on authorized land with provision of basic amenities; DUDA is preparing some schemes Community centresSulabhShauchalaya; • Encroachments on government lands (railway land, defence) Rehabilitation of illegal occupants• • Rain Basera at convenient locations;
5. Status of Ganga Pollution in Allahabad • The decreasing volume of water, in the post Tehri situation, is making things complicated for the scared river • A number of nullahs are still carrying the effluent into Ganga and Yamuna..Starting from Manauri to Kaniapur, Rajapur, Rasulabad, Sankarghat, Talirgunj, Salori to Mori Gate - all are contributing in making Ganga more pollutedEvery nullah, was disposing volumes of human waste, intermediary blocked by pilled garbage dominated by plastic. Leave alone the normal human waste, the waste from the state TB hospital, which specialises in treating patients suffering with tuberculosis, also falls in Ganga. • Although authorities do claim that a chunk of effluents are now being disposed in the river only after getting treated in the functional STPs, but the ground conditions speaks contrary to these claims. Take the example of the STP at KanaipurGhat having Kodra STP or for that matter the Rajapur STP. The Kodra STP is not yet complete and the big nullah continues to dispose huge volume of
the company (IVRCL Ltd) has somehow made the STP functional, but still a
Page
• Equally alarming is the situation at Rajapur STP, wherein the marathon effort of
61
human waste in Ganga.
major drain, carrying the effluents of large population continues to dump human waste in the Ganga. Similarly, the Salorinullah poses a major challenge for the authorities as this very nullah was constructed by the UP Jal Nigam for checking the flow of pollutants in Ganga for which 2,050-metre long underground pipeline was laid, but ground reality is drastically the opposite. • With tonnes of plastics and human waste being drained in Ganga and heaps of toxic foam dominating the area, the ambitious plan proves futile. However, with the Salori STP becoming functional, authorities are optimistic that treated water would be disposed in the holy river 6. The High Court Involvement into environmental management and Ganga Polution issues in UttarpradeshThe story of PIL on Ganga :However, the overarching public interest litigation (PIL) for ensuring flow of water in Ganga during KumbhMela that the order is a part of has been running since 2006, expanding in scope over the years and allowing the High Court to extend its authority over statewide environmental management of the Ganga. A case that began as a prayer to ensure that the Ganga is suitable for bathing at the Sangam in Allahabad during the Magh (Kumbh) Mela has now become the go-to PIL for all petitions related to the river in Uttar Pradesh.In 2006, the high court issued strict orders on the regulation of flow from the Narora dam, without any details on the quantum of release downstream. On the water quality front, in 2007, the Court ordered all tanneries, industries, sugar factories, distilleries and paper manufacturing factories which discharge effluents into the Ganga be identified and shut down if they are found without an effective treatment plan. The Court has
dredging methods in 2007, and ordered the state to look into banning plastics two
Page
Allahabad, Varanasi and Kanpur. It also formed a committee to look into proper
62
been continually demanding reports on sewage treatment plants (STPs) in
kilometre from the river in every major city along the Ganga in 2010. Solid waste from each of these cities finds its way and settles in the river bed. Polythene bags were banned in Allahabad during the MahakumbhMela earlier this year. Though the Court has been persistent in directing the state of Uttar Pradesh to consider a plastic ban in all cities on the river, this is yet to be implemented by the state. It remains to be seen how exactly the state will execute these orders as ban on plastic and construction restrictions in Allahabad will set a precedent for regulation in other cities along the Ganga.The order is not restricted to the Ganga floodplain. As per the order no construction shall be undertaken by any resident or builder within 500 metres of highest flood level in city of Allahabad for the river Yamuna, too, as it flows by Allahabad and joins the river Ganga.
Points to Ponder • The Jalsansthan and Jal Nigam are seem to be driven by meeting the piped water supply targets rather than improving the service levels for the citizens. • The general picture in the city is following: service level is low in terms of quantity of supply and quality of water. Municipal water is available for not more than 3-4 hrs.a day, in many cases 1-2 hrs. with very low pressure. There is back siphonage resulting in cracks leading to contamination of water in distribution network. • Slum dwellers are provided water through stand-posts- hand-pumps – get relatively much lower level of services than rich. What measures do you propose to make amends to this situation.
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water in getting polluted . what is the solution for this
63
• The city seems to be totally dependent on Ground water while the ground
• If the proposed STPs in different sewer districts of Allahabad under JNNRUM and other through NGRBA /World bank become operational, would this solve the problem of Ganga pollution in Allahabad ? • What additional steps are required , for prevention of pollution to Ganga from waste water and solid waste in Allahabad ?
4.2.4….Devprayag: in Uttrakhand • "Great holy river Ganga starts from Devprayag, the confluence town of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda, the originating source. It is the need of the hour to promote and start a serious clean-up efforts in this strategic starting point of the journey of Ganga, for its religious and symbolic value. This small mountain
town
of
about
2000
families,
its
people
and
itsPanchayatkaramcharis, all dump its garbage directly into the Holy Ganga River - heaps of the thermocole dinner plates after weddings, the panniof Haldiramdalmot, chips, tobacco, rotten vegetables, TV fridge packing, nylon sacks, waste water from restaurant/houses, laundry detergents, excreta of about 50 domicile pigs and 110 abandoned cows, all find its destination into the Holy Ganga River. The heart of the problem is the lack of systems for solid waste and liquid waste management in the town -the Nagar Panchayat. Its political masters and officials, have neither the will, nor the requisite equipment to sort out the domestic garbage and other harmful materials and dispose it off in a scientific way. The Town Devprayag is, though, is currently building a sewerage treatment plant, but it may take another year or two before
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into the river Ganga..
64
it is commissioned. The treated wastewater from this plant will be discharged
• Further downstream, beforeRishikesh town, about 100 campsites at the Ganga river bed with about 50,000 camps, dump their human excretion, sanitary pads, condoms, and everyother wasteproduct, in the dug-up holes on the river bed. This has been , going on for about last 15 years or so. All this dumped waste in the river bed, may weigh, few thousand tons by now. Perhaps, nowhere in the world, this kind of carnage of nature and river i allowed by any government. • Live For Others Foundation has been trying hard in these areas for the last 4 years to protect the river ganga from these damages , but we have not been able to achieve much, except creating an awareness among opinion leaders and Govt. officials. The Foundation has been using the money collected from the contributions of its own members for its awareness and advocacy activities. We have not been able to get any financial grants or even moral support from any other group for our efforts."Ref: MohamadShamim -Live for Others Foundation • 4.2.5. Delhi water scenario • The city of Delhi with its fast growing population is an example of unplanned urbanization which is associated amongst other things with irregular supply and uncertainty in theavailability of water for drinking and other domestic needs. Every year in the summer when the water flow of the river Yamuna is reduced, this water crisis becomes very acute. The water situation in city is in
of water. Many of the established areas with piped water supply frequently
Page
face the water crisis while some of the slum areas may have a plentiful supply
65
some sense a great equalizer in the sense that some of the most posh colonies
face the problem of the supply of contaminated water which smells bad and is no good for any use. Ironically, the average per capita supply of water is said to be one of the best in the world cities. A large number of areas have piped water supply, but within that there are many who are still dependent on the private water tankers. At least one fourth of the city gets its supply through water tankers with a quantum of available water supply as low as 3 litres per capita per day, while the city average is said to be 120 litres per capita per day. The thematic audit of Delhi Jal Board points out that 24.8 per cent of Delhi’s population is being supplied with 3.82 litres per capital daily, far less than the minimum stipulated average or the 40 litres minimum established by the World Health Organisation.49% of water produced, does not generate any revenue (non-revenue water or NRW). This is an unacceptably high level. However, the non-metered supplies through tankers and standposts account for an estimated 8% of water produced, about a sixth of the NRW.
Given the failure of the Delhi government to ensure water supply, close to a third of the city's residents are thus forced to depend on so-called "informal systems of water supply" meaning private contractors supplying water drawn from bore-wells at high rates. All this is leading to severe public resentment, often spilling out into the streets. It has been estimated that about 200,000 such tube-wells exist. In addition to private tube-wells, there are supplies of DJB bottled water as well as numerous hand-pumps. No consumption figures are available for hand-pump supplies. Bottled water supplies by DJB are so small as to be insignificant. Nevertheless, 23% of households used such sources for
willingness-to-pay survey carried out under the Study.
66
at least part of their water supplies, as revealed by the sample selected for the Page
•
• On paper, about 12% of Delhi's water needs are met by groundwater reserves. Unofficially, the figure reaches almost 50%. A recent analysis of groundwater abuse conducted by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) reveals that over 2,000 private tankers draw groundwater from tube-wells and sell it to residential localities and industries at exorbitant rates. Their business is pegged at Rs 400 crore annually. Even the latest assessment of groundwater resources carried out by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), in collaboration with the state government, says that out of 27 sub-district areas –tehsils-in nine districts, 20 tehsils are over-exploited. In conclusion, there is a large deficit in the water supply system, partly alleviated by private alternative supplies. Private measures are also prevalent to help reduce the shortcomings of the system.
4.3. Challenges of Governance for Ganga Rejuvenation 4.3.1. Accountability:Where lies the responsibility lies for preparing a river action plan for prevention of pollution to Ganga in these cities – Whose task is it to prepare a plan and implement. Who should be held accountable if the planned interventions do not lead to desired results? Is it the bureaucracy or technocracy or the legislature- who should be held accountable. The legislature is to allocate resources and ensure implementation and accountability. But there have been very little meaningful debate in our state and national legislature for deliberating on the failures of the Ganga Action Plans. In case, we suggest that primary responsibility is that of Urban Local Bodies, how will we ensure that the urban local bodies in
the Councils in the urban local bodies can develop this plan in a participatory
Page
manner so that we have well defined plans ? . . What is the mechanism by which
67
the cities along Ganga actually take up this primary responsibility in a time bound
manner with citizens on ward, zonal and city level? These plans, if implemented in letter and spirit, should actually lead to prevention of pollution to Ganga water. The battle then will be to ensure that appropriate financial and management resources are made available to the urban local bodies and by the State Governments and the central governments. CPCB: The pollution from domestic and industrial sewage is happening all through from Rishikesh to Kolktta. The water act 1974 has been made to penalize the agencies who are causing this pollution. The Central Pollution control Board is the agency for implementation of this act. What steps do we plan to take so that culprits are actually penalized and not go scot free as has been happening for last so many decades. High Court and NGT Alternatively, would we like Allahabad High Court to continue to remain in lead ..as has been happening for past ten years.
4.3.2. The NGBRA, Clean Ganga Mission and Ganga Rejuvenation Ministry :The Year 2009-14: The Ganga Movement and Ganga activists made consistent efforts in last five years to press upon the governments of the day to take effective steps for restoring the Ganga river to its pristine glory and ensure aviral ganga and nirmal ganga. While some important decisions were taken by the previous central government to establish NGRBA. The world bank funds have been provided to the state governments for laying sewer lines in the city and set up STPs.. The World Bank has released its finances for many cities for laying new sewer lines and installing new STPs. It has also commissioned a big study through a US based company for preparing the communication strategy for Ganga. The efforts under
with a budget of Rs. 500 crores to work on Ganga issues. This is now being shaped
Page
Knowledge Mission has also been set up within Clean Ganga Mission of MOEF
68
NGRBA have met the same fate, as happened with GAP I and GAP-II. A Ganga
as setting up of Ganga University in Lucknow, UP!However,the hard core challenges of Ganga rejuvenation remain un addressed 4.3.2. Scrambled egg of overlapping institutional role Multiple agencies have overlapping roles in Governance and management for Nirmal Gangain Kanpur and other cities in Uttar Pradesh • Nagar Nigam and Jal-sansthan ; • GPCU of UP Jal-Nigam and UP Jal Nigam and other para-statals like Development Authorities ; • MoEF/ Now Clean Ganga Mission and Ganga Rejuvenation Ministry – [should these have a primary role, as suggested by the IIT consortium in its interim Report]./ CPCB ; • International donor development agencies like World Bank and JICA and their allies transnational consultancy companies and Transnational water and wastewater utilities
If the different doctors are kept to look after different diseases separately, and they do not have coordination in dealing with the disease, it is difficult to cure the disease. The Ganga is facing similar problem. The flow of effluent in the city is under UP Jal Nigam; the management of drinking water is done by Jal- sansthan; irrigation department does the management of erosion and the bathing places; sand bed management is done by the fisheries department. The work of one affects the
supply of drinking water etc. Thus it is the main hurdle in the solution of the problem. Ref. UK Choudhary
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sand bed, it causes increase in erosion pocket, logging of more pollutants, impure
69
work of others. For example, if the department of fisheries does not manage the
4.3.4. Need for capacity building of ULBs in upkeep of STPs [Ref: BK Agrawal: expert in waste water treatment technology] • Policy framework should begin with financial viability of ULBs as it impossible to keep supporting these services even at current level. • First all there is need to build technical competence within the ULBs These ULBs are to have capacity and capability building exercise before they can embark upon this mission. These plan will yield results only when existing STPs are operated rightly to meet process requirements. Most of these are either under capacity or designed on wrong parameters or do not have competent O&M staff • ULBs' responsibility should shift from individual facility maintenance to monitoring the difference in upstream and downstream river water quality across the city under their respective control. • Current practice of operating existing plants is mostly based on inadequately trained manpower which has been outsourced in many cases to labor supply contractors and it is impossible to operate the plant through this mechanism. There is need to employ technically competent agencies which will be at higher O&M rates but there is no short cut. • There is a need to strongly highlight the lack of technical expertise with ULBs in terms of human resource and also very low O&M budget availability with
new facilities could be non-starter if entire cost including finance cost is passed
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the only possible option. We must appreciate that BOT model for setting up
70
them. Until ULBs develop their own competence level, private sector could be
onto citizens as BOT model will lead to multifold increase in tariff as current tariff does not even reflect O&M cost leave aside finance cost. Financially sound ULBs/Govt. must consider annuity based model to private operators if they are roped in for setting up new facilities or upgrading existing ones. • Technology intervention will probably increase O&M cost but someone should carry out some study on its benefits vs. the cost associated with addressing the health issue arising out of water quality issue. Or maybe such studies already exist. This is critical as we go to World Bank or ADB or JOCA for creating new capacity additions whereas existing plants functions far less than desired KPIs.
4.3.5. COMPLEX GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES – MANAGING WATER AND SANITAITON UTILITY IN A CITY- A CASE STUDY OF DELHI JAL BOARD FOLLOWING CHALLENGES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THIS CASE STUDY (i)
How do we define water scarcity: The city government raises the boggy of water scarcity – is water scarcity a problem or the real problem is rational water distribution in different city areas?; How do we identify and focus on the needs of areas which have genuine difficulties with supply of water: These areas may not get piped supply due
become dependent on tankers, due to withdrawal of excess water from the pipelines by the citizens by installing illegal pumps inside the pipelines .
71
to terrain or other difficulties in laying pipelines. The other areas may have
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(ii)
There may be other factors of mismanagement of distribution of water supply by the DJB; (iii)
How do we define the rationale for supplying ‘free water: – in many cases, people may want Piped Water Supply and even Water Meters and may be willing to pay – but the DJB may not be willing to provide connections– as it will legalize and provide them the right to demand piped water from DJB;
(iv)
How to focus the debate and civil society challenge on institutional arrangements: – nuts and bolts of working of the state institutions and mechanisms of change, in this case the Delhi Jal Board-DJB – • who exercises control – is it engineers, bureaucracy or the contractors?; • mechanisms of Community control at four levels – mohalla, ward committees, district and State-DJB; • giving control to MCD instead of the Delhi Government, • Having an independent regulator etc.
Right to Water through Urban Swaraj: some possible steps i.
Strengthen the DJB: Conduct an assessment for additional staff requirement of the DJB to serve as a public utility and not as a commercial contract management agency as it has now become. Increase technical and nontechnical staff, particularly line staff who can service faults and complaints. Corruption: The deeply entrenched corruption in the government bureaucracy
units for monitoring and fraud prevention. Increase transparency and public scrutiny.
72
and political culture is another big barrier in reforming the utility. Have separate Page
ii.
iii.
Assess and Review Questionable investments of DJB: and cancelling the 3Public Private Participation (PPP) agreements with private agencies. Stopping all wasteful capital infrastructure relating to setting up of District Metering Areas underground water tanks for private distribution of water.
iv.
Local Action Plans: for access to water and sanitation: each locality will have to develop its own action plan and fight for its implementation. It is essential that in Delhi, and in other metros and cities, a comprehensive plan for improving water supply is drawn up. This should include such institutional restructuring as may be necessary but with full participation of citizens and all relevant planning and other statutory bodies such as CGWA.
v.
Creating a social accountability division within the DJB: to support this process by mohallasabhas. At the same time,
to address grievances and
complaints by individuals, MohallaSabahs and Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs). Establishing mechanisms of people’s control over the public utility is the most important action to make the public utility like the DJB an effective and efficient instrument for fulfilling the right to water. Establishing empowered mohallasabhas may be an important mechanism in this direction. In the city of Delhi, with its very large size and increasing population, multiplicity, overlapping and fragmentation of governance mechanisms, real challenges of establishing urban swaraj are complex and a public utility should perhaps set up its own mechanisms to promote citizen participation and accountability . Metering of consumer connections : Do a water consumption audit of slums
than the 20Kl/month/household then there is no need to install water metres in
73
and unauthorised colonies to determine their water consumption. If it is less Page
vi.
the slums, unauthorised and resettlement colonies of Delhi. This will be a wasteful expenditure vii.
Sustainable Utilization and Augmenting Ground Water: The city of Delhi is dependent on river and canal waters from other states. The Central Ground Water Authority has proposed several measures to augment water supply through sustainable utilization of groundwater from areas of natural recharge. This issue did not figure very prominently in the plan of DJB, except passing references to palla project at Yamuna and other symbolic references. The present emphasis is only with laying new infrastructure for laying of water and measurement – the underground reservoir, District metering areas and SCADA etc. The exclusive focus on distribution management and tariff structures is short sighted.
4.4. Techno-managerial challenges and possible Solutions PPP Model: Do we have a view on the suggestion made by the IIT consortium that all the waste water in the cities along the Ganga River is treated by private companies on BOT basis and a minimum price is ensured to them for the sale of water treated by them to make it a profitable proposition – approximately Rs. One Paise per liter. The price of fresh treated water should be kept higher than this price1. Do we need a Central Legislation on Ganga, the demand for which is being made by some sections of Ganga movement Activists.[ref: Interim report of the IIT consortium] The Ganga river’s present-day water quality is abysmal
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74
due to anthropogenic wastes polluting the river network in various ways. The main
approach in GRBMP has been to identify the types of pollutants, their sources of generation, and the feasibility of collecting and treating them to the degree needed for reuse and/or safe environmental disposal. Urban and industrial wastewaters are major point sources of pollution that need immediate remediation. For municipal wastewaters it was found that it is economically feasible to treat them to the point where they can be re-used for noncontact purposes, the cost of such additional treatment being only about 1 paisa per litre at 2010 price levels. It is therefore recommended that all Class 1 Towns of NRGB immediately embark on such treatment through competent service providers under the Design-Build-FinanceOperate model, whereby the service provider receives remuneration for providing reusable-quality water over a reasonably long contract period. It is also recommended thatall fresh water withdrawals from the basin be priced at least 50% higher than the recycledwater, considering the minimum costs of full treatment in nature. For major polluting industries (such as tanneries, pulp and paper units, distilleries and dyeing units) in NRGB, the cost of treatment for reuse purposes are higher, but these costs are much less than the damage caused to NRGB otherwise, justifying the expenditure on such treatment
Some views on Treatment standards of wastewater for river protection
Rejuvenation of rivers is of great importance as these are dumped with either untreated or partially treated sewage. Unless this is addressed, river protection will remain a mirage. River rights must include treated sewage quality < 5 mg/l BOD, <
ULBs management.
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mg/l DO level etc. This will need change in effluent standards and mind set at
75
5 mg/l TSS, < 100 fecal coliform, < 10 mg/l TKN, <0.5 mg/l phosphorous, > 3
As the dilution level in rivers has reduced drastically, there is need to review the effluent standards across STPs as most of the existing facilities do not have nutrient removal capacities as their designs are based on age old effluent standards.One of the problems of inadequate treatment in Ganga basin is that very large number of STPs has been installed on UASB technology. This is among the main culprits as this technology is incapable of handling the challenge in terms of current treatment requirement including nutrient removal. But all the lab results maintained by O&M staff maintain records as if these are operating satisfactorily just to satisfy PCB officials on paper. Zero Discharge: Many kinds of waste water and solid wastes are being discharged into the Ganga River today. The Concept of zero-discharge into the Ganges river system has been proposed as the standard to be followed by the cities river action plan by the IIT consortium to the Government of India, in its interim report. The concept of zero discharge is primarily related to wastewater emanating from the domestic and industrial sewage. A new slogan has been coined today by the transnational waste water utilities wanting to do buisness in India- i.e. waste is gold. The transnational wastewater utilities are claiming that they can clean and convert the waste water into clean water and resell it. Our city planners and political leaders
are being enticed into the mirage of creating markets for
wastewater for the national economic growth. Only lip- service is paid to the concept of aviralganga, in the same breath it is quietly asserted that this is only a fantasy and no longer feasible. The dilution factor in the river for secondarily treated wastewater is no longer available. Hence we need to go for new
withdrawal of water from the river system is not brought on the table. Hence this
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more effective and efficient, the claim is made. , The possibility of minimize the
76
technologies available for tertiary treatment. These also require less land and are
slogan of zero discharge and tertiary treatment of wastewater is becoming a rallying point of all the transnational waste water utilities, their Indian counterparts, international donor development agencies and the several NGO activists and academicians. Hyderabad is a case in point where sewage is being treated to extremely good level broadly upto the desired effluent standards. Incidentally, two such plants have been done by a private company for HMDA, Hyderabad and treated sewage quality is so good that HMDA has now floated tender for sell of this water for non-potable use Industrial Pollution â&#x20AC;˘ These are complex effluent and needs large investment if we are to ensure long term solution. â&#x20AC;˘ Currently situation is so bad that this will end up panelizing most of the ULBs. We must create a time bound program city-wise under a technically competent nodal
agency
within
ULBs.
If
this
requires
outsourcing
external
agencies/consultants, this must be done Drinking water supply and quality â&#x20AC;˘ Source water quality is mostly contaminated in these basin to an extent where it is not possible to treat water fit for drinking as per applicable quality standards. Conventional treatment cannot produce requisite drinking water
forward in this direction which need to be viewed from larger scale
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There is need for a technological intervention and Agra city has taken huge step
77
quality from these sources.
implementation we should understand that this will need much higher O&M cost but this is the only way to provide safe drinking water to the citizens..They were adding upto 70-90 mg/l of chlorine whereas safe limit should be 5-6 mg/l in drinking water. They were doing this because conventional technologies can not handle currently available contaminated water from Yamuna which is case in many UP towns. One should understand effect on citizens' health when drinking water has
been
treated
with
such
a
high
level
of
chlorine
dosing.
Malanpur in Maharashtra is another example of how citizens participation can result in 24X7 water supply to this city's 25,000 citizens. I do not think such interventions are across any state until now. There are far & few spread all over among
pockets
of
excellence
and
commitments
of
few
individual.
4.5. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) : October 2014
Introduction
The Swachh Bharat Mission(SBM), a joint Mission of the Ministry of UrbanDevelopment and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, emanates
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Sessionof the Parliament on 9th June 2014:
78
from thevision of the Government articulated in the Presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s address to the Joint
“We must not tolerate the indignity of homes without toilets and public spaces littered with garbage. For ensuring hygiene, waste management and sanitation across the nation a “Swachh Bharat Mission” will be launched. This will be our tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary to be celebrated in the year 2019.”
The PM NarendraModi declared Clean India Campaign from USA. The honorable PM called one and all to dedicate themselves for avow to clean India ( physically) in next five years. At the same time PM reiterated the need for cleaning River Ganga The Urban Development Minister Shri Venkata Naidu, in his letter dated 19th September 2014 to all the mayors/chairpersons of the ULBs of the country, urged them to take up SWACH Bharat Abhiyan. He defined the large part of the challenge as lying in – creation of mass awareness, ensuring public participation and bringing about behavioural change. He outlined a set of 20 activities ( see the list below) to be undertaken in the preparatory phase commencing from 25thSeptmber for one week for the lauch of SBA on 2nd October on the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi.
Box: Quotes from Mahatama Gandhi in the letter • Sanitation is more important than political freedom
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• Everyone must be one’s own scavenger
The Sub-Mission - Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) for urban areas to be implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) aims to achieve the objective of providingsanitation and household toilet facilities for all 4041 statutory towns in the country. These towns are home to 31% of the Country’s population or about 377 million people. The numbers are expected to go up to 600 million by 2031. Hence, thisprogramme has been taken up on a Mission mode. The Mission will be implemented over a period of 5 year commencing 2ndOctober, 2014.
The estimated cost of implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission is Rs. 62,009 crore. The Government of India share amounts to Rs. 14,623 crore. In addition 25% amounting to Rs 4874 crore shall be contributed by the States as the State/ULB share.
Goal: The overall goal of the National Urban Sanitation Policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and liveable cities and towns. The “Swachh Bharat Mission” strives to achieve this goal.
Objectives: Eliminate open defecation.; Conversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toilets Eradication of manual scavenging.; 100%collection and scientific processing/
among the citizens about sanitation and its linkages with public health.;
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change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices.; Generate awareness
80
disposal/reuse/recycle of Municipal Solid Waste.; To bring about a behavioural
Strengthening of urban local bodies to design, execute and operatesystems.; To create enabling environment for private sector participation in Capital expenditure and Operation and Maintenance expenditure (O&M).
The Mission has the following components: i.Provision of household toilets; ii. Community toilets; iii. Public toilets; iv. Solid Waste Management.;v. IEC and Public Awareness; vi. Capacity Building and A&OE Events list for Swach Bharat Abhiyaan- Ref- letter of MOUD dated 19thseptmber 2014 Awareness and Publicity • Dedication of public toilets at important places by honorable CM/Central Minister/MP/Mayor • Flagging off of Swach Bharat marathon/walkathon by honorable CM/Central Minister/MP/Mayor • Building awareness in public at large- Organizing ‘PrabhatPherie’ in various society/mohallas tocreate awareness; Household Sanitation: 7-8 A.M; Locality Sanitation: 8-9 A.M; Mohalla Sanitation and other sanitation related activities : 9-11 A.M; Pledge taking not to litter on road and to deposit only at designated waste collection points and not to spit in public places; 100 hrs voluntary service to sanitation by each citizen in a year ; Display of message of cleanliness through sign boards at public places /markets; Create awareness on usage of toilets to eliminate open defecation; Educating schools children about importance of sanitation through distribution of education material; School
Action on The Ground
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flying celebration with messages on kite- swachbharatmerasapna
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children sanitation painting competition; Sanitation marathon/walkathon; Kites
• Repair, maintenance, cleaning and sanitation of public community toilets Creating establishing SHGs for maintenance of public/ community toilet ; Cleaning of toilets in government buildings /hospitals and schools; Engagement of swachdoot in each ward as ear and eyes for ULBs • River/Talab side waste cleaning • Cleaning of public common areas of city and locality; Cleaning of statues of National Leaders; Removal of debris and garbage heaps in public places; Cleaning of government buildings including removal of excess furniture /records lying in corridors 4.6. Issues and options for the Ganga rejuvenation for the consideration of the New Government • The governance deficit – one dimension is lack of policy formulation which leads to arbitrary decisions. On the other hand, the resistance movement should be fully informed on the policy formulation process and should find ways to effectively intervene in the debate. Policy formulation should also be informed by the people’s wisdom and views which is not the case today. There is a need to find a common ground by the contending forces in this arena. The water policy in country has been deficient on river issues, now there is more talk of river. However Ganga movement has kept the focus only on main -stem of the Ganga River. We need more than that – a Ganga River Basin Policy. The ganga river basin policy remains an empty ground • Data is needed on water flow and climate in Himalayas. Without this there
policy, these myths need to be challenged systematically
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• Certain myths are prevalent which prevent sensible and rational discourse on
82
cannot be any rational engineering interventions.
• The promotion of navigation needs to be deciphered for its true motivation. Transport of coal could be one such motive. However the challenge to this should be informed by assessing the impact of the Farakka barrage which is an ecological disaster. At the same time the rights of fishermen on Ganga cannot be ignored. • There is widespread loss of livelihoods due to ecological damage to agriculture, fisheries and landscape due to past interventions. These need to be taken into account for the formulation of Ganga River basin Policy. This also needs to be systematically documented. AviralGanga : There is almost total absence of ganga jal from Himalaya by the time Ganga reaches Varanasi. ( ref-Prof UK Chudhary/ Observations of Allahabad High Court). One of the major contributor to it is the withdrawal of water from Ganga through Upper Ganga canal and Lower Ganga canal. Ganga is said to be greatly narrowed at Varanasi in recent years and at some places it seems to be flowing away from the Ghats ( Ref: Rana SP Singh). Similar lack of lean season flow is being reported from Kanpur, Patna and other cities. What measures do we propose to ensure that water withdrawn from these canals is much less than it is done at present.. • Floods: The discourse in last few years tended to focus on minimum ecological flows, but in the same years we faced biggest flood disasters. There has been surprising absence of discourse on space to the river for maximum flow. • Review and debate the
work of IITs in last five years : A seven IIT
consortium was also given responsibility to prepare the environmental
consortium with new work, without critically evaluating its work done in last five years
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interesting to note that the new Government has decided to entrust the IIT
83
management plan for Ganga and draft report has been submitted by them- It is
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84
CHAPTER 5 – NAMAMI GANGE :PUBLIC ACTIONS FOR CLEANING GANGA AND GANGA REJUVENATION Learning Objective: In this chapter, some suggestions are made to explore a new path to overcome the failures of the past and achieve the objectives of the ganga rejuvenation and prevention of Ganga pollution The story of destruction of Ganges began with cutting of forests in Himalayas for the needs of sleepers for the Indian railways. Its reached its climax in Kedarnath valley cloud burst, during the char dhamyatra, in the year 2013 causing immense physical destruction and human tragedy in Garhwal Himalayas. There is a need to recapture this story if our planners have to become equipped with finding a real solution, instead of repeating the mistakes of the past on a grander scale. We suggest a program of self reflection: first, We need to deconstruct our colonial consciousness. Certain solutions were imposed on us by our colonial masters without our consent and against our resistance. These were alien to our landscape and the unique ecology. Since we were militarily defeated nation, by default, we had to accept the superiority of an alien science and technology of our colonial
profits through ‘development with destruction’ instead of deconstructing that
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After attaining independence, we continued the colonial enterprise of quest of
85
masters. There was no space for a rationale self- reflection at that time. .
consciousness. We proceeded on the same path and further compounded the errors of our colonial masters. We are continuing to do the same today. Our obsessive pursuit has blinded us to the possibilities of any alternative science and technology and alternative path of modernity and national development. If we want to save ourselves from this impasse, we need to explore a new path. • We should not fall into the trap of neoliberal, neocolonial solutions enticed by the power of their so called science, technology and virtual capital. An attitude conducive to understanding and comprehending nature and the river in its totality, with a reverential attitude, is the precondition to it • The Ganges should be considered in its entirety and should not be limited to certain locations which are ascribed higher spiritual values. For example the issues related to flooding, embankments and Farakka Barrage should be given equal importance. • Initiate a process of consultation with people living along the banks of river to understand their experiences and seek their views on what we have done to the Ganges River • Review and debate the technical and governance solutions being proposed by the NGRBA and its international donor development agencies partners.
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5.1. Explore the Third Path for Ganga Rejuvenation:
86
Following initial actions are suggested to make a new beginning
• Give Up the World Bank mind-set and paradigm for finding the solution. A truthful assessment of the impact of the interventions made under the guidance and tutelage of world bank in India’s water sector will point to their abysmal failure and provide the rationale for moving away from this thinking, which has been one of the major contributory factor in mis-management of our rivers and water systems. • The logical corollary of this is to stop borrowing from the World Bank for the Ganga rejuvenation and Clean Ganga Mission
5.2. Lok-ShikshanProrgam • Educate the people about Ganges, on the lines suggested above.
We can
perhaps begin by aiming at training faculty of 1000 activists/ academicians politicians/bureaucrats/common citizens who are reasonably well informed on the entire range of issues regarding the Ganga River and have the skills to educate and train others, and undertake communication research to adapt the training curriculum to the needs and results. • Use of hindi and other national languages in the official and academic discourse on Ganga: all the discourses and dialogues are being done in English For the complete marginalization of the 600 million people living in the Ganga basin, which is not the first language of the people of Ganga basin. Majority of the social and political activists and political leadership gets marginalized in the process.
resulted from the faulty development and growth policies adopted in last 200
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Ganges river systems and other rivers in the country. These have inevitably
87
• Dissemination of knowledge and awarenessregarding the how damage to the
years. These have beenfurther compounded, since the advent of neo-liberal growth agenda in the country in early nineteen eighties. [this is part of 2] • Water –health linkage- The swach-swasth linkage needs to be emphasized and people need to be made aware of impact of polluted water on their health. More studies should be undertaken to document this. Existing studies need to be brought in public domain and disseminated. This will mobilize national social and political demand for clean ganga and will contribute to political and social action.
5.3. Research: • Study ( for education and dissemination) of the traditional knowledge, beliefs and cultural practices of our people regarding water management and reverential attitude towards water bodies and rivers. • Invite people to reflect on current dichotomies of our modern ways of living and belief systems. • The mico-level success stories in restoration of small river systems, recharging of the ground water and other systems like ahar-pine systems of Bihar and many others in different parts of the country, must be documented and replicated. . 5.4. The last should be the first: The vulnerable and underprivileged communities living on the banks of Ganga
endeavor of maintaining the aviral-pravahof Ganga. They should be partners in the
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They should be given a fair deal. They should be made equal partner in the
88
River, have been sufferers of the destruction processes of the Ganges river system.
processes of preventing
pollution to the Ganga and its tributaries. These
communities may include• the fishermen who have lost their livelihoods; • the farmers whose lands have been destroyed due to the use of waste water for irrigation pollution of the river caused by the industrial pollution and other dangerous chemicals discharged into the river system; • also the destruction of the agriculture land by the river erosion; • the dalit communities who have lost rights over the common property resources on the banks of Ganga; • Balmiki community who are associated with sanitation work in the cities and in the villages.
5.5. NirmalJal • Revive public hand pumps and piaos’- the free facilities for drinking water in all the public places – ‘to ensure provide free drinking water to the public. The policy for appropriate use of ground water should allow -to dig hand pumps and bore wells- for public drinking water and domestic water consumption, wherever the ground water is available in plenty. • Preserve and conserve groundwater and treat it as primary source of water supply for the city. On the other hand curb the unsustainable use of ground
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5.6. Swach Bharat and National Urban Sanitation Mission in the right way:
89
water
• Solid waste management : to prevent any waste matter from entering into the drainage systems and nullahs of the city and then into the river streams and water systems • Develop reverence towards the cleanliness of the city nallahs also. The flow in these nallahs should also be
as sacred as the river stream. Only treated
wastewater should flowinto nallahs. The bioremediation measures should be used. At the same time, the extremes of tertiary treatment and zero discharge should be avoided. • Discuss whether investments in Sewerage system and STPs by JNNRUM and World Bank- will be able to achieve the desired purpose and not end up in failures like GAP-1 and 2. Prepare an alternative plan- district wise and for the catchment areas of city/district nallahs get it improved in the municipal council and JilaParishadand make demand for allocation of funds from higher levels of government for implemtation of these plans • Resolve the tannery and other industries pollution issue.
5.7. Governance • Clarify the primary accountability -Who are the agencies which are responsible: State Government, Central Government, National Green Tribunal, Allahabad High Court & Supreme Court, para-statal organizations and Urban local bodies. • Empower Nagar Nigam and Nagar Palika: Empower urban local bodies,(
parastatals- Jalsansthan/ Jal Nigam/ Development authority -
as far as
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equipped office and resources ) Give complete control and powers over other
90
provide skilled and trained staff at higher and middle level with properly
Nirmaljal-Nirmal ganga issues are concerned , adequately resource and empower them. Do not hide behind the court management of water supply/city sanitation/river protection tasks • Begin process of river protection and clean water planning through public participation • Recognize the rights of the river SWACH BHARAT SHAPATH: ACTION FOR CIVIL SOCIETY: Following symbolic Shapath or oath may be considered by the civil society organizations as a constructive program of engagement with all: • Personal pledge not to use plastic packets and campaign for the same at the village level/ward level • Personal pledge minimize the use and not to waste water and electricity, as
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91
much as possible
ANNEXBARRIERS IN THE FLOW OF GANGA
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92
(copied from Gangapedia documents )
thounk;h xaxk vkSj ge Hkkjr esa ufn;ksa ds izfr vkLFkk dk Hkko gSA ;gkW ds yksx xaxk dks unh ugha] ^ekW* ekurs gSaA egkHkkjr ds vuq”kklu ioZ esa o.kZu gS fdes# ioZr ds iRFkjksa dks dksbZ viuh iwjh “kfDr yxkdj “kk;n fxu ldrk gS ysfdu xaxk ty ds xq.kksa dks dksbZ Hkh ugha fxu ldrk gSA ;g Hkh iqjkuh ekU;rk gS fd xaxk esa Luku djus ek=k ls dsoy lHkh izdkj ds ikiksa dk gh uk”k ugha gks tkrk] cfYd cMs+&cM+s ;K djus ls feyus okys iq.;ksa ls Hkh vf/kd iq.; xaxk esa Mqcdh yxkus ls feyrk gSA dgus dk vk”k; ;g gS fd Hkkjrh; tuekul esa xaxk ,dunh ek= ugha gSA xaxk ds izfr bl izdkj dh J)k&vkLFkk lEiw.kZ ns”k esa ,d lh gSA ckgj dh xaxk unh gekjs vUnj dh vkè;kfRed unh gSA
rhFkZ foKku 'kkL=h; ijaijk ds vuqlkj ^rhFkZ* vR;ar O;kid vo/kkj.kk gS tks xq: vkSj lar egkRekvksa dh {kerkvksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djrh gSA la{ksi esa rhFkZ iaprRo dh y;kRed ikjaifjdrk ¼;K&O;oLFkk½ ;k izkÑfrd ;K dk lgt lkSan;Z gSA vusd oSfnd&ikSjkf.kd fooj.kksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd rhFkZ ty dk i;kZ; gSA lkekU; vFkZ esa ty dk fdukjk ;k rhj gh 'kkL=h; rhFkZ vkSj yksd ijaijk dk rhjFk gSA rhFkZ rhu dkj.kksa ls ifo= ekus tkrs gS & 1- LFky dh dqN vk'p;Ztud izkÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k
fuokl djus ds dkj.k
Page
3- fdlh ri% iwr _f"k ;k eqfu ds ogka LFkku djus] ri lk/kuk djus vFkok nh?kZdky rd
93
2- fdlh tyh; LFky dh vuks[kh je.kh;rk ds dkj.k]
vr% 'kkL=h; ekU;rk ds vuqlkj rhFkZ dk ljy vFkZ ,slk LFky ;k ty;qDr LFkku ¼unh] izikr] tyk'k; vkfn½ gS tks vius foy{k.k Lo:i ds dkj.k vkRefparu ,oa LofueZyhdj.k dh Hkkouk dks tkx`r djsaA blds fy, ,sls LFkku ij 'kkfyxzke vkfn dk gksuk vfuok;Z ughaA
/kkfeZd lanHkZ % HkfDrdky esa fodflr yksd ijaijkvksa esa rhFkZ bZ'oj n'kZu ;kfu ije iq#"k ;k izÑfr dh Ñik] vuqdEik ls rknkRE; vkSj firk :i ijes'oj ;k eka&Lo:ik izÑfr ds izfr ÑrKrk Kkfir djus dk ljy vkSj lgt ekxZ gSA blhfy, fgUnqLrkuh xkao esa tgka dqvka gS ;k vU;dksbZ ty lzksr gS] ogha eafnj vkSj f'koky; gSA tgka ?kj vkSj ?kkV ogha rhjFkA blh oSfnd ,oa yksd foKku dh ifjHkk"kk egkRek dchj nkl us Hkh dh Fkh % ßek;k
egkBfxuh
eS
tkuh]ds'ko
ds
deyk
cuq
cSBh]f'ko
ds
Hkou
Hkokuh]
i.Mk dh ewjr cu cSBh]rhjFk esa HkbZ ikuhAÞ leLr thou dkrhFkZ foKku ds vuqlkj ykSfdd thou ;k ek;korh lalkj esa tks dqN n`"VO; gS og ty ds ek/;e ls fufeZr gqvk gSA ty vk/kkj gSA iaprRo ds ikjLifjd ;K@cfynku@vkgqfr dk ewy ek/;e ty gh gSA bl izkÑfrd ;K izfØ;k ds fy, ty dk ifo= vkSj fueZy gksuk vfuok;Z gSA yksd ijaijk esa tgka ty gS ogha rhFkZ gSA xkao ds dq,a] tksgM+ ls ysdj >hy] ljksoj] ty izikr] unh] leqnz rd ikuh dk gj LFkku yksd ijaijk vkSj 'kkL=h; /kkj.kk dk rhFkZ gSA izR;sd /kkfeZd ÑR; vkSj laLdkj ds fy, mi;qDr LFky rhFkZ gh gSA laLdkj fookg dk gks ;k fuR; Jk)deZ dk] o#.knso ds lk{kh ds :i esa izR;{k rhFkZ dk LFkkfir fd;k tkuk
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leLr rhFkks± dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA
94
vfuok;Z laLdkjfof/k gSA ?kV] dy'k ;k yksVs esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k ty o#.knso ds :i esa
jktLFkku dh iqjkuh gosfy;ksa esa Bkdqj th dk vkyk vkSj /kM+kSaph ¼ikuh j[kus dk LFkku½ vxy&cxy cuk;h tkrh FkhA nf{k.k Hkkjr esa ty ds fy, izpfyr 'kCnksa esa ,d vke 'kCn rhFkZ gh gSA nf{k.k jktLFkku ds vkfnoklh vapy esa Mwaxjiqj&ckalokM+k dh ljgn ij fLFkr cs.ks'oj dh f=os.kh] iz;kx dh f=os.kh ls] iq.; izsj.kk esa fdlh rjg de ughaA dkfrZd iwf.kZek dks jktLFkku] xqtjkr ds vkfnoklh cgqr cM+h la[;k esa ogka mifLFkr gksrs gSa vkSj vius firjksa dks ty nsrs gSa] fiaMnku djrs gSaA blh vkfnoklh J)k ls ty dk oSfnd foKku fodflr gqvk gSA tks dqN vkfndky ls ugha gS og oSfnd ugha gSA lukru] vkfn vkSj oSfnd i;kZ;okph gSA ;g rhsuksa gh vo/kkj.kk,a bfrgkl dh ifjf/k ls ckgj gSaA gfj}kj vkSj czt dh vkRek oSfnd ;qxhu ugha rks gfj}kj vkSj o`Unkou fgUnw rhFkZ ughaA
rhFkZ vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt esa vykSfdd izsj.kk ds egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSaA lkFk gh ykSfdd ,oa fuR; thou dk vk/kkj HkhA vkt Hkh Hkkjr ns'k dk nSufUnuh thou unh] ukyksa] rkykc vkSj ty ds vU; izkÑfrd lzksrksa ij fuHkZj gSA lSdM+ksa&gtkjksa rhFkZ {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh _f"k ijaijk ds vusd izsj.kknk;h lk/kw&lar ekStwn gSaA ,sls lPps larksa vkSj rhFkZ LFkyksa dh iq.; izsj.kk ls bu LFkkuksa ij yk[kksa xs:vk/kkjh vkSj lgt fuBYys L=h&iq#"k] Hkkstu&Hkw"kk&Hkou vkfn dh fpark ls eqDr thou th jgs gSaA bu {ks=ksa dh ufn;ka] rky] ljksoj] ;k vU; rjg ds ty lzksr iq.; izsj.kk dk lzksr gSaA tsBh n'kgjk] dkfrZd iwf.kZek] edj lØkafr vkSj dqaHk tSls egkioksZ ij tks yk[kks&djksM+ksa yksx ehyksa iSny ;k=k dj rhFkZ ds ty esa Luku&nku vkfn djrs gSa & rhFkZ ds izfr vke tu dh J)k vkSj fo'okl vkSj rhFkks± dk LFkk;h&oklh Hkkjrh; lk/kw lekt] Lor% LQwrZ lkekftd ÅtkZ dk vuUr lzksr gSA ns'k Hkj esa fLFkr fofHkUu laiznk;ksa ls tqM+s NksVs&cM+s rhFkZ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rk ds vk/kkj LrEHk
vkfn mÙkjh lhek ds izrhd gS] jkes'oje&dU;kdqekjh nf{k.kh Nksj ds] }kjdk if'pe dk
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daBLFk gSA lekt ds lHkh oxks± ds fy, vejukFk] dsnkjukFk] cnzhukFk] xaxks=h] teuks=h
95
gSA yksd ekul dk jk"Vªh; Hkwxksy ewyr% rhFkZ lwph vk/kkfjr gSA vkSj vketu dks ;g Lor%
dksuk gS vkSj dkek{kh iwoh lhek dh nsohA lhekvksa ls vfrfjDr Hkh leLr ns'k dk ekufp= yksd ekul Lrj ij rhFkZ cks/k vk/kkfjr gSA fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh laLÑfr vkSj lH;rk ls viuRo dk Hkko Hkh rhFkZ izlkn&lkexzh [ksy&f[kykSus ,oa mi;ksxh dykRed oLrq vk/kkfjr gSA
ty dh ifo=rk] fueZyrk dks v{kq..k cuk;s j[kus ds fy, 'kkSp] v'kkSp] 'kq)&v'kq) dh foLr`r izfØ;k fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ FkhA iaprRo ;K esa ewy mRizsjd rRo ds :i esa ty dh vfuok;Z fueZyrk ds dkj.k gh ty dks ifo=rk vkSj iq.; dk dkjd ekuk x;kA vfuok;Z fueZyrk ds dkj.k gh ty esa LofueZyhdj.k dh izÑfr fufgr gSA ;g vke tkudkjh dh ckr gS fd ikuh cgrs&cgrs LoPN gksrk jgrk gSA Bgjk ty Hkh ok;q ds osx ls fgyksjs ysdj fueZyhdj.k dk iz;kl djrk gSA ;wa Hkh lkykuk pØ esa ikuh Lo;aeso Hkki cudj] Hkki ls ckny cudj vkSj fQj cjl dj LofueZyhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks fujarj dk;e j[krk gSA bl Lo&fuekZY; izÑfr ds dkj.k Hkh ty dks ifo=rk vkSj iq.; dk dkjd ekuk x;kA blfy, ty;qDr rhFkZ dks iki uk'kd] iq.;dkjd vkSj iq.; gsrq izsj.kknk;h ekuk x;kA rhFkZ esa Luku dk ;gh egRo gS fd euq"; ty dk LofueZyhdj.k xq.k xzg.k djsaA ty Le`frdkj Hkh gS blfy, ljLorh :i esa iwftr HkhA
rhFkZ ijaijk dk iru vf/kdka'k Hkkjrh; rhFkZ ¼lukruh] tSu] fgUnw] lwQh½ je.khd igkM+ igkfM+;ksa] unh ukyksa]
lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx rks [kqy dj fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] ysfdu futhdj.k s ek/;e ls 'kks"k.k
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dks lqjf{kr vkSj iw.kZr;k lkoZtfud cuk;s j[kus dk fo/kku FkkA rhFkks± esa miyC/k izkÑfrd
96
>hy rkykc ds ;k leqnz ds fdukjksa ij LFkkfir fd;s x;sA bl ijaijk esa izkÑfrd laink
;k nq:i;ksx ughaA xaxk ;equk ds rVksa ij vLi`';rk ykxw ugha gks ldrh Fkh & ufn;ksa ds ?kkV lHkh ds fy, leku :i ls [kqys FksA xaxk ;equk vU; ifo= ufn;ksa ds rVksa ij futh laifÙk dk fodkl 100&125 cjl ls vf/kd iqjkuk ughaA rhFkZ LFkyksa ij ^vk/kqfud fgUnw gh futh laifÙk dk fodkl dj ldrk gSA ikjaifjd fgUnw rks rhFkZ LFkyksa ij lkoZtfud ?kkV vkSj /keZ'kkyk dk fuekZ.k djrk FkkA vk/kqfudrk dh pkg ls mith vlqj{kk] vkpj.k ls fodflr ladh.kZrk ds dkj.k fiNys 50&100 o"kks± esa rhFkZ ijaijkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dk Hk;kog gzkal gqvk gS & ty laca/kh 'kkSp&v'kkSp ds fu;e O;kid :i ls lekIr gks x;sA cM+h ckrksa dks NksM+ nsa vkt ls lkS o"kZ ;k 50 o"kZ igys dksbZ O;fDr 'kadk&fuo`Ùk gq, fcuk unh ;k tyk'k; esa izos'k ugha dj ldrk Fkk & ;k xkao ds tylzksrksa ds {ks= esa 'kadk fuokj.k ugha dj ldrk FkkA vke vkneh dks bl vkpj.k ds fy, Lor% le> Fkh vkSj Lo&vuq'kkflr fu;eksa ij vk/kkfjr FkhA vkt vf/kdka'k rhFkZ LFky&uxj] ufn;ka] tyk'k;] dq,a] ckoM+h dsoy xanxh] mlls mRiUu nqx±/k vkSj feF;kpkj ds izrhd gSaA bl okLrfodrk dks dnkfi ugha udkjk tk ldrk fd vkt eFkqjk&o`Unkou dh ;equk vkSj dk'kh dh xaxk ds n'kZu ek= ls f?ku dk Hkko mRiUu gksrk gSA vkSj ;g lR; Hkh cgqr iqjkuk ugha fd phj ?kkV] foJke ?kkV] n'kk'oes?k] 'kgjh okLrqdyk ,oa uSlfxZd lkSan;Z dh lk>h /kjksgj ds vuqie izrhd FksA
fiNys 200 o"kks± ls /khjs&/khjs vkSj vktknh ds ckn cgqr rsth ls rhFkZ LoLFk vk/;kfRed dsUnzksa dh ctk; cktk: ^iksiyhyk* ds LFkyksa dh rjg fodflr gksrs jgsA urhtk lkeus gS fd vktiq.; ikou rhFkZ LFkku u rks vkt uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z ds izrhd gSa vkSj u gh iq.; izsj.kk ds lzksrA vkt rhFkZ okLro esa ikSjkf.kd udZ dh dYiuk dk i;kZ; cu x;s gSaA bl
xkSikyu
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izkjaHk djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
97
ifjfLFkfr esa vfuok;Z gS fd rhFkZ iqu#)kj dk;ZØe dks yksd/kehZ&yksdkpj.k ds vk/kkj ij
vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; laHkor% ;g Hkwy x;k gS fd xk; iwtuh; D;ksa gS\ oSfnd&ikSjkf.kd ijaijk esa xk; dks czkã.k vkSj rhFkZ nksuksa ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ vkSj ifo= ekuk x;k\ fttekuh vk/kkfjr l`f"V esa xk; ije firk ijes'oj ds ln`'k Lo;a ftteku gS & izÑfr ls tks dqN ysrh gS mls yk[kksa ls xq.kk dj okil djrh gSA xk; dh ;g vuojr fttekuh gh mls iwT; cukrh gSA fgUnw mUgha dks iwtrs gSa ftuds ln`'k cuuk pkgrs gS &fgUnw /keZ esa xk; o L=h ¼nsoh ,oa ekr`½ iwtk dk ;gh egkRE; gSA ;wa rks ikSjkf.kd ok³e; esa ;g Hkfo";ok.kh ns[kus dks feyrh gS fd dfy;qx esa ekuo bruk uhp gks tk,xk fd Hkw[kh xk; dks fo"Bk & ey [kkdj thfor jguk gksxkA dfy;qx dh igpku dk ,d y{k.k ;gh crk;k x;k gS & ^dfy;qx esa xÅ xw [kk;* ;qx o {ks= dh dfy;qxh igpku ;gh gSA vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa xk; tks dqN [kk jgh gS og fo"Bk ls Hkh [krjukd gSA xksj{kk vkSj rhFkZ dh ifo=rk ekuo dh vfojyrk ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA ;fn dfy;qxh Hkko gh LFkk;h vkpj.k cu tk,xk rks ekuo l`f"V dh izy; fudV gh tkuuh pkfg,A ;fn nSfod fo/kku ls Hkkjrh; lH;rk viuk le; iwjk dj pqdh gS rc rks xkSoa'k dk uk'k vkSj xaxk dh e`R;q vo';EHkkoh gS vkSj tks dqN gks jgk gS og fpark dk fo"k; ugha gSA
ty] rhFkZ vkSj xaxk ds iznw"k.k rFkk xksoa'k ds loZuk'k ds izfr ;g ns”kt mnklhurk blh rjg cuh jgh rks gekjh laLÑfr] lH;rk vkSj oSfnd /keZ dk yksi vc nwj ughaA ekuo /keZ dh j{kk ds fy, vkt ;g vfuok;Z gks x;k gS fd xkao&xkao] uxj&uxj ^rhFkZ psruk la?k* LFkkfir fd;s tk,a tks vke ukxfjd ds lkFk tqM+ dj & ?kjsyw lkeqnkf;d dpjk eyew= ,oa xans ikuh dh mi;qDr ,oa ;Fkksfpr fudklh vkSj O;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa Lor% LQwrZ yksd&f'k{kk dk fodkl djsaA
lkeF;Z vkSj tu 'kfDr ds lnqi;ksx ls xksoa'k dks dkxt] flaFksfVd] diM+k] vkSj IykfLVd
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feF;kpkjh jktuhfr dk eqík cu dj jg x;k gSA oukZ dksbZ dkj.k ugha fd ns”k viuh
98
bl lanHkZ esa lokZf/kd uktqd elyk xkSoa'k dh j{kk dk gSA ^xksj{kk* dk ukjk orZeku esa ,d
tSlk v[kk| [kkus ls u cpk ldsA xksj{kk dh vR;ar uktqd n`f"V ls 'kgjh dpjs dks fBdkus yxkus dh O;oLFkk esa dksbZ ekewyh lq/kkj Hkh ugha gqvkA lekt O;oLFkk esa cqfu;knh ifjorZu rks VksMh foosd ds ijs dk elyk gSA 'kgjksa dh Hkw[kh xk; ftl rjg vusd v[kk| dwM+s djdV ds lkFk&lkFk diM+k ¼lwrh&flaFksfVd nksuks rjg dk½] dkxt] IykfLVd dh FkSfy;ka vkfn [kk jgh gS] ;g iwjs xkSoa'k ds fy, xaHkhj :i ls gkfudkjd gSA xkSHkDr ns'k esa ;g laHko gS fd diM+k] dkxt
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99
vkSj IykfLVd tSls v[kk| inkFkZ xÅ eka ds [kkus ds fy, lgt miyC/k u jgsaA
xaxkj{kk vkSj vfojy rFkk fueZy izokg ds jk"Vªh; eqn~ns xaxk ?kkVh esa ikap jkT; gSA 50 ls vf/kd cM+s “kgj gS vkSj lSdM+ksa NksVs cM+s dLcs gSaA yxHkx 50 djksM+ dh vkcknh xaxk ds fdukjs ij clrh gSA izR;{k vizR;{k #i ls iwjs ns”k ij xaxk dk izHkko gSA bldk ;k=k i{k yxHkx 2615 fdyksehVj yEck gSA igyk 204 fdyksehVj dk VqdMk xkseq[k ls gfj}kj rd dk gS tks igkMh {ks= gSA tks orZeku mRrjk[k.M jkT; gSA nwljk e/; {ks= gfj}kj ls okjk.klh rd 1052 fdyksehVj dk gS vkSj 1134 fdyksehVj dk VqdMk okjk.klh ls xaxklkxj rd dk gSA bl ;k=k&iFk esa iznw’k.k ds dsUnzksa dks tkuus le>us ds fy, bls rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVuk gksxkA
• igys VqdMs esa viuh&viuh vusd miufn;ksa ds uke mRrjk[k.M esa HkkxhjFkh vkSj vyduUnk gS ftudk laxe nso iz;kx esa gksrk gSA vkSj vkxs dh ;k=k xaxk uke ls djrh gSA bl {ks= esa cnzhukFk]jkphou] cjkyh] fryokMk] mjxke] fo’.kqiz;kx vkfn esa NksVs&cM+s cka/k cuk, x;s gSaA ;gha ij xaxk dh /kkjk dks ,d ,d izdkj ls jksd nsus okyk fVgjh cka/k gS ftlds fy, vusd xkao ds lkFk fVgjh “kgj dks iwjh rjg Mwcks;k x;k vkSj 45 fdyksehVj dh ifjf/k okyh ,d d`f=e >hy dk fuekZ.k Hkh gqvk gSAbu cka/kksa ds vykok mRrjk[kaM esa dkyhxaxk ,d vkSj nks] dksVyh esy] egkegs”oj] riksou] fo’.kqen] Jhuxj vkfn cMs vkSj ea>ksys cka/k fuekZ.kk/khu gSA bu cka/kksa dh gksM esa vyduank] eaxksyh] ikoyk uUn iz;kx] pquh lseh] nsonh] nsolkjh] tsyu Ved d.kZ iz;kx] y{ke.k xaxk riksou eysjh >sye] uUn iz;kx yaxklq Hknyh cSx QkVk C;axq] jkeckx] xaxk ,d vkSj nks flekyh Hknokjh QSx fo’.kq iz;kx ihiy dksBh vkfn vusd
tk;saxs rc “kk;n mRrjk[k.M ds vfrfjDr xaxk dk vfLrRo dgha “ks’k ugha gksxkA
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gS cfYd ,d izdkj ls iwjh rjg ls vo#) gks pqdk gSA vkSj tc ;s lkjs cka/k cu
100
cka/k izLrkfor gSA vc rd cus cka/kksa ls igys gh xaxk dk izokg dsoy iV gh ugha x;k
• nwljs VqdMs esa xaxk dh /kkjk dks cka/kus dk cM+k miØe fctukSj vkSj ujksjk cSjkt gaSA fQj vkxs xaxk esa jkexaxk vkSj dkyh unh feyrh gSA xaxk dh ;s miufn;ka vius lkFk igys ls gh d`f’k esa iz;qDr jklk;fud [kkn ds nwf’kr ty ds vfrfjDr ntZuksa xans ukys vkSj vkS|ksfxd dpjs ds lkFk iznwf’kr ty ysdj vkrh gSA ls.Vªy iksY;w”ku d.Vªksy cksMZ ds vuqlkj dkyh unh esa cM+s cM+s xans ukys feyrs gSa ftuesa gkiqM+ dsnjkckn] xqykiaFkh vkSj cqyan”kgj vkfn ds fo”kky ukys Hkh lfEefyr gSaA NksVs cM+s m|ksxksa esa “kDdj dh feysa gSaA iYi dkxt dh feysa gSa vusd jlk;uksa m|ksxksa ds lkFk 442 peM+k m|ksx dh daifu;ka gSaA cgqr yksxksa dks Hkze gS fd xaxk ds ty dks peM+s dh Vsufj;ks vf/kd iznwf’kr djrh gaSA tcfd lPpkbZ ;g gS fd xaxk ds bl e/; {ks= esa yxHkx 70 izfr”kr iznw’k.k dk dkj.k “kDdj] iYi] dkxt vkSj jlk;u m|ksx gaSA ty dks “kq) djus okys VªhV es.V IykaV Hkh blh {ks= esa fØ;k”khy gSaA bu Iyk.Vksa dh ;kstuk] j[k j[kko] vkSj fØ;kUou bl izdkj fd;k tkrk gSA fd dksbZ Hkh VªhVes.V Iyk.V viuh {kerk ls 40 izfr”kr rd gh dke dj ikrk gSA dgha Mhty dh pksjh gksrh gS dgha fctyh u feyus dk cgkuk gS dqN Iyk.Vksa ds ,sls rduhdh dkj.k gSa tks Iyk.V dks cUn vf/kd j[krs gSaA peMs dh QSDVªh;ksa esa iz;qDr VªhVes.V] czzksekbM+ uked tgjhys dsfedy dks “kq) ugha dj ikrsA tcfd bu VªhVesaV Iyk.Vksa dks yxkus dk fu.kZ; ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr lacaf/kr ns”kh fons”kh fo”ks”kKksa ds ijke”kZ ij gh fd;k x;k FkkA • Rhljk {ks= okjk.klh ls egklkxj rd dk gSA ¼blh rhljs xaxk iFk ij ?kk?kjk] ck?kerh vkSj dks”kh vkfn cM+h ufn;ka viuh vusd miufn;ksa vkSj ukyksa dks lkFk ykdj xaxk esa feykrh gSA bl {ks= esa fcgkj caxky ds “kgjksa rFkk dLcksa ds NksVs cM+s ukyksa ds lkFk vkS|ksfxd dpjk xaxk esa fxjk;k tkrk gSA d`f’kxr jklk;fud [kkn ls iznwf’kr ty rks xaxk esa /kMYys ls vkrk gh gSA bl Hkkx esa cuk;k x;k QjDdk dk fo”kky cSjkt viuh
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xaxk esa iznw"k.k dk bfrgkl
101
=qfViw.kZ ;kstuk ds] lkFk xaxk dh cph&[kqph vfLerk dks u’V djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
xaxk ij geys ds eq[; #i bl izdkj gSA ¼1½ mRrjk[kaM esa xaxk dh fofHkUu /kkjkvksa ij cka/kksa dk fuekZ.k ¼2½ vij xaxk dSuky vkSj yksoj xaxk dSuky rFkk fofHkUu oSjkt }kjk xaxk dk ikuh dkVuk ¼3½ fcgkj esa xaxk esa feyus okyh ufn;ksa ij rVca/kksa dk fuekZ.k ¼4½ QjDdk cSjkt ¼5½ xans ty vkSj dwMs dpjs }kjk iznw’k.k ¼6½ xaxk ds dNkj ij fofHkUu #iksa esa vfrØe.k ¼7½ fgeky; o vU; fgLlksa ij ou dVko ¼8½ rkykcksa dk u’V gksuk] xaxk ds vanj feyus okyh vU; ufn;ksa dh /kkjkvksa dk {kh.k gksukA bu lc fofHkUu vk;keksa ds dkj.k ekSle vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj o’kkZ esa deh gksukA ;|fi bu fofHkUu geyksa ds dkj.k lekt ds dqN lhfer rcdksa ds lhfer vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd ykHk igqapk ysfdu O;kid turk dh fLFkfr detksj vkSj la?k’kZe; cuh jghA bl izdkj dk lEeku&Hkko ikus okyh xaxk vkt iznwf’kr dSls gks xbZ\ fodkloknh vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; ^fodkl* ds fy, ije ikou xaxk dks bl dnj nwf"kr dj ldrk gS fd mlds n'kZuek= ls f?ku dh flgju eu vkSj 'kjhj esa nkSM+ tkrh gSA fnYyh] o`Unkou dh ;equk vkSj dk'kh dh xaxk vkt fdlh xVj ls Hkh T;knk xanh vkSj iznwf"kr gSA vusd jktusrkvksa dk rks ;g Li"V vkjksi gS fd xaxk dh ifo=rk] ^ueZnk ds f'ko rhFkks± dh lqj{kk* vkSj ou
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rRo* gh djrs gSA
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igkM+ksa dh izkÑfrd laink dks lqjf{kr cuk;s j[kus dh ckr ^jk"Vªnzksgh & fodkl fojks/kh
xaxk esa iznw"k.k dk bfrgkl yxHkx nks lkS o"kZ iqjkuk gS tc fczfV”k “kkldksa us bldh /kkjk dks jksdus&cka/kus vkSj dkVus&eksM+us vkfn ds dqfRlr iz;kl vius O;kikfjd LokFkksZa ds fy;s djuk izkjEHk fd;sA lhoj ds xans ukyksa vkSj m|ksxksa ds jklk;fud dpjs dks xaxk esa cgkus dh ,drjQk dqizFkk fcuk fdlh lksp fopkj ds izkjEHk dhA blh ds lkFk vaxzstksa us fgeky; ds ekSfyd o`{kksa dh va/kk/kqa/k dVkbZ djuk izkjEHk fd;kA lw[kk {ks=ksa dh flapkbZ ds uke ij xaxk dks dkVus eksMus ds dke cM+s iSekus ij “kq# gq,A bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd xaxk tSlh ifo= unh Hkh iznwf’kr fn[kus yxhA bl ckrdks fcxr “krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa gh LFkkuh; yksxksa us le> fy;k FkkA fczfV”k ljdkj ij ncko Mkyus ds fy, vusd vkUnksyu fd;s x;sA egkeuk enueksgu ekyoh; ds usr`Ro esa xaxk HkDrksa vkSj xaxk&lsodksa esa ,d cM+k vkUnksyu pyk;k] ftlds ifj.kkeLo#i lu~ 1916 esa fczfV”k ljdkj us vk”oklu fn;k Fkk fd xaxk ds vfojy izokg dks vc u jksdsaxs u ekisaxs vkSj u gh eksM+s&dkVsaxsA ¼;|fibu fnuksa unh ds fdukjs m|ksxksa dks ftl izdkj lek;k x;k Fkk vkSj ftl rsth ls yxk;k tk jgk Fkk mldks mUgksaus tkjh j[kkA½ blds fojks/k esa le; le; ij rRdkyhu fczfV”k fo/kku ifj’knksa esa Hkkjrh; lnL;ksa us vkifRr;ka ntZ djkbZ Fkha] iz”u mBk;s Fks ysfdu vaxzstksa us mls vulquk dj fn;k FkkA vktknh ds ckn jktuhfrd fLFkfr cny xbZA iu&fctyh cukus dk rdZ nsdj euekus <ax ls xaxk dh vfojy /kkjk dks jksdus&cka/kus ds dqpØ fd;sAvc xaxk esa iznw’k.k rsth ls c<+us yxk D;ksafd cka/kksa vkfn dks fodkl dk eafnj dgk tkus yxkA iu fctyh ds mRiknu ds fy, vusd cMs cka/kksa dh ;kstuk;sa cuus yxhA • Hkkjr ns'k dh ekufldrk dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ y{k.k&?kj ls ysdj lewps ns'k dk dpjk Qsadus ds izfr lkeqnkf;d mnklhurk gSA gekjs ns'k esa daxkyh vkSj ftYyr dh
fVu Lo;aeso mB tkrk gS] ojuk iwjs ns'k esa dpjs ds <sjksa ds vEckj yx tk;saA dpjs
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dk dke djrk gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i dkQh cM+h ek=k esa dkxt] IykfLVd vkSj
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ijkdk"Bk gS & ,d cgqr cM+k rcdk viuh vk/kk isV jksVh dekus ds fy, dpjk chuus
vkSj ey&ew= vkfn ds xans ikuh dh ;Fkksfpr O;oLFkk ds izfr Hkkjrh; mnklhurk gekjh vk/kqfudrk oknh ekufldrk dh foy{k.k igpku gSA xjhc] vehj] lk{kj] fuj{kj] xzkeh.k] 'kgjh] ljdkjh] xSjljdkjh ;kuh leLr tu esa ;g foy{k.krk leku :i ls ik;h tkrh gSA
• mi;ksx esa vk pqds ikuh dh leqfpr lQkbZ ds izfr gekjk mnklhu joS;k fgUnqLrku esa iznwf"kr okrkoj.k&tyok;q vkSj iznw"k.k ls mRiUu vusd chekfj;ksa dk eq[; lzksr gSA vius vkl&ikl dh xanxh ds izfr ukxfjd mnklhurk ds dkj.k gekjs xkao vkSj uxj ftuesa gekjs izkphu ifo= rhFkZ 'kkfey gS] loZ= QSyh fo"Bk ls fujarj mBrh nqxZU/k ds izrhd cu x;s gSA ^^vk/kqfudrk* ds ifjo'k eyew= vkSj mi;ksx esa vk;s ikuh dh tks Hkh O;oLFkk vk;ksftr dh tk jgh gS og bruh iznw"k.kdkjh vkSj Hk;kud gS fd ,d bap Hkwfe vkSj ,d cwan ty Hkh 'kq) ugha cpkA
• xaxks=h esa ftruh ;kf=;ksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gS mruk gh vf/kd iznw"k.k xaxk th esa izokfgr gks jgk gSA vkt mÙkjdk'kh dh xaxk esa jkf=ey&fo"Bk bl rjg rSjrh feyrh gS tSls J)kyqvksa }kjk p<+k;s x;s Qwy gksaA xks&eq[k ¼xaxk dk ewy lzksr½ ds vklikl flaFksfVd dpjs ds vEckj vVs iM+s gS &
xans ukysunh ukyksa dh xanxh dk flyflyk cl mruk gh iqjkuk gS ftruk ns”k dh ^vk/kqfudrk* vkSj fczfV'k xqykeh dk bfrgklA izkÑfrd ty cgko dks xans ukyksa esa ifjofrZr djus dk dke 1857 ds ckn gh 'kq: gqvkA ysfdu vkt Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks ;g ;kn fnykuk yxHkx
dk iz;ksx djrs FksA fnYyh 'kgj esa rks dqavksa&ckofM+;ksa dk ikuh nks;e ekuk tkrk FkkA
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fu;fer :i ls ;equk th ls Hkj dj ykrs Fks ;k bUgh ^xans* ukyksa esa izokfgr fueZy ty
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vlaHko gS fd nks rhu&pkj ih<+h iwoZ rd ns'koklh viuh jkstejkZ dh vko';drk dk ikuh
1950 ds vklikl rd fnYyh 'kgj dh [k=kfu;ka] cuSfu;ka] ckeuh vkfn fu;fer :i ls Vksfy;ka cukdj bdëh gksdj jketl xkrh ;equk th ugkus tkrh] vkSj jlksbZ ds fy, vko';d ,d&nks eVdh ikuh ysdj ^tfjtl* xkrh okfil ykSVrh lw;ksZn; ls iwoZ gh ns[kh tk ldrh FkhA
rkts cgrs ikuh ds iz;ksx dh fof/k vkSj ijaijk dc vkSj dSls lekIr gks x;h bldk u rks gekjs lekt'kkfL=;ksa dks ,glkl gS] uk gh LokLF; 'kkfL=;ksa us ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k fd fnYyh 'kgj ds tu LokLF; ij bl cqfu;knh ifjorZu dk D;k izHkko iM+k gSA ufn;ksa dk iznw"k.k fgUnqLrkuh fodkl vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ izrhd gSA ufn;ksa ds fueZyhdj.k dk vkanksyu pysxk rks Lons'kh Hkh pysxk & Lons'kh ds fy, ifo= ty vkSj fueZy ekul vko';d gSA
xqyke ekul gesa fujarj ;kn djuk gksxk fd vk/kqfudrkoknh ns”kt& ekufldrk dk fodkl] Iyklh dh gkj ds lkFk 'kq: gqvk FkkA lu~ 1757 esa Iyklh dh gkj ds ckn dsoy caxky dh uokch dk gh iru ugha gqvk cfYd laiw.kZ fgUnqLrkuh lH;rk ,d viwoZ ncko dk f'kdkj gks xbZA Iyklh dh gkj okLro esa lk/kkj.k ugha FkhA lkS&lok lkS fQjafx;ksa us cl nks gtkj HkkMqrksa ds cy ij yach&pkSM+h QkSt dks ijkLr fd;k FkkA Iyklh esa flQZ fljktqíksyk gh ugha gkjk Fkk cfYd og txr lsB Hkh gkjk Fkk tks lewph foyk;rh gqdwer dks [kjhnus dh gSfl;r j[krk FkkA txr lsB dh gkj izrhdkRed Lrj ij ml fgUnqLrkuh cfu;s dh gkj Fkh tks
¼oxZ½ fodflr gqvk tks tkus&vutkus xqyke ekufldrk dk f'kdkj FkkA
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,d ;g Hkh Fkk fd Hkkjr ns'k esa Øe'k% ,d ghu&HkkoukxzLr 'kgjh ^vk/kqfud f'kf{kr* rcdk
105
okLro esa fo'o O;kikj dk usr`Ro djrs FksA bl ijkt; ds vusd nh?kZxkeh ifj.kkeksa esa ls
;gh 'kgjh ^f'kf{kr* rcdk lekt lq/kkj esa vkSj nks&rhu ih<+h ckn jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa] fQjaxh iz'kklu dh fgLlsnkjh esa] Lokra=;ksÙkj jkt usr`Ro esa] Lora= Hkkjr ds iz'kklu esa] f'k{kk] lekt ds lHkh vax vkSj uohu /kkfeZd laxBuksa dh lajpuk rd esa fiNys 150&200 o"kZ ls vxz.kh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj jgk gSA bl rcds dh vkSifuosf"kd ekufldrk & thou ds gj {ks= esa ^VksMhoknh n`f"Vdks.k* vkSj bl ¼ekufldrk½ ds izpkj&izlkj }kjk laiw.kZ lekt ij bldh idM+ dks&cgqr /kS;Z vkSj ckjhdh ls gh le>k tk ldrk gSA vkt iwjk lekt] ns'k bl rcds dh fxj¶r esa gSA vkSj ;g rcdk ik'pkR; vkSifuosf'kd ekul ls bl dnj vksrizksr gS fd ^Hkksxoknh foykl* ds vfrfjDr vU; dqN Hkh ns[k ldus esa vleFkZ gSA usr`Ro vkSj oSpkfjd ijkoyEcu dh bl dSn ls eqfDr dk jkLrk lgt vkSj ljy dnkfi ughaA crkZuoh gqdwer ls vktknh ds ckn fiNys 50 o"kks± esa ^VksMh ns”kt* ds vk/kqfud fodkloknh ekul ds cqr dk rhozrk vkSj xgjkbZ ls izlkj gqvk gSA leLr e/;oxhZ; ns”kh lekt ds vkpkj&fopkj dk rkSj rjhdk vkSj jgu&lgu dh i)fr esa ik'pkR; udy ij vk/kkfjr Hkkjh Qsjcny gqvk gSA cSBd&nhoku [kkus vkfn dk flQZ uk gh Mªkbax:e ugha gqvk cfYd vkMEcj dk rkSj rjhdk Hkh cqfu;knh Lrj ij cnyk x;k gSA jlksbZ?kj dk flQZ uD'kk gh ugha cnyk ;k ikVs ds LFkku dks Mªkbfuax Vscy us ?ksj fy;k gks bruk gh ugha gekjh jlksbZ esa twrksa dk izos'k lgt gh gks x;kA O;atu cukus dh i)fr] b±/ku] Hkkstu ds le; esa vkewypwy ifjorZu] vkSj rkts&cklh dh vo/kkj.kkvks esa Hkh ifjorZu gqvk gSA ukSdj'kkgksa dk jk=h Hkkstu 9&10 cts gksrk gSA ns'k ds LokLF; ij bldk D;k izHkko iM+k\ gekjs jk=h Hkkstu dk le; D;ksa cnyk gSA leLr ik'pkR; txr lk;adkyhu Hkkstu djrk gS] jk=h
gS\ foosd dk iz;ksx Lora= ukxfjd vkSj Lora= lekt dk xq.k gSA foosdghurk ijra= gksus dk y{k.k gSA blh xqyke ekufldrk ds izHkkoo'k ^vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; dks xaxk&;equk ds
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gh pkfg, Fkk vkSj mlds LFkku ij tks dqN ge viukrs tk jgs gS og okLro esa Js;Ldj
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Hkkstu ughaA D;k Lons'kh 'kqfprk vkSj gkbZthu] lpeqp bruh fudEeh Fkh fd mls R;kxuk
Hk;kog iznw"k.k ls dksbZ O;Fkk ugha gksrhA vkt [kksVs fodkl dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ns”k lgt Hkko ls ueZnk ?kkVh esa fLFkr izpkuh f'korhFkks± ds lewy uk'k vkSj xaxk ekrk dh vfojyrk ds vo:) gksus ls O;fFkr ugha gSA vk/kqfudoknhjk’Vªh; vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy,] xaxk dh ifo=rk vkSj uSlfxZd laink ds loZuk'k dks mfpr ekuk tk ldrk gSA rFkkdfFkr ijaijkoknh ysfdu okLro esa vk/kqfudoknh Hkkjrh; dh rks ;g Li"V ?kks"k.kk Hkh gS fd xaxk iznw"k.k dks jksdus ;k ueZuk esa fLFkr f'ko rhFkks± dh lqj{kk ds fy, fodkl dh xfr dks ugha jksdk tk ldrkA ;g rF; fcYdqy lkQ gS fd vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; dks fodkl pkfg,A xaxk dh ifo=rk vkSj vfojyrk ughaA vk/kqfud fodkl vkSj lkoZtfud LoPNrk dh ijaijk esa fufgr vk/kkjHkwr fojks/kkHkkl bl izLrkouk dk dsUnz fcUnw gSA
xaxk ,D’ku Iyku bl lanHkZ esa ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa dk tks gJ gS og lcds lkeus gSA xaxk lQkbZ ;kstuk ds varxZr lSdM+ksa djksM+ksa ugha dbZ gtkj djksM+ #i;k O;; djus ds ckn dk'kh dh xaxk Nwus ;ksX; Hkh ugha] vkSj gfj}kj dh xaxk vkpeu ds ;ksX; ughaA bl i`’BHkwfe ds lkFk ;g Hkh tkuuk vko”;d gS fd dsUnz ljdkj us o’kZ 1964 esa xaxk ,D”ku Iyku ds uke ij gtkjksa djksM+ #i, ds “ks[kfpYyh ;kstuk dk izkjEHk xaxk dks iznw’k.k eqDr djus ds fy;s fd;k FkkA bl ljdkjh ;kstuk ds ykxw gksus ds ckn xaxk esa iznw’k.k ?kVus ds ctk, rsth ls c<+us yxkA tc bl fo’k; ij gYyk xqYyk gksus yxk rks fujadq”k ukSdj”kkgh ds ijke”kZ ij xaxk ,D”ku Iyku Vªw ykxw gqvkA ;s nksuksa Iyku Hkz’Vkpkj
ds dkj.k] dqN txgksa ij vPNs urhts ;fn vk;s Hkh rks os Hkh dqizcU/ku Hkz’Vkpkj vkSj
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vkSj muds “kks/k tks xaxk ij fd;s x;s gSa] ;s fdrus vk/ks&v/kwjs gSaA bu nksuksa ,D“kZ] Iykuksa
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vkSj gsjk Qsjh dk thxrk uewus gSaA budh vlQyrk ;g Hkh n“kkZrh gS fd ljdkjh fo“k’kK
bPNk“kfDr dh deh dh HksV p<+ x;sA vkSj xaxk esa fQj ogh iznw’k.k dkjh fLFkfrcu xbZAyxrk gS fd ljdkj viuh dqaHkd.khZ uhan ls Loa; rks mBuk ugha pkgrh vkSjHkz’V ukSdj “kkgksa ds Hkjksls gh xaxk dks iznw’k.k eqDr djkuk pkgrh gSA • fo'o cSadvkfn tSls laxBuksa ds O;olkf;d ncko ds dkj.k jk"Vª ,oa izkarh; Lrj rd lewps ns'k esa iznw"k.k cksMZ&eaMy vkfn dk xBu gks pqdk gSA exj & ;g cksMZ vkSj eaMy iwjh yxu ds lkFk Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kus esa layXu gSA • iznw"k.k vkSj i;kZoj.k ds eqís ij gtkjksa LoSfPNd laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k ns'k Hkj esa gqvk gS & laHkor% yk[kksa dk;ZdrkZvksa dh vkthfodk iznw"k.k ds uke ls py jgh gS & • vusd uxj fuxeksa us dpjk fBdkus yxkus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; dtZ vkSj rduhd dk vk;kr fd;k gS • o’kZ 2009 esa xaxk dks jk’Vªh; unh dk eqdqV Hkh iguk fn;k x;kA tu lkekU; dks HkMdkus vkSj cgdkus ds fy, dHkh ljdkj fdlh cSBd dksvk;ksftr djrh gSA b.Mks& vesfjdu vkSj ;wjksfi;u o crkZuoh rFkk tkikuh ,tsalh;ksa dks yxkrh gSA btjkby dh is“kd“k ij fopkj djrh gSAgekjs ns“k esa vkbZ- vkbZ- Vh ds vkSj fons“k ds vusd rFkkdfFkr fo“ks’kKksa dks Hkh [kke&[kkg cqykrh gSA bl lc esa gh lSdM+ks djksM #i, ikuh dh rjg cg pqds gSAa nq%[k ;g gS fd xaxk ds iznw’k.k nj esa fnu cfnu c<ksRrjh gksrh tk jgh gSA
uekeh xaxs%
gesa ;g lh[k feyh gS fd ;g ,d cgqr cM+k dke gSA bls dsoy ljdkjksa] ukSdj”kkgksa
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• fiNys rhu n”kdksa ls xaxk dks fueZy vkSj vfojy cukus ds vlQy iz;Ru gq, gSa muls
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ubZ n`f"V ubZ lksp o ubZ igy dh vko’;drk gS
vkSj ns”kh&fons”kh Loa;lsoh laxBuksa ds Hkjksls NksM+uk lEHkor% ,d cgqr cM+h xyrh gksxhA gesa tkx#drk ds lkFk ,dtqV gksdj lHkh izdkj ds iwokZxzgksa vkSj i{kikrksa dks NksM+dj xaxk dks iznw’k.k eqDr djus dh dksf”k”k djuh pkfg,A • Hkktik ds usr`Ro esa vkbZ dsUnz ljdkj ds iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh us okjk.klh ls xaxk iwtu volj ij tks ladYi fy;k mlls vk”kk ca/kh gS fd vc okLro esa Bksl dne mBk;s tk;saxsA fiNys fnuksa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds le{k bl ljdkj us fyf[kr oDrO; izLrqr fd;kA U;k;ky; ds bl oDrO; ij funsZ”k ds ckn fQj ls vk”kk cuh gSA ;g ladYi Hkh rHkh fl) gksxk tc blds fy;s dqN Bksl dk;Z ;kstuk izkjEHk dh tk;sA ljdkj }kjk xaxk ds fy;s vyx ea=ky; dk xBu rFkk uekfe xaxs tSlh fo”ks’k ifj;kstuk ds fy;s foRrh; laLlk/ku tqVkuk rHkh lkFkZd gksxk] tc ljdkj viuh uh;r dks dk;kZy; esa ifjf.kr gksdj fn[kk;sA lokZsPp U;k;ky; us xaxk&iznw’k.k ij fpark izdV djrs gq, dsUnz ljdkj dks psrkouh nh fd ^bfrgkl u cu tk;s xaxk* • xaxk iznw’k.k ij tu lkekU; esa [kqyh cgl dh vko”;drk gSA Ik;ZVu fodkl vkSj rhFkZ;kf=;ksa ds uke ij gesa orZeku mYVh iqYVh lksp dks cnydj uhfrijd vkSj xaxk rFkk izd`fr ds vuqdwy cukuk gksxkA IykfLVd] iksyhFkhu] MsVjtsaV] vkSj jklk;fud inkFkksZa dks unh
ls lnSo ds fy;s nwj djuk gksxkA rFkk ioksZa esyksa vkSj mRloksa ds
volj ij Hkh iznw’k.kdkjh ykijokgh ls cpuk gksxkA • rhFkZ {kerk v/;kRe ls mith rhFkZ Hkkouk] fuf'pr gh jk"Vªh; uo fuekZ.k dh ÅtkZ dk lzksr cu ldrh gSA ns”k dh rhFkZ vkLFkk ds ek/;e ls lekt dh loZtkrh; & lkeqnkf;d lkeF;Z dks tkx`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA LoPNy ty dh vko';drk lHkh dks gSA izR;sd Hkkjrh; dks Lo;a xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djuk gksxk fd mldh rhFkZ vkLFkk dk D;k mi;ksx fd;k tk;saA bl foy{k.k ykSfdd ijaijk esa ekuorkoknh iquLFkkZiuk
ls vla[; Lor%LQwr laLFkkvksa dk uohuhdj.k vkSj fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldsxkA
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lukru /keZ ds fodkl vkSj foLrkj ls tks lkeqnkf;d ÅtkZ tkx`r gksxh mlds mi;ksx
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vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh vla[; laHkkoukvksa dk lzksr fo|eku gSA rhFkZ ijaijk vkSj ikSjkf.kd
• mtkZ mRiknu is;ty] flapkbZ rFkk xank ty rFkk dwM+k fu"iknu ds u, ekxZ [kkst dj
gh xaxk ds mij gks jgs bu geyksa dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA Blds fy, ubZ n`f"V vkSj ubZ lksp o ubZ igy dh vko’;drk gSA bl O;kid foe’kZ esa vkids lfØ; lg;ksx dh vis{kk gSA
• lkSan;Zdj.krhFkZ LFkyksa dk LoPN] lqUnj LoLFk uxjhdj.k vkSj bu ifo= ikou je.khd LFkkuksa ij miyC/k ty lzksrksa dk fueZyhdj.k vge vkSj O;kid dk;ZØe gSA • bl dk;ZØe esa futh x`gLFkh ds dwM+s vkSj xans ikuh dh fudklh dh ;Fkksfpr O;oLFkk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ eqík gSA ;g ljy ckr gS fd dpjk xanxh fu;a=.k dh O;oLFkk ?kj ls 'kq: djuh gksxhA izR;sd vk/kqfud ?kj esa pkj&ikap rjg dk dwM+k gksrk gS vkSj
nks&rhu izdkj dk xank ikuhA ?kjsyw dpjs dks mldh izo`fr ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx dwM+snku esa ,df=r djokuk gksxkA ?kj esa ,df=r dwM+s dks lkewfgd&lkeqnkf;d Lrj ij ,df=r djok dj iqu:i;ksx ds fy, mfpr fBdkus ij igqapkuk gksxkA blds ckn gh rduhd vkfn ds loky mRiUu gks ldrs gSA mi;ksx esa vk pqds ikuh dks Hkh rhu fgLlksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA 1- cklh fdarq 'kq) ,slk ikuh ftlls ?kj&vkaxu esa rqylh] xqykc] eksfr;k] rkSjh] lse] ,dk/k Qy o`+{k dks flafpr fd;k tk ldsaA ?kj esa dPps vkaxu dh deh gks rks Hkh NksVs&cM+s xeys j[ks tk ldrs gSaA 2- jlksbZ&Luku vkfn ds mi;ksx esa vk;k ,slk ty ftlls eksgYys ds m|ku&?kj ds fudVre {ks= esa & lkoZtfud m|ku esa ?kkl vkSj uhe vkfn ds o`{kksa dh flapkbZ dh tk
,sls dkj[kkuksa rd igqapk;k tk; tgka fo"Bk dh xSl dks ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk lds
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3- ,slk ty tks laMkl ls ey vkfn dh lQkbZ djrk gS & mls lkeqnkf;d xVj ds }kjk
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ldsaA
vkSj Bksl mif”k’V dh [kkn cuk;h tk ldsA v)Z&'kq) ty dks [ksrksa dh flapkbZ ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldsA
orZeku fLFkfr esa xaxk dks igys dh rjg vfojy cukuk rks “kk;n vHkh lEHko ugha gS ysfdu blds ty izokg dh xfr dks de ls de bruk rks vo“; j[kk tk, ftlls unh dk Lo#i Hkys gh NksVk jgs ysfdu izkd`frd cuk jgsA gekjs lkeus tks izeq[k pqukSfr;kW gSa mudk funku lek/kku bl izdkj gks ftlls xaxk de ls de fueZy rks cuh jgsA blds iFk esa vojks/k ty Hkjko dkj.k u cusA vkS|ksfxd ckSj “kgjh dpjs ds fuLrkj.k dh =qfVghu O;oLFkk gksA VªhVes.V Iyk.V viuh iwjh {kerk ij vck/k #i ls pysA xaxkty dk ijh{k.k fuR; fujUrj gksA ?kkVksa vkSj unh ds lehi fo”ks’k lQkbZ O;oLFkk ykxw gksA unh ds izkd`frd {ks= eas vfrØe.k u gksus fn;k tk,] ckyw vkfn dh fudklh dh Bsdk O;oLFkk fu;af=r gkasA xaxk {ks= dh Hkwfe d`f’k jklk;fud [kkn ls eqDr gksA blls izkIr vk; xaxk dh fuf/k ekuh tk,A vkSj lcls c<+dj tu Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, fujUrj tkx#d vfHk;ku pyk;k tk,A
dkuiqj esa xaxk izn"w k.k dk pqukSfr;ksa dk ifjp; 90 ds n'kd ls gh dkuiqj esa xaxk dk iznw’k.k ,d Toyar eqn~nk cuk gqvk gSA baMksMp
eq[; pqukSfr;ka
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dh fLFkfr dkuiqj esa fodjky cuh gqbZ gSA
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izkstsDV vkSj xaxk ,D'ku Iyku&1 o 2 ds vUrxZr fd;s x;s iz;klksa ds ckotwn xaxk iznw’k.k
• dkuiqj eas izos'k ds le; xaxk ds ty esa Hkkjh deh vkSj blds ikuh dk igys ls gh iznwf’kr gksuk • dkuiqj dk xaxk oSjkt gS ftls cuk;k rks blfy, x;k Fkk fd xaxk dks ?kkVksa ij yk;k tk ldsA ysfdu ;g cSjkt bl y{; dks vc rd iwjk ugha dj ldkA xaxk oSjkt ds fuekZ.k ds ckotwn xaxk dkuiqj ds ?kkVksa ls nwj cg jgh gSA yxHkx 4 fdykehdh nwjh ij • is; ty ds fy, xaxk unh yksoj xaxk dSuky vkSj ikaMq unh ls ftu LFkkuksa ls ikuh dkVk tk jgk gS os L=ksr igys ls gh iznwf’kr gSaA D;ksafd ogka ij xans ukykas dk ikuh Hkh vkdj fxj jgk gSA iz'u mBrk gS fd ty 'kks/ku la;a=ksa ds ckgj tks ikuh fudyrk gS mldh xq.koRrk dSlh gSA blds lkFk gh ;g ikuh tc ikbZiksa ds ek/;e ls ?kjksa rd igqaprk gS rks jkLrs esa gh iznwf’kr gks tkrk gSA • ?kjsyw lhost rFkk baMfLVª;y lhost dk cgqr lk xank ikuh ukyksa ds ek/;eksa ls xaxk unh esa fxjrk gSA blesa lhlkeÅ ukyk izeq[k gSA blds vykok cgqr lk dpjk tks ukyksa esa Mkyk tkrk gS og HkhA • dq[;kr 10 ukys gS tks xaxk dh ifo=rk dk [kqysvke vigj.k djrs gSaA fQj cph [kqph t?kU; fLFkfr esa ;ksxnku Vsufj;ksa dk dpjk nsrh gSA • ik.Mq unh rks iudh ikoj gkml dh jk[k dks vius esa lekdj iznwf’kr gks tkrh gSA blds vykok nf{k.k dkuiqj ds cgqr xans ukys Hkh blesa feyrs gSaA vUr esa ;g Qrsgiqj ds ikl xaxk esa feydj mldks iznwf’kr djrh gSaA • ;|fi VSujh m|ksx dk uke xaxk dks iznwf’kr djus esa lcls vkxs gSaA ysfdu dkuiqj ds lHkh m|ksxksa dk iznw’k.k voS/kkfud rjhds ls lhoj flLVe esa fey tkrk gSA vkSj fcuk
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• lhojst VªhVesaV IykaV viuk dke djus esa ukdke;kc fln~/k gq, gSaA
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'kks/ku gq, xaxk esa fey tkrk gSA
• ?kkVksa ds bnZ fxnZ voS/k fuekZ.k voS/k #i ls tkjh gS vkSj ;gka okyh vkcknh dk ekuoey Hkh lh/kk xaxk esa izokfgr gks tkrk gSA
xaxk ,yk;Ul bl lkjs izdj.k esa dsUnzh; ljdkj] izns“k dh ljdkj LFkkuh; uxj fuxe ty laLFkku vkfnljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds lkFk vusd /kekZ/;{k] xaxkHkDr vkSj xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa vusd izdkj dh ckrsa dj jgh gSaA buesa vkil esa dksbZ leuo; lg;ksx fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk bl n`f’V ls o’kZ 2012 esa xaxk ,yk;Ul uked ,d la?kh; laxBu cuk;k x;k ,fj;k okVj ikVZujf'ki dk iz;kl gS fd vke turk] tu izfrfuf/k] lHkkln] fo/kk;d] lkaln] O;kikj] m|ksx eaMy] Loa;lsoh laLFkk,a ,ao ,u- th- vks- rFkk dkuiqj fodkl izkf/dj.k ,ao vkokl fodkl] ;qok laxBu] vkbZ- vkbZ- Vh- rFkk vU; vdsMfed laLFkku lHkh ,d eap ij vkdj vkilh ckr&phr ds }kjk bl leL;k dk lek/kku [kksatsaA gekjh lksp ;g Hkh gS fd xaxk iznw’k.k dh leL;kvksa vkSj buds fujkdj.k ij lexzrk ds lkFk fopkj vkSj iz;Ru gksA pj.kc) rjhds ls y{; izkIr fd;s tk;s vkSj mRrjnkf;Ro dk cks/k j[krs j[kkrs gq, lkekU; ukxfjdksa dks tkx#d djds mudh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjhdks lqfuf“pr fd;k tk;sA
fofHkUu jktdh; ,ao ukxfjd laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk • dkuiqj uxj fuxe] dkuiqj dh eq[; Lo”kklu laLFkk gSA uxj fuxe dk ;g Hkh drZO; gS fd uxj fuxe ds [kkrksa esa xaxk dks’k ds uke ls ,d vyx ls [kkrk cuk;k tk,A xaxk ds fofHkUu L=ksrksa ls gksus okyh vk; dks bl dks’k esa j[kk tk,A xaxk dh j{kk ds fy, lHkklnksa dh ,d fo”ks’k desVh dk xBu fd;k tk,s tks xaxk ls lacaf/kr lHkh eqn~nksa ij lrr fopkj djsA
is;ty] xank ty “kks/ku] dwMk ddZV izca/ku o vkS|ksfxd iznw’k.k rFkk xaxk j{kk tSls
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dk xBu djsaA ;s lHkk,a okMZ lHkkln ds fy, ,d lykgdkj ifj’kn dk dk;Z djsA
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• dkuiqj ds ukxfjdksa vkSj ;qokvksa dk drZO; gS fd os okMZ Lrj ij okMZ ukxfjd lHkkvksa
lokyksa ij bu okMZ lHkkvksa ds lfØ; ukxfjd rFkk ;qok fopkj foe”kZ djds okMZ lHkkln dks mfpr funsZ”k nsa] ftudks os uxj fuxe dh cSBd esa mBk ldsaA blh izdkj okMZ Lrj dh ukxfjd lHkkvksa dk tksuy rFkk “kgj Lrj ij ,d QsMjs”ku #i esa xBu gksA bl izdkj ukxfjdksa ds lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ls “kgj ds mfpr izca/ku] cqfu;knh lsokvksa dh miyfC/k vkSj xaxk j{kk dk dk;Z laHko gks ldsxkA blesa ;qok oxZ dh Hkwfedk vge gS D;ksafd xaxk vkSj Ik;kZoj.k ds ladV ds fodky #i dks Hkfo’; esa mudks gh ns[kuk gSA iqjkuh yhd ls gVdj u, gyksa dks muds] gh lkeus ykuk gSA • tycksMZ ty izca/ku is;ty lIykbZ rFkk xank ikuh ds “kks/ku laca/kh blds laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj mRrj izns”k jkT; ljdkj dh laLFkk&tycksMZ ;w- ih- ds ikl gSaA ;|fi gky ds o’kksZa esa dqN vf/kdkj dkuiqj uxj fuxe ds varxZr ty&laLFkku dks ns fn, x, gSa ysfdu ty laLFkku ds mij vHkh Hkh okLrfod vf/kdkj tycksMZ vkSj jkT; ljdkj dk gSA blh izdkj dwM+k ddZV izca/ku ds vf/kdkj Hkh jkT; ljdkj us vius ikl dsafnzr fd, gq, gSA ,VwtsM uked daiuh dks Bsdk jkT; ljdkj }kjk fn;k tkrk FkkA blfy, dkuiqj ds ukxfjdksa dks vius lHkklnksa ls feydj vius
Lo”kklu ds laoS/kfud
vf/kdkjksa dh okilh dh ekax djuh pkfg,A • tycksMZ tylaLFkku] dkuiqj fodkl izkf/kdj.k bR;kfn dks viuh O;kid ;kstukvksa dks] tks ;s xaxk ds izn’k.k ds jksdFkke ds fy, cuk jgs gSa] turk ds lkeus j[kuk pkfg, vkSj turk dk fo”okl izkIr djuk pkfg,A vxj mudks viuk dke lgh izdkj ls djus esa dqN #dkoV vk jgh gks rks os viuh dfBukbZ;ksa dks turk ds lkeus j[ksaA turk Hkwfedk vnk djsxhA turk dks vkokt mBkdj tuizfrfuf/k ds ekè;e ls iz”kklu ij ncko cukus dk dksf”k”k djuk pkfg,A • O;kikj eaMyksa] m|ksx eaMyksa vkSj VSujh m|ksx ls vuqjks/k gS f dos vius vius IysVQkeZ
dh vko”;drk gSA
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ftEesnkjh dSls iwjh djsaA blds fy, mUgsa jkT; dh laLFkkvksa ls fdl izdkj ds lg;ksx
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ij vkxs vkdj fopkj djsa fd baMfLVª;y iznw’k.k ls xaxk dh j{kk djus dh oS/kkfud
• bykgkckn gkbZdksVZ us Hkkjr ljdkj ls;g loky fd;k gS fd vki unh ls bruk ikuh dSls dkV ldrs gSa fd unh esa ikuh gh u cps vkSj mlesa ek= jsr gh jg tk,A dksVZ us Li’V funsZ”k fn;k gS fd ujksjk cSjkt ij tks ikuh miyC/k gS mldk 50 izfr”kr xaxk unh esa vo”; NksM+k tk,A /;ku fd gfj}kj esa HkhexksM+k cSjkt ds }kjk 10000 D;wlsd ikuh xaxk ls dkV dj vijxaxk dSuky esa Mky fn;k tkrk gSA blds ckn ujksjk cSjkt ij yksoj xaxk dSuky ds fy, ikuh xaxk ls dkV fy;k tkrk gSA blds Q#Z[kkckn vkSj dkuiqj ij Hkh xaxk cSjkt dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA ujksjk ls igys fctukSj esa Hkh cSjkt cukdj feMy xaxk dSuky ds fy, ikuh fudky fy;k tkrk gSA xaxk ds vfojy izokg esa vusd vojks/k [kM+s dj fn, x, gSaA dkuiqj ds ckn bykgkckn esa xaxk esa cgqr de ikuh jg x;k gSA bykgkckn esa ;equk unh tc xaxk unh ls feyrh gS rHkh xaxk unh iquthZfor gksrh gSA blfy, dkuiqj ds ukxfjdksa dk drZO; gS fd xaxk dh j{kk vkSj bldh vfojy izokg ds fy, jk’Vªh; Lrj ij tks vkoktsa mB jgh gSa mlesa viuk lqj feyk,aA lkfFk;ksa& xaxk th ds ty dh ifo=rk gekjh jk’Vªh; vfLerk dk loky gSA lHkh /keksZa etgcksa vkSj tkfr laiznk;ksa ds yksxksa ds eu esa xaxk th ds fy, vikj J)k gSA blfy, mijksDr of.kZr fLFkfr gekjs fy, vlguh; gSA vkSj bldks cnyus ds fy, gesa gj laHko iz;kl djuk pkfg,Agesa ;g Hkh le>uk gksxk fd xaxk ,d /kjksgj gS vkSj Hkkoh ih<+h dks gesa bls ;Fkkor lkSaiuk pkfg,Afo”o esa bl izdkj dh tkx#drk vusd ns”kksa esa vkbZ gS vkSj ogkW tks iz;Ru gq, gSa] os gesa fo”okl fnykrs gSa fd ;fn ge dej dksa vkSj ladYic) gksdj dk;Z izkjEHk djsa] rks igys rks xaxk LoPN gksxh vkSj fueZy gksxhA ;fn gekjs iz;Ruksa esa fujUrjrk cuh jgh] rks “kk;n xaxk igys dh Hkkafr vfojy Hkh gks tk,xhA Xaxk ,yk;al dh vksj ls ge vkidks vkeaf=r djrs gSaA vki xaxk ds izfr viuh vkLFkk]
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lkStU; ls% xaxk ,yk;Ul%,fj;k okVj ikVZujf’ki] tktem dkuiqj
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lksp vkSj fØ;k dks ladYic) djsaA
gfjgjukFk “kkL=h Hkou] [kyklh ykbu] dkuiqj jkefd’kksj oktis;h eks0% 9452531143] jketh frokjh eks0% 9415535568] enuyky HkkfV;keks0% 9336128734] nhid ekyoh; eks0% 9389350388] lyhe [kkueks0% 8005184252 lkslkbZVh Qkj ,Dlu bu dE;wfuVh gsYFk ¼lp½ ubZ fnYyh Mk- vksadkj fery Ekks- 9818110784
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xaxk ,yk;Ul ls tqM+sa
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xaxk ls tqM+sa
New Politics Series 2015 Other publications in this series: (i)
Aahar Paen Evam Goam Hi Kyon? by Ravindra Pathak (Hindi)
(ii)
Bharat Ka Jal Dharam by Arun Kumar Panibaba (Hindi)
(iii)
Panchvin Anuchuti Par Saaf Baat by B.K. Manish (Hindi)
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¼lkmFk ,f'k;u MkW;ykWxl~ vkWu bdksyksftdy MseksØslh½
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nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ gfjr Lojkt laokn