Jefferson County Public Schools
February 2012
Lincoln Elementary unveils new performing arts wing (page 2)
JCPS receives results of districtwide review (page 4)
Elementary magnet schools and programs (page 7)
Are you as smart as a JCPS eighth grader? (page 16)
www.jcpsky.net Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer Offering Equal Educational Opportunities
Lincoln Elementary unveils new performing arts wing
Lincoln Elementary Performing Arts School hosted a ribbon-cutting ceremony last month to unveil its new arts wing. The $8 million expansion includes a 3,000 square-foot black box theater, dance studios, practice rooms, and a state-of-theart piano lab. The wing will house daily arts instruction as well as after-school programs with a variety of area arts partners. Local community groups will use it too. “This new performing arts wing is not only an engaging learning center for our students but also a unique showpiece for the city of Louisville,” says JCPS Superintendent Donna Hargens. “While many other 2
districts are limiting such programs, our community continues to support the arts in a way that spurs academic and cultural growth.” As Kentucky’s only public elementary performing arts magnet school, Lincoln offers students a range of instruction, including Piano, Vocal, Orff Instrumental, Dance (ballet, modern, tap, and creative movement), and Drama (improvisation, mimicry, pantomime, role playing, and storytelling). Primary Program students receive instruction in all five areas. Fourth- and fifthgrade students focus on two of them. Arts education is combined with core instruction in ba-
sic academic subjects, such as reading and writing, which helps engage students in all of their classes and strengthens the connection between students and the school. “The arts get kids excited about their learning experience,” Dr. Hargens says. The Louisville Ballet and the Blue Apple Players provide after-school instruction. A videoconferencing system provides distance-learning and field-trip experiences with arts organizations worldwide. Lincoln performing arts graduates have “first right of review” for JCPS middle school arts programs.
Below: Students, Lincoln staff, JCPS administrators, and members of the Jefferson County Board of Education cut the ribbon.
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JCPS receives results of districtwide review The Jefferson County Board of Education (JCBE) received a 540-page Curriculum Management AuditTM report late last month from the education association Phi Delta Kappa International. The report includes 24 findings and 10 recommendations for improvements related to the Jefferson County Public School (JCPS) District’s curricula and operations. The board decided to hire the association last summer. Chairman Steve Imhoff says the members wanted an objective opinion from an outside source on how JCPS can improve its curricula to raise student achievement. A team of Phi Delta Kappa auditors spent a week in JCPS schools in October. The auditors visited virtually every classroom, and they interviewed parents and students as well as JCPS staff. The auditors also looked at district data (including test scores) as well as facilities, transportation, technology, and finances. 4
Findings Findings from the report include the following: • The district’s schools are more effective than the general public believes they are. • The scope of the written curriculum in core academic areas is adequate at the elementary level but needs to be improved at the middle and high school levels. • Facilities are “generally clean and adequately maintained to support a quality learning environment.” Long-term facility planning is adequate, but the district’s classroom space could be used more efficiently. • There are many opportunities for teachers to receive professional-development (PD) training, but PD is not guided by a comprehensive plan.
Recommendations Phi Delta Kappa presented the following recommendations to the board: • Adopt policies governing the management of the
organization and job descriptions. • Review, revise, adopt, and implement board policies to provide for a sound local system of curriculum management and control. Review and revise SchoolBased Decision Making (SBDM) sample policies to be consistent with board policy. • Redesign the planning process to provide a coherent focus and improved system connectivity to fulfill the vision of the board and the new leadership. • Design and implement a comprehensive curriculum management system that integrates curriculum development, staff de-
The board wanted an objective opinion from an outside source.
velopment, and staff appraisal and that provides continuity and consistency across all grade levels and schools. Consolidate curriculum guides and resources for all courses offered, integrating curriculum expectations for special populations within the documents. • Develop and implement a comprehensive plan for student assessment and program evaluation. District and site levels will be required to use data that are focused on closing achievement gaps among subgroups, raising achievement for all students, and providing feedback for decisions about curriculum management and program adoption, implementation, continuation, expansion, modification, or termination. • Institutionalize instructional best practices for effective curriculum delivery. • Establish procedures requiring formal monitoring of instructional practices to promote district-wide consistency. • Design and implement a coordinated, system-wide PD program that supports the curriculum and focuses on improved student achievement. • Provide equal access to comparable programs, services, and opportunities to impact student achievement. Eliminate the
achievement gap between ethnic and socioeconomic student groups. Take further steps to allocate resources based on student needs. • Develop and implement a three-year plan that aligns district and building-level resources to curricular goals and strategic priorities. Include systematic cost-benefit analysis to
ensure that expenditures are producing desired results. JCPS Superintendent Donna Hargens says the audit has provided a great deal of critical information that the district can use to improve instruction, and her administration will give the board quarterly updates on how JCPS is implementing the recommendations.
Read the full report on a special Curriculum Management Audit Web page at www.jcpsky .net/Projects/CMA/
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Board approves new elementary student assignment plan Last month, the board approved a new elementary student assignment plan for the 2012-13 school year. The plan benefits parents and students in many ways, points out Jack Jacobs, JCPS executive director of Student Assignment. Because the plan revises diversity guidelines and uses the most recent census information as well as smaller
census areas, the district will be able to more accurately pinpoint diversity that already exists in Louisville’s neighborhoods. This means the plan will allow more students to be assigned to schools closer to their homes, potentially reducing their bus ride times. Highlights of the plan include the following: • About 2,000 elementary
students will be able to attend a school closer to their home because of the revised diversity guidelines. • The new guidelines classify the district’s 570 census areas into categories based on income, percentage of nonwhite population, and average level of adult educational attainment. • English as a Second Language (ESL) students will be included in the diversity index for the first time. • Kindergarten students will not have to reapply to the same school for first grade. • Most elementary schools will continue to be grouped into one of the six clusters that have been used for the past several years. • Bus routes to day-care centers will remain the same.
JCPS now accepting elementary applications JCPS elementary schools will accept applications for the 2012-13 school year through Thurs., Mar. 1. Who should apply? • Students who will enter kindergarten • Older students who are 6
entering a Jefferson County public school for the first time • Older students who want to apply to a magnet school or a magnet or optional program To apply to kindergarten,
a child must be 5 years old by Mon., Oct. 1, 2012. To apply to first grade, a child must have completed an accredited kindergarten program and be 6 years old by Oct. 1. To enroll your child, you
may go to the school nearest your home that serves your child’s grade level. For information on which school your child may attend, use the SchoolFinder at http:// apps.jefferson.kyschools. us/demographics/ schoolfinder.aspx or call the Parent Assistance Center at 485-6250, the Office of Elementary Student Assignment at 485-3802, the Office of Demographics at 485-3050, or the district’s FactLine at 485-3228. For initial enrollment, you must provide the following: 1. Proof of address*—utility bill, lease, paycheck, paycheck stub, or government check that gives the parent’s or guardian’s name and address (A driver’s license is not ac-
ceptable), and 2. Certified copy of your child’s birth certificate, or other reliable proof of your child’s identity and age and an affidavit of the inability to produce a copy of the birth certificate*, and 3. School records if your child has been enrolled elsewhere (If you are unable to obtain the records from the current school, bring the name and address of the person to whom the receiving school may write to obtain the records directly), and 4. Health documents: a. Students new to the district must present evidence of a recent preventative health-
care examination (www.jcpsky.net/ Schools/Health_Descriptions.html), and b. Current immunization certificate, and c. Proof of an eye exam (no later than January 1 of the school year), and d. Proof of a dental exam (no later than January 1 of the school year) You may call JCPS Health Services at 485-3387 for information regarding the required health documents. *You may enroll your child in school regardless of immigration status and/or a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. For information on the Homeless Education Program, visit www. jcpsky.net/Programs/Homeless/welcome.html.
Elementary magnet schools and programs Besides applying to schools in their cluster, elementary students may want to apply to a magnet school or program. A student who is accepted into a magnet program becomes a full-time student of the school that offers it and attends that school for all classes, not just the magnet program classes. JCPS provides transportation for most magnet schools and programs. To apply, fill out Section II on the Elementary Student Assignment Application
and send the pink copy to the Optional, Magnet, and Advance Programs Office. The address is noted on the application form, which is available at JCPS elementary schools. The following magnet programs accept applications from students in specific clusters: • Breckinridge-Franklin offers the Communications Program to students in Clusters 4, 5, and 6. (continued on next page) 7
• The Environmental Studies Program is available at Cane Run (for students in Clusters 1, 2, and 3) and at Portland (for students in Clusters 4, 5, and 6). • The Health and Fitness for Accelerated Learning Program is available at Wellington (for Clusters 1, 2, and 3) and at Rangeland (for Clusters 4, 5, and 6). • The International/Cultural Studies and Language Program is available at Fairdale (for Clusters 1, 2, and 3) and at Goldsmith (for Clusters 4, 5, and 6). • Indian Trail offers the MicroSociety Program to students in Clusters 4, 5, and 6. • Jacob offers the Success for All Accelerated Reading Program to students in Clusters 1, 2, and 3. • Kennedy Montessori offers the Montessori Program to students in Clusters 1, 2, 3, and 4. Coleridge-Taylor Montessori offers it to students in Clusters 5 and 6. • McFerran Preparatory Academy offers the Preparatory Academy Program to students in Clusters 3 and 4. • Mill Creek offers the Leadership Academy Program to students in Clusters 1 and 2. • The Visual Arts Program is available at Rutherford (for Clusters 1, 2, and 3) and at Price (for Clusters 4, 5, and 6). The following magnet schools and programs ac8
cept applications from garten through gradestudents throughout the twelve magnet school. district: (JCPS doesn’t provide transportation for students • Atkinson offers the Acadaccepted into the Brown emy for Excellence in School.) Teaching and Learning. • Brandeis is a Mathematics/ • Wheatley offers an MST Magnet Program. Science/Technology (MST) Magnet School. • Young, an International Baccalaureate (IB) Magnet • Byck offers the Talent School, is authorized by Development Magnet the IB organization in GeProgram and the Waldorfneva, Switzerland. Inspired Magnet Program. • Four magnet schools of• King offers the Gifted and fer traditional education: Talented Magnet Program Audubon Traditional, Cartand the Visual and Perer Traditional, Greathouse/ forming Arts Magnet ProShryock Traditional, and gram. Schaffner Traditional. In • Lincoln, a Performing Arts addition, Shelby and FosMagnet School, integrates ter Traditional Academy drama, music, and dance offer traditional magnet with core academics. (See programs that accept appage two.) plications from students • Maupin offers the Institute throughout the district. for Creativity and InnovaThese six schools are part tion. of the traditional educa• Roosevelt-Perry offers the tion feeder pattern to BarTechnology Magnet Proret Traditional, Jefferson gram. County Traditional, and • Students focus on selfJohnson Traditional Middle directed learning at the Schools. Brown School, a kinder-
Elementary optional programs An optional program is a small, specialized program within a school. Students who live outside the cluster of the school that offers the program may apply and be accepted, but JCPS does not provide transportation for these students. To apply to an optional program, fill out Section II on the Elementary Student Assignment Application and send the pink copy to the Optional, Magnet, and Advance Programs Office. The address is noted on the application form, which is available at all JCPS elementary schools. • The Elementary Redesign Program is available at Coral Ridge (Cluster 2), Engelhard (Cluster 5), and Wheatley (Cluster 5). This program provides a learning environment that features small classes, full-time school nurses, and teaching support and expertise from the University of Louisville (UofL).
students a daily Spanish immersion experience that prepares them to read, write, and speak proficiently in Spanish. Students in OASIS classes (kindergarten through fifth grade) receive daily math and science instruction in Spanish from certified, Spanish-speaking teachers. Other content areas are taught in English. OASIS students also benefit from cultural enrichment in a Spanish arts class, which meets twice a week and combines the arts with Spanish language and culture learning. OASIS benefits both students who are learning Spanish as a second language and students who are learning English as a second language. In addition, the Hawthorne community is a dual-language community with an expressed appreciation of language
learning and inclusion of diverse cultural experiences. • The Small Class Size Program is available at Cane Run (Cluster 1), Crums Lane (Cluster 1), Hazelwood (Cluster 2), Frayser (Cluster 3), Maupin (Cluster 3), Slaughter (Cluster 4), Breckinridge-Franklin (Cluster 6), and Portland (Cluster 6). These schools have an average class size of just 20 students, beginning with first grade. Research shows that the benefits of small classes in the early years continue to pay off as students advance to middle and high school. For detailed information on JCPS elementary schools and programs see Choices, the district guidebook. Digital versions are available on the Web at www.jcpsky. net/Showcase/index. html.
• Price (Cluster 4) offers the Advance Preparatory Program, which nurtures the abilities of Primary (kindergarten through grade three) students who perform at high levels. • Hawthorne (Cluster 5) offers a new Dual-Language Spanish Immersion Program. The school’s Optional Advanced Spanish Immersion Strand (OASIS) is designed to give 9
Operation Preparation will help students get ready for college and careers In the next seven to ten years, more than half of the jobs in Kentucky and more than 60 percent nationwide will require either a two- or four-year college degree. Most of the remaining jobs will require at least some training after high school, according to the Center for
Education and the Workforce.
To help Kentucky eighthand tenth-grade students get ready, Operation Preparation—a joint effort of the Kentucky Department of Education (KDE) and the Department of Workforce Development—will present College and Career Readiness Advising Week beginning on March 12. According to Pamela Royster, JCPS college access specialist, the district’s students already receive a great deal of college- and career-readiness information. For instance, she points out that “since JCPS employs College Access Time (CAT) in many high schools, advisement is a weekly or biweekly occurrence,” but Royster also notes that Operation Prepa-
ration will complement the district’s efforts and help students make sure they’re on target to meet their goals. During College and Career Readiness Advising Week, most JCPS high schools will invite guest speakers to tenth-grade CAT sessions. The speakers will talk to the students “about the importance of planning and using their PLAN [test] results,” Royster says. Middle schools will offer college and career planning during their CARE for Kids sessions. CARE for Kids is a daily program at many JCPS middle schools. For more on information on College and Career Readiness Advising Week, visit www.operationpreparation.com.
After-school programs give students extra hours to master lessons Two after-school programs—Success in 60 and We Succeed—give many JCPS elementary students extra hours to tackle lessons in reading, math, science, and social studies. Amy Dennes, JCPS assistant superintendent for elementary schools, says teachers and administrators 10
are always looking for ways to “give students more time to learn the skills they need, and these programs are a great way to give them more time.” At each school, teachers and administrators select 30 third-, fourth-, and fifthgrade students to participate.
After school, the students start out in a computer lab using educational software that helps them learn content specified in the Kentucky Core Academic Standards (KCAS). Then teachers select students to work together in small groups. The teachers track progress and adjust
instruction based on individual needs. We Succeed operates at Hartstern, Byck, Blake, Gutermuth, Rangeland, Camp Taylor, and Shacklette Elementary Schools. Success in 60 (so named because it’s designed to give students 60 extra hours of instruction time) operates at Blue Lick, Cane Run,
Cochran, Hawthorne, Indian Trail, Jacob, King, Lincoln, Maupin, Price, RooseveltPerry, Shelby Traditional Academy, Slaughter, Watterson, Wellington, and Zachary Taylor Elementary Schools. “The program is providing much needed additional time to support students who lack mastery in some
areas,” says Maupin Principal Terri Davenport. “The students are placed in groups with a small teacher-to-student ratio, and the teacher is able to give them individual support.” The programs even provide transportation, which “allows students to consistently participate,” Davenport says.
Seniors encouraged to apply for scholarship High school seniors are encouraged to apply for a 15th District Parent Teacher Association (PTA) Evangeline J. Sansome Scholarship. Applicants’ financial needs and their desire to further their education will be considered along with their academic standing. The scholarship, which is for tuition only, is appli-
cable to any type of training or schooling necessary to prepare for a career, but some restrictions apply. The value of the scholarship will be determined in April. Last year, the PTA was able to provide 16 scholarships worth $1,700 each. Applicants must be members of their school’s PTA or Parent Teacher Student
Association (PTSA). More information and an application form are available at http://15thdistrictpta. org/scholarships.html. Students also may get more information from the senior counselor at their school. The application deadline is Sun., Mar. 25.
JCPS wants to hear from you You can help shape the future of JCPS by completing the 2011-12 Comprehensive School Survey. District administrators rely on input from parents to identify needs and develop strategies that ensure success for every student. You can complete the survey through the JCPS Online system. If you have a JCPS Parent Portal Account, you’ll receive a link to the online survey, which will be available through Fri., Feb 24. If you don’t have online access, you still can complete the paper version of the survey, which will be sent home from your child’s school. Your opinions are important to us, and the district values your input. For more information, contact your child’s principal or counselor. 11
Fern Creek cadets earn nation’s highest Marine Corps JROTC award The Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (JROTC) at Fern Creek Traditional High recently received the 2011 Marine Corps Reserve Association Outstanding Unit Award for Region 1. This is a top national award because it is presented to the outstanding unit in each of six U.S. regions based on participation in school activities, student government, academics, competitions, and community service. During the 2010-11 school year, the Fern Creek cadets participated in more than 11,000 hours of community service, supporting more than 38 different organizations. The cadets also performed in 30 competitive events, including drill, rifle, and athletic competitions. The Lady Leathernecks Drill Team won their twelfth consecutive National Championship at the National High School Drill Team Champion12
ships in Daytona, Florida. This is the fifth time Fern Creek has won the Outstanding Unit Award.
Barret counselor wins top state award
JCPS educator named Special Education Teacher of the Year Jennifer Reker, Exceptional Child Education (ECE) teacher at Noe Middle, was honored as the Kentucky Special Education Teacher of the Year at the fortysixth annual Exceptional Children’s Conference in November. The award ceremony included the following information about Reker: “With Jennifer, failure is not an option. Not only for her students, but her fellow teachers, administration, and her school. Consequently, no one is left behind. “She is a teacher leader, taking ownership in her school and the school-wide process. Jennifer motivates, encourages, and pushes her colleagues as well as her students. Her leadership and drive are good for her colleagues. One said: ‘I am a better teacher because she is here.’ “She knows relationships are the key to keeping students in school and is 14
diligent in building those relationships with her students’ families. According to Jennifer, ‘It’s more than just school.’ “Jennifer reaches in to her students and pulls out the best. She remodels them, leaving behind any excuses, and leads them to success. This in-your-face teacher helps all kids before, during, and after school and on Saturdays.” The award is presented as a collaborative effort between the Kentucky Council for Exceptional Children (KYCEC) and the Kentucky Division of Learning Services. Reker received a $1,500 check from the KYCEC, and KDE presented her with a goodie basket worth $500 as well as a Kentucky Colonel certificate. Reker will compete with the nation’s top special needs teachers for the title of Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Teacher of the Year, which will be announced at the national convention in Denver during April.
Melanie Broughton, counselor at Barret Traditional Middle, is the winner of the 2011-12 Kentucky Counseling Association (KCA) Middle School Counselor of the Year Award. It honors counselors who provide exemplary leadership, commitment, and service to the counseling profession. Broughton has served in many roles in the JCPS District. Most recently, she served as president of the Middle School Counselors group, as a crisis responder, and as leader of the district’s first Counselor Wellness Program. Broughton also serves as a mentor to new JCPS counselors, and she has worked with her colleagues to earn National Model Status from the American School Counselor Association for Barret’s counseling program. She also received 2011 Middle School Counselor of the Year recognition from the Kentucky School Counselor Association.
Fifty-one teachers earn National Board Certification Fifty-one JCPS District teachers at more than 35 schools recently earned certification from the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. Pursuing this certification is a rigorous process involving 300 to 400 hours of work.
Candidates must complete a detailed portfolio of their instructional activities and take a challenging exam. With more than 220 teachers who have earned the certification, JCPS is a state and national leader. The district ranks seventh in the nation for the total number of new certified teachers: Atherton High: Matthew Rhinehart and William Tucker, Atkinson Elementary: Leslie Montgomery, Bloom Elementary: Marian Foster, Brown School: Tamika Carr, Cane Run Elementary: Amy Goodenough, Carter Traditional Elementary: Debra Melnykovych, Chancey Elementary: Linda Brown, Chenoweth Elementary: Dora Esakov and Peggy Eklof, Cochran Elementary: Shannon Putman, Dawson-Orman Education Center: Norah Kute, Eastern High: Elizabeth Harper, Fairdale Elementary: Rebecca Murphy, Fairdale High: Lauren Schuhmann, Lori Pfeifer, and Mary Kenzer, Farmer Elementary: Charlotte Walters, Laurel Oskins, and Sarah Switzer, Field Elementary: Sarah Reed, Hite Elementary: Autumn Stith-Mitchell, Iroquois High: Christina Givan, Jacob Elementary: Jenel Holdcroft, Jefferson County Traditional Middle: Elisabeth Speiden, Johnsontown Road Elementary: Doris Snawder, Kammerer Middle: Kristen Gattshall, Lowe Elementa-
ry: Dana Smith and Lauren Dickey, Maupin Elementary: Shannon Gray, McFerran Preparatory Academy: Holly Fernandez and Rebecca Wilson, Meyzeek Middle: Kelley Radke, Myers Middle: Ashley LambSinclair, Newburg Middle: Heather Jones, Noe Middle: Alexis Paxton and Elizabeth Lyles, Okolona Elementary: April Hetzel and Deanna Ford, Olmsted Academy South: Alexandra Howard, Portland Elementary: Sarah Walton, Semple Elementary: Anastacia Keeton, South Park Teenage Parent Program (TAPP): Kara Parker, Stopher Elementary: Jennifer Owen, Trunnell Elementary: Amy Boldin and Katherine O’Brien, Tully Elementary: Erin Bixler, Valley Traditional High: Charlene Lynch, Waggener High: Kristie Hofelich and Saundra Hensel, Wheeler Elementary: Marcia Creek. The following teachers recently renewed their National Board certification: Central High School Magnet Career Academy (MCA): Lisa Morris, Eastern High: Lorraine Peak, Farmer Elementary: Brandy Durm, Wilder Elementary: Rhonda Underwood, Zachary Taylor Elementary: Lawrence Elder. Renewal is good for ten years and involves a rigorous process similar to the original certification, including a portfolio.
Mark your calendar Feb. 1–Mar. 1 Elementary school application period Mar. 2 ���������� No school for students—PD Day for teachers Mar. 6 ���������� Statewide ACT for high school juniors Mar. 8 ���������� 15th District PTA Vendors Fair Mar. 10 �������� SAT Mar. 20 �������� Statewide ACT Make-Up Day for high school juniors Apr. 9–13 ������ Spring Break
Your PTA: there’s strength in numbers Don’t forget to join the PTA or PTSA at your child’s school. The power of these organizations is in the strength of their memberships. Every additional member adds clout and enhances the learning environment for all students.
Learn more to earn more Did you know that high school graduates or adults with a General Educational Development (GED) Certificate earn an average of $7,827 more per year than nongraduates? Free GED and skill-building classes are available throughout Louisville. For more information, call 4853400 or visit www.adulted4u.com. 15
Are you as smart as a JCPS eighth grader? The answers to the eighthgrade math questions in the last issue of Parent Connection are 1: C, 2: C, 3: B. To review the questions, visit the newsletter’s Web site (www.jcpsky.net/Pubs/ ParentConnection/welcome.shtml) and select the January issue. The first parent to send the correct answers last month was Angie Sturgeon, mother of students at Farnsley Middle and Butler High. Other winners were Jennifer Summers (Hite Elementary and Ramsey Middle), Jennifer Bell (Kennedy Montessori), Mendy Dominquez (Lassiter Middle), Amy Le (Hartstern Elementary), and Beth Rose (Hawthorne Elementary). This month, Parent Connection offers a quick quiz with eighth-grade social studies questions. The first three parents who send the correct answers to the Parent Connection office via e-mail and the first three who send the answers via regular mail will receive a free JCPS T-shirt. Please include the name of your child’s (or grandchild’s) school. The e-mail address is thomas.pack@jefferson. kyschools.us. The regular mailing address is Thomas Pack, Communications and Publications North, C. B.
Young Jr. Service Center, Building 4, 3001 Crittenden Drive, Louisville, KY 40209. You don’t need to write the questions or answers. Just send the question numbers and the letters for your answers. Or you may cut out this quiz and mail it. 1. Prairies, steppes, and savannas are all A. desert regions. B. tundra regions. C. grassland regions. D. forest regions. 2. What waterway constructed in Central America had the greatest impact on the increase of trade between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Angie Sturgeon and family
the United States? A. Erie Canal B. Panama Canal C. Suez Canal D. Grand Canal 3. Which earlier civilization most influenced the Roman Empire? A. Phoenician B. Greek C. Incan D. Etruscan 4. The signing of the Magna Carta was important because it A. promoted a feudal society in the New World. B. gave all government power to the king and noblemen. C. concentrated government power in a few individuals. D. established the principle of limited government power.