Glossary

• APL – Other use area (Areal Penggunaan Lain). A zoning for areas which may or may not be forested but are not managed as part of the forest estate and are therefore available for plantation and other development. • BBSDLP – Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development (Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya

Lahan Pertanian). An organisation under the Agriculture Ministry which is responsible for mapping peatlands, amongst other tasks. • Beneficial owner – The ultimate or true owner and controller of a company; a person who enjoys the benefits of owning a company, even though they are not listed as a shareholder. Under Indonesian law, this includes someone who directly or indirectly can control a company, including appointing and sacking directors, commissioners and managers. • Boundary survey – The administrative process to conduct a physical survey of forest estate land (tata batas). This is a required step before forest estate can be released for a plantation. • Bupati – Head of regency government (kabupaten), which sits at an administrative level directly below provincial government. • Forest estate – Areas which have been decreed by the government to be maintained as permanent forest, although some areas may be released from the forest estate to be converted into plantations or other uses. A constitutional court ruling has made clear that forest estate is not necessarily state forest, since it may also include forest subject to rights, including

Indigenous forest. Forest estate is not identical to forested land, since it can include types of vegetation cover not usually described as forest; and because there are extensive forested areas outside the forest estate. • Forest Moratorium – A policy first issued in 2011 through a Presidential

Instruction, which is meant to ensure that no new permits are issued on primary forest and peatland. • FPIC – Free, prior and informed consent. • HGU – Land cultivation right (Hak Guna Usaha), leasehold land title for plantations. • HPK – Convertible Production Forest (Hutan Produksi Konversi). A classification of forest estate land where land can be released for conversion to plantations or other uses, if conditions are met. • Government Regulation – A regulation issued by the executive arm of government. These are often used for example to provide greater detail on the provisions contained in laws approved by the House of Representatives – in this case they are often referred to as implementing regulations. Ministerial regulations, produced by individual ministries, are also commonly used for this function.

• IPK – Timber utilisation permit (Izin Pemanfaatan Kayu). This is a permit issued to a plantation company to allow it to market any timber produced as a result of land clearing. • IUPHHK – Timber industry business permit (Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil

Hutan Kayu). This is the permit given to companies which either selectively log areas of forest estate or establish industrial tree plantations eg. for pulpwood. In contrast to other plantation crops such as oil palm, pulpwood plantations remain within the forest estate. • KPK – Corruption Eradication Commission (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi). • Legal owner – The registered owner of a company through shareholding. This term is used in recognition that the legal owner may not be the same as the beneficial owner (see above). • Location permit – A permit allocating an area of land to a company, allowing it to start the bureaucratic process to obtain a business licence and cultivation rights. • Ministry of Forestry – In existence until 2014, when it was combined with the

Ministry of Environment to produce the MoEF. • MoEF – Ministry of Environment and Forestry. • Musyawarah – Participatory decision-making process used in many cultural contexts in Indonesia and referred to in some legislation. • Oil Palm Moratorium – A government policy, established in 2018 through a

Presidential Instruction, to halt new permits for oil palm plantations for a period of three years, during which time a review of existing permits was to be carried out nationally. • Omnibus Law – Popular term for the controversial 2020 Law on Job Creation, which modified dozens of existing laws. • Online Single Submission – A system which came into force in 2018 to streamline the procedure for obtaining permits and licences across all sectors of business. Several pieces of legislation were modified to accommodate this new approach. • Papua Barat Province – The westernmost of the two provinces in the

Indonesian half of New Guinea island, created in 1999. The Indonesian name is used in this report to avoid confusion with the entire territory of West

Papua (‘Barat’ means ‘West’ in Indonesian). • Papua Province – The easternmost of the two provinces in the Indonesian half of New Guinea island. • Presidential Instruction – A decree from the president, setting out directions to ministries, government agencies and/or local government. There are no legal penalties for non-compliance. • PT – Limited liability company in Indonesia (Perseroan Terbatas). • REDD+ – Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries – a mechanism negotiated through the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. • West Papua – Encompasses both of the provinces that comprise the

Indonesian half of New Guinea island. It is the most frequently used term in English for this territory, predating the creation of Papua Barat Province (literal translation – West Papua Province).