Contents
3.6.7 Adjunction 61
4.24 Weak Analogy 77
3.6.8 Dilemmas 61
4.25 Exercises for Chapter Four 78
3.7 Induction 63 3.7.1 Inductive Generalization 64
Chapter Five: Reasonable Doubt
81
3.7.2 Statistical Syllogism 65 3.7.3 Induction by Shared Properties 66
5.1 What is reasonable doubt? 81
3.7.4 Induction by Shared Relations 67
5.2 Contradictory Claims 83
3.8 Scientific Method 67
5.3 Common Sense 84
3.9 Exercises for Chapter Three 68
5.4 Emotions, Instincts, and Intuitions 84 5.5 Looking at the evidence 86
Chapter Four: Fallacies
73
5.6 Conspiracy theories 87 5.7 Propaganda and Disinformation 88
4.1 Appeal to Authority 73
5.8 Doubting experts and professionals 81
4.2 Appeal to Force 73
5.9 Doubting your own eyes and ears 92
4.3 Appeal to Pity 74
5.10 Scams, Frauds, and Confidence Tricks 93
4.4 Appeal to Tradition 74
5.11 Doubting the Mass Media 96
4.5 Appeal to Novelty 74
5.12 Doubting the News 97
4.6 Appeal to Ignorance 74
5.13 Doubting Advertisments and Marketing 99
4.7 Appeal to Popularity 74
5.14 Exercises for Chapter Five 100
4.8 Accident Fallacy 74 4.9 Amphiboly 75
Chapter Six: Moral Reasoning
4.10 Fallacy of Composition 75 4.11 Fallacy of Division 75
6.1 Features of Moral Arguments 103
4.12 Red Herring 75
6.2 Moral Theories 104
4.13 Straw Man Fallacy 75
6.2.1 Utilitarianism 105
4.14 Abusing the Man 75
6.2.2 Deontology 107
4.15 False Cause 76
6.2.3 Virtue Theory / Areteology 108
4.16 Non Sequitur Fallacy 76
6.2.4 (Distributive) Justtice 110
4.17 Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle 76
6.3 Summary Remarks: Why can’t
4.18 Naturalistic Fallacy 76
we all just get along? 111
4.19 Loaded Question Fallacy 76
6.4 Exercises for Moral Reasoning 112
4.20 Equivocation 76 4.21 Begging the Question 77 4.22 False Dilemma 77 4.23 Hasty Generalization 77
103