Field Study Buddhanagar Neighbourhood Structure Er. Amit Pokhrel, Ar. Anju Shrestha, Ar. Babita Thapa, Ar. Emma Shrestha and Ar. Usha Mandal 9/8/2013
To find the exact information of the surveyed area of Buddhanagar, Kathmandu to know whether there is a Neighbourhood structure within Buddhanagar area or not as well as to know how much household are in facilities and utilities services within the surveyed area.
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
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Neighbourhood is the place where people like to to stay. Although these places are routinely defined according to administrative boundaries on the basis of statistical criteria, it is important to carefully consider the way they are circumscribed as they can create spatial analysis problems and produce misleading information. A new approach to defining Neighbourhood units which is based on the integration of elements stemming from the socioeconomic situation of the area, its history, and how it is perceived by local key actors.
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In 1915, Park described these groupings as the results of the competition for land use between various businesses and groups of populations existing without formal organization. A Neighbourhood is often considered to be a living area as well as a place of work and a family environment. One will find people interacting for utility (grocery stores, medical clinics, schools, recreational parks, etc.), support or mutual aid (exchanges of services), or for pure socialization (the need to create bonds between individuals).
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It is a space we learn to recognize by moving throughout it while carrying social and economic activities such as visiting friends and shopping. The built environment and its social organization can become familiar and could contribute to one's identity. A Neighbourhood can thus become a reflection of oneself, one's values, aspirations and socioeconomic conditions. It can also be freely selected or determined by these same
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socioeconomic conditions. In short, a Neighbourhood is a place characterized by a specific collection of spatially based features that can be found at a specific geographic scale.
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The three spatial levels of the concept of Neighbourhood which are intrinsically connected inside the same area: the home area, the locality and the urban district. The home area refers to belonging and family, where the psycho-social purposes of
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Neighbourhood tend to be strongest and it is typically defined by the area within a 5–10 minute walk around someone's residence. The locality refers to the wider area where residential activities are still highly predictable, familiar, and is visited frequently. The urban district refers to an even larger landscape of social and economic opportunities which might vary considerably from one individual to another. In this way, Neighbourhoods can be seen as overlapping areas in
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relation to one's needs, the whole being centered on the residence. Moreover, the scale of a Neighbourhood shall be very different between urban and rural areas, where notions like distance or local are different.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ďƒ˜ To identify the walkability and school services. 9
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To identify the services to make a safe neighborhood. To identify the problems of dwelling units. To identify the clusters of housing with community facilities. To explore several relevant methodological issues related to the definition of Neighbourhood units.
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ďƒ˜ To find the three spatial levels of the concept of Neighbourhood which are intrinsically connected inside the same area: the home area, the locality and the urban district.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Elements of a Great Neighborhood 12
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Certainly, there are other more particular day-to-day concerns facing the neighborhood, and they need to be addressed. Before we address these concerns, however, it will be most helpful if we begin first to think broadly about--to imagine--what qualities good urban neighborhoods should have, what a neighborhood might be and should be, and how it can be the best possible neighborhood for those who live in it. 1. Walk to Shop
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A great neighborhood has everyday stores and services within an easy walk from home. It has stores and shops that satisfy everyday needs within an easy walk from home. Everyday shops and services include corner groceries, day care, cafes and restaurants, banks, dry cleaners, bakeries and the like. An easy walk is about five to ten minutes. 2. Safe Streets
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A great neighborhood has safe and friendly streets. It has safe and friendly streets. In a great neighborhood people can walk without fear of crime, being threatened by traffic, or being disturbed by excessive noise. People feel like they "belong" on neighborhood streets. Residential streets feel public, and more like open space than traffic ways. Streets are a pleasant part of the neighborhood. 3. Get Around Easily
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A great neighborhood has many ways to get around. It has many choices for moving to, from, and within it. Great neighborhoods make it easy to move about on foot, by bicycle, transit, and auto. They accommodate the car, but allow people to live easily without one.
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4. Housing Choices
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A great neighborhood has a variety of housing types. It has a variety of housing types. A variety of houses; flats and apartments of various size to meet different needs and preferences. 5. Gathering Places
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A great neighborhood has places for people to meet and talk. It has places for people to meet, talk and be neighborly. Public gathering places include parks, plazas, sidewalks, and shops. 6. City Services A great neighborhood has a full range of public services for residents. It has a full range of public services for residents. Public services include parks, schools, police and fire stations, libraries and other amenities.
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7. Special Character A great neighborhood has its own special character. They are shaped by their physical setting, streets, buildings, open spaces, history, culture and the people who live in them. In great neighborhoods these attributes combine in unique and memorable ways. Great neighborhoods make great cities.
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Great neighborhoods make great Cities. Great neighborhoods stand out on their own, yet are connected to the City. They can be a refuge for their residents, but also a part of the city's wider community.
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NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS •
Utilities and Servicing
•
Major public service uses 22
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•
Land use ratios: Industrial/Residential & Commercial
•
Servicing and Transportation
•
Water supply, Sewage disposal and Drainage System
•
Emergency services: Police/Hospitals/Fire brigade
•
Land use demands: Residential/Commercial/Industrial
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•
Open space/Natural areas
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Figure1: General components of Neighborhood
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NEIGHBORHOOD MODULE Traditional neighborhood module Nani is one of the clan settlement units. It is formed by the combination of dwelling cluster types. Orientation of each Nani is toward the center or court.
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Nani & the Town The Hierarchical Relationship Nani A + Nani B + ‌
Tole A
Nani A + Nani B + ‌
Mandalika A
Mandalika A + Mandalika B
Town
Figure2: Nani structure in Traditional Settlement
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Hierarchy neighborhood in a residential town settlement
Residential Cluster + Residential Cluster = Neighbourhood Quarter
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Neighbourhood Quarter + Neighbourhood Quarter = Residential District Residential District + Residential District = Town Settlement
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CHAPTER 3: CASE
STUDY
OF
BUDDHANAGAR
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Buddhanagar is located to the north-east of the main road to the way of New Baneswor from Babarmahal. Previously, it was name as chuchol galli but known as Buddhanagar due to presence of statue of Buddha and Buddhist community.
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Buddhanagar is one of the blooming areas for the residential neighborhood plan that has
Figure4: Map of Buddhanagar, highlighted study Area
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Figure3: Google map of Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
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The total area of Buddhanagar covers around 982 ropanies (49 hectare). The study area covers about 25% (12.25 hectare) of total area which are divided into five quarters. In these quarters, various features are analyzed to observe the various socio-cultural activities at different times. Quarter A belongs to bungalow type and rest of quarters is flat system houses (mixed uses).
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Figure 5: General information of the study area
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HIERARCHY DIVISION OF SPACE
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The study area consists of the different hierarchal distribution of area like the area which is near by the road side is captured by commercial use also and the area that is little inner side from the road is purely residential area. Mainly the primary streets are used as a missed used purpose that is containing shops on the ground floor. Residences inside this area are in different variation in height like one storey to 5 th storey also and are bungalow type as well as flat system on rent etc.
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Housing type
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Figure6: Residential area inside the study area Figure7: commercial area on the road side
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BASIC NEIGHBORHOOD ELEMENTS INSIDE THE STUDY AREA Walk to shop
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This neighborhood has easy access to satisfy everyday needs within the accepted walking distance (5-10 minutes).
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Fig.8: walk able distance
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Safe streets: Since the streets have mixed use, street seems lively and safer. People can walk without any fear of crime. Streets feel like public and more open space than traffic ways. Footpath is lacking. The road network divides: •
Primary road
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•
Secondary road
•
Tertiary road
•
Cul de sac
The road is nearly designed for the concept of pedestrian friendly since there is only flow of public vehicles.
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Get around easily: It has many choices for moving to, from and within it. But some of the streets end with the building where people have to walk a lot more to reach the destination. In this case permeability factor is low. It consumes more time and less efficiency.
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Fig.9: Street Networking
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Housing choices: the study area of this
neighborhood
consists
of
mainly two types of hosing choices i.e. bungalow type and flat system rented building in which mostly
Fig.10: House Ownership Chart
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the ground floor used as the commercial purpose. The houses which are near by the road are mainly mixed type (Commercial Residential). And the houses found on the inner area are mainly bungalow type.
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Gathering places: The people can gather in banquet hall, school’s playground to meet, talk and be neighborly. They also form their own organization known as "Buddhanagar development
Fig.11: Columbus School
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committee" which performs their different public activity in the open spaces of the school. The study area also consists of the one newly made banquet hall in which people gather to perform their parties and other activities. City services:
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It has full range of public services for residents. These include school, police post, hospitals, commercial, road networking, etc. small shops used for the daily purpose are also found in the community.
1. Police post
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The police post is situated on the west peripheral site. This police post serves 24 hours services for the safety and security inside the community, which can be also consider as the integral part of the complete neighborhood.
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2. Elementary school
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The study areas contain elementary school: Columbus School, Kavya School, South point school under which 40-55% of the student belongs to the Buddhanagar community. Schools/College in Buddhanagar 1. Columbus School (inside the study area) 2. Kavya School (Primary+ Secondary) (inside the study area) 3. Northpoint School (Primary School)
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4. Southpoint School (Primary School) (inside the study area) 5. National Academy (Primary School) 6. Buddha public School (inside the study area) 7. KITS Nursing College 8. Alfa-beta Institute (inside the study area)
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South point school contains 40% students from the Buddhanagar among them around 27% of the students come from our study area and remaining 13% comes outward from the study area but they belongs from the Buddhanagar. Similarly another school contains 53% of the students from the Buddhanagar among which 28.5% from the study area and remaining from the outside of study area but from Buddhanagar. And the remaining 47% from the other parts like Bhaktapur, Shankhamul, Old Baneswor, Babarmahal etc
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•
Class: play group to V class
•
Number of student around the territory=56
•
Walking student=55
•
From van A , the student comes from: Pulchowk-Imadol-Kharibot-KotesworShankhamul-Buddhanagar=12 students
•
From van A again-Newroad-Mahankal-Bir hospital side=4 student
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•
From van B, the student comes from: Maitidevi-Shantinagar-Mid BanesworGuheswor-Babarmahal-Thapagaun-Buddhanagar= 15 student
•
From
van
B
again:
Koteswoe-Jadibuti-Gathaghar-Balkot-Nyatapole-
Suryabinayak-Baneswor-Buddhanagar=20 students •
From different pockets of Buddhanagar, Swet binayak marga= 7/8 students
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Fig.12: Distribution of students in South Point School
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Fig.13: Distribution of students in Columbus School
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3. Open space The study area consists of the private open space as a vacant land rather than a public open space. One triangular public open space is situated on the east side of the study area
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which function as children’s playing as well as the parking space in the present time. Furthermore the other open or vacant open land use as vegetation. And some of the vacant lands are used by the children as a playground.
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Fig.14: open spaces (private and public)
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Fig.15: private vacant Fig.16: landPublic used asopen a space used for Parking basketball court at present and Playing
Fig.1: Typical section of building 78
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4. Services and facilities:
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They start their day by going temples (Ganesh temple, Durga temple) indicated by triangular shape. Elementary schools are indicated as circular shape. Dhobi khola and Bagmati River are also shown connected with Shankhamul road. Hams hospital is also distinctly shown in the plan for emergency health services.
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5. Transportation and parking
Figure17: Dhurga Temple
Vehicular access is limited in Buddhanagar. Public vehicles are available only to the border of Shankhamul and from Araniko highway. Inside this area, it is served by the street loop road system.
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The southern part of Buddhanagar has good access from all directions, Street providing direct east-west connections to buddhanagar and Krishna tower and north-south connection to babarmahal-koteswor road network. Since the area was planned and developed as an auto-oriented, low density commercialindustrial area, there is adequate parking in the area.
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Figure19: Parking near by the House Figure 18: Public Transportation Area
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6. Utilities The area is well serviced by utilities, like water, sewer, drainage
and
electricity
services. Drinking water is
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available through government line and through boring, well etc. solid waste disposal is carried out through the government and through club. There is a major overhead electrical power transmission line passing through the western edge of the area. From a redevelopment and aesthetics perspective, this transmission line is a major constraint for the development opportunities in this area. Existing overhead secondary distribution power lines through Buddhanagar will need to be shifted where they are impacted by the new public roadway construction.
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Figure20: Overhead Electrical Line
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Figure21: Utility Chart
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7. Small shops
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•
Groceries
46
•
Jwellary shop
4
•
Stationery
11
•
Fruit shop
4
•
Cafe & Tea shop
15
•
Pharmacy
2
•
Tailoring
13
•
Tv repairing
3
•
Cosmetic & beauty parlor
14
•
Hardware
3
•
Fast food
11
•
Gas depo
6
•
Clothing store
9
•
Garage
4
•
Barber shop
6
•
Office including NGO’S
6
•
Dairy product=3
3
•
Finance
2
•
Electric appliances=6
6
•
Cyber
3
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The study area contains the small shops for the daily needs. The ground floors of the buildings near by the road contains different type of shops like groceries, barber shop, jeweler shops, cafĂŠ, restaurants etc. these shops make the street alive by the flow of people for the search of their needs.
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Figure22: Shops Chart
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Socio-economic aspect: The town form, street patterns and open space hierarchy including building components have different layers of socio-religious meanings, developed in different time period, which forms the collective memory and shared values of communities. Gradual development phase of Buddhanagar
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The timeline of Buddhanagar shows the gradual development of infrastructure and the population size. These pictures show the improvement of services with the compactness of living due to opportunity in the capital city Kathmandu valley. In the same way, there is gradual decrement of quality of services due to rapid increment of population. The Aerial map of 2003 show that there are many land still not used for developments and it clearly defines that there is a natural environment within the built environment. The overall map indicates that in the core and outer area, there are still many unused or green
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or open land to be there with no change in it. The figure directly explains that there is many vacant land within Buddhanagar which representing its natural aspects within the area. Similary the Aerial map of 2007 indicates that the earlier open lands or vacant space was filled up by built environment in many places within Buddhanagar. As we see in this map that the core and outer area was filled up by built environment and very few land was left
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to change in built environment; which directly shows that the rise in population density is the main reason to occupy by built environment. Similary the map of 2010 clearly shows now that there is a limited land within the area and most part are used by built for development of commercialized and for private residences, due to increase number of population, which supports for a Neighbourhood point of view too. and the latest data available from 2013 Aerial map shows that, there is few countable land only and whole area was covered by concrete jungles leaving no
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spaces for greenary and natural environment which is the biggest threat for cultivating the grains to live a life in sustainable manner.
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Timeline Situation of Buddhanagar •
Aerial map of 2003 
Greenary or open or vacant land are mostly presence in this map, which shows that the open or vacant land are used for grainary means or for
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agriculture means to sustain life and the other parts are surrounded by built environment •
Aerial map of 2007 
The situation comes to be changed while travelling time from 2003 to 2007. The spaces which was mostly vacant is now filled up by many built concrete and fewer lands are yet to be filled due to rise in population due
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to opportunity in capital as well as due to country under threat due to maoist revolution from the past year. •
Aerial map of 2010 
Within the 3 years time from 2007 to 2010, the left portion of vacant land was occupied by houses and many built structures within this area. Now only few land were left there and we can count it, this situation was due
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to increase in population from around the country to stay in capital city as welll as due to centralization. •
Aerial map of 2013 
The passage of time shows that the place like Buddhanagar was to be empty during ealier years but now a days it seems that the most part of this area is covered by concrete jungles and this situation is due to the countries internal problem including maoist revolution which disturbed
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much to the citizens of Nepal, which created population density to be increased in capital city as well as due to centralization, the opportunity is higher in capital than in the regional area, which within the 15 years, people flew in capital for business, quality education, employment, to go abroad and due to perspective to be in one way for living in the cities which is rich in cultural and easy to access for what the people needs in their life.
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Fig23: Buddhanagar in 2003
Fig24: Buddhanagar in 2007
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Fig25: Buddhanagar in 2010
Fig26: Buddhanagar in 2013
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Chapter:4 4.1 Neighbourhood Structure as an Analysis Tool Field study emphasize the importance of the method used to define Neighbourhood structure. This is of the utmost concern given the effect this definition can have on the study. The use of borders established more or less arbitrarily can generate serious information biases and reduce the validity of analyses. 108
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As the Neighbourhood integrates place as well as people, its conceptualization must consider characteristics of both place and people, and the interaction between them. It must also consider that a neighbourhood is always a part of a larger whole.
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4.2 Methods Studied Area We conducted this study in five places (Marga) of the Buddhanagar. They were selected for their comparability on certain aspects and contrasts on others. Furthermore, they
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represent three basic types of milieus, namely a local area, a suburban and a business area (a source for income housing). In order to produce a set of neighbourhood units as close as possible to the way the territories are built, lived, and perceived, meaning where the neighborhood’s idiosyncrasy is best represented, a three-prong approach was developed combining and integrating historical, socioeconomic and perceptual viewpoints.
The Historical Perspective
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Buddhanagar is located to the north-east of the main road to the way of New Baneswor from Babarmahal. Previously, it was name as chuchol galli but known as Buddhanagar due to presence of statue of Buddha and Buddhist community. Buddhanagar is one of the blooming areas for the residential neighborhood plan that has grown and changed over time. The total area of Buddhanagar covers around 982 ropanies (49 hectare). The study area covers about 25% (12.25 hectare) of total area which are divided into five quarters.
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In these quarters, various features are analyzed to observe the various socio-culture activities at different times. This perspective is based on locating all institutional, private or public demarcations used during the past years before the beginning of Neighbourhood concept started in Nepal. The period was considered since it is about the average duration of an adult's active life. The collected limits could be, for instance, from primary schools' catchment area,
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Regional planning units, fire or police security dispatch zones, municipalities or parishes' boundaries. Different maps have been collected for each studied territory. Every single limit of each map was weighted according to four criteria: the length of utilization, the decade of use, the relevance of a limit according to the research theme and the collected information's accuracy. A topological structure was made using street network for Buddhanagar. Every segment of the topological structure was given a weight according to the four criteria. Natural
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breaks in the distribution of those weights served as class thresholds for defining the frequency of the limits use: very often, often, sometimes and never.
The Socioeconomic Perspective For the definition of Neighbourhood structure according to a socioeconomic perspective, Material deprivation is mainly associated with education, employment and income,
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whereas social deprivation refers primarily to parenting, marital status, age and living alone. Both dimensions of deprivation are in fact the two main components of a principal component analysis carried out on the above socioeconomic indicators. In order to provide a unique statistical representation of deprivation for each territory, we carried out a cluster analysis by dissemination area for each aspect. We used the cluster analysis since the results generated are more compact than those obtained by the hierarchical method, exclude any possibility of overmatching and maximize the internal groupings' homogeneity. Following preliminary analyses, we determined that five groups were adequate to spatially reveal the main deprivation differences. Each group brings together data with similar factor scores on both deprivation aspects. 116
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The result of this approach is mainly cartographic, offering a portrait of the population's material and social conditions' internal diversity. It allows locating places with similar levels of deprivation into five groups, from most privileged to most deprived, and the evaluation of the level of adjacency for each of the five groups. The five groups or quarters or area represent the area taken within the Buddhanagar area or teritory.
The Perception Perspective
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For this perspective, a focus-group type work was carried out with local respondents who have had knowledge of our five study areas. We chose to intereact with locals because they bring a valuable and coherent point of view of the territory since they can both look at it as a whole and give advice about its interactions with the region, and discuss specific details within it. In each territory, we held an interview of three hours for locals coming from activity sectors such as community groups, school board, and community health and social services. Twenty people per territory took part in this interview. The goal was to collect their overall perception of the territory, to understand what a neighbourhood structure 118
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meant to them, to insure the integration of the three perspectives, and to circumscribe a set of neighbourhood units.
Before the Questionnaire, all the local respondents were informed of the objectives and the context of the study as well as the interview already carried out on their territory for the definition of neighbourhood structure, e.g. the result of the historical and statistical perspectives.
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It was essential to provide this information at the beginning of the Interview in order to give a basis on which to work and on which respondents could reach a consensus. We then asked the respondents or participants to map out, according to them, what would be their personal proposal of neighbourhood structure on their territory by leaving them completely free to use any criteria they considered most significant.
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They could select or discard layouts suggested by the historical and statistical perspective and/or modify them according to other criteria they considered relevant. Only two constraints of a statistical nature were established. The first constraint was that units must gather an integer number of dissemination areas; this criterion allowing units to be perfectly compatible with Statistics available census data and other databases. The second constraint was that the units should contain approximately 5,000 inhabitants (+/3,000) to carry out analyses about rare events (low birth-weight, death rate, etc.) with the minimum level needed for statistical significance, and to keep a local perspective. There is no gold standard number for neighbourhood structure analysis and the selected values are always more or less arbitrary. 121
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The historical perspective identified the most frequently used limits generated by public services, local policy or by urban infrastructures for its recent history. The socioeconomic perspective offered a picture of the current deprivation status while locating some spatial clusters. The perception perspective not only provided useful information on social interactions, sense of belonging, accessibility to various services, and on local characteristics, but also made it possible to integrate the whole procedure. It is with this procedure that we
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obtained a final set of neighbourhood structure among which we investigated Neighbourhood characteristics at the local scale.
4.3 Neighbourhood Structure Analysis: Based on inner characteristics and the geographic scale there are two main categories of elements that need to be considered when identifying a neighbourhood structure: the inner characteristics and the geographic scale.
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The inner characteristics refer to everything that could be considered an important element to characterize a neighbourhood. A neighbourhood concept has provided the most complete listing of those elements, grouping them in ten groups: structural, infrastructural, demographic, class status, public services, environmental, proximity, political, social-interactive and sentimental characteristics. We agree with this general and integrative definition of a neighbourhood, which is "a bundle of spatially based attributes associated with a cluster of residences, sometime in conjunction with other land uses. However, obviously no neighbourhood can be homogeneous with regard to all these elements.
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Instead, it is characterized by a specific combination of homogeneity and/or heterogeneity of a few or many elements that make a neighbourhood different from its surrounding. This is known as the neighborhood’s idiosyncrasy. All these refer to some specific aspect of a territory's reality. We believe that this reality shall be best represented if they are all taken into account when one tries to define neighbourhood structure.
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The geographic scale is also an important aspect to consider when defining neighbourhoods structure. Indeed, their relation to the territory and their principal characteristics might change with the scale. It can be determined by the dominant function of each of three spatial levels of the concept of Neighbourhood which are intrinsically connected inside the same area: the home area, the locality and the urban district. The home area refers to belonging and family, where the psycho-social purposes of neighbourhood tend to be strongest and it is typically defined by the area within a 5–10 minute walk around someone's residence.
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The locality refers to the wider area where residential activities are still highly predictable, familiar, and is visited frequently. The urban district refers to an even larger landscape of social and economic opportunities which might vary considerably from one individual to another. In this way, Neighbourhoods can be seen as overlapping areas in relation to one's needs, the whole being centered on the residence. Moreover, the scale of a neighbourhood shall be very different between urban and rural areas, where notions like distance or local are different. Therefore, the concept of neighbourhood is not necessarily confined to urban milieus; it could simply be another way to express the idiosyncrasy at a proper geographic scale. 127
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Unfortunately, there is no magic formula that could bring together all relevant elements of a neighbourhood to create an all-purpose spatial grid. However, we believe that the two categories of elements described earlier, e.g. the inner characteristics and the scale, are particularly relevant for defining spatial units related to environment, and that choices are to be made regarding those elements before defining neighbourhood structure. What follows are the choices we made that led to the creation of geographical units that could be used to manage the multidimensional concept of neighbourhood.
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Chapter: 5 130
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Discussion This study is an implementation of a multi-perspective for defining Neighbourhood structure in five quarters (or territories or pockets or groups) located in the Buddhanagar. Our purpose was two-fold. First, we wanted to show how it is possible to integrate different ways of defining neighbourhood structure and produce significant information on necessary information variations at a local scale.
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Second, we sought to incorporate the point of view of local respondents in defining such structure in order to facilitate the exchange of knowledge between researchers and local Stakeholders. Results show that this survey was feasible and successful. Three methodological approaches were integrated to delineate neighbourhood structure in the selected territories or pockets. Socioeconomic and structural variations were found between neighbourhood structure and within territories, and these variations raised much interest among local stakeholders.
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We have seen that in defining neighbourhood structure, each perspective had its role or input in the process. The historical approach reveals boundaries usually inherited from the institutional framework which significantly cut out the territory, and to evaluate the presence, the strength, or the coherence of the spatial frame of reference. The socioeconomic approach rather highlights the actual homogeneity or heterogeneity of a territory's deprivation and its spatial distribution. Provided with these two geographical representations, local respondents can determine which elements of these perspectives, or other elements drawn from their own experience, are most significant in defining neighbourhood structure.
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We consider this whole process fundamental to render the concept of Neighbourhood operational, since it uses an objective methodology that integrates elements of subjectivity and reflects the singularity of the territory. Indeed, inner characteristics identified by respondents were aspects which could only be pointed out by people having an intimate experience of the territory. What distinguishes one Neighbourhood from another is the way various specific elements combine among themselves, thereby conferring its idiosyncrasy to the Neighbourhood. The scale at which Neighbourhood structure were constructed was mainly determined by two features: the historical boundaries that qualify the general spatial frame of reference,
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especially in local environments, and the statistical constraint that keeps Neighbourhood populations in the range of 2,000 to 8,000. Even though the spatial frame of reference was very different for the urban boroughs of pockets A to Pockets E, it is interesting to note that criteria evoked by local key respondents during the Questionnaire were often the same for surveyed places.
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Indeed, main roads or inner roads, housing types, the general level of deprivation, the presence of social contacts and historical aspects were all important elements used as guideposts by the respondents from Buddhanagar (The surveyed locations). Thus, it was possible to integrate the historical and socioeconomic perspectives by having resorted to the local respondents' personal knowledge.
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Indeed, results showed an efficient way to present general outcomes at the local scale that could be easily understood by local stakeholders. Each one of these structure had its own characteristics; however, it should be known that no characteristic was used as a global beacon for a unit's definition. Consequently, local respondents individually bounded each one of these structure according to one or several of these indicators that specifically characterized them. Nevertheless, our work was not carried out without difficulty. Moreover, keeping a structure's population within an interval of 2,000 to 8,000 individuals was sometimes awkward for questionnaire respondents.
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However, in the context of Neighbourhood structure studies carried out at a local level and for reasons of statistical precision, it was not possible to reduce the size of neighbourhood units. When very small populations are involved, perhaps other types of analyses, more qualitative in nature, would be more appropriate. In an area like Buddhanagar, the same kind of problems arose but with greater impact on the significance of the final set of structure or units, and for several reasons first, it was harder to find homogeneity or some socioeconomic similarity in this area because of the large expanse of the area and the low population density.
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We also noted from local respondents' comments that the Buddhanagar area, at the local scale, was perceived to have a level of heterogeneity that is seldom observed in an urban area, second, indicators mentioned by Buddhanagar questionnaire respondents differed in nature from those mentioned for the urban boroughs. Those indicators reflected indeed a very different social reality and were adapted according to the scale at which space is used by the inhabitants. Consequently, the neighbourhood concept took a new dimension here and often extended to bordering municipalities with which social or administrative contacts were more frequent and common.
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In this field study, the concept of neighbourhood is rarely used in relation to the countryside and defining neighbourhood structure in urban and sub-urban areas now represents an important methodological challenge. Based on our study, we can suggest that neighbourhood structures are entities which share many institutions and public services and are often linked by an economic pole. It is mainly through these elements that our neighbourhood structures were created. The quality of our final set of neighbourhood structure, in Buddhanagar, can be closely related to the quality and diversity of the local key respondents who took part in questionnaire and an interview. However, the results' significant value comes precisely
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from the fact that, in spite of their various expertises, they succeeded in reaching a consensus on the neighborhoods’ representations.
This procedure strengthened the final divisions, which we believe would not have been significantly different had we interviewed with other local key respondents, especially in different pockets of Buddhanagar areas. In fact, boundaries were selected without much discussion as they were already known by respondents.
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The method presented in this field study provides a set of geographical units based on a consensus made by local respondents. With this consensus, we believe their spatial distribution can be used to qualify their idiosyncrasy relating the Neighbourhood structures. Also, as our final set of Neighbourhood structure was not compared with more conventional ones, based exclusively on socioeconomic indicators, for instance, we do not know if this set brings greater geographical disparities and provides more useful
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insights into the determinants of necessary required informations of Buddhanagar surveyed pockets. In our opinion, the present study makes an original and important contribution to the field of research on Neighbourhood. Fist, it gives substance to an ambiguous and vague concept. Second, it exemplifies a three-fold approach for defining Neighbourhood structure that goes beyond the usual socioeconomic criteria and administrative statistical units. Third, it considers not only cities but also rural areas, which are usually ignored in such study. Fourth, it shows how fruitful links can be created with local stakeholders and knowledge exchange facilitated. Finally, it proposes an approach which is reproducible 143
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elsewhere, in under-developed and developing countries, despite differences in local information systems and local decision makers.
Buddhanagar Neighbourhood Survey (By using these question pattern for questionnaire, respondents helped us to know their view and from all that relevant data, the data are taken and using all that ,Charts and bar diagram is taken under following basis: Respondents are 50 to 70 from all pockets and
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estimating the population chart as 10 person each from each pocket and assuming 10 as 100%, the charts and bar diagrams are prepared.)
Questionnaire 1. What are the top three concerns about your neighbourhood? a. People Issue b. Crime & Safety
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c. Traffic speeding & Parking d. School & green space e. Facilities: Watersupply, drainage and solid waste disposal
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f. Upkeep of Neighbourhood Neighbourhood concerns People issue Crime & safety Traffic speeding & parking School & green space facilities: w/s, drainage, road, disposal Upkeep of neighbourhood
People’s view in % 19 22 19 11 16 14
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2. What are the four things you like best about living in your Neighbourhood? a) Living close to park space b) Neighbours c) Living close to shopping
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d) Quiet & secluded
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Population in percentage quiet and secluded living close to shopping
Best neighbourhood factors 40 30
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Neighbours Living close to park space
35 50
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3. What are the four things you like best about living in your Neighbourhood? a. Minimal traffic b. Living close to work c. Living close to major link roads
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d. Sense of belonging e. Housing design & value
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Population in number 5 7 20 15 20
Best neighbourhood factors Housing design and value Sense of belonging living close to major link roads living close to work Minimal traffic
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4. In your opinion, what is the most important factor that makes a neighbourhood safe? a) Cleanliness b) Lighting c) Healthy environment
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d) Clean air, water & soil e) Housing & street design f) Knowing your neighbours g) Police h) School i) Traffic speed
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Population in percentage Cleanliness Lighting Healthy environment Clean air, water & soil Housing & street design Knowing your neighbours Police
Neighbourhood safety factors 20 25 15 10 5 17 13
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School Traffic speed
21 19
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5. In your opinion, what are the top 3 things Neighbourhood should focus on? a. Being a voice for community planning b. Community safety c. Support those in needs d. Community intereact with newcomers
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Population in percentage Being a voice for community planning Community safety Support those in needs Community interact with newcomers
Focus on Neighbourhood 5 25 10 15
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6. What are the top 3 qualities that make a great Neighbourhood? a. Clean & green b. Knowing your neighbours c. Helping your neighbours d. Participating in community activities
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e. Well planned & designed Response percent Clean and green Knowing your neighbours Helping your neighbours Participate in community activities Well planned and designed
Great Neighbourhood 75 60 25 15 85
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7. If you know people in your neighbourhood, how did you get to know them (Neighbourhood activity)? a) Walking in neighbourhood b) Through mutual friends c) Through neighbourhood associations like social clubs,
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d) Through common interest or issue of concern e) Through children & school People and activity in percent Through children, school Through common interest or issue of concern Through neighbourhood association Through mutual friends Walking in Neighbourhood
Neighbourhood activity 35 30 25 20 15
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8. How can you indicate the Housing style in your Neighbourhood? a. Multiplex b. Duplex c. Single family home with rent
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d. Single family home e. Apartment
Housing use in percent Apartment Single family home Single family home with rent Duplex
Housing style 0 65 80 5
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Multiplex
25
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(Note: Duplex means-A duplex house is a dwelling having apartments with separate entrances for two households. and Butwal powe company limited building is duplex and Multiplex means-A building, especially a movie theater or dwelling, with multiple separate units. and in buddhanagar there is a multiplex which has a theatre and qfx with small department centre)
9. How can you indicating the ownership of your home in Neighbourhood?
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a. Own b. Rent c. Not applicable
Response in percent Own Rent
Ownership of your home 75 35
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Not applicable
0
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10. What are the Facilities in Buddhanagar, surveyed at different pockets? a) Solid waste disposal b) Watersupply c) Drainage
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Water supply 30%
Drainage 80%
Solid waste disposal 70%
50%
80%
70%
20%
70%
90%
10%
70%
90%
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Category 4 Solid waste disposal
Category 3
Drainage Watersupply
Category 2 Category 1 0%
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
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(In different pockets we see some difference regarding facilities and services. Somewhere we see presence of watersupply is more but at other pocket there is less service in comparison to other pockets, were we surveyed it while studying Neighbourhood structure in Buddhanagar. Due to increase in population in Kathmandu valley, the demand is high in comparison to supply. and due to increase in demand, the supply is poor for some area. and some where ground water by pump are pumped out. Due to population, the watersupply corporation provide watersupply within the given time when they say; that’s the main reason, we see some where water and in some where no watersupply.)
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11. Mode of Transportation a) From krishna tower b) Baneswor c) Shankhamul
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Surveyed Pockets
Respondent’s No. of Age group( m/f) Male Female Building name families yrs/month period A report to study of neighborhood structure started(B.S) Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
swetbinayak marga
Krishna kumari shrestha Sukra acharya Jagat maan shrestha sundar dhakal Alok dhakal
6
62/15m 60/35/11f
2male
3female
2046
8
59/24/22/19m 57/23/19/3month f 35/7 m 32 f 44/35/23 m
4male
4female
2056
2male
1female
2055
3male
0
2052
1male
4female
2050
sriram dhundel santosh maharjan
3
50m 45/30/24/22f 60/22m 30f 70/50m 65/49/26/28f
2male
1female
2050
2male
4female
2065
bhawana marga lumbini galli gangadevi marga nemuni marga nemuni
lalaita maharjan sita chaudhary jait bdr maharjan mira banyal
2
1male
1female
2050
1male
4female
2051
3male
4female
2025
1male
2female
2051
bishal rawal
4
2male
2female
2050
swetbinayak
gita acharya
3
1male
2female
2067
bhawana marga swetbinayak marga swetbinayak marga swetbinayak marga swetbinayak marga
maheshlal karmacharya sulochana pradhan surya prasad neupane sudan shrestha haribhakta maharjan
6
3male
3female
3male
3female
renovated new at 2051 2053
4male
1female
2055
2male
2female
2051
5male
1female
2058
nemuni marga bhawana marga durga marga
mayyadevi manandhar sudhir bista
5
3male
2female
2043
3male
2female
2041
mohan acharya nilbhakta shrestha Amrita aryal
5
45m 40f 45m 44/27/25/22f 62/63/40m 60/61/35/29f 75m 70/39f 30/7m 29/5f 45m 40/22f 50/40/35m 45/37/29f 55/30/19month-m 50/29/19month f 80/65/60/30m 62f 84/44m 39/17f 77/55/42/35/ 29m 24f 70/45/16m 44/12f 49/31/17m 45/14f 84/55/29m 47/27f 55/29m 50/25/23f 84/50/4m 75/50f 50/35/11/9m 47/30f 70/50/29m 65/48f 50/27/7m 46/25/3f
3mlae
2female
2052
2male
3female
2051
3male
2female
4male
2female
in rent from last 15 yrs 2059
3male
2female
2055
3male
3female
in 2038 buy land and 205 to live started
bhawana marga Lumbini galli bhawana marga shram marga shram marga shram marga
shram marga swetbinayak marga bhawana biraj marga khatiwada durga marga gunmaya devi durga marga sundar shakya
3 3 5
6
5 7 3
6 5 4 6
5
5 5 6 5 6
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d) Bijuli bazaar Transportation From krishna tower Baneswor Shankhamul Bijulibazaar
70% 20% 15% 5%
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Buddhanagar Neighbourhood Survey: Respondents details of surveyed area
CONCLUSION The concept of the neighbourhood is well established as a basic unit for planning our cities. Further, it is a popular and accepted (though often vague) element of social and physical organization in the minds of the engineers, architects and city designers. The 210
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neighbourhood has become the symbols , through conscious designs of a means to preserve the real or imagined values of an earlier, semi-rural way of life in our increasing complex and fast moving urban centers. unqualified criticsm of it would be unair and un warranted . The modern concept of the neighbourhood and for that matter , many of the more recent version of the neighbourhood unit or structure derive from the notion that the neighbourhoods will be composed of aggregations of “average� families and may be a miscellaneous relative like containing both the social and physical attributes within neighbourhood stability. Actually families of this sort comprise less than half of the families occupying dwelling units in our cities. 211
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Even for those families that conform to the average , the planned neighbourhood does not necessarily provide the ideal living environment. This is not to say that many of the elements that are being incorporated into contemporary neighbourhoods are not sound, i.e. who can argue against the advisability of diverting speed and volume traffic away from living areas, especially when children are walking to the school or playing in the nearby open playground.
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while this report has been devoted primarily to the discussion of techniques for delimiting the neighbourhoods, it unavoidably has dealt with certain subjective evaluations of the neighbourhood theory. Drawing the boundaries of a neighbourhood , if these boundaries are to serve as a frame of reference for actual physical change , will affect significantly the kinds of neighbourhoods that results.
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There seems to be a great need for integration in neighbourhoods- integration of different kinds of people, different kinds of dwellings, and different kinds of ideas. utilization of as many criteria of neighbourhood identification as are available may provide the tools to build better new neighbourhoods and to recognize the strenght and weakness of existing ones. A willingness to go further than adopting a neat set of standards based upon a 100 year old concept as the guide for all residential development in the city is necessary, if we are to provide the variety of living areas suited to the variety of people who live in the city like Kathmandu and the place like Buddhanagar which has its own histrorical, sociological, economical and perception value from the earlier years. 214
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BIBLIOGRAPHY http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2012/02/25/the-importance-of-strongneighborhoods/ http://www.nij.gov/topics/technology/maps/gps-bulletin-v2i2.pdf
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http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=1704 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status A study on Buddhanagar-
Book named as “Buddhanagar Darpan�; Published by
Buddhanagar Development Committee(2061 B.S). Urban and Environmental planning in Nepal by Ambika Prasad Adhikari http://www.worldbank.org/ www.cityplanning.org/europe
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Babbit, Bruce.2005.’How to Rebuild New City’, Newyork Times, Alonso, William.1971. “A theory of the urban land market in the subtopic Internal structure of the city, edited by Larry.S. Bourne. Newyork: Oxford University Press. www.cwac.net/landuse/index on july 21,2008 www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/09/eco.cities/index.html on july 28,2008 www.urbanandregionalplanning/london www.gos.gov.uk/gol/Culture_leisure/Tourism/?a=42496
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GUEST, AVERY M., JANE K. COVER, ROSS L. MATESEUDA, AND CHARISE E. KUBRIN.2006. “Neighbourhood Context and Neighbouring Ties.” City & Community www.elibrary.au/ Planned development and Residential segregation- Gordon, Tracy www.knowledgegain.com/Urbanism Berkeley publication Journal: University of California press
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HEVESI, DENNIS.2001. “East New york: A Neighbourhood Reborn.” Newyork Times, June 10, pp. RE1,10
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(Appendix-II) BOUNDARY 1-2-3-4
No. of Activity House 1 equation center 2
Type commercial
No.of storey -
House No. -
Location -
Residence 224
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3
institutional
4
school kantipur AIMS
5
clothes
mixed
6
Meat closed
mixed 2shutter
Institute
2½
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7 8 9
bajaj servicing cafe, furniture, hardware, electricity shops
mixed 3 shutter mixed
3
mixed 3s
3
1
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10
mixed 2s Residence
3
12
mixed
5
13
mixed
5
mixed
3½
11
14
grocery parlor Residence
2 grocery
3
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A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
closed 15
3s mixed
3
16
furniture
mixed
2
17 18
jwellary
3 2
19
grocery
mixed mixed 2s mixed
3 228
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
20 21
hotel/dairy mixed
22
mixed 2s Residence
23
Residence
ganapati overseas office stationery ward office
3 4½ 3 4
229
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
24
mixed
grocery
4½
25
mixed 4s
3½
26
mixed
2 closed salon tailor grocery
27
Residence
3 3
230
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
28
tahara
29
Residence
30
Residence
31
Residence
32
Residence 231
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
33
mixed
cold store cafe
3½
34
Residence
2½
35
Residence
2½
15/2
36
232
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
37
Residence
3
38
Residence
3½
39
Residence
boy store
4
40
commercial
cold store)temporarily
-
-
41
Residence
3
351
39
-
233
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
42
Residence
4
373
43
Residence
4
-
-
44
mixed
4
-
-
45
mixed
3
-
-
grocery cloth store
234
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
tailor 46
Residence
47
mixed
grocery
3
48
mixed
gift shop,milk dairy
3½
459
49
Residence
3½
469
235
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
50
mixed
grocery
4
485
51
Residence
boys hostel
2½
52
mixed
4
53
mixed
cyber, pharmacy,barbershop fast food
4
375
54
mixed
3 grocery
4½
417 236
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
55 56
mixed mixed
closed shop workshop,grocery
2 3½
57
Residence
58
mixed
closed
3
59
mixed
2hardware,parlor 237
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
tailor,fastfood,cosmeti c 60
grocery,photostudio cafe, closed
3
61
mixed 4s Residence
62
mixed
mechanic, cycle shop fast food
temporary
238
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
63
-
64
construction site Residence
65
Residence
Residence
4
66
mixed
67
mixed
furniture
1 temporary 1
-
-
4
239
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
68
mixed
‘’ ‘’ ‘’
1
69
commercial
office
2½
70
mixed 3s Residence
grocery
2½
71
2½
39/23
240
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
73
mixed
2
43
74
Residence
3
57
75
Residence
3
65/20
76
mixed
CWISH NGO
3
78
school
south point boarding
3
95 241
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
79
school
‘’ ‘’
‘’
80
mixed
books and stationery
81
Residence
Residence
82
Residence
Residence
3 3
121
3
228
242
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
83
Residence
Residence
3½
194
84
Residence
Residence
3
186
85
Residence
Residence
4
178
86
Residence
Residence
3
172
87
mixed
cosmetic
156 243
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
88 89
Residence
90
mixed
grocery
92
mixed
grocery with recharge card shop
3½
146/15
3½
10
244
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
93
Residence
3
60
94
Residence
2
52
95
4
36
96
mixed 1s Residence
97
Residence
grocery
30 3½
26 245
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
98 99
mixed
100
mixed
101
service centre
buddhanagar wall fence beauty parlor 2 stationery grocery, liquor bakery
246
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
102
mixed
momo shop
3
247
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
248
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
249
A report to study of neighborhood structure Buddhanagar, New Baneshwor
250