Fé e Design:A Camiseta Como Suporte para Mensagens Cristãs

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FLHQW QRZ DQ HI¿ LV W LU K V 7KH QG SHUVRQDO D J Q WL D LF Q X P RP PHDQV RI F RW DO ,W ZDV Q V H J D V V H P RQ LGHRORJLFDO I WKH HYROXWL R OW X V H U H K V W ZD\V VR ,W L V DQG QFLHQW SHRSOH D \ E UQ R Z OH RI WKH UREH ZDV D VLPS U\ WX Q H F WK WLH E\ PLG WZHQ FW WKH UYHG WR SURWH H V W D WK V V D WLRQ SLHFH RI E QG SHUVSLUD D W D H Z V H WK FORWKHV RII URWHVW E\ EHOOLRQ DQG S H U WR Q L G H PH 7UDQVIRUP ¶V LW EHFD G Q D ¶V H WK WKH \RXWK RI VVDJH 7KH H P I R H S W\ DQ\ DWHG VXSSRUW IRU DV DSSURSUL K \ LW Q X P P R &KULVWLDQ & LW WR FRQYH\ H V X R W G H UW G VWD GH WKH W VKLUW DQ GYDQWDJH RI D J LQ N D 7 V H WKHLU PHVVDJ VW RI YLVXDO H E H WK G Q D XHV UW W VLJQ WHFKQLT VXSHU VPD H F X G UR S Q R FRPPXQLFDWL DGDELOLW\ DQG H U H K W J LQ LQ DQ MR DLWK VKLUWV &KULVWL H &KULVWLDQ I K W K LW Z Q LJ V \ EHDXW\ RI GH LWK HI¿FLHQF Z V H J D V V H P EURDGFDVWLQJ OLW\ DQG SUDFWLFD VLJQ KLUW IDLWK GH V W V UG R Z .H\ H XQLFDWLRQ LG P P R F O D X LV W Y GHYHORSPHQ LW\ PHVVDJH Q D WL V UL K & \ RORJ



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unidade 1 visual pictograma

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