Applying the Learning from The Gulf of Mexico Response to Enhance Emergency and Oil Spill Preparedness

By Dr. Steven A Flynn, IPIECA

Abstract

The Macondo blowout in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, and the earlier Montara incident in Australia, led the entire oil and gas industry to review both drilling safety and oil spill preparedness. As a result, the International Oil and Gas Producers Association (IOGP) established a multi-year programme to embed the learning from these and similar incidents, and to enhance future prevention and preparedness. This presentation provides an overview of the latest practical tools that can be used by operators to improve their emergency and spill response plans.

Introduction

The Macondo blow-out in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, and the earlier Montara incident in Australia, led the entire oil and gas industry to review both drilling safety and oil spill preparedness. As a result, the International Oil and Gas Producers Association (IOGP) established a multi-year programme to embed the learning from these and similar incidents, and to enhance future prevention and preparedness. This presentation provides an overview of the latest practical tools that can be used by operators to improve their emergency and spill response plans.

New Techniques from the Macondo Response

The Macondo response in particular resulted in a number of innovations as a result of the scale and complexity, and technically challenging conditions. More than 150 companies and multiple government agencies were involved in tackling the sub-sea blowout and spill, all under the overall direction of the US Coast Guard in the Unified Command: Ó Unique sub-sea operations, including capping and containment, were conducted about 50 miles from shore, in around 5000 feet of water, at sea bottom temperatures of about 3 degrees Centigrade Ó Over 48,000 responders were mobilized across five US States along the

Gulf of Mexico coast Ó Over 6,500 vessels and up to 120 aircraft were deployed during the response Ó Over 13.5 million feet of boom were deployed Ó Around 50 surface vessels and up to 16 Remotely Operated Vehicles were operated within a tight radius of a mile over the well site – managed by large-scale simultaneous operations. The well flowed for 87 days before being capped and this was the largest spill response in history. Many innovative techniques were developed and applied for the first time at this scale. These included: Ó Sub-sea dispersant injection to disperse oil at the well head Ó Controlled burning of oil slicks on the sea surface for extended periods Ó Satellites, infra-red and ocean vehicles for spill tracking and sea monitoring Ó ‘Common Operating Picture’ information systems used to manage huge amounts of disparate data in support of the response Companies, industry associations and governments worked quickly to capture and apply the learning from these events. At the Global level IOGP assembled the Global Industry Response Group and progressed programmes on well incident prevention, subsea well intervention (including capping and containment), and oil spill preparedness and response.

Sub-Sea Well Response Project

The sub-sea well response project was progressed in partnership with Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) and the resulting system comprises: Ó Four well capping systems – located in Brazil, Norway, South Africa and Singapore, that can be shipped to an incident location Ó Well containment toolkits – which can be used with standard industry equipment to bring flowing hydrocarbons from the well-head to the surface for storage in the event the well cannot be shut in Ó Two supplementary hardware sets – comprising: Ó Site survey equipment (including sub-sea sonar) Ó Debris clearing equipment to enable access to a blow-out preventer (BOP) Ó Subsea dispersant application equipment Ó High pressure high volume accumulators for closing a BOP More information on the Subsea Well Response Project is available at: http:// subseawellresponse.com.

Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Project

The oil spill response recommendations were progressed in a joint industry programme (OSR-JIP) managed by IPIECA – the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues. 19 companies have invested millions of dollars of effort in the 5-year programme to produce a completely revised and updated suite of guidelines incorporating the experience from the Gulf of Mexico response

and subsequent studies. The full set of and subsequent studies. The full set of products can be downloaded free of products can be downloaded free of charge from the JIP web-site at: charge from the JIP web-site at: http://oilspillresponseproject.org/com http://oilspillresponseproject.org/com- pleted-products.pleted-products. Ó Ó This includes 24 ‘Good Practice This includes 24 ‘Good Practice

Guides’, plus detailed technical re Guides’, plus detailed technical re- ports, and some key documents are ports, and some key documents are listed in the Bibliography.listed in the Bibliography. Ó Ó The sections that follow introduce The sections that follow introduce some of the new guidance and in-some of the new guidance and innovative techniques that oil and gas novative techniques that oil and gas operators should consider.operators should consider.

Oil Spill Preparedness Oil Spill Preparedness FrameworkFramework

a. a.Risk Based Plan Scenarios – the Risk Based Plan Scenarios – the starting point for developing plans starting point for developing plans should be identification of the po should be identification of the po- tential major incidents for a par-tential major incidents for a particular operation and region, includ ticular operation and region, includ- ing the worst credible oil flow rate. ing the worst credible oil flow rate.

These events are then used to de-These events are then used to develop a range of planning scenarios velop a range of planning scenarios (see new report: "Risk Assessment (see new report: "Risk Assessment and Response Planning for Offshore and Response Planning for Offshore

Facilities")Facilities")

b. b.Response Strategies Using NEBA Response Strategies Using NEBA

– for each plan scenario, the new – for each plan scenario, the new

Good Practice Guide on "Response Good Practice Guide on "Response

Strategy Development Using Net Strategy Development Using Net

Environmental Benefit Analysis Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA)" helps to identify the opti(NEBA)" helps to identify the opti- mum approach to minimize impacts mum approach to minimize impacts on people and the environment by on people and the environment by considering:considering: Ó Ó Spill circumstancesSpill circumstances Ó Ó Practicalities of clean-up techniques Practicalities of clean-up techniques Ó Ó Relative impacts of clean-up and re Relative impacts of clean-up and re- sponse optionssponse options Additional supporting guidance is Additional supporting guidance is available on mapping sensitive loca-available on mapping sensitive locations and spill trajectory models. tions and spill trajectory models. c. c.Oil Spill Response Resources – the Oil Spill Response Resources – the plans for equipment and manpower plans for equipment and manpower need to be matched with the response need to be matched with the response strategies (updated and revised strategies (updated and revised " "Contingency Planning" Good PracContingency Planning" Good Prac- tice Guide available). It is also im-tice Guide available). It is also important to decide in advance which portant to decide in advance which resources need to be available lo-resources need to be available locally, and which can be sourced from cally, and which can be sourced from

the region or around the world by ap the region or around the world by ap- plying the principles of "Tiered Pre-plying the principles of "Tiered Preparedness and Response". Modern paredness and Response". Modern technology, advanced logistics ca-technology, advanced logistics capabilities and new communications pabilities and new communications tools allow specialized resources to tools allow specialized resources to be delivered to a response location, be delivered to a response location, avoiding unnecessary duplication. avoiding unnecessary duplication.

d. d.Incident Management System Incident Management System

(IMS) – this sets out the common (IMS) – this sets out the common organization and procedures used organization and procedures used to establish command and control to establish command and control of the response. IOGP and IPIECA of the response. IOGP and IPIECA have recently published a recom-have recently published a recommended: "Incident Management mended: "Incident Management

System for the Oil and Gas Indus System for the Oil and Gas Indus- try," that is based on the Incident try," that is based on the Incident

Command System (ICS) – a version Command System (ICS) – a version of IMS widely used by industry, re-of IMS widely used by industry, response contractors and emergency sponse contractors and emergency services organizations. This includes services organizations. This includes common organizational elements common organizational elements (e.g. sections, branches, divisions, (e.g. sections, branches, divisions, etc.), management structure, termi-etc.), management structure, terminology and operating procedures. By nology and operating procedures. By adopting and training responders in adopting and training responders in a common system, the effort can be a common system, the effort can be scaled-up and different teams inte-scaled-up and different teams integrated into a single unified structure. grated into a single unified structure. e. e.Stakeholder Engagement – compa-Stakeholder Engagement – companies, governments and communities nies, governments and communities need to work together before, during need to work together before, during and following an incident. Stake-and following an incident. Stakeholders should be involved from the holders should be involved from the very start of planning and preparation very start of planning and preparation so that there is a shared understand-so that there is a shared understanding of priorities and quicker decisioning of priorities and quicker decisionmaking. This can include pre-approv-making. This can include pre-approval of certain response techniques and al of certain response techniques and strategies to accelerate their deploy-strategies to accelerate their deployment in an emergency.ment in an emergency.

New Guidance on Oil Spill Re New Guidance on Oil Spill Re- sponse Tools and Techniques sponse Tools and Techniques

IOGP and IPIECA have published up-IOGP and IPIECA have published updated practical guidance on response dated practical guidance on response techniques incorporating the latest techniques incorporating the latest information from a range of technical information from a range of technical projects. The information available is projects. The information available is comprehensive and this presentation comprehensive and this presentation only highlights a few selected areas to only highlights a few selected areas to illustrate the sort of products available. illustrate the sort of products available. a. a.Dispersants – For offshore spills disDispersants – For offshore spills dis- persants can be rapidly deployed and persants can be rapidly deployed and are one of the most effective tools in are one of the most effective tools in a majority of scenarios. Dispersants a majority of scenarios. Dispersants work just like soap and shampoos; in work just like soap and shampoos; in fact they contain many of the same fact they contain many of the same ingredients. They break the oil into ingredients. They break the oil into very tiny droplets, which are rapidly very tiny droplets, which are rapidly diluted and biodegraded by natural-diluted and biodegraded by naturally occurring microorganisms in the ly occurring microorganisms in the marine environment. This can avoid marine environment. This can avoid floating oil from impacting sensitive floating oil from impacting sensitive near-shore areas and accelerates the near-shore areas and accelerates the natural biodegradation process. New natural biodegradation process. New resources include:resources include:

Ó Ó Updated Good Practice Guide: Updated Good Practice Guide: " "Surface Application of Disper-Surface Application of Dispersants" describes the mechanisms, sants" describes the mechanisms, risks and benefits, and when and risks and benefits, and when and how to apply dispersants.how to apply dispersants.

Ó Ó New Good Practice Guide: "Sub New Good Practice Guide: "Sub- sea Application of Dispersants" sea Application of Dispersants" captures the recent evolution of captures the recent evolution of this technique and its potential this technique and its potential application to deeper water well application to deeper water well releases.releases.

Ó Ó Dispersant testing techniques for Dispersant testing techniques for both surface and sub-sea appli-both surface and sub-sea application have been extensively re-cation have been extensively reviewed (see: "Guidelines on Oil viewed (see: "Guidelines on Oil

Characterization to Inform Spill Characterization to Inform Spill

Response DecisionsResponse Decisions"). ").

Ó Ó Comprehensive reviews of dis-Comprehensive reviews of dispersant supply logistics have been persant supply logistics have been conducted and industry has recently conducted and industry has recently established shared stockpiles in established shared stockpiles in strategic locations (see: "Dispersant strategic locations (see: "Dispersant

Logistics and Supply Planning").Logistics and Supply Planning").

Ó Ó The considerations and advantag The considerations and advantag- es of regulatory pre-approval and es of regulatory pre-approval and authorisation are set out in: "Dis-authorisation are set out in: "Dispersant Licensing and Approvals persant Licensing and Approvals". ". b. b.In-Situ Burning of Oil – prior to the In-Situ Burning of Oil – prior to the

Macondo response controlled in-situ Macondo response controlled in-situ burning of oil on the sea surface had burning of oil on the sea surface had only been done in test burns of up only been done in test burns of up to 40 minutes. Controlled burns of to 40 minutes. Controlled burns of up to 10 hours were routinely used up to 10 hours were routinely used in the GoM, clearly demonstrating in the GoM, clearly demonstrating the importance of the technique for the importance of the technique for combatting offshore spills. Field and combatting offshore spills. Field and subsequent laboratory testing data subsequent laboratory testing data

has now been incorporated into a

Good Practice Guide: "In-Situ Burning". This explains how and when to apply, equipment design and selection for fire resistant boom and ignition systems, and operational and monitoring considerations.

c.Spill Surveillance, Monitoring

and Visualisation – the latest information has been compiled in a series of technical reports covering:

Ó In water surveillance – including ocean vehicles for sub-sea and surface detection and tracking of spills, and the range of sensors for monitoring hydrocarbons in water

Ó Remote Surveillance – practical recommendations on the use of satellite and airborne remote sensing

Ó Predictive Modeling and Metocean

Databases – a review has been completed and recommendations made for their use in oil spill response

Ó Common Operating Picture – geospatial information systems (GIS) were used in the Gulf of Mexico to combine response data such as: Ó Topography, infrastructure and administrative boundaries Ó Environmental sensitivities Ó Vessel and response resource locations Ó Weather Ó Spill locations and trajectory predictions The JIP Report "Common Operating Picture" recommends a suitable architecture that allows layers of information to be superimposed with actual observations from the field using mobile technology and made available to a variety of users

Summary and Conclusions

The industry has invested millions of dollars to revise and update oil spill guidance, and incorporate the learning from Macondo, Montara and similar incidents. This has produced 24 Good Practice Guides, 15 technical guides, 3 research papers and 2 Recommended Practices. Only a small sub-set of the newly available resources has been shared in this presentation. The key developments and considerations include: a.Major accident risk analysis should be the starting point for developing response plan scenarios b.Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) should be used during planning to help identify the optimum response strategies for the different spill circumstances c.Response plans should identify in advance which resources are sourced locally, regionally or globally using the latest guidance on Tiered Response and Preparedness. d.The industry recommended Incident

Management System (IMS) guidance should be considered when reviewing response organisation structures and procedures to enhance potential collaboration and ability to scale-up a response e.The latest guidance on oil spill response equipment and techniques should be incorporated into response plans, training and exercises f. Government and community stakeholders should be involved throughout the planning, response and followup lifecycle to enhance transparency, speed and effectiveness of response.

Preparedness and Response Framework.

Ó Oil Spill Preparedness and Response: An Introduction. IOGP-IP-

IECA Good Practice Guide Ó Risk Assessment and Response Planning for Offshore Facilities. IOGP-

IPIECA OSR-JIP Report Ó Response strategy development using net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA). IOGP-IPIECA Good

Practice Guide Ó Sensitivity Mapping for Oil Spill Response. IOGP-IPIECA Good Practice Guide Ó Contingency Planning. IOGP-IP-

IECA Good Practice Guide Ó Tiered Preparedness and Response.

IOGP-IPIECA Good Practice Guide Ó Incident Management System for the Oil and Gas Indistry. IOGP-IPIECA

Good Practice Guide Response. Ó Subsea Well Response Project: http://subseawellresponse.com Ó Guidelines on oil characterization to inform spill response decisions.

IOGP-IPIECA OSR-JIP Report Ó Surface Application of Dispersants.

IOGP-IPIECA Good Practice Guide Ó At-sea monitoring of surface dispersant effectiveness. IOGP-IPIECA

OSR-JIP Report Ó Subsea Application of Dispersants.

IOGP-IPIECA Good Practice Guide Ó Dispersant logistics and supply planning. IOGP-IPIECA OSR-JIP Report Ó Dispersant licensing and approvals.

IOGP-IPIECA OSR-JIP Report Ó In-Situ Burning. IOGP-IPIECA

Good Practice Guide

Surveillance Modelling and Visualisation.

Ó Ariel Observation of oil pollution.

IOGP-IPIECA Good Practice Guide Ó Satellite Remote Sensing. IOGP-IP-

IECA Good Practice Guide Ó Capabilities and Uses of Sensor-

Equipped Ocean Vehicles for Subsea and Surface Detection & Tracking of Oil Spills. IOGP-IPIECA OSR-

JIP Report Ó An Assessment of Surface Surveillance Capabilities for Oil Spill Response using Satellite Remote Sensing. IOGP-IPIECA OSR-JIP Report Ó Surface Surveillance Capabilities for

Oil Spill Response using Remote Sensing. IOGP-IPIECA OSR-JIP Report Ó Review of models and metocean databases. I IOGP-IPIECA OSR-JIP Report Ó Validation of models and recommendations for their use in oil spill response. IOGP-IPIECA OSRJIP

Report Ó Common Operating Picture. IOGP-

IPIECA OSR-JIP Report

Bibliography

Ó Selected resources are available from the IOGP-IPIECA JIP website: http://oilspillresponseproject.org/ completedproducts

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CalibrationofPressureWorkingDevices;InspectionofSafety-RelievingDevices; ProvisionofLiquidandGasPressureTestServices

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