PLUS COLLECTIVE
Parsons The New School for Design, DESIGN DEVELOPMENT, ROBERT RABINOVITZ, SPRING 2011 GIBY LAN | SABRINA MAERKY | ARISARA SRISETHNIL | KARA KANE | ANA SALINAS
SOCIAL IMPACT | SOCIAL MEDIA | SOCIAL GOOD In this project we explored urban and universal humanitarian, social, and cultural issues. We explored the power of words and actions. We identified opportunities where we could contribute to help raise awareness, understanding, and need locally in NYC and beyond. PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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MEET THE TEAM
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
GIBY LAN
ANA SALINAS
SABRINA MAERKY
KARA KANE
ARISARA SRISETHNIL
Giby is a senior student in Design and Management at Parsons. Prior to Parsons, he acquired a business degree in International business at Guangdong University of Foreign Studies in south China. Interested in contemporary design and pop culture, he started his own magazine on culture and design aiming to broaden the horizon of the local youth in Guangzhou, a city where he was born and raised.
Ana is a junior in Design and Management at Parsons. She was born in Texas and raised in Mexico. She is interested in fashion and art. She has done several internships in those fields in companies like Bergdorf Goodman and Harper’s Bazaar.
Born July 21, 1989 in Zurich, Switzerland, Sabrina lived there until she was 8 when she moved to a small town in Colorado. Now a junior in the Design and Management program at Parsons the New School for Design, Sabrina has great interests in interaction design and research and development. She has traveled all over the world, which has both impacted and inspired her in her every day life. Fluent in German and English she is an optimist at the utmost level.
Kara was born in NY and moved around the east coast of the US until she moved to Surrey, England at age 11. She moved to Paris, FR in 2008 to study Design Management at Parsons Paris for two years. Now she is a junior Design and Management student at Parsons the New School for Design. She is interested in branding, design research, and graphic design.
Arisara Srisethnil was born on March 27, 1990 in Bergen County, New Jersey. Growing up so close to New York City in a Thai household, Arisara has been exposed to various cultures for as long as she can remember. Currently, she is a third-year student in the Design and Management program at Parsons the New School for Design. She has a great interest in psychology and consumerism and hopes to one day be able to integrate the two in her passions: cuisine, travel, and lifestyles.
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PHASES
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
1. SEE
2. UNDERSTAND
3. BUILD
4. SHARE
Brainstorming Phase 1 Group Brainstorm 1 Brainstorming Phase 2 Group Brainstorm 2
Identity Design Process Inspiration Research Case Studies Analysis Identify the Problem
Personas Day in the Life Points of Impact Further Research Problem Statement Prototype Sketches Overall System Map Prototypes Field Research Analysis
Urban Revival Individual System Maps Short Term Goals Long Term Goals
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Brainstorming Phase 1
We identified current events, impacts and effects of behaviors, media, words and actions locally and globally through brainstorming, mindmapping, writing, and sketching. We identifed opportunities, interventions, and situations.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Brainstorming Phase 1
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Group Brainstorming 1
After sharing our ideas we recognized that each member of the group focused on the abundance of negativity in the news and our everyday lives. We put positivity in the center because we want to emphasize postivity and social wellbeing.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Brainstorming Phase 2
We continued developing mindmaps and ideating potential scenarios where positivity could be implemented.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Brainstorming Phase 2
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Group Brainstorming 2
We identified Diet, Fitness, and Mental Health as focal points for our campaign. Through words and postive discourses we see opportunities for promoting social good.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Identity
PLUS COLLECTIVE is a design agency that promotes positive social impacts through various design practices and creative projects.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Positivity | Optimism | Equality | Creativity | Education | Social Well-Being
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Identity
PLUS COLLECTIVE Futura condensed medium
PLUS COLLECTIVE
Futura condensed extra bold
PLUS COLLECTIVE Futura medium
PLUS COLLECTIVE Futura medium italic
PLUS COLLECTIVE Garamond regular
PLUS COLLECTIVE Garamond bold
PLUS COLLECTIVE Gills Sans light
PLUS COLLECTIVE Gills Sans regular
PLUS COLLECTIVE Gills Sans bold
PLUS COLLECTIVE Helvetica Neue condensed bold
PLUS COLLECTIVE Helvetica Neue condensed black
PLUS COLLECTIVE Helvetica Neue light
PLUS COLLECTIVE Helvetica Neue regular
PLUS COLLECTIVE Helvetica Neue italic
PLUS COLLECTIVE Helvetica Neue bold
PLUS COLLECTIVE Helvetica Neue bold italic
PLUS COLLECTIVE Palatino
PLUS COLLECTIVE Palatino bold
PLUS COLLECTIVE Gills Sans bold italic
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Identity
PLUS COLLECTIVE
PLUS - Firm belief in a postive world CIRCLE - Collective efforts, the power of community COLOR CHOICE - Bright but not too saturated, colors near each other on the color wheel are more relaxing when used together
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Blue is worlds favorite color
Blue is strong, important. peaceful, and intelligent
Green is growth, health, environment, and harmony 23
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Design Process
The PLUS COLLECTIVE design process was developed through researching the design processes of other design firms. We compared all of the different processes and chose elements that we felt were meaningful to our design firm. The open circle signifies a space where we leave it up to the consumer to interpret our innovative concepts, further the understanding and pass on the significance.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Insight into a situation without bias
UNDERSTAND
Research and explore current and historical references
BUILD
Ideation, conceptualization, visualizing, decide, simplify concept
SHARE
Implement and spread our vision
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Inspiration “Open Happiness” Coca Cola Campaign
Coca Cola has always promoted a happy, friendly attitude. This can be seen throughout the company’s branding strategy. Different forms of media they have used range from TV commercials, billboards, sponsorships, Coca Cola trucks, and more. They have delivered the ‘Open Happiness’ message by showing people uniting and friendly animals, such as the signature polar bear. Through these messages, they have put emphasis on fun, which has inspired us to prioritize fun when promoting happiness and positivity.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
A recent Coca Cola advertisement that was only circulating in Latin America, “Reasons to Believe” has generated a lot of attention worldwide because it promotes an optimistic view of the world. These different forms of sending positive messages have focused in the concepts of fun, believing, and uniting. PLUS COLLECTIVE wants to use these ideas in our effort to promote positivity in a local and global sense.
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Inspiration In Nature
PLUS COLLECTIVE is inspired by the way the balance of nature solves its This balance of nature should be a part of the media, a balance between problems and is seeking to implement the same balance into the media positive and negative information/messaging. environment. The natural traits of instinct, fight or flight, predator prey, and adaptation The symbiotic, instinctual relationships nature creates, such as that of the also play a big role in completing the balance of nature. The ability to clown fish and sea anemone represents the important and necessary evolve and acclimate to different environments and to survive and live an balance that should exist amongst all aspects of everyday life. The two affluent life is a major part of nature’s success. PLUS COLLECTIVE uses have a mutial relationship where the anemone provides shelter and food this balance of nature as a model for society and the media that surrounds to the clown fish, while the fish provides water circulation, food, and it. cleaning for the anemone.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Research on Structuralism and the Negativity Bias
“Good News” by Robert Sollis - all the negative news was cut out of the newspaper leaving not much except advertisments
Levi Strauss postulated that every meaning, thought, and culture in our world is built around dualities: positivity and negativity. There is usually a dominant side that shapes how we make meaning. The one side that usually wins out is negativity; this is called negativity bias. Events with negative emotional content are better remembered than positive ones. Negative stimuli produce more neural activity than equally intense positive stimuli; they also are perceived more easily and more and are quickly stored into memory. The Amygdala part of the brain has two thirds of its neurons that look for bad news –it is primed to go negative.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Our capability to quickly process bad news is to keep us out of harm’s way. Natural selection, adaption, and the fight or flight responses are all ways of survival. The brain is alert and notices danger, so that we can react if we are threatened. “Your brain is simply built with a greater sensitivity to unpleasant news. The bias is so automatic that it can be detected at the earliest stage of the brain’s information processing.” Ohio State University psychologist John T. Cacioppo, Ph.D. 31
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Research on the Effects Of Media On Children
Children of the 21st century are targeted through various forms of media from the time they can sit. Starting in the 1940’s when television, recorded music, videotapes and more became accessible, the milestones of children’s development have been altered ever since. Researchers have studied how TV affects kids’ sleep, weight, grades, behavior, and more.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
With the abundance of media surrounding children today, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), “Children are influenced by media they learn by observing, imitating, and making behaviors their own.” This typically happens to children as young as four or five years of age.
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Research: Negative Messaging
Negativity and negative messages have multiple effects on humans. This negativity usually comes from stress related matters and can result in health problems and a significantly decreased quality of life.
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Research: Positive Messaging
Positive messaging helps to promote a positive attitude and perception of an issue, object, or one’s environment. This will eventually lead to positive behavior while generating optimism.
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Case Study 1 16 And Pregnant
SOURCE
CHANNEL
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK
MTV
TV show Blogs Magazines
Struggle of being pregnant so young
Teens Women Adolescents Girls
Safe sex
If you get pregnant you can become famous
PROS Somewhat reduced rate of pregnancy Showed the real-life of pregnant teens
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Some are getting pregnant on purpose
CONS Spread the wrong message “Teen pregnancy can make you famous” Does not teach a lesson or how to prevent pregnancy
Between 1990 and 2005, there was a steady decrease in the rate of teen pregnancies. However, in 2006 there was a 3% increase, the first jump since 1990. 16 and Pregnant, a TV show featured on MTV captured the lives of various pregnant teens. Through showing the unique challenges and difficult decisions teenagers had to go through, MTV’s initial purpose was to educate teens in practicing safe sex. However, the success of the show through reaching a high number of viewers had setbacks.
Though rates of teenage pregnancies did decrease after the premier of the show in 2009, some viewers also received the wrong message: being a teenaged mother could bring fame. Drawbacks of this show include teens getting pregnant on purpose in order to be casted for the show, and deciding the path of their pregnancies based on their potential fame if casted.
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Case Study 2 Let’s Move Campaign
SOURCE
CHANNEL
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK
Michelle Obama
Website Blog Campaign Programs
Healthier lifestyle through eating the right food and exercising
Kids Caretakers Parents Schools Government
Evaluation
PROS The message is clear and straight-forward Covers a wide audience Bright, engaging color palette
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
CONS No clear criteria for impact measurement Impact of the campaign is somewhat doubtful Mis-leading logo design
The rate of obesity in children in the US has tripled to 17% over the past 30 years. Let’s Move! Is an initiative launched by Michelle Obama, dedicated to solving to problem of child obesity in the U.S. The program collaborates with parents, schools, and caretakers to foster healthy environments and ensure healthy, yet affordable food for children, while encouraging physical activity. These initiatives are communicated through various tools including the campaign’s website, a blog and various collaborations with cities, schools and local communities. Although the program does a successful job in
presenting information, there are components of the campaign that detracts the overall success. In the logo, people mistaken the exclamation point depicted through a child jumping for a figure falling headfirst. Since its inception in 2010, there are no facts to prove that the campaign has successfully mitigated the problem of child obesity. It would be more encouraging for parents and caretakers to see how problems have been reduced, further motivating their participation to make a change.
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Case Study 3 Livestrong Campaign
SOURCE
CHANNEL
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK
Lance Armstrong
Bracelets Promotion through celebrities Events Partnerships
Awareness towards cancer and raising money
General public Athletic people
Raised money that went towards research, improve the general experience of having cancer-facilities, training, medication, faster detection
PROS Made lots of money for the cause Utilized a creative means of marketing; the issue-bracelets
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CONS The message was lost because the bracelets became a trend
Overall this campaign/organization was and is a major success. The strategy of using bracelets to create awareness quickly spread throughout the United States and other countries. The LIVESTRONG organization aimed to educate people about cancer while also raising money. The innovation of selling bracelets became a major revenue stream and source of awareness. The message was to some extent lost because the bracelets became such
a trend. This to some extent defeats the purpose of supporting the cause, however, the biggest factor is that, “since 1997 LIVESTRONG has raised more than $250 million to support its cause.� The bracelets were/are a major innovation in marketing a cause and have become very popular to create awareness.
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Case Study 4 Susan G Komen Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign “For The Cure”
SOURCE
CHANNEL
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK
Nancy Goodman
Website Campaign Race for the Cure Blog Sponsors
Raising awareness Donating money for research
Women Men Families Patients Survivors
Raised money Increased research Less patients Sooner detection
PROS Putting light on awful condition Create awareness of breast cancer Non-profit- a lot of money donated to research Easily recognized Large participation Many partnerships / collaborations
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
CONS May be attracted to pink products for the wrong reason
1.3 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer yearly, and will be for the next 20 years. Susan G. Komen For the Cure’s mission is to raise awareness and funding to further research and early detection. Since its inception in 1982, the foundation has raised close to $1.5 billion in hopes of becoming the world’s largest non-profit organization dedicated to fight breast cancer. Susan G. Komen For the Cure reaches out to all. Women, men, families
and friends are educated on the importance of research, the importance of donating in order fulfill the research, are encouraged to share stories and participate in Race for the Cure. The foundation’s main source of revenue was through collaborations with various brands. Thus far, this organization has made coping with cancer easier, allowed women to detect symptoms sooner and bring the world together in support and to fight breast cancer.
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Case Study 5 Anti-Smoking Campaigns
SOURCE
CHANNEL
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK
Anti-smoking campaigns
TV commercials Banners Posters School talks
Smoking is bad - shown through negativity and gruesome images
Smokers Potential smokers Adolescents
Though there have been some decreases in 2010 “in 2010 19% of students were smokers” overall the anti-smoking counter message has been lost” CDC
PROS A strong, important message They have used the method of instilling fear (negativity) which gets more people’s attention
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
CONS Some of the messages made kids want to smoke more People stopped paying attention to the ads since a lot of them showed disturbing images that people don’t want to see.
The antismoking campaigns throughout the years had a lot of success in targeting adolescents and sending the message of how bad cigarettes/tobacco are for the body. However the strategies that have been used are no longer as effective. The wrong message is being sent to the point where this age group thinks they are cooler when they smoke, completely defeating the purpose.Though it was just this past year where the percentage rate went up, antismoking organizations need to find different means of communicating
their message. It could be that this target demographic stopped taking the messages seriously because they are so extreme. Finding a more casual way of communicating that smoking is bad while also using a different medium could help to send the right message and have impact. “Though smoking amongst young people did decrease the past years, “in 2010 19% of students were smokers.” “People are getting the image that its cool to use nicotine as a drug. Overall, the antismoking countermessage has been lost.” CDC
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Case Study 6 The Fun Theory
SOURCE
CHANNEL
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK
Volkswagen
Environment Architecture Stairs to enter and exit subway station
Fun is the easiest way to change people’s behavior
Subway users
66% more people chose the stairs over the escalator than usual
PROS Encourages people to walk rather than take the escalator Promotes healthy lifestyle Interactive and fun for all ages
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CONS Only stayed up for one week Not many people experienced it Expensive to have in effect full time.
The Fun Theory is a Volkswagen web based initiative that started in October 2009. The Fun Theory is based on the notion that fun is the best way to change people’s behavior for the better. The Fun Theory had a competition open to all entrants for the Fun Theory Award. The award was based on thoughts, inventions, and ideas that supported the Fun Theory. One of the finalists was the Piano Staircase. The stairs to enter and exit Odenplan subway station in Stockholm were transformed into piano keys, so as people
walked on the stairs they made sounds. The goal was to get more people to take the stairs by making them fun and interactive. This resulted in 66% more people using the stairs instead of the escalator. This campaign shows how fun can be a transformative power for improvement. Social media has helped spread this campaign; with the help of YouTube this experience has been shared worldwide.
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Analysis Of Case Studies
Through our analyses of the failed and successful campaign case studies we found that campaigns that collaborated and utilized innovative forms of media were more successful in comparison to the other campaigns that used traditional forms of media. Traditional forms of media include banners, TV commercials, prints advertisements, and radio advertisements. The Livestrong bracelets and the Fun Theory staircase both utilized innovative media by using the environment and interactive forms. SGK’s For the Cure is good example of collaboration with Yoplait.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
These collaborations are successful when the right products are partnered with a cause. The major Yoplait demographic is women who want to live healthy lifestyle, so the collaboration is more meaningful. These case studies have led us to identify that innovate forms of messaging are more impactful especially when aiming to deliver positive and fun messages. PLUS COLLECTIVE has found that new forms of media are more captivating when they catch you off guard, start trends, and encourage you to look at things at differently and changing behavior for the better.
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Identifying The Problem
PLUS COLLECTIVE
The information age has changed our way of life by means of the Internet, email, personal computing, smart phones, and more. Knowledge is now readily available to anyone who wants it. “The information age is defined by output: we produce far more information than we can possibly manage, let alone absorb.” We are now moving into the connected age with social media like Facebook, Twitter, blogging, Youtube, and Vimeo. We are inundated with information. In the US, today’s media including traditional and nontraditional channels excessively report on negative events and less on positive ones. Negativity is “the expression of criticism of or pessimism about something. ” The abundance of using negativity in the media contributes to negativity biases in people’s minds.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Negative stimuli produce more neural activity than equally intense positive stimuli. It is also perceived more easily and more quickly. There are many existing campaigns in various communication channels including television, blogs, and advertisements that try to raise awareness and educate in the topics of mental health, fitness, diet, and others. Some of these campaigns have been successful in getting their message across such as Livestrong, where others including smoking campaigns have had adverse effects. Negativity and unhappiness decreases the well being of the body, mind, and humanity. A positive communication approach is needed in order to effectively enhance, educate, and inform society.
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Personas
To better understand how negativity impacts people in their everyday lives we chose to create personas of students and young professionals living in New York City. We chose this demographic because their is a lot of societal and personal pressure and stress on this particular group; especially taking into consideration the state of the economy, the environment, the political world, and the ever increasing health problems that are consistantly greater issues. To obtain more information from the personas we documented and observed a day in the life of this demographic. This helped us to identify points of negative impact and opportunities for positive and fun means of delivering and implementing what PLUS COLLECTIVE values.
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Personas
Michele, 26
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Andrea, 24
Maria, 30
Chang 24
Thomas, 29
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A Day In The Life of Michele
Michele, 26, born in Switzerland, has lived half her life in Zurich, half in Colorado and then moved to NY to aspire becoming a successful businesswoman. She experienced some extreme culture shock initially but quickly got to work on finding a job. She now works full time and is in a 2-year training program to become a manager of an Apple store. Everyday presents new, ever-changing challenges. She rarely has time to go out and when she does, she is too tired. Though not very optimistic, she does not let all the negativity impact her either. She is good at arguing and has strong beliefs that get her through the day.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
6AM Wakes up, gets ready for work 3:15PM Walks to the train, lots of traffic, loud noises and honking 7:30AM Walks to work, waits at cross walks opportunity opportunity 3:30PM Gets on the train towards home 7:45AM Waits for subway opportunity 4PM Gets off the train, walks home Subway ride-lots of negative advertisements about smoking, attorneys‌ 5PM Goes to the grocery store, people are rude, unfriendly at cash 8:30AM Gets to work 11AM Lunch break, run to a diner register opportunity Rainy out with no umbrella, everyone seems gloomy, in a rush, scared of 5:30PM gets home 7pm Starts cooking dinner getting poked opportunity 7:30PM Eats, cleans up, then plays video games 12PM Back to work 10PM Gets in bed, on the computer for awhile-falls asleep 3PM Gets off work 59
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A Day In The Life of Andrea
Andrea is a 24-year-old girl working as an assistant buyer for Bergdorf Goodman. She’s originally from Argentina, and lives with her boyfriend in a one-bedroom apartment in Chelsea. She likes New York City but she often finds it very depressing, as people are very aggressive and mean. Her job is usually very stressful and superficial. Coming from Argentina, she’s used to everyone being friendly and helpful. At work, she finds it disgusting how people are so arrogant, and is in shock with the idea that she can’t even look her bosses in the eye. Andrea wants to leave her position because she is unsatisfied with her co-workers’ attitudes. She sometimes describes herself as the moody depressive over-worked New Yorker that you see on the subway or streets, but doesn’t want to be that person.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
6AM Wakes up to go to the gym 7:30AM Gets ready for work 8AM Rides subway to work opportunity doesn’t interact with anyone opportunity 9:30AM Sits at her cubicle eats breakfast while working opportunity
11AM Walks to the store to check merchandise stock 1PM Watches how customers spend thousand of dollars on clothing 2PM Comes back to work and eat lunch while working opportunity 8PM Leaves work around 9PM Meets with her boyfriend and friends at a bar 11PM Goes home
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A Day In The Life of Maria
Maria is a 30-year-old Senior Designer at the Food Network Magazine. Born in Pakistan and moved to New Jersey when she was 8 years old, Maria quickly adjusted to the culture. She graduated Pratt Institute in 2005 and has lived in Brooklyn every since. She remains close to her family but feels like she should interact with them more. Maria loves her job but is typically bombarded with projects. Sometimes, she just wants to let lose and paint freely. Maria is a health nut and goes to the gym every day at lunch. By the end of the day, Maria is exhausted from the day’s stresses but chooses to keep her chin up. She gets excited no matter what the circumstances to have dinner with friends even though she has to wake up the next morning and do it all over again.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
6:30AM Wakes up 7AM Gets ready for the day 8AM Walks to the subway and waits opportunity Rides the subway for 30 minutes opportunity Listens to music or reads a book on the subway opportunity Finds it hard to interact with others opportunity 8:30AM Walks to work- Hearst Tower 12PM Goes to the gym at lunch
7PM Leaves work 8PM Enjoys dinner with friends 9PM Goes home 10PM Watches TV 10:30PM Checks weather, dreads rain opportunity 11PM Eats a snack 11:30PM Goes to bed
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A Day In The Life of Chang
Chang is a 24 year old a graduate student who studies film production at a film academy in Union Square. He hopes to become a successful producer. Originally from Shenzhen, he finds the life in New York very challenging. He wakes up around 9am to go to class or work. To finance his stay in New York, he works part time at a sushi restaurant during the weekend and tutors English at school. He lives in Flushing’s, Queens and spends a fair amount of time commuting. Living a busy schedule with school and work, Chang feels stressed and annoyed by the city environment. Despite all the social activities happening in the city, he feels that there is less human interaction, as the citizens are cold and defensive.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
9AM Wakes up 10AM Walks to school opportunity 11AM Goes to class 1PM Tutors English at school 2:20PM Commutes to Brooklyn opportunity annoyed by NYC’s environment opportunity 4PM Sits down for a coffee 5PM Does homework
6PM Gets on train People are cold and defensive opportunity 7PM Meets with friends 9PM Goes to a bar 10PM goes home 12AM goes to bed
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A Day In The Life of Thomas
Thomas is 29. He works as a financial analyst. He is originally from London. He moved to New York to study business at NYU and has lived in the city ever since. He lives with his girlfriend in Murray Hill. His work is stressful and he works very long hours, often not leaving the office before 12am. He goes to the gym before work and runs when he is stressed and needs time to himself. He is struggling with his relationship, because he does not have enough time for his girlfriend. His work seems to come before her. His family feels the same way; he does not call them enough, but he finds it hard to stay in touch with his busy work schedule and the time difference. He is tired on the weekends, he sleeps in, goes to brunch with his girlfriend and their friends, and tries to relax. He enjoys going to bars and watching football.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
5:30AM Wakes up 7AM Takes his dog out for walk around the block, he likes how quiet it is at this time, opportunity 8AM Takes the subway to the financial district, listens to music on his journey, opportunity 8:30AM Walks to Crunch gym and works out 9:30AM Gets coffee at Starbucks opportunity 10AM Arrives at work 11AM Has an assistant bring him a bagel for breakfast 12PM Starts to stress because he has so much to do the time seems to run away from him
1PM Has an assistant order him in lunch: a sub and chips and another coffee
opportunity 11PM Continues to work through the day not realizing how late it is. 11:30PM Goes for a drink with some of the guys from the office and gets something to eat for dinner 1AM Takes a cab home, he is too tired to take the subway opportunity 2AM Gets home 2:30AM Watches the news for a little while, and falls asleep with the TV on
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Points Of Impact and Opportunities
One being, for example, when people are waiting for the subway with nothing Consistent points of opportunity and impact occurred during high stress times of the day. This includes commuting, running errands, and similar tasks. to look at or do. The following prototypes were based off of these points of impact and opportunity to enhance social well being. Opportunities were identified in terms of where PLUS COLLECTIVE could counteract the high stress situations and environments.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Research on Effects of Urban Environment
As Aristotle once said, ‘Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human.’ New York city is one of the most populated cities in the world, but at the same time, it is believed that it’s one of the loneliest cities. In the New York Times, editor Jennifer Senior wrote, ‘One in every two residents of Manhattan lives alone. These numbers should tell an unambiguous story. They should confirm the common belief about our city, which is that New York is an isolating, coldhearted sort of place.’ Moreover, New Yorkers are known for being rude and bad-tempered, and one of the main reasons for them to act that way is stress. According to studies 75% of the general population experiences at least ‘some stress’ every two weeks. And in New York the numbers are higher. According to experts noise makes New York an absolute carnival of stress. Furthermore, stress is contagious and other people’s excessive or ongoing stress pollutes the environment.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Brad Gilbreath, PhD, associate professor of organizational leadership and supervision at Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne said, ‘Stress is an omnipresent fact of life in New York and it’s getting worse.’ Studies show that in New York, the rates of people dying of heart attack are 55 percent higher than the national average. ‘Just by visiting New York, you pick up half of the stress effect of living there. And you can shed half of it by leaving.’ Nicholas Christenfeld, a psychology professor at the University of California added. However, Robert Sampson, the criminologist who chairs Harvard’s sociology department believes that the reason for their bad -temper is due to loneliness ‘Cities are bastions of lonely, the idea of despairing people is a myth,’ he said in the New York Times. Cities can play a valuable role in fostering this by creating community spaces, activities and experiences that spark these sorts of connections.
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Revised Problem Statement
PLUS COLLECTIVE
One’s quality of life is often decreased due to the many stressors in urban environments. Stressors occur while traveling, during bad weather, in crowded atmospheres and several more. There is also a lack of interaction between residents and the environment in which they live, including interactions with other residents. Both residents and tourists are “abused” by the harshness of the city. Currently, there are limited options one can pursue in order to escape these stresses including going to a park or leaving the urban environment all together. These are both appropriate ways to deal with the urban
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
environment, however, they require planning and can’t be pursued as often as one may desire. The urban environment lacks a way for residents and tourists to escape these stresses without having to leave the city, and even when leaving the city, relief may not fully transpire. Everyday activities such as waiting for the subway or elevator, to crossing the street provide opportunities for PLUS COLLECTIVE to implement unique mediums and messages. This is in order to mitigate the harsh environment of the urban atmosphere, while also allowing residents to interact with one another creating an overall better quality of life. 73
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Prototype Sketches
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Subway Murals
Karma Candy
Escalator Arrows
Decorative Crosswalk
Letters to Strangers
Virtual Easel
Colllaborative Doodle
Interactive Post It
Neo Nature 75
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System Map
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 1
Subway Murals In New York City, over 7 million people commute daily. This initiative would be implemented during peak travel hours where there are high levels of stress. Partnering with National Geographic, large micro-mesh murals would be hung up between train tracks. Uplifting, impactful sceneries of mountains and beaches will allow people to stop and appreciate nature. It has been proven to have a “profound effect on both a person’s psyche and health.” Through hanging these murals in subway stations, PLUS COLLECTIVE aims to give people an escape and quality time. PROS Images of nature promotes positivity Relaxing place to “escape” Bright colors triggers brain activity CONS Lack of funding Easily damaged
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 2
Neo Nature In collaboration with an art museum such as the MoMA, on rainy days brightly colored metal sculpture flowers could be placed in the grounds of parks and tree planters along streets and sidewalks.The same concept could also be applied to rain drops that are placed hanging in trees. During gloomy days people tend to be impacted negatively by the rain and are more likely to keep to themselves. Umbrellas, puddles, and slow transportation add extra stress to the city environment providing an opportunity for PLUS COLLECTIVE to brighten society’s day; research proves that bright colors positively impacts the mood of people resulting in a better day. PROS A way to make someone smile Inexpensive Allows collaboration with artists Bright colors = positive mood CONS People aren’t interested Lack of funding / sponsorship
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 3
Escalator Arrows At locations with a lot of foot traffic, people tend to be frustrated with people in their way. At Penn Station, users stand on both sides of the escalator; those who are in a rush are held back because they cannot walk up or down on the left side. An opportunity to promote efficient travel is LED arrows on the left side of escalators. These will signal riders to please keep moving, or shift to the right if they prefer to stand.This initiative would be funded through Penn Station. PROS Keeps users aware Keeps traffic moving Reduces frustration CONS Doesn’t promote positive messaging More of a quick fix than a form of change People may not understand Expensive
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 4
Decorative Crosswalk Everyone crosses the street at one point almost every day of their lives; this activity is nothing out of the ordinary. Especially in New York City where users are typically looking down, decorating crossing stripes with vivid eyecatching patterns will enhance the walking experience and mood of locales and tourists, alike.This effort can be partnered with various street artists or funded by New York City. PROS Unexpected- surprising to walkers Bright colors impact mood positively Collaborations with artist CONS Requires streets to be closed in order to apply Illegal? Who will fund it?
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 5
Letters to Strangers Being one of the most diverse cities in the world, New York City has open opportunities for locales and tourists to share knowledge and ideas with each other. People will be provided with paper and a pen to write a letter and they will place it in the box.They can write advices, quotes, experiences, or whatever they feel like writing. In return people who wrote the letters will grab one of the letters written from a complete stranger. This will be a way of communication and bringing together strangers in one of the most exciting cities of New York. wewould follow by implement a response system. PROS Share thoughts with a stranger Promotes interaction Unique method- nothing like this exsits
Letters to�Strangers What to do you want to do? Write a letter
Drop a letter
Get a Letter
Other
Paper�and�Pencil
Insert�and Take�Letters
CONS People can share negative / vulgar ideas Booth can be costly Lack of participation
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 6
Virtual Easel The virtual easel is meant to be an Internet/application site where anyone can paint on a collaborative easel. The easel will be made blank regularly and the completed easels kept on file. In collaboration with museums and galleries, large collages could be made out of the daily or weekly pieces of art. It can even go so far as specific companies that are being collaborated with choosing themes to follow. In creating this joint effort PLUS COLLECTIVE aims to make people feel united and connect them to the virtually unknown in bringing them together in a different way. PROS Increase interaction Share ideas creatively with others “Painting� is relaxing Bright colors increases mood CONS Vulgar images Lack of participation
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 7
Collaborative Doodle Field Research PLUS COLLECTIVE’s Collaborative Doodle will allow the public to share sketches and build off one another’s artwork. Blank posters that suggest creating a doodle will be placed throughout waiting areas such as in front of elevators, restrooms, and classrooms. This will allow students, faculty and other institution members to anonymously communicate with one another. The doodles will most likely end up being silly, bringing a smile to the next participant’s face. PROS Gives people something to do when they wait Sharing ideas, thoughts Interaction between strangers Inexpensive CONS Vulgar images Removal of poster Lack of participation
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 7
Collaborative Doodle Field Research: posters placed around Parsons campus by elevators, restrooms, and other waiting areas.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 8
Interactive Post-It Field Research PLUS COLLECTIVE’s post-it interactive activity allows the public to share their thoughts anonymously to one another. “Fill-in-the-blank” phrases give participants a quick idea of what to write. By posting this on blank walls, along sidewalks and other high foot traffic locations, New York City locales and tourists of all ages can share a small, happy thought to increase the positivity and light in one’s day. PROS Anonymous way to interact with others Share thoughts, ideas, inspirations Silly responses make people laugh Brightly colored post-its brighten mood CONS Litter Sticky notes detach from surface Inappropriate comments Lack of participation
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 8
Interactive Post-It Field Research: post-its placed around Parsons campus.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Prototype 9
Karma Candy Field Research Locales in New York City tend to walk swiftly and kept to themselves. Smiles are hard to come across. One way of spreading a cheerful spark in one’s day is by passing out candy. These packets of candy will be adorned with witty, yet random facts or quotes along with a suggestion to “share” with someone in order to bring a quick smile to one’s face. PLUS COLLECTIVE would partner with local candy makers to make custom wrapped treats. PROS Promotes sharing and interaction Funny quotes / facts bring smiles Many possible collaborations (local candy) CONS Can give away the wrong message Can be costly
“We are all inventers, each sailing out on a voyage of discovery, guided each by a private chart, of which there is no duplicate. The world is all gates, all opportunities.” –Emerson Share with with someone!
PLUS COLLECTIVE
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
promoting social good
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Prototype 9
Karma Candy Field Research: handed out Karma Candy around Greenwich Village.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Analysis of Field Research
The tested prototypes gave a lot of insight and feedback as to if and how people interact with one another. The Interactive Post-It allowed for people to let out their emotions, whether they were good or bad, it was a matter of releasing stress. We found that most stated how busy they were, and what they had done, essentially something to be proud of. The Karma Candy was also a success. Though some were unsure of the purpose of the quotes and facts placed on the candy, individuals seemed compelled and
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
laughed at the randomness of it. They also were happy to share; some even returned to get more to give to people they were with. The last prototype tested, Collaborative Doodle, was a major success; people wrote messages and completed one another’s doodles as we had hoped. Overall all of the tested prototypes allowed for a positive interaction, giving us the feedback we needed to know if and how to create interaction and a positive attitude.
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Urban Revival
PLUS COLLECTIVE presents
URBAN REVIVAL Improving social well-being in the urban environment Urban Revival enhances everyday experiences by promoting social interaction, sharing, and mitigating stress points through the use of ever changing architectural and interactive mediums for immediate, inspirational, and compelling messages.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Urban Revival System Map
Virtual Easel Karma Candy Social Interaction
Letters to Strangers Interactive Post-It Collaborative Doodle
URBAN REVIVAL
Subway Murals Gov. & Artist Collaboration
Escalator Arrows Neo Nature Decorative Crosswalk
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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System Map 1
System Map: Subway Murals
1. Call for proposals
2. Propose prototype
3. Obtain approval
4. Produce
5. Installation
6. Feedback
Install mesh screens in various subway stations around NYC
Document reactions
D E OV
R P AP PLUS COLLECTIVE commissions a photographer to take pictures of nature scenery
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Propose prototype to the government
Obtain approval for project
Produce mesh screens and print photography
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System Map 2
System Map: Neo Nature
1. Call for proposals
2. Propose prototype
3. Obtain approval
4. Produce
5. Installation
6. Feedback
Install sculptures in parks and sidewalk planters around NYC and change seasonally
Document reactions
D E OV
R P P A PLUS COLLECTIVE commissions an artist to create a mock of the flowers and raindrops sculptures
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Propose prototype to the government
Obtain approval for project
Produce sculptures out of scrap metal
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System Map 3
System Map: Escalator Arrows
1. Call for proposals
2. Propose prototype
3. Obtain approval
4. Produce
5. Installation
6. Feedback
Produce LED arrows
Install LED arrows in escalators at subway stations in NYC
Document reactions
D E OV
R P P A Call for proposal from local designers
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Propose prototype to the government
Obtain approval for project
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System Map 4
System Map: Decorative Crosswalk
1. Call for proposals
2. Propose prototype
3. Obtain approval
4. Produce
5. Installation
Produce artwork to place on crosswalks
Apply artwork to crosswalks around NYC
6. Feedback
D E OV
R P P A PLUS COLLECTIVE commissions an artist to create a mock crosswalk mural
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Propose prototype to the government
Obtain approval for project
Document reactions
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System Map 5
System Map: Letters to Strangers
1. Call for proposals
2. Propose prototype
3. Obtain approval
4. Produce
5. Installation
6. Feedback
Produce user friendly kiosk in PLUS COLLECTIVE
Place kiosk in an area with a lot of foot traffic where people are also waiting around such as a park or a subway station
Document reactions
D E OV
R P P A Call for proposals from local designers
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Propose prototype to the government
Obtain approval for project
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System Map 6
System Map: Virtual Easel
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
1. Commission
2. Prototype
Obtain approval for project
Create a website with a drawing application
3. Launch
Implement website upon users
4. Publicize
5. Curate
6. Feedback
Users can work on a blank canvas or collaborate with a previous or current user Give users the ability to send and share the drawings
PLUS COLLECTIVE will choose drawings will be featured in other forms of media to demonstrate collaborations
Document reactions and replies
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System Map 7
System Map: Collaborative Doodle
2. Obtain approval
1. Propose prototype
3. Produce
4. Partner
5. Installation
6. Feedback
Place posters around institutions like schools and office buiildings It should be visible from far away
Document reactions and replies
D E OV
R P P A Propose prototype to government
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
the
Obtain approval for project
Mass print text onto posters There should be strong adhesive on the back of the poster Printed at the top of the poster “While you wait create a colloborative doodle� in Gill Sans light, 24pt, black PLUS COLLECTIVE logo placed in the top righthand corner
Partner with institution
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System Map 8
System Map: Interactive Post-It
2. Obtain approval
1. Propose prototype
3. Produce
4. Partner
5. Installation
5. Feedback
Partner with institution or public space
Post the notes in a high traffic area in NYC, where there is space for people to stand and wait or sit
Document reactions and replies
D E OV
R P P A Propose prototype to government
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
the
Obtain approval for project
Mass print text onto post-its Post-Its should have strong adhesive The post-its should be in PLUS COLLECTIVE colors Messages and lines printed on each post-it in Gill Sans light, 12pt, black “Today I’m ________because ________.”
Arrange the notes to spell out a message such as “I am” or “Post It” It should be visible from far away
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System Map 9
System Map: Karma Candy
1. Research
2. Collaborate
4. Produce
3. Design
D E OV
R P P A
5. Distribute
5. Feedback
Distribute candy in public environment
Document reactions
Studies show that 3 out of 4 people make up 75% of the population. Share tis with someone!
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Find quotes by leaders, celebrities etc.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
Collaborate with local candy store
Create mock of candy + wrapper
Print random fact and inspirational quotes + “Share this!” Gill Sans light, 12pt, white PLUS COLLECTIVE colored packaging Print the logo on bottom left corner with
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Short Term Goals
Our short-term projections for PLUS COLLECTIVE’s Urban Revival include expanding our services to top cities in the Unites States. This will require our firm to respond and modify our strategy to particular city’s specifications. For example, the Subway Mural would not work in cities where there is no underground transportation and so forth. Another projection is to increase our number of prototypes, which will contribute to more social interaction and overall improved quality of life.
PLUS COLLECTIVE promoting social good
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Long Term Goals
Our long-term projection is to expand to major cities all over the world. We aim to build an international interaction and database with some of our prototypes. For example, the Letters to Strangers will be exchanging letter of those countries who speak the same language, leading to a much larger social interaction, essentially making the big world seem smaller. This way we can create a platform of international social interaction and have greater impact in improving the quality of life to citizens of the world.
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pg. 51 http://themodulator.org/archives/001292.html http://touch.schematic.com/2009/12/vws-piano-staircase-the-fun-theory/ pg. 53 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age http://www.jstor.org/stable/2626812 http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200305/why-we-love-bad-news
pg. 31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss
pg. 69 http://quiteallright.blogspot.com/2010/12/rainy-day.html http://www.bigideastobigresults.com/archives/254
pg. 33 http://www.education.com/reference/article/media-influence-children/ http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/devmile.htm http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/tv.htm http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2212/Media-Influence-on-Children.html
pg. 71 http://stresscure.com/hrn/facts.html http://nymag.com/news/features/52450/
pg. 38-39 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/25/AR2010012503957.html http://remotecontrol.mtv.com/category/shows/16_and_pregnant/ http://www.americanpregnancy.org/main/statistics.html http://exministries.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/teens-get-desperate-for-fame/ pg. 40-41 http://www.letsmove.gov/ pg. 42-43 http://www.livestrong.com pg. 44-45 http://ww5.komen.org/AboutUs/GlobalReach.html http://ww5.komen.org/ http://www.the3day.org/site/PageServer pg. 46-47 http://www.arn.com/articles/truth-voted-campaign-decade http://www.arn.com/creative/case-studies/truth http://www.huliq.com/10017/quit-smoking-campaigns-failed-decrease-student-smoking-2010 pg. 49 http://www.suso.co.uk/blog/the-fun-theory http://www.thefuntheory.com/
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Sources Images pg 27 1. http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/community/coca-cola-study-measures-global-happiness.html 2. http://cgnews.com/2009/02/04/psyop-create-heist-for-coca-cola/ 3. http://chrisables.deviantart.com/art/Coca-Cola-quot-Open-Happiness-quot-163864655 pg 29 1. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2008/06/27/thanks-to-his-own-popularity-nemo-cant-be-found/ 2. http://www.tommyschultz.com/component/photo/photo_topic/clown-fish/1/finding-nemo-clown-fish-underwater-photography-689.html pg 31 1. http://www.core77.com/blog/object_culture/good_news_art_photo_6887.asp 2. http://www.september11news.com/02_911NewspaperNewYorkTimes.jpg
pg. 49 1. http://www.suso.co.uk/blog/the-fun-theory 2. http://www.enterakt.com/business/fun-theory-speed-camera-lottery-video/ pg. 51 1. http://themodulator.org/archives/001292.html 2. http://www.komencsnj.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Nationalprograms 3. http://touch.schematic.com/2009/12/vws-piano-staircase-the-fun-theory/ pg. 55 1. http://chemicallyinjured.com/the-workplace 2. http://fooyoh.com/fitness_health/4478721
pg 33 1. http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/children/ 2. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/3481625/Parents-believe-watching-television-is-good-for-children.html 3. http://www.fcs.txstate.edu/cdc/parents.html
pg. 57 1. http://Facebook.com 2. http://www.poptower.com/samantha-swetra-the-city.htm 3. http://benjamin.joffe-walt.com/arab-women-online/ 4. http://asian-actor.blogspot.com/2008/06/jang-geun-seok-south-korean-actor-and.html 5. http://financialanalysttraining.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Financial-Analyst-Certification.jpg
pg. 39 1. http://www.celebritymagascene.com/2010/09/teen-moms-catelynn-and-tyler-on-people-magazine-cover.html 2. http://img.poptower.com/pic-33976/lizzie-waller-16-and-pregnant.jpg?d=1024 3. http://celebritygossipnews.net/16-and-pregnants-baby-momma-drama 4. http://remotecontrol.mtv.com/category/shows/16_and_pregnant/
pg. 59 1. http://Facebook.com 2. http://www.rfidworld.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Typical-Grocery-Store-Checkout-Lineups3.jpg 3. man waiting for subway 4. http://quiteallright.blogspot.com/2010/12/rainy-day.html
pg. 41 1. http://www.afro.com/sections/news/baltimore/story.htm?storyid=1942 2. http://www.letsmove.gov/
pg. 61 1. http://www.poptower.com/samantha-swetra-the-city.htm 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bergdorf_Goodman.jpg 3. http://www.bigideastobigresults.com/archives/254 4. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1225367/Work-bad-boss-It-cause-heart-attack.html
pg. 43 1. www.livestrong.com 2. www.livestrong.com 3. www.livestrong.com pg. 45 1. http://weakonomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/SusanGKomen.jpg 2.http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/galleries/susan_g_komen_race_for_the_cure/susan_g_komen_race_for_the_cure.html 3. http://www.the3day.org/site/PageServer pg. 47 1. http://www.arn.com/articles/truth-voted-campaign-decade 2. http://www.arn.com/creative/case-studies/truth
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pg. 63 1. http://benjamin.joffe-walt.com/arab-women-online/ 2. http://www.flickr.com/photos/thebulli/2890171877/in/faves-gumuz/ 3. http://www.technologyinvestor.com/2009/July27-09.php 4. http://adaptivereuse.net/page/2/ pg. 65 1. http://asian-actor.blogspot.com/2008/06/jang-geun-seok-south-korean-actor-and.html 2. http://www.z-mation.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=828&sid=ff8d8da1232f94258b934550b258dcab 3.http://s20.photobucket.com/albums/b202/Maganight/?action=view&current=untitled-1.jpg 4. http://www.chocolate-fish.net/img_-2658
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Sources Images pg. 67 1. http://financialanalysttraining.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Financial-Analyst-Certification.jpg 2. http://www.thepetsplace.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/man_walking_dog.jpg 3.http://www.visualphotos.com/image/2x3543632/two_businessmen_at_bar_with_drinks 4. http://72ppi.us/archives/2009/jul/24/nycnew-york-city-taxi-speeding-down-5th-avenue/ pg 69 1. http://quiteallright.blogspot.com/2010/12/rainy-day.html 2. http://www.bigideastobigresults.com/archives/254 3. waiting for subway
pg. 107- 123 (System Maps) 1. http://www.the-digital-picture.com/Reviews/Canon-EOS-Rebel-XSi-450D-Digital-SLR-Camera-Review.aspx 2. http://www.newyorkgossipgal.com/2010/06/nyc-gov/ 3.http://www.agisweb.com/index.php/equipment/equipment-printers/equipment-printers-grand-format/hp-scitex-xl1500-5mindustrial-printer-cg745a.html 4. http://www.gulfjobsmarket.com/feedback 5. https://gutierrezdrafting.com/Home_Page.php 6. http://www.racineweb.com/design/sciences.html 7. http://www.roadking.co.uk/exterior-lights/24v-led-arrow-set-light-red.html 8. http://thenextweb.com/google/2011/04/01/what-challenges-does-googles-1-face-we-ask-an-expert/ 9. http://www.schwee.com/News.aspx?newsId=01 10. http://thecolormusiccompany.com/blog-3/
pg 71 1. http://www.stewartjwright.co.uk/problems/headache.htm pg. 79 1. http://www.visitingdc.com/new-york/new-york-city-subway.asp 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:145th_Street_BD_Subway_Station_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7_Ave_F_NYC_Subway_Station_by_David_Shankbone.JPG 4. http://imblogger.altervista.org/2010/11/03/crociera-gioielli-delloceano-indiano-il-paradiso-terrestre-delle-seychelles/?lang=en 5. http://greenferret.wordpress.com/2008/09/04/local-democracy-leads-to-greater-happiness/ pg. 81 1. http://fantasystock.deviantart.com/art/Bare-Trees-in-Pond-Water-3-158277277 2. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Branches_of_a_tree.JPG pg. 83 1. http://www.jgballard.ca/deep_ends/jgb_shanghai_shepperton.html 2. http://www.roadking.co.uk/exterior-lights/24v-led-arrow-set-light-red.html 3. http://stopdesign.com/archive/2004/07/24/escalators.html (escalator) pg. 85 1. http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2010/10/05/more-summons-after-new-n-j-crosswalk-law/ 2. http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-2929163-yellow-brick-road.php 3. http://wiki.westminstercollege.edu/Courses/Sutton-_Michael_JD/MBA_660E_Can_Knowledge_Be_Managed%3F/KM_Methods_and_Tools/75_-_Metadata/%282%29_Schemas_ Element_Sets/Crosswalks_and_Mapping pg. 87 1. http://www.brooklynparrots.com/2006_05_01_archive.html pg. 103 1. http://smartblogs.com/leadership/2011/04/15/tasty-catering-on-driving-engagement-through-transparency-and-shared-decision-making/sharing-ideas/ 2. http://intpmcomms.com/communicating-across-teams-in-international-projects/ 3. http://sedu731fall09.wikispaces.com/Why+Collaborate%3F
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