SADAF POURZAND
BOOK ONE THE RESEARCH: DETROIT
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| DS3 | P30030 | P30033 | P30034 | 2014 - 2015 |
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CREDITS
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This thesis was conducted through curiosity, thorough research and a series of critical analysis at Oxford Brookes University. Under the advisement of: Ninnie Yeo, Design Studio 3 tutor Alana Madden, Design Studio 3 tutor A special thanks to my family and friends, especially my mother and Ravi Rana, for their patience and support, and for always challenging and inspiring me to do better.
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THESIS QUESTION
RESEARCH
CRIME
DETROIT CITY
REHABILITATION
DETROIT RESEARCH BOOK ONE HISTORY & THEORIES
CASE STUDIES
DESIGN RESEARCH BOOK TWO
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EXPERIMENTS
DESIGN
FINAL DESIGN PROPOSAL BOOK THREE | BOOK FOUR
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Q
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To what extent can education infiltrate the current rehabilitation process for non-violent offenders through the creation of a new prison system? The United States houses 5% of world’s population and 25% of world’s prison population. Today, Detroit is one of the most dangerous cities in the United States. 50% of the population are unemployed and 47% functionally illiterate; there is a clear correlation between education and Crime in Detroit. Extensive research has shown investment within the education system in prisons can prevent recidivism by 62%. Academy Retroit is a new concept for prison education, working with both non-violent offenders and non-offenders to provide positive impacts both socially and financially. This program aims to be a transitional stage which enables offenders to integrate with society in a safe environment and gain vital life and career skills before re-entering the community. Academy Retroit is in partnership with several businesses in the city that will provide scholars with placements upon graduation. Through education and extra curricular activities the school aims to reduce the recidivism rate by 90%.
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DETROIT
HISTORY USA CRIME
HIGH CRIME
DETROIT CRIME
ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS CITIES IN THE U.S.
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THESIS QUESTION
POVERTY
RECIDIVISM REDUCED WHEN EDUCATED LACK OF EDUCATION REHABILITATION
ACADEMY RETROIT
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https://vimeo.com/116265474
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http://sadafpourzand.wix.com/ academyretroit
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http://2015ds3.tumblr.com/sadaf
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1 2 The Overview: Detroit
The Disease: Crime
3 4 The Vaccine: Education
The Bibliography
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1 The Overview: Detroit
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DETROIT’S JOURNEY TO DECAY
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Detroit, MI
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United States Square Miles: 3,531,905 Population: 308,745,538 Density: 87 people / SQ. MI. Per Capital Income: $27,334
Great Lakes Square Miles: 414,398 Population: 83,805,970 Density: 202 people / SQ. MI. Per Capital Income: $27,618
Michigan Square Miles: 56,539 Population: 9,883,640 Density: 175 people / SQ. MI. Per Capital Income: $25,135
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South East Michigan Square Miles: 5,781 Population: 5,218,825 Density: 903 people / SQ. MI. Per Capital Income: $27,169
Wayne County Square Miles: 612 Population: 1,820,584 Density: 2,974 people / SQ. MI. Per Capital Income: $22,125
Detroit Square Miles: 139 Population: 699,018 Density: 5,144 people / SQ. MI. Per Capital Income: $15,062
(Ali et al, 2012)
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1701 Population: 100 People
1749 Population: 900 People
1778 Population: 2,144 People
1700’s
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1701:
Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac establishes a settlement at Detroit
1704:
Cadillac reported 2,000 Native Americans lived in villages surrounding Detroit.
1710:
The French Government removes Cadillac from his position of commander of Detroit.
1730:
Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac dies in France.
1749:
The Governor of New France offers animals and farm equipment to Frenchmen who settle in the area. Only 46 accept his offer.
1754:
The French and Indian War begins, which is part of the Seven Years War between England and France.
1760:
British Major Robert Rogers and his troops take command of Detroit.
1793:
Jacob Young purchases land from a French settler and becomes the first black person to own land in Detroit.
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Detroit, founded in 1701 by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, is the oldest city west of the eastern seaboard colonies. The largest city in Michigan, it was home to French settlers, who named it for the “strait�, meaning the -27mile long Detroit River (Granzo, 2015). Detroit’s strategic location and connection to cities near the Great lakes caused it to not only be fought over by the several countries but also allowed it to be a strong exporting centre. One of the largest manufacturing cities in the US, Detroit is not only the epicentre for the auto industry, but also has strong connections in the health care and real-estate trades (Detroit, mich, 2011). Detroit was home to 300 families and 80 houses after the Pontiac war in 1764. During this time the city had founded its first mill, which allowed for lumber homes to be built. The landscape of the time was said to be beautiful and full of orchards, game, fish and fur-bearing animals (Base & Fellow, 1970).
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1800 Population: 1,650 People
1820 Population: 1,442 People
1850 Population: 21,019 People
1890 Population: 205,876 People
1800’s
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1806:
Detroit became a city, the first post office opens in Detroit.
1817:
The city’s first regularly published newspaper, the Detroit Gazette, is published in both French and English.
1825:
The city’s first regularly published newspaper, the Detroit Gazette, is published in both French and English.
1836:
Detroit installs its first street signs
1850:
Shipping becomes Detroit›s biggest industry.
1860:
The only high school in Detroit begins to accept female students.
1870:
University of Michigan begins to accept women.
1879:
Detroit becomes the first city to assign individual telephone numbers.
1884:
Belle Isle Park opens to the public. It is the largest island park in the nation.
1898:
Henry Ford organizes the Detroit Automobile Co. with backing from local investors. It fails three years later after only producing 2 cars.
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In the early twentieth-century Detroit was, in the words of historian Oliver Zunz, a “total industrial landscapeâ€? (Surge, 2014, P22). By 1880, Detroit was an immigrant city with over 116,000 people. More than 40 different nationalities were represented‌Latinos were a growing population, with many coming north to work in the railroad industry (David, 2003).Factories, shops, and neighbourhoods blurred together indistinguishably, enmeshed in a relentless grid of streets and a complex web of train lines (Sugrue, 2005, P18). Of the 125 auto companies that sprang up in Detroit in the early twentieth century, Ford quickly rose to the top. A restless innovator, Ford devised the modern assembly line. In 1908, the fledgling company introduced the Model T, a car whose standardized production would revolutionize the industry. Six years later, with hopes of building a stable, loyal workforce, Ford announced the five-dollar day, leading to a dramatic increase in pay for industrial workers (Surgue, 2013).
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The automobile industry, beginning between 1890 and 1900 signified a major change in the manufacturing business in Detroit (Base & Fellow, 1970). Olds Motor Works became the city’s first major carmaker when it relocated from Lansing in 1900 (Palmer, 2012). Located in the heart of the Great Lakes region, Detroit had all of the ingredients for industrial growth: it was close to the nation’s major centres of coal, iron, and copper mining; it was easily accessible by water and by land; and it was near the nation’s leading, well-established production centres (Surgue, 2013). The availability of materials paved the way for Henry Ford and other automakers to build vehicles with off-the-shelf parts. Next to foundry and machine goods, Detroit was producing $49.5 million dollars by 1910 and 40% of all American cars (Base & Fellow, 1970).
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1900 Population: 285,704 People
1920 Population: 993,078 People
1950 Population: 1,849,568 People
1960 Population: 1,670,144 People
1970 Population: 1,511,482 People
1980 Population: 1,203,339 People
1990 Population: 1,027,974 People
1900’s
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1901:
Henry Ford establishes his second automobile company, The Henry Ford Co.
1910:
Detroit was producing $49.5 million dollars and 40% of all American cars.
1914:
Henry Ford started an industrial revolution by more than doubling wages to $5 a day—this helped build the U.S. middle class and the modern economy.
1920:
The auto industry allowed Detroit to become United States fourth largest city.
1943:
Detroit was known as Arsenal of Democracy as all the commercial automobile assembly lines were converted into factories to produce tanks, jeeps & bombers for WWII.
1950:
Albert E. Cobo became mayor of Detroit. His housing policies had a negative effect on African-American housing opportunities.
1958:
The 3,500,000-square-foot Packard Motor Car Co. factory in Detroit closed down.
1967:
The Twelfth Street riot - inner-city black residents against police - 43 people killed, 467 injured, more than 7,200 arrested, some 2,000 buildings destroyed.
1973:
Detroit’s homicide rate raised by 300% - Dozens of violent black street gangs gained control of the city’s large drug trade.
1974:
Detroit elected Coleman Young as its first black mayor. He served until 1993.
1980:
Whites had fled at such a large rate that the city had gone from 55% white to only 34% white in a decade.
1984:
The crimes became increasingly destructive. Over 800 fires were set in the peak year 1984.
1999:
Free enterprise has always played a dominant role in Detroit›s economy, two new casinos, MGM Grand and Motor City opened.
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In the early twentieth-century Detroit was, in the words of historian Oliver Zunz, a “total industrial landscape�. Factories, shops, and neighbourhoods blurred together indistinguishably, enmeshed in a relentless grid of streets and a complex web of train lines (Sugrue, 2005, P18). The Ford Motor Company introduced the 40 hour work week in 1922 making Detroit a very appealing city to new Americans and migrating Americans alike. The Great Depression had a devastating effect on Detroit. However, with the election of Franklin Roosevelt and his initiation of the New Deal, Detroit was able to bounce back (Poremba, 2003) . Of the 125 auto companies that sprang up in Detroit in the early twentieth century, Ford quickly rose to the top. A restless innovator, Ford devised the modern assembly line. In 1908, the fledgling company introduced the Model T, a car whose standardized production would revolutionize the industry (Surgue, 2013).
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Between 1910 and 1950, few cities grew faster, were wealthier, were more attractive to those seeking success than what became known as the Motor City (Maynard, 2011). Motor City had a thriving auto industry, more than 1,800,000 citizens and in less than 10 years would be the home of Motown. It was America’s fifth-largest city and appeared to herald a new social order (Johnson, 2013). The auto magnate recruited skilled artisans from the shipyards of Scotland and England and blue-collar workers from the rural Midwest, as well as workers from Mexico and Lebanon, and African Americans from the city’s rapidly growing population of southern migrants. By 1940, Ford was one of the largest private employers of African Americans in the United States (Surgue, 2013). The city’s African American population grew by 36% in Detroit due to the blue collar jobs available in the car industries (Linebaugh, 2011).
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19 BOOMTOWN
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On top of that, commerce boomed. Detroit was one of the great hubs of manufacturing in the country, leading or being one of the leaders in stoves, cigars, train cars and a myriad of other items (Rossiter, 2013). The auto industry began to decentralize its production, building new plants in suburban “greenfields” and in the small towns of the upper Midwest and, increasingly, the Sunbelt. Many smaller auto-related manufacturers also left the city in search of low-wage workforces and open land for new factories. At the same time, the auto industry experimented with new laborsaving technology— called “automation”—that replaced many assembly-line jobs with new machinery. The results were devastating. Many of the large, early twentieth-century factory buildings in the city emptied out. The massive Dodge Main plant, which employed more than 30,000 workers at its peak, winnowed its workforce to a few thousand before closing in 1980. Ford’s River Rouge plant hemorrhaged jobs beginning in the 1950s (Surgue, 2013).
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Like other northeastern and midwestern cities, Detroit’s de-industrialization came at a moment when the city’s white population was suburbanizing. Between World War II and the 1960s, the city’s African American population rose exponentially, as hundreds of thousands of blacks were lured to the city by the promise of high-paying industrial jobs (Surgue, 2013). The Detroit Race Riot in Detroit, Michigan in the summer of 1967 was one of the most violent urban revolts in the 20th century. It came as an immediate response to police brutality but underlying conditions including segregated housing and schools and rising black unemployment helped drive the anger of the rioters (Grimshaw, 1969). In 1967 alone, 83 people were killed and 1,800 were injured–the majority of them African Americans–and property valued at more than $100 million was damaged, looted, or destroyed (history.com, 2010).
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Detroit’s image had been completely transformed from the mighty engine of American capitalism to the embodiment of America’s urban woes.
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Detroit city that had been the prototype Model City, the national yardstick for social progress. Detroit was the only city in the country that had two black U.S. Congressmen. Detroit had the largest chapter of the NAACP in the country at a staggering 18,000 members (Stahl, 2012). By the 1970s, Detroit’s image had been completely transformed from the mighty engine of American capitalism to the embodiment of America’s urban woes (Surge, 2013). Sugrue also stresses that Detroit was a one-industry city. And as much as the entire Midwest has been hit hard by America’s industrial decline, Detroit rose further and fell harder. Grosse Point was once one of the wealthiest communities in the US. Well paid auto company jobs lifted all boats in the surrounding area. Yet by the 1970s, the auto industry was becoming the symbol of sclerotic American management (Smith, 2013).
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2000 Population: 951,270 People 2007 Population: 917,234 People
2010 Population: 713,777 People
2014 Population: 699,018 People
2000’s
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2000:
The Detroit Lions football team begin play in the new, state-of-the-art Ford Field, returning to downtown Detroit after 27 years in suburban Pontiac.
2007:
About 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related. The rate of unsolved murders in the city is at roughly 70%.
2008:
President Bush gives a provisional $17.4 billion bailout to GM and Chrysler.
2009:
Chrysler and GM declare bankruptcy, and the Obama administration provides financing and guides the automakers through expedited bankruptcy proceedings.
2013:
Michigan Treasurer Andy Dillon says that the state will conduct a formal review of Detroit›s finances.
2014:
Orr files a Chapter 9 bankruptcy petition on behalf of Detroit, marking the largest municipal bankruptcy filing in history and sending the Motor City into unknown territory.
DETROIT ANNEXATION AND GROWTH
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(Ali et al, 2012)
1810
1840
1860
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1880
1920
1930 - Present
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(Fresneda, 2014)
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(Hill, 2014)
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Despite its glorious history of prosperity, technological innovations, striking buildings, and cultural creativity in the arts and music, following the 1967 racial violence, Detroit became the most negatively stereotyped city in the country (Renf, 2014). Detroit, already weakened by decades of disinvestment and depopulation, fared badly. The Motor City was nearly completely abandoned by whites - who today comprise just a little over 10 percent of the city’s population - (Surgue, 2013). Organized crime was a continuing concern in the 1960s and 1970s (FBI, 2010). Crime grew rapidly as a result of the riots and white flight, as well as the fall of the auto industry which resulted in 800,000 abandoned structures and 33,000 abandoned homes. Detroit has been synonymous with arson since the ‚80s, when the city burst into flames in a pre-Halloween orgy of fire and destruction known as Devil›s Night. At its peak popularity, 810 fires were set in a threeday span. (Wilcox-Frazier, 2010).
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While the nation’s population saw an increase of almost 10%, the state of Michigan, once the fourth most densely inhabited state had a total decline in population of 0.6%. In 2006 the state saw its highest population numbers in the 21st century; however, after 2006 its been steadily waning. Michigan is just one of five states around the Midwest to have a decline in population, Detroit having the most considerable amount of loss. Between 2000 and 2010, Detroit’s population declined from 951,270 to 713,777 – a loss of 25%. Within Detroit, five neighbourhoods suffered the most, each losing 40% or more of their residents. These neighbourhoods, airport, Connor Kettering, Foch and Jefferson/Mack, which are comprised of mostly African American residents, lie east of Woodward Avenue, in Southeast portion of the city (Semcog, Quick Facts, 2011).
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Detroit was once the engine of America’s automotive industry. Today it is a symbol of urban decay (Harris, 2014). The city is regarded as America’s largest city in decline, a metropolis that has failed to recover from an insidious cycle of deindustrialisation, racism, suburban flight and laggard politics (Berry, P3). Detroit used to be the greatest working class city in the most prosperous country in the world. With the explosion of the auto industry, it had become the Silicon Valley of the Jazz age, a capitalist dream town of unrivalled innovation and bountiful reward (Binelli, 2010, P3). The cars rolling off the assembly lines existed as tangible manifesto of the American Dream, the factories themselves a glimpse of the birth of modernity, in which mass production would beget mass employment and in turn mass consumption (Binelli, 2010, P3).
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BAN K R U PT
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Boise County, ID September 8, 2011 $5.4 Million Filing Rejected
Stockon, CA June 28, 2012 $26 Million Mammoth Lakes, CA July 3, 2012 $43 Million San Bernardino, CA August 1, 2012 $46 Million
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BANKRUPT CITIES OF THE U.S.
Detroit, MI
Central Falls, RI
July 18, 2013 Over $18 billion
August 1, 2011 $21 Million
Harrisburg, PA March 10, 2012 Over $300 Million Filing Rejected
Jefferson Co, AL November 9, 2011 Over $4 Billion
1900
(The Economist, 2013)
1910 1925: Chrysler Corp. founded
1913: Ford pioneers assembley line production
1908: General Motors founded
1903: Ford Motor Co. founded
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DETROIT’S JOURNEY TO BANKRUPTCY
1940 - 1945: “The Arsenal of Democracy”
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
Population (M)
1974: “Murder Capital� of U.S.
1967: Race Riots 1973: Oil Crisis
18th July 2013: Detroit files for bankruptcy
1959: Motown Records founded
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2012: Murder rate tops 1970s levels 2009: Car industry bail out
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1.5
1
0.5
1980
1990
2000
2010
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THE COLLAPSE OF AN INDUSTRIAL GIANT Detroit’s historic bankruptcy filing on July 18th 2013 isn’t just the biggest and most expensive municipal default in American history, it is arguably the most complex to date (Woods, 2013). Detroit approximately owes $18-20 billion and is estimated that by 2017 65% of its revenue will be consumed by legacy expenses (Patton, 2013). The breakdowns are as follow:
Obligations backed by enterprise revenue
Other post-employment benefits (Health care cost for retired worker)
Underfunded pension liabilities
Pension-related certificates of obligations
Unsecured general obligatin debt Secured general obligation debt Swap payments owed to banks Other liabilities (Diehm, 2013)
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$6.4 Billion
$5.7 - $6.4 Billion
$3.5 Billion
$1.43 Billion
$650.7 Million
$479.3 Million $343.6 Million $300 Million
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1910 285,700
1950 1,850,000 Population
264% Decline
2014 699,018
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Percentage of parcels with vacant houses (2010): 13 - 20 % 21 - 60%
800,000 Abandoned Structures
33,500
Abandoned Homes
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20 ARSO N
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REASONS The fall of the auto industry, lack of public transport, white flight and weak leadership are the four main reasons behind Detroits decline.
RESULT Detroits decline lead to the city becoming one of the most dangerous cities in the United States - due to gangs, drugs, violence and other criminal activities.
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ARSON
LEADERSHIP VIOLENCE
AUTO INDUSTRY
GANGS
DETROIT
RACE
DRUGS
TRANSPORT
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2 The Disease: Crime
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CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES
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U.S. PRISON PROLIFERATION [1900 - 2005] Over the last three decades of the 20th century, the United States engaged in an unprecedented prison-building boom that has given United States the highest incarceration rate in the world (Wagner, 2014). This growth in the prison and jail population in the U.S. can be traced to a complex set of political developments and changes in sentencing practice. The rise in crime in the 1960s came at a time of increasing social division and the politicisation of crime at the national level (Mauer, 2001). Today it is estimated that there are now more than 6,000 jails and prisons nationwide (Brook, 2014).
Year Prison Opened 1901 - 1940
1778 - 1900
1941 - 1980
1900 People in state and federal prisons: 57070 Rate per 100,000 US Residents: 69
1940 People in state and federal prisons: 165585 Rate per 100,000 US Residents: 125
(Rose Heyer, 2005)
1980 - 2000
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1980 People in state and federal prisons: 329821 Rate per 100,000 US Residents: 145
2000 People in state and federal prisons: 1,312,354 Rate per 100,000 US Residents: 478
2005 People in state and federal prisons: 1,438,701 Rate per 100,000 US Residents: 488
(Rose Heyer, 2005)
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5%
U.S. world Population
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25%
U.S. world Prison Population
USA 2014
USA 1972
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Prison population:
300,000
Detroit Population
Prison population:
2,300,000
Detroit Population
51% Increase
in total population in 42 years
670% Increase in total prison population
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Total population:
209,900,000
Total population:
316,100,000
570% Increase in money spent on prisons - 33% increase on money spent on education system
(Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014; ICPS, 2012)
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STATE PRISONERS IN USA [2012]
Murder Robbery Man Slaughter
21,051
Rape / Sexual Assault Aggravated / Simple Assault Other Violent Crimes
40,416
Burglary Fraud
30,033
Larceny Motor Vehicle Theft
42,029 14,703
Other Property Crime
29,463
Drug Other
18,534
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163,762 181,415
165,656 138,574
128,823
225,245
(Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2012)
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WAR ON DRUGS In late 1960s recreational drug use becomes fashionable among young, white, middle class Americans. The social stigmatization previously associated with drugs lessens as their use becomes more mainstream (PBS, 2014). In June 1971, President Nixon declared a “war on drugs.” He dramatically increased the size and presence of federal drug control agencies, and pushed through measures such as mandatory sentencing and no-knock warrants (Drug Policy, 2014). War on drugs has had a major influence on the increasing population of American prisons. Drug convictions went from 15 inmates per 100,000 adults in 1980 to 148 in 1996, an almost tenfold increase. More than half of America’s federal inmates today are in prison on drug convictions. In 2009 alone, 1.66 million Americans were arrested on drug charges, more than were arrested on assault or larceny charges (Engel, 2014).
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OV E RCR
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ROW D E D
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In the United States, where more than 2 million individuals are incarcerated, certain minority groups and persons living in poverty are at much greater risk of being counted among those in prison jails, With the shift in racial policy, the numbers of African Americans in U.S. prisons and jails drastically increased, while the proportion of white men in prison declined. Between World War II and the early 1970s, the proportion of blacks in prison averaged about 30%, up from about 20% in 1928. At year-end 2002, 45% of all male inmates in state and federal penitentiaries were African American (Sage, 2012). The United States is regarded as one of the top industrialized and developed countries in the world. In terms of economics, technology and education, the U.S. also prides itself as one of the world leaders as it constantly sets the bar a notch higher. Despite of all the advancements that this country has attained, it is still alarming to think, the United States is constantly lagging behind when it comes to controlling crime (Reference).
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1 in 17 white men imprisoned | 1 in 111 white women
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1 in 3 Latino men imprisoned | 1 in 45 Latino women
1 in 3 black men imprisoned | 1 in 18 Latino women
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Women’s prisons are a relatively new concept. In the past, the rare female scoundrel was usually housed in a separate part of a men’s facility. The first women’s facility in the United States, Indiana Women’s Prison, was built in 1869 and received its first prisoners four years later (Delvin, 2014). In the last 30 years, the number of women and girls caught in the criminal justice system has increased massively; many have been swept up in the - war on drugs - and subject to increasingly punitive sentencing policies for non-violent offenders. There are now more than 200,000 women behind bars. Many of these women struggle with substance abuse, mental illness, and histories of physical and sexual abuse. Few get the services they need. The toll on women, girls, and their families is devastating. In the absence of viable drug treatment programs, the criminal justice system handles women›s drug use and addiction – especially by mothers and pregnant women - as criminal activity rather than as public health issues (ACLU, 2015).
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7 % FEM A L E
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Black or Latino
30%
of U.S. population
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Black or Latino
61%
of incarcerated population
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Recreation is very important to decrease stress and, consequently, the tension and violence. It can reduce medical costs by promoting a healthy lifestyle. When it includes sports, it also promotes social interaction and thereby healthy social skills. Some common recreation activities include sports like softball, basketball, handball, tennis and racquet ball. As well as weight training equipment and cardiovascular training equipment, billiards, puzzles and other games (Voakes, 2011). (Voakes, 2011)
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3 to 4 ounces of meat
One beverage 1/2 cup of vegetables
one bread item 3/4
Average calories served to inmates (per meal)
cup of starch
One serving of fruit or desert
Average cost to feed a prisoner (per day)
2009 Federal budget for prison food
$2.62
$205 Million
1,300 to
1,450
Typical Prison Meal Although prison food is not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, most prisons serve a standardised menu that seeks to maintain a moderate level of nutrition (Hunt, 2014). Nutroloaf Biopolitics In 2008, inmates at Vermont prison filed a class-action lawsuit after many of their meals featured “nutraloaf�. A mixture of whole wheat bread, non-dairy cheese, vegetables, tomato paste, powdered milk and dry potato flakes (Hunt, 2014). (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2012; U.S. Department of Justice, 2013; Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2013)
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GUANTANAMO BAY This is a 45 square mile site located on the south-eastern tip of Cuba. This detention camp is the only U.S. base located in a communist country (Fetini, 2008). The U.S. pays the Cuban government approximately $4,085 a year for the lease. The last time Cuba accepted the payment was in 1959 (CNN, 2008). The site was originally used as a coaling station for U.S. Navy Ships, under a lease drawn up in 1913 (Fetini, 2008). After 9/11 and the terrorist attacks on America, the government re-established Guantanamo Bay as a holding facility people deemed “unlawful combatants� (wisegeek, 2012). Of the 775 people detained in Guantanamo since its establishment, many were found to be non-combatants with no ties to either the Taliban or al-Qaeda, many of them mistakenly apprehended or wrongfully turned over by anti-Taliban bounty hunters in Afghanistan (Fetini, 2008). Guantanamo Bay has been labelled the most expensive prison on earth, the prison burns through $900,000 a year per inmate (Washington; 2013).
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$900,000
The cost of a Guantanamo inmate for a year.
(Kane, 2013; Human Rights First, 2015)
$ 150,000,000
Annual cost of the detention with around 166 members (2013).
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1 0 0 / 1 6 6
detainees are on strike,to protest their innocence & the conditions of their confinement.
2 , 2 0 0
staff members, approximately one detainee for every thirteen staff members.
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“
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I have said repeatedly that I will close Guantanamo, and I will follow through on that.
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$ 3 5 , 0 0 0
It costs a minimum of $35,000 every year to imprison an individual in a U.S prison.
(The Sentencing Project, 2013; Public Welfare, 2013)
$100,000
An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000.
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$80 Billion
Today, the United States spends more than $80 billion a year on its criminal justice system.
$3,000,000
is the average cost per death row execution, $1.9 million more than a non death penalty case.
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1/25 2.3% 2200 or 4.1% of people senteced to death are believed to be innocent.
Between 2.3 and 5% of prisoners are believed to be innocent.
1% of 2,200,000 prisoners would make 2200 innocent prisoners.
60% ex-con unemployment rate - lowering the total male employment rate by 1.5% to 1.7% in 2008 (total unemployment rate 7.3%)
Ex-convicts’unemployment rate affected the US economy between $57 and $65 billion in lost output in 2008.
In California, 10% of all parolees are homeless. In urban areas such as LA and San Francisco the rate leaps as high as 30 to 50%.
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700,000
US prisoners released every year. Their prospects are bleak.
3/4
drink too much or take drugs.
1/6
has mental health problems.
Most struggle to find a job or a place to stay.
WITHIN THREE YEARS,TWO-THIRDS ARE BACK IN PRISON.
(Fortunato, 2006; The Sentencing Project, 2011; Johnson,2011)
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FROM SCHOOL TO PRISON U.S. prisons and jails are overwhelmingly filled with African Americans and Latinos. The paths to prison for young African Americans and Latino men are many, but the starting points are often the school. Students of colour face harsher discipline and are more likely to be pushed out of school than whites.
40%
Of students expelled from U.S. schools each year are black
70%
Of students involved in “in-school� arrests or referred to law enforcement are black or Latino.
3.5x
Black students are three and a half times more likely to be suspended than whites.
2x
Black and Latino students are twice as likely to not graduate high school as whites.
68%
Of all males in State and Federal prisons do not have a high school diploma.
(Community Coalition, 2012; Nellis, 2012)
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YOUTH IN PRISONS In 2007, there were roughly 60,500 U.S. youth confined in correctional facilities or other residential programs. There were an additional 25,000 youth held in detention centres daily, awaiting court trials or pending placement in a correctional program. The U.S has the highest youth incarceration rate in the world.
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Juvenile incarcerations per 100,000 youth. Highest youth incarceration rates than the next eight countries combined.
37%
of confined youth are Non-Hispanic White - while of they make up 60% of the total youth population.
63%
of confined youth are African American and Hispanic. 40% African American and 23% Hispanic.
Every year in the United States an estimated 250,0000 youths are trialled, sentenced or incarcerated as adults giving them an adult criminal record.
95%
charged with non violent crimes
Michigan 2,085
Pennsylvania 3,075
California 9,810
Ohio 2,490
States with high youth incarceration
Florida 3,744
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YOUTH BEHIND MICHIGAN BARS In the mid-1990s, Michigan became part of a national trend to “get tough on youth crime.� Although crime rates were steadily declining, the state passed a series of harsh laws that funnelled thousands of youth under 18 into the adult criminal justice system.
Nearly 60% of 17-year-olds were charged with non-violent offenses that did not include a weapon - 58% of those entering the system at age 17 had no prior juvenile record.
Michigan is one of only 10 states that automatically prosecute 17-year-olds as adults. In the last ten years, 20,291 youth were convicted as adults and placed on adult probation, sent to jail, or imprisoned for a crime they committed before turning 18. Of this population, 95% were 17 at the time of the offense. Youth in prison are among the most vulnerable and marginalized population. For certain offenses, 14, 15 and 16-year-old children can be automatically prosecuted as an adult without any judicial oversight.
Once convicted, youth must serve 100% of their minimum sentence. There are 363 people serving a life sentence without parole for a crime committed before turning 18 – second highest in the nation.
75 children under the age of 14 have been convicted as adults since 1996.
(Michigan Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2014)
Michigan can prosecute, convict and sentence a youth of any age as an adult.
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In the last ten years, over 2,000 girls have been convicted as adults. 86% of them were 17 years old at the time of the offense.
58% of girls were charged with non-violent offenses and 70% had no prior juvenile record.
Prior to incarceration, 45% of girls had known drug abuse; 26% had known alcohol abuse; 31% had received mental health treatment.
Michigan Prisons
53% of youth entering MDOC jurisdiction at age 17 were youth of color, even though youth of color only make up 23% of the population statewide.
Youth of color are disproportionately convicted as adults in Michigan.
59% of youth 16 or under were Black or African American, even though Black youth only make up 18% of the population statewide.
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LIST OF MAIN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES IN MICHIGAN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 9. 9. 10. 10. 11. 12. 13. 13. 13. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 17. 17. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Ojibway Correctional Facility Baraga Correctional Facility Marquette Branch Prison* Alger Correctional Facility Newberry Correctional Facility Chippewa Correctional Facility Kinross Correctional Facility Pugsley Correctional Facility Oaks Correctional Facility Earnest C. Brooks Correctional Facility West Shoreline Correctional Facility Muskegon Correctional Facility Central Michigan Correctional Facility St. Louis Correctional Facility Saginaw Correctional Facility Carson City Correctional Facility Richard A. Handlon Correctional Facility Ionia Correctional Facility Michigan Reformatory Bellamy Creek Correctional Facility Thumb Correctional Facility Macomb Correctional Facility Woodland Center Correctional Facility G. Robert Cotton Correctional Facility Charles E. Egeler Reception Guidance Center* Parnall Correctional Facility Cooper Street Correctional Facility Special Alternative Incarceration Facility Women’s Huron Valley Correctional Facility* Lakeland Correctional Facility Gus Harrison Correctional Facility
22. Detroit Detention Center 22. Detroit Reentry Center
*
Includes Reception Centres
123
(Correctional Facilities Administration, 2014)
124
Detroit Correctional Facilities
Greenfield District Probation Office | Juvenile Detention Centre | 16820 James Couzens Freeway, Detroit, MI 48221
Juvenile Assessment Centre | Juvenile Detention Centre | 7310 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202
William Dickerson Detention Facility | Prison | 3501 Hamtramck Drive, Detroit, MI 48211
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Detroit Reentry Centre | Jail | 17600 Ryan Road, Detroit, MI 48212 Detroit Corrections Department | Prison | 17601 Mound Road, Detroit, MI 48212
Wayne County Jail Division I | Jail | 570 Clinton Street, Detroit, MI 48226 Wayne County Jail Division II | Jail | 525 Clinton Street, Detroit, MI 48226 Wayne County Juvenile Detention Centre | Juvenile Detention Centre | 1326 Street Antoine Street, Detroit, MI 48226
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DETROIT NATIONAL CRIME RECORD [2013] Detroit is a city that commonly gets its reputation as the worst of the worst with regard to crime. But according to recent statistics, the city actually performs better in some categories of crime than several other US cities. Rankings here are given for ten categories of crime, like Arson, Murder, Larceny, and Assault, and are based on crimes per 100,000 members of the population. A high ranking in a category means there is more crime there.
#2
#2
#3
Motor Vehicle Theft
Aggravated Assault
Violent Crime
#3
#4
#5
Murder & Manslaughter
Arson
Burglary
#7
#19
#37
Robbery
Property Crime
Forcible Rape
(UScollegesearch, 2013)
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FBI UNIFORM CRIME REPORT [2013]
Murder & Manslaughter 316
Robbery 4,774
Aggravated Assault 8,796
Property Crime 40,835
“Crime fell in Detroit last year, but not enough to prevent it from being the most dangerous big city in the nation.... Detroit was top in both murder rates and violent crime rates among cities with populations of more than 100,000.� (Detroit News, 2014)
Burglary 11,754
(Detroit News, 2014)
Larceny Theft 17,188
Motor Vehicle Theft 11,893
Violent Crime 15,122
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129
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The juvenile gangs of 1920s and 1930s drew their memberships mostly from the children of recent immigrants, and ethnicity was an important factor in the composition of gangs (Franzese et al, 2006, P116). According to Sante (1991), the history of street gangs in the United States began with their emergence on the East Coast around 1783, as the American Revolution ended. These gangs emerged in rapidly growing eastern U.S. cities, out of the conditions created in large part by multiple waves of large-scale immigration and urban overcrowding (Franzese et al, 2006). Some scholars identified parental neglect, parental immorality, and parental absence as factors giving rise to juvenile gangs (Hardmn 1967). Himber (1941) proposed that broken homes and weak religious ties contributed to gang formation. Other factors including racial tension, political and socioeconomic frustrations were also identified as leading to gang involvement (Dumpson 1949).
Youth are at higher risk of joining a gang if they engage in delin- quent behaviors, are aggressive or violent, experience multiple care- taker transitions, have many problems at school, associate with other gang-involved youth, or live in communities where they feel unsafe and where many youth are in trouble (Howell, 2010). Carl S. Taylor (1993) conducted a study of Detroit’s innercity female gang members. Arican American females had been involved in gangs in Detroit for decades. He found the African American females joining gangs felt abandoned by African American leadership and society in general. He characterized them as being disenfranchised from society. The opportunity to make money in corporate or scavenger gangs was an attractive lure for African American females in Detroit ( Franzese et al; 2006).
DETROIT GANGS
131
1908:
Detroit Mafia is considered one of the more active Italian-American crime families alongside the Five Families of New York, the Philadelphia Mob, and the Chicago Outfit. At the beginning of the 20th century the Gianolla brothers had aligned themselves with Wyandotte area mobster John Vitale who had entered the liquor business. The Detroit Mafia as a sound, cohesive, loosely unified organization can be traced back to two early 20th century “Motor City” mafiosi that came together to begin what would be eventually known by the early 1930s as the Detroit crime family or Detroit Partnership.
1950:
Shakers are known for their rivalry with the Jokers gang. They got into a large rumble with the Jokers in the Berry School Playground where guys got stabbed and were hospitalized. Females were also developing associations with male gangs, taking on feminized versions of male-gang monikers. The girls in the Shakers were known as SHAKERETTES. One Detroit Policeman was quoted as saying that the Shakers and Shakerettes were the largest gang in Detroit boasting 700 members.
1970:
Best friends are the most ruthless gang in city history. Pure bloodlust, plain and simple. Founded by the Brown Brothers – Terrance aka ‘Booglaloo, Reggie aka ‘Rock’in Reg’, Gregory aka ‘Ghost’ and Ezra aka ‘Wizard’ – in the mid-1980s, as a murder-for-hire gang. After making a reputation for themselves as enforcers, they quickly made the move to fully-functioning criminal organization by the end of the decade. They killed for fun, not profit or business that was what separated the Best Friends from all the others gangs of that era.
1980:
Young Boys Inc. was more sophisticated and showed organizational prowess. They eventually controlled more than 80% of the Detroit heroin business between 1978 through 1982. That didn’t satisfy their greed as they started opening franchises in other cities. YBI invented the scheme of having under age youth to move their crack cocaine throughout the city. If caught by the police they would not snitch and were too young to prosecute. They were making $250,000 per day in Detroit. One of their more successful franchises was Boston where they were netting over $50,000 per day. Eventually, their top officers started arguing and the organization fell apart.
2014:
Almost 100 years later, Detroit Mafia are still dangerous on the streets. Earlier 2014, Giacalone was named only the fourth-ever Godfather in the 83-year history of the Midwest mafia family that his father and uncle helped build and protect dating back to the 1930s through the 2000s, replacing the retiring Giacomo (Black Jack) Tocco, 87, previously the longest-sitting mafia boss in the United States, leading the Family for the past three and a half decades.
132
133
3 The Vaccine: Education
134
135
BREAKING THE PRISON CYCLE
136
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF US CITIZENS [25-64] Education is a complex topic for survey measurement, and the individual’s educational attainment is only a narrow snapshot of possible measures relating to an individual’s educational experience (Smith, 1995). Education attainment is defined as the highest level of education an individual has successfully completed (Schneider, 2011). Education attainment varies by nativity. About 89% of the native-born population have completed at least high school, compared with 68% of the foreign-born population. It has been reported that more native-born than foreign-born adults reported completing at least a bachelor’s degree (Ryan, 2012).
Less Than High School Diploma or GED
7%
High School Diploma or GED
30%
Some College or Associate’s Degree
30%
Bachelor’s Degree or More
33%
Preschool Enrolement Rates
Developed World
81%
United States
69%
College Dropout Rates
Developed World
31%
United States
54% (Congressional Budget Office, 2013)
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TOP 20 REASONS FOR DROPPING OUT OF COLLEGE A Harvard study shows that today’s U.S. college dropouts are more likely to be male than female. For many young adults, the ultimate bottom line is whether the degree or qualification they earn will help them secure a job (Carlozo, 2012). College graduation rates in the United States are continuing to slip behind. American youth enrol in college and dropout half way – when already incurred a debt and will have no benefits from the better job prospects (Porter, 2013). The failure to complete a college education in the U.S. is especially marked at four year private for profit schools, where 78% of attendees fail to get a diploma after six years (Carlozo, 2012).
Finances 38% of Students
Failing 28% of Students
Outside Jobs 71% of Students
Unprepared
Partying
Wrong Course
Bad Fit 13% of Students
Family Problems
Bad Love
Home Sick
No Mentor
Health 5% of Students
New Course
Life
Move
Children
Distance 5% of Students
Housing
Outside Problems
Burn Out 21% of Students
(Classes and Careers, 2013)
138
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF DETROIT CITIZENS 2013’s annual ranking shows that only one-quarter of the schools in Detroit are providing an adequate education for students (CBS, 2013). Detroit city has seen many schools close in the last decade. Many schools closed in 2007 due to the low enrolment numbers. In 2009 it was announced that almost half of the schools in Detroit would be closed. In 2010, merging of high schools was announced (Hill, 2013). In 2009, U.S. Secretary of Education called Detroit ‘ground zero’ for public education, worse than New Orleans, a town destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. That was the year Detroit’s public schools recorded the worst scores in the history of the National Assessment of Educational progress test (Dawsey, 2014).
BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR HIGHER Michigan
Detroit 12%
26%
SCHOOL ENROLMENT (%) IN 2012 30
Detroit Michigan
24 18
12 6 0 Nursery, Preschool
Kindergarten
Grade 1 to 4
Grade 5 to 8
Grade 9 to 12
College Undergrad.
Graduate or Professional
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT (%) IN 2012 35
Detroit Michigan
28 21
14 7 0 Less than High School
High School or equiv.
1 or More Years of College
Associate Degree
(U.S. Census Bureau, 2013; City-Data, 2013)
Bachelor’s Degree
Master’s Degree
Less than High School
Profess. School Degree
Doctorate Degree
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Total Population
25 - 34 Population
25 - 34 & Educated
AGE 25-34 AND COLLEGE-EDUCATED (2006-2010)
1%
3%
4%
Detroit
Michigan
USA
COLLEGE EDUCATED, OF THE 25-34 POPULATION
11%
29%
31%
Detroit
Michigan
USA
MAP OF DETROIT SCHOOLS CLOSING 2010 - 2012
2010
2011
2012
New School District boundaries Percentage of Parcels with Vacant Houses 0% to 12.5% 12.5% to 60% Unsurveyed
(Ali et al, 2012; Hill, 2013)
140
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF U.S. INMATES
High School Uncompletion Rates
The majority of people incarcerated in the United States come from disadvantaged communities and situations where their educational opportunities are limited. Anecdotal evidence suggests that for many prisoners and formerly incarcerated people, the opportunity to obtain an education – particularly a college education – would not have been realized had they not been incarcerated (Neusteter and Crayton, 2010). The link between a poor education and incarceration is borne out in data. Dropouts are 3.5 times more likely to be arrested than high school graduates. Nationally, 68 percent of all males in prison do not have a high school diploma (Hanson and Stipek, 2014).
53% 44% 27% Latino s
African American
High school diploma/GED
Some high school or less 10%
State Prisons
Federal Prisons
Total Population
(Harlow, 2003)
20%
White
Some college or more 30%
40%
50%
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U.S. EDUCATION AND INCARCERATION Inmates have among the lowest academic skills and literacy rates of any segment of society. Upon completing their sentence, most inmates re-enter society no more skilled than when they entered the correctional facility (U.S. Department of Education, 2011).
1/100
1/35 High School Graduates
(Killinger, 2012)
Co l l e g e G r a d u a t e s
1/10 High School Dropouts
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143
144
The Correctional Education Association (CEA) was founded in 1930 to provide educational services in correctional settings. This non-profit professional association is the largest affiliate of the American Correctional Association. CEA is the professional organization for educators who work in adult correctional and juvenile justice facilities internationally. Although based in the United States of America, where most of its members work, it has made great advances in encouraging members from outside the US to become active members from outside the US to become active members of the organization (CEA National, 2008).
CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION
145
1930:
Austin MacCormick and other members of the American Prison Association (APA) established a standing committee on education at the APA Congress in Louisville.
1941:
American Prison Association (APA) adopted “Standards for Evaluating Education Programs in Correctional Institutions.�
1949:
The first issue of The Journal of Correctional Education was published. Chester D. Owens served as editor.
1972:
The first issue of the CEA news letter, News and Notes, was published
1978:
Schooling became a funtion of the American prison system
1927:
Funding is granted for the study of education and libraries in US prisons
1930:
The American Prison Association created a committee on education
1945:
The 76th Congress of the APA formed the Correctional Education Association
1984:
Wisconsin became the first state Chapter of CEA
1988:
The first CEA Leadership Forum was held in Georgetown
1991:
An office of Correctional Education (OCE) was created
1993:
The CEA established its website
1994:
A federal crime bill is issued to make inmates ineligible for Pell Grants
1997:
Standards for Adult and Juvenile Correction Education revised & published
2005:
The CEA Three State Recidivism Study was published
(Onlinecolleges.net, 2010 ; ceanational.org, 2008)
146
STATES PROVIDING PRISON EDUCATION
0 Programs 1 Programs 2-5 Programs 5+ Programs Non Degree Granting
(Erisman and Contardo, 2005)
147
148
149
150
PRISON EDUCATION More than 90% of the federal and state prisons offer some form of education program to inmates. Half of State prison inmates reported they had participated in an educational program since their most recent admission to prison. About 25% of State inmates had taken basic education or high school level courses (Harlow, 2003).
The United States incarcerates 500,000 youths per year, more than any other country.
Less Than
15%
of students in juvenile secure settings go on to complete high school or earn a GED.
Federal Prison Education Opportunities Adult Continuing Education
English as a Second Language (ESL)
General Education Development (GED)
Literacy Classes
Wellness Education
Parenting Classes
151
INVESTING IN PRISON EDUCATION Despite limited funding and a frequent lac of public support, corrections officials have made efforts to establish prison programming that helps inmates successfully re-enter society after release from prison (Erisman, 2005). Education is an important factor in reducing re-offending (HM Government, 2005).
For every dollar spent on correctional education. The state of Washington saved $12, according to the Washington State Institute for Public Policy. A study by UCLA found that a $1,000,000 investment in incarceration will prevent 350 crimes, while the same investment in education will prevent more than 600
crimes.
The cost of keeping prisoner in prison for one year exceeds the cost of educating prisoners for one year by a 10 to 1 ratio.
Cost of providing a college education for one incarcerated student:
Cost of incarcerating each individual per year:
$18k
$2k
to
to
$33k
$4k
REDUCES
Recidivism
INCREASES
INCREASES
Savings to taxpayers
The safety of communities
152
EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES FACED BY EX-INMATES After incarceration, former inmates face staggering challenges. Life after prison has its own difficulties which can put inmates back in prison after a very short period of time (Bennett, 2013). Over 700,000 men and women leave state and federal prisons each year. Recent estimates indicate that there are 30 million convicted felons living in the United States today (Ross, 2012). A major issue faced by ex-inmates is lack of employment for ex-convicts.
Lack of adequate education
Being prohibited by law from working in certain jobs
Limited work experience
Substance abuse and mental health problems
Lack of social network
153
EDUCATION BREAKS THE PRISON CYCLE Prison education has a demonstrable life-changing capacity. It is believed that offenders who take prison education are three times less likely to re-offend and than those who do not (UCU, 2011).
OHIO Recidivism reduced by 62% among exinmates who completed a degree in prison.
ALABAMA Recidivism rate of 35% vs. 1% for those who completed post-secondary degree.
29.9% of inmates who didn’t attend college in prison incarcerated within three years vs. 7.7% who took college classes. NEW YORK
5% of degree-earning inmates return to prison in three years vs. 40% of general inmate population. NORTH CALORINA
154
BREAKING THE
155
PRISON CYCLE
156
CURRENT ATTEMPT AT REHABILITATION Group therapy session at California State Prison
157
158
DAWG INMATE DOG TRAINING The mission is to provide training and education for both inmate and dog, resulting in permanent homes for the dogs, viable job skills for the inmate, and productive jobs and a law-abiding life upon release. All of the dogs selected for this program go through an intense 8-week training session and they are available for adoption immediately after (Dawgsinprisons.com, 2014). A QUOTE FROM ONE OF OUR DAWGS INMATES, AFTER HE WAS RELEASED: “ I woke up during my first year of the DAWGS program. My attitude changed. My routine changed. My health changed. Everything changed in my life in order for me to be responsible enough to take care of one of God’s precious creations.”
159
160
161
4 The Bibliography
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