The Safe Cigarette: Eight

The Safe Cigarette: Visual strategies of reassurance in American advertisements for cigarettes, 1945-1964.

Number:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Glossary, References and Appendices

Practice-Based Ph.D.

Jackie Batey

www.thesafecigarette.blogspot.com

The Safe Cigarette: Visual strategies of reassurance in American advertisements for cigarettes, 1945-1964.

Volume Number:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

The Safe Cigarette

Practice-Based Ph.D.

Jackie Batey

www.thesafecigarette.blogspot.com

The Safe Cigarette

One:

The Safe Cigarette

Two:

The Cigarette

Three:

The Need to Reassure

Four:

Personification: Who Should We Trust ?

Five:

Nature as Reassurance - The Menthol Cigarette

Six:

Technology as Reassurance - The Filter-Tip

Seven:

Conclusion

Eight:

Glossary, References and Appendices

8

Eight: Contents Bibliography and References List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:01

1. Tobacco and Health Related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:01

2. Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:04

3. Ethical Considerations and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:05

4. Visual Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:06

5. Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:08

6. Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:09

7. Political and Societal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:09

Glossary of Tobacco Related Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:11 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:14

Appendix 1:1 Further Information on Cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:14

Appendix 2:1 Audit of Cigarettes and Gum Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:17

Appendix 4:1 Advertising and Animals: The KOOL Penguin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:18

Appendix 6:1 Taxonomy of the Filter-Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:20

Bibliography and References List Primary Sources, items first published before 1965 are printed in Black.

Secondary Sources, items first published after 1964 are highlighted in Grey.

My main source has been American mass-circulation magazines from 1930 - 1974, and also a personal collection of c.670 advertisement tearsheets; Magazines include; Argosy Esquire LIFE LOOK National Geographic The New Yorker FORTUNE Pageant Practical Housekeeper Popular Mechanics Popular Science Monthly The Saturday Evening Post

1 Tobacco and Health Anon. “$57,000,000 Worth of Whizz and Whoozle”, FORTUNE, August 1938, pp.25ff.

Anon. “Alcohol and Tobacco”, FORTUNE, September 1935, pp.67ff.

Anon. “Benson & Hedges”, FORTUNE, May 1950, pp.96ff.

Anon, “Chewing Gum Is A War Material”, FORTUNE, January 1943, pp.98ff.

Anon, “Eleven Substitutes For Smoking”, Pageant, October 1957, Vol.13, No.4, pp.84-87.

Anon, “Embattled Tobacco’s New Strategy”, FORTUNE, January 1963, pp.100ff.

Anon, “Fortune Survey”, FORTUNE, July 1935, (Section “ III : Cigarettes”, pp.68ff).

Anon, “Fortune Survey”, FORTUNE, October 1935, (Section “ X : Cigarettes”, pp.174ff).

Anon, “Fortune 500 Survey”, FORTUNE, December 1953.

8:01

Anon, “Fortune 500 Survey”, FORTUNE, July

1966, pp.228ff.

Anon. “Machine As Salesman.”, FORTUNE, March 1947, pp.117ff.

Anon, “The Fortune Directory”, FORTUNE, July 1958, pp.131ff.

Anon, “The Fortune Directory”, FORTUNE, August 1958, pp.115ff.

Anon, “The Fortune Directory”, FORTUNE, July 1964, pp.179ff.

Anon, “The Fortune Directory”, FORTUNE, June 1967, pp.196ff.

Anon, “The Fortune Directory”, FORTUNE, September 1967, pp.140ff.

Anon. “The Old Gold Contest”, FORTUNE, July 1937, p.49.

Anon. “Philip Morris & Co.”, FORTUNE, March 1936, p.106.

Anon. “Philip Morris Comeback.”, FORTUNE, October 1949, p.110.

Anon. “The Tobacco Road to Serfdom”, FORTUNE, December 1949, p.98.

Anon. “The Uproar in Cigarettes”, FORTUNE, December 1949, p.130.

A.S.H, Action on Smoking and Health, www.ash.org.uk/html/factsheets.html, December 2001 American Lung Association of Colorado, http://www.alacolo.org/, December 2001

Frank Ballard, The Smoking Craze: An Indictment With Reasons And An Appeal To Christians, S W Partridge & Co., London, 1901.

Baumgartner, industry Filter Tip manufacturers. www.baumgartnerinc.com/, September 2000

Boots, Give Up Smoking! Healthcare Information Leaflet, Boots Company Plc., Nottingham, January 1999.

British Medical Association, Smoking Out the Barons: The Campaign Against the Tobacco Industry, Report of the British Medical Association Public Affairs Division, John Willey & Sons, New York, Chichester, 1986.

A

Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co., www.brownandwilliamson.com, August 1997 - August 2001.

Cancer Research Campaign, Q&A Children and Smoking, Brochure, Warners Midlans Plc., 1989.

CDC, Surgeon General’s Reports, www.cdc.gov, August 1997 - August 2001.

Central Office of Information, NHS, Smoking:Giving Up For Life, Department of Health brochure, London, March 2000.

David Courtwright, What’s Your Poison?, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2001.

Maurice Corina, Trust in Tobacco, Michael Joseph, London, 1975.

Howard Cox, The Global Cigarette, Origins and Evolution of British American Tobacco, 1880-1945, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.

Crafe, industry Smokless-Cigarette and Mini-Filter manufacturers. www.crafe-away.co.uk/, September 2000.

Alfred J. Cruise, All About Cigarette Cards, A “Do You Know” Book, Perry Colour Books, London c.1948.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service”, Publication No.1103, Washington, 1964.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Public Health Service Review”, Washington, 1967.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking: 1968 Supplement to the 1967 Public Health Service Review”, Washington, 1968.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequence of Smoking: 1969 Supplement to the 1967 Public Health Service Review”, Washington, 1969.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report to the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1971.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report to the

Surgeon General”, Washington, 1972.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,“The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report to the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1973.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,“The Health Consequences of Smoking, 1974”, Washington, 1974.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,“The Health Consequences of Smoking, A Report to the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1975.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,“The Health Consequences of Smoking: Selected Chapters from 1971 through 1975 Reports”, Washington, 1976.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,“The Health Consequences of Smoking, 1977-1978”, Washington, 1978.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,“The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report to the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1979.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking for Women: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1980.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking – The Changing Cigarette: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1981.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking – Cancer: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1982.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,”The Health Consequences of Smoking – Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1983.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking – Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1984.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking – Cancer and Chronic Lung Disease in the Workplace: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1985.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1986.

8:02

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction”, Washington, 1988.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking – 25 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1989.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1990.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “Smoking in the Americas: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1992.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General”, Washington, 1994.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups”, Washington, 1998.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “Reducing Tobacco Use”, Washington, 2000.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “Women and Smoking”, Washington, 2001.

Mike Dempsey (Editor), Pipe Dreams: Early Advertising Art from the Imperial Tobacco Company, Pavilion Books, Michael Joseph, London 1982.

Frank Doggett, Cigarette Cards and Novelties, Michael Joseph, London, 1981.

R. Eccles, Menthol and Related Cooling Compounds, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46:618-630, 1994.

D.J. Enright (Editor), Ill At Ease: Writers on Ailments Real and Imagined, Faber and Faber, London and Boston, 1989.

H.J.Eysenck, Smoking, Health and Personality, Four Square, Weidenfield and Nicholson, London, 1965.

Filtrati, industry Filter Tip manufacturers. www.filtrati.it/company/index.html, September 2000.

David G. Gilbert, Smoking; Individual Differences, Psychopathy, and Emotion. The Series in Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine, Taylor & Francis, Washington, 1995.

Charles Graves, A Pipe Smoker’s Guide. Icon Books, London, 1969.

Dr. Earle Hackett (editor), Devils, Drugs and Doctors: A Wellcome History of Medicine, Museum of Victoria, Wellcome Trust, International Cultural Corporation of Australia, 1986.

Ralph Harris and Judith Hatton, Murder a Cigarette: The Smoking Debate, Redwood Books, Trowbridge, 1998.

Health and Safety Executive, Passive Smoking at Work, Brochure, HSE, Library and Information Services, Sheffield and London, 1988.

Health Education Authority, Do You Want to Stop Smoking? Leaflet, Mabledon Place, London, 1998.

Health Education Authority, Smoking and Pollution, Parent’s Leaflet, Mabledon Place, London, 1990.

Hoovers Online Investment Advice, industry overview and prospects for investors. www.hoovers.com/industry/snapshot/0,2204,43,00.html hoovers history, June 2000.

INBIFO, INSTITUT FUR BIOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG (Philip Morris' overseas lab for biological studies) “The Effects of Menthol / Nicotine Interactions on Perceived 'IMPACT' ”, Philip Morris, 1995, www.pmdocs.com/, August 2001.

Karen Krizanovich, “Waiting to Inhale”, Bizarre Magazine, London, August 1998.

Jacques-Henri Lartigue, Les Femmes Aux Cigarettes, Viking Press, New York, 1980 [1927].

P.Lorillard Co., www.lorillard.net/, August 1997 - August 2001.

Chris Mullen, Cigarette Pack Art, Hamlyn, St.George, London and New York, 1979.

Thomas P. Murphy, “R.J. Reynold’s King-Size Profits”, FORTUNE, December 1957, pp.128ff.

Milton Moskowitz (ed.), Everybody’s Business, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1988.

Ogden Nash, “The Kinsey Report didn’t upset me, either”, LOOK Magazine, March 1964.

Nicorette, Stopping Smoking? Pharmacia Limited, Milton Keynes, 2001.

Ann Novotny/Carter Smith (editors), Introduction by William D.Sharpe, MD., Images of Healing; A Portfolio of American Medical & Pharmaceutical Practice in the 18th, 19th & early 20th Centuries, Macmillian Publishing, New York, Collier Macmillian, London, 1980.

Gus Parr, “Smoking”, Sight and Sound, Volume 7, Issue 12, December 1997, pp.30-34.

Perfetti and Gordin, “Just Noticeable Difference Studies of Mentholated Cigarette Products”, Tobacco Science, U.K. 29: 57-66, 1985.

Richard Peto, “No Smoke Without Fire”, New Scientist, No.2306, 1 September, 2001, pp.44-7.

Primary Healthcare, Cut It Out, Primary Healthcare brochure, Lambeth Street, London, 2000.

QUIT, The QUIT Guide to Stopping Smoking, QUIT Leaflet, Tottenham Court Road, London, 2000.

Jane Richards, “The Way We Smoked” The Guardian,

July 27th 1997, pp.4-5.

R.J.R Tobacco Netsite., “Salem Marketing Strategy”, March 2001 , www.rjrtobacco.com

The Royal College of Physicians, “Smoking and Health”, A Report of the Royal College of Physicians on Smoking in relation to cancer of the lung and other diseases, Pitman Medical Publishing Co., London, 1962.

The Royal College of Physicians, “Smoking and Health Now”, a Report of the Royal College of Physicians, Pitman Medical and Scientific Publishing Co., London, 1971.

The Royal College of Physicians, “Smoking or Health”, a Report of the Royal College of Physicians, Pitman

Medical Publishing Co., London, 1977.

The Royal College of Physicians, “Health or Smoking?”, Follow-up Report of the Royal College of Physicians, Pitman Publishing, London, 1983.

Peter Taylor, The Smoke Ring. Tobacco, Money & Multinational Politics, Sphere Book, London, 1984.

Richard Pete, “No Smoke Without Fire”, New Scientist, 1 September 2001, No.2306.

Philip Morris Tobacco Co., www.philipmorris.com, August 1997 - August 2001.

David Schaff, That Red Head Gal: Fashions and Designs of Gordon Conway 1916-1936, American Institute of

Architects Foundation, Supported by Philip Morris on behalf of Virginia Slims, Dallas, Texas, 1980.

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Amoret and Christopher Scott, Smoking Antiques, Shire Publications, Aylesbury, 1966.

Sierra Club, How Cancer Pollution May Hurt Your Health, www.sierraclub.org, December 1999.

Sierra Club, Haze in our National Parks? www.sierraclub.org, Decemeber 1999.

Albert E. Sims, The Witching Weed, George G. Harrap & Co., London 1930.

SmithKline Beecham, Annual Report and Form 20-F 1999.

www.sb.com/annualreport, July 2001.

T.I.P.S Tobacco Information and Prevention Source, The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA. www.cdc.gov/tobacco, September 2000.

James Walton (Editor), The Faber Book of Smoking, Faber and Faber, London, 2000.

James Wilkinson,Tobacco The Facts behind the Smokescreen, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1986.

John K.Winkler, Tobacco Tycoon; The story of James Buchanan Duke, Random House, New York, 1942.

World Health Organisation, “Smoking and its Effects on Health”, a Report of a WHO Expert Committee, Technical Report Series 568, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1975.

World Health Organisation, “Controlling the Smoking Epidemic”, a Report of a WHO Expert Committee on smoking control, Technical Report Series 636, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1979.

World Tobacco, Bravo Mission Statement, promotional Site, www.safersmokes.com, September 2000.

2 Advertising

Connie Alderson, Magazines Teenagers Read, Pergamon Press, London, 1968.

Anon, Show Window Backgrounds, 3rd Edition, Blandford Press, London, 1937 [1928].

Anon. “An Appraisal”, FORTUNE, September 1932, p.37ff.

Anon, “Fuller Brush Men”, FORTUNE, June 1938

Anon, “J.Walter Thompson”, FORTUNE, November 1947.

Anon, “The Market: 1948”, FORTUNE, November 1947.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.15, 1936.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.16, 1937.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.26, 1947.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.27, 1948.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.29, 1949.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.31, 1951-52.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.32, 1952-53.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.33, 1954.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.34, 1955.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.37, 1957-58.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.38, 1959.

The Art Directors' Club of New York, Annual of Advertising Art, Vol.45, 1966.

Robert Atherton (Editor), 36th Art Director’s Annual 1957, Farrar Straus and Cudahy, New York, 1957.

Eric Baker and Tyler Blik, Trademarks of the ‘40s & ‘50s, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 1988.

Stephen Baker, Advertising Layout and Art Direction, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1960.

Jeff Bellantoni/Matt Woolman, Type in Motion; Innovation in Digital Graphics, 2000.

Thames & Hudson, London,

Berkeley McNair Journal, Selling Rosie the Riveter: How Advertisements in Ladies' Home Journals Sold American Women Their Role During World War II. http://128.32.252.163/uga/osl/mcnair/94BerkeleyMcNairJournal, June 1998.

Jonathan Brown & Sadie Ward, The Village Shop, Rural Development Commission, Cameron & Holls, 1994 [1990].

CAP Committee, British Code of Advertising Practice (The),

Seventh Edition, London, October, 1985.

The Century of the Self, a four-part documentary on the history of Public Relations, BBC2, broadcast March-April 2002.

Louis Cheskin, Why People Buy, Motivational Research and its Successful Application, Business Publications and Batsford, London, 1960 [1959].

Consumers Union, I’ll Buy That: 50 Small Wonders and Big Deals, Consumer Reports, Consumers Union, Mount Vernon, New York, 1986.

A 50-Year Retrospective by the Editors of

Julia Cresswell, The Penguin Dictionary of Clichés, Penguin Books, London, 2000.

Bart Cummings, Advertising’s Benevolent Dictators, NTC Business Books, Illinois, U.S.A 1987 [1984].

Bill Evans and Andrew Lawson, A Nation of Shopkeepers, Plexus, London, 1981.

Erving Goffman, Gender Advertisements, Macmillan Press, London, 1976.

GRAPHIS Magazine, Herdeg, Zurich, 1944-1965.

Jules Henry, Culture Against Man, Random House, London, 1963.

Thomas Hine, Populuxe, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1986.

Thomas Hine, The Total Package, Back Bay Books, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, London, 1997 [1995].

Eric Hobbs, Drawing For Advertising: The ‘How to Do It’ Series.63, The Studio Publications, London and New York, 1956.

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International Advertising Association, Controversy Advertising: How Advertisers Present Points of View in Public Affairs, Communication Art Books, hastings House, New York, 1973.

Gerard B.Lambert, “How I sold Listerine�, FORTUNE, September 1956.

William D. Lutz, The Age of Communication, Goodyear Publishing Company, California, 1974.

Thomas E.Maytham, Advertising Principles and Practice, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1948.

Martin Mayer, Madison Avenue U.S.A., The Bodley Head, London, 1958.

Joe McGinniss, The Selling of the President 1968, Trident Press, New York, 1969.

Marshall McLuhan, The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1961 [1951].

Marshall McLuhan, The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects, Bantam Books, New York, 1967.

Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, Sphere Books, london 1971 [Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964].

John Mendenhall, Character Trademarks, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 1991.

Paul Mijksenaar and Piet Westendorp, Open Here; The Art of Instructional Design, Thames & Hudson, The

Netherlands, 1999.

C.Mullen and P.Beard, FORTUNE's America, the Visual Achievements of FORTUNE Magazine, University of East Anglia, Rochester, Inst. of Technology, Rochester, 1984.

Greg Myers, Ad Worlds. Brands, Media, Audiences. Arnold, London, 1999.

Kathy Myers, Understains:The Sense and Seduction of Advertising, Comedia Publishing, London, 1986.

Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders, Penguin Special, London, 1960 [David McKay, New York, 1957].

John Pearson and Graham Turner, The Persuasion Industry, Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 1965.

Nigel Rees, Slogans, Allen & Unwin, London, 1982.

Al Ries/Jack Trout, Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York 1981.

D.Robbins (editor), The Independent Group: Postwar Britain and the Aesthetics of Plenty, ICA London, Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, The MIT Press, Cambridge Mass., 1990.

Tate & Lyle Company History, http://www.tate-lyle.co.uk/history/forty.html, July 2001.

Edward R. Tufte, The Visual Display Of Quantitative Information. Graphics Press, Cheshire, Connecticut, 1983.

Edward R. Tufte, Envisioning Information. Graphics Press, Cheshire, Connecticut, 1990.

Edward R. Tufte, Visual Explanations: Images And Quantities, Evidence And Narrative. Graphics Press, Cheshire, Connecticut, 1997.

Joseph Turow, Breaking Up America: Advertisers and the New Media World, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1997.

Charles Vernon, The Sweet Shop: A Handbook for Retail Confectioners, Pitman Press, Bath, 1938.

Torben Vestergaard and Kim Schrøder, The Language of Advertising, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1985.

William B.Waits, The Modern Christmas in America – A Cultural History of Gift Giving, New York University Press, New York, 1993.

Ernest W. Watson, Forty Illustrators and How They Work, Books for Libraries Press, Freeport, New York, 1946.

Julian Lewis Watkins, The 100 Greatest Advertisements, Dover Publications, New York, 1959.

Nancy Williams, Paperwork, Phaidon Press, London, 1993.

Judith Williamson, Decoding Advertisements – Ideology and Meaning, Marion Boyard, London,

1978.

H.H.Wilson, "Techniques of Pressure – Anti-Nationalisation Propaganda in Britain" in the Public Opinion Quarterly, Summer 1951.

John S.Wright and Daniel S.Warner, Advertising, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,

1962.

Frank H. Young, Technique of Advertising Layout. Partridge Publications, London, 1947 [1935]..

Moni Hans Zielke/Franklin G. Beezley, How To Take Industrial Photographs, McGaw-Hill Book Company, New York, Toronto, 1948.

3

Ethical Considerations and Communications

John Ayto, Twentieth Century Words, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.

P.T. Barnum, Struggles and Triumphs, Penguin Books Ltd. New York, 1981, [1855].

Roland Barthes, Mythologies, Paladin, London, 1973 [1953].

Walter Benjamin, "The work of Art in the age of mechanical reproduction", Illuminations, Fontana, London, 1973 [Zeitschift für sozialforschung, V.1, 1936].

Ambrose Bierce, The Enlarged Devil’s Dictionary, Penguin Books, London 1985 [1881-1886].

Leo Braudy, The Frenzy of Renown : Fame & Its History, Vintage, London, 1997.

Lenny Bruce, The Essential Lenny Bruce, His Original Unexpurgated Satirical Routines, Panther, Open Gate Books, London, 1973 [1972].

Edward S. Casey, Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and London, 1979 [1976]

Reo M. Christenson and Robert O.McWilliams, Voice of the People: Readings in Public Opinion and Propaganda, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1962.

Richard Dyer and Paul McDonald, Stars, British Film Institute, London, 1998.

Umberto Eco, Travels In Hyperreality, Picador, Pan Books, Secker & Warburg, London 1990 [First published under the

title ‘Faith in Fakes’, 1986].

Evan Esar, The Humor of Humor, Phoenix House, London, 1954.

8:05

Bergen Evans and Cornelia Evans, A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage, Random House, New York, 1957.

Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, translated into English by James Strachey in 1954].

George Allen & Unwin, London, 1967 [1899 Edition first available

Sigmund Freud, Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious, [translated by James Strachey, 1960], The Norton Library, New York, 1963.

Sigmund Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Ernest Benn, London, 1966 published in 1914].

[1901, English translation first

Joshua Gamson, Claims to Fame : Celebrity in Contemporary America, University of California Press, California, Sacramento, 1994.

Walter B. Gibson, The Bunco Book, Citadel Press, New Jersey, 1986 [1948].

Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Doubleday Anchor Books, New York, 1959.

Stuart Gordon, The Book of Hoaxes: An A-Z of Famous Fakes, Frauds and Cons, London, 1996.

Headline Books, Hodder,

Jules Henry, Culture Against Man, Penguin Books, London, 1972 [Random House, 1963].

Philip Howard, Weasel Words, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1978.

Charles Jencks (Editor), The Post-Modern Reader, Academy Editions, London, 1992.

John McCrone, “Comic Relief”, New Scientist, 27 May 2000, No.2240.

Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man, Sphere Books, London, 1968 [1964].

Bob Newhart, Something Like This: Anthology, Audio CD, Warner Archives, Warner Bros,, 2001 [1960].

Zeese Papanikolas, Trickster in the Land of Dreams, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1995.

Robert W. Rasberry, The ‘Technique’ of Political Lying, University Press of America, Washington, 1981.

Jane Russell, An Autobiography, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1986.

William Sargant, Battle For the Mind: The Mechanics of Indoctrination, Brainwashing & Thought Control, Pan Books, London, 1957.

Carl Sifakis, Hoaxes and Scams, A Compendium of Deceptions, Ruses and Swindles, Michael O’Mara Books,

London, 1994.

Anthony Smith, Goodbye Gutenberg, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1981.

Wingrove Wilson (Editor), Stories of Scouts and Redskins, Hazell, Watson & Viney, London, C.1924.

Roz Warren (Ed.), Revolutionary Laughter: The World of Women Comics, Sacramento, 1995.

Richard Wollheim, Freud, Fontana Press, London, 1987 [1973].

Charlotte Woolf, The Psychology of Gesture, Methuen, London, [1945].

The Crossing Press, Freedom,

4 The Visual Arts

Exhibition Catalogue, Machine Art, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1994 [March 6 to April 30, 1934].

Arts Council of Great Britian, Artists’ Books, A.C.G.B, London, 1976.

Dore Ashton, “Yes But...”, A Critical Study of Philip Guston, Viking, New York, 1976.

Albert K. Baragwanath, Currier & Ives, Abbeville Library of Art, Abbeville Press, New York, 1980.

Dick de Bartolo, Good Days and Mad: A Hysterical Tour behind the Scenes at MAD magazine, Thunder’s Mouth Press, New York, 1995.

Peter Biskind, Seeing is Believing, Pluto, London, 1983.

Ecke Bonk, Marcel Duchamp; The Box in A Valise, Rizzoli, New York, 1989.

David Brower (editor), The Big Sur Coast, Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1964.

David Brower (editor), Grand Canyon, Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1963-4.

Will Burtin (Designer) “The American Bazaar: A Picture Gallery of the Chief Activity of Americans – Selling Things to One Another.” FORTUNE, November 1947, pages 108 - 121.

Riva Castleman, Art of the Forties. Exhibition Catalogue, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1991.

Riva Castleman, A Century of Artists Books, Exhibition Catalogue, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1994.

Wanda M.Corn, Grant Wood: The Regionalist Vision, Yale University Press, Yale, 1984.

Joseph Darracott and Belinda Loftus, Second World War Posters, Imperial War Museum, London, 1972.

Douglas Davis, Photography as Fine Art, Thames and Hudson, London, 1982.

Stevan Dohanos, American Realist, North Light Publishers, Connecticut, 1980.

Derek Elley (editor), Variety Movie Guide, 1993 Edition, Hamlyn, Reed, London, 1992.

Richard S. Field, Richard Hamilton, Image and Process : Studies, Stage, and Final Proofs From the Graphic Works 1952-82, H. Mayer, in association with the Tate Gallery, Millbank, London, 1982.

Frayda Feldman (Editor), Andy Warhol Prints: A Catalogue Raisonné 1962-1987, Distributed Art Publishers, New York, 1997.

Robert Frank, Les Américains, Encyclopédie Essentielle, Robert Delpire Éditeur A Paris, 1958.

Mark Francis, Dieter Koepplin and Andy Warhol, Andy Warhol : Drawings 1942-1987, Bulfinch Press, New

York, 1999.

Peter Galassi, Robert Storr and Anne Umland, Making Choices: 1929, 1939, 1948, 1955, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2000.

William Garnett, Aerial Photographs, University of California Press, Sacramento, 1994.

Thomas H. Garver, George Tooker, Chameleon Books, New York, 1992.

R.L.Gregory, The Intelligent Eye, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1975 [1970].

8:06

Denis Gifford, A Pictorial History of Horror Movies, Hamlyn, New York, 1973.

Constance W. Glenn, Time Dust Rosenquist, Complete Graphics: 1962-1992, Rizzoli International Publications, New York, 1993.

Denis Gifford, Things, Its and Aliens! Lobby Card Posters from Sci-Fi-Shockers!, H.C.Blossom, London, 1991.

E.Gombrich, Meditations on a Hobby Horse, Phaidon, London and New York, 1978 [1963].

E.Gombrich, " The Ritualised Gesture", Images and Understanding, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1990.

Germaine Greer and Liz McQuiston, Suffragettes to She-Devils: Woman’s Liberation and Beyond, Phaidon Press, London, 1997.

Richard Hamilton, Collected Words : 1953-1982, Thames & Hudson, London, 1983.

Hank Harrison, The Art of Jack Davis, Stabur Press, New York, 1987.

Paul Hogan, Peter Hurd, Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, 1965.

Ellen H. Johnson (Editor), American Artists on Art: From 1940 to 1980, Icon Editions, Harper & Row, New York 1982.

Jack Levine, Jack Levine, introduction by Milton W.Brown, Rizzoli International, New York, 1989.

Bruce McCall, THE LAST DREAM-O-RAMA: The Cars Detroit Forgot to Build,1950-1960, Crown Publications, New York, 2001.

Bruce McCall, Zany Afternoons, Alfed A. Knopf, New York, 1982.

Bruce McCall Exhibition, James Goodman Gallery, 41 East 57th Street, New York. 2002. www.jamesgoodmangallery.com/mccall/

R.D.McKinzie, The New Deal for Artists, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1973.

Susan E. Meyer, A Treasury of the Great Children’s Book Illustrators, Abradale Press, Harry N. Abrams, New York,

1983.

Brody Neuenschwander, Letterwork, Phaidon Press, London, 1993.

Claes Oldenburg, Claes Oldenburg, Arts Council of Great Britian, Lund Humphries, London, 1970.

Claes Oldenburg, The Multiples Store, Catalogue, National Touring Exhibition, Hayward Gallery, London 1996.

Clive Phillpot and Jon Hendricks, Fluxus; Selections From the Gilbert and Lila Silverman Collection, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1988.

Rick Polizzi and Fred Schaefer, Spin Again; Board Games from the Fifties and Sixties, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 1991.

Elliot Porter and the Adirondack Museum, Forever Wild: the Adirondacks, Harper & Row, New York and London, 1957.

Elliot Porter/text by Joseph Wood Krutch, Baja California; and the Geography of Hope, Francisco, 1967.

Sierra Club, San

Fairfield Porter, Realist Painter in an Age of Abstraction, Essays by John Ashbery and Kenworth Moffett, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, New York Graphic Society, Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 1982.

Maria Reidelbach, Completely MAD: A History of the Comic Book and Magazine, Little, Brown & Company, Canada, 1991.

Harold Rosenberg, The Anxious Object: Art Today and its Audience, Thames and Hudson, London, 1964.

Daniel Rosenfeld and Robert G. Workman, The Spirit of Barbizon: France and America, Rhode Island School of Design, Rhode Island, 1986.

Museum of Art,

Aaron Scharf, Art and Photography, Penguin Books, London and New York, 1974 [1968].

Wes Shearer, The Image of the Actor, Verbal and Visual Representation in the Age of Garrick and Kemble, Pinter Publishers London, 1991.

Richard Smith, Retrospective Exhibition of Graphics + Multiples, Arnolfini Gallery, Bristol, June 1970.

Susan Sontag, On Photography, Penguin Books, London, 1987 [U.S.A and Canada 1977].

Sotheby’s, Mad About Mad, Sale Catalogue, New York,

October 20th 1995.

F.Maurice Speed, The Western Film Annual, Macdonald & Co, London 1953.

Art Spiegelman and Françoise Mouly, Little Lit: Strange Stories for Strange Kids, New York Times Publication, 2001.

Art Spiegelman and Françoise Mouly, Little Lit: Folklore & Fairy Tale Funnies, New York Times, 2000.

Sidra Stich, Made in U.S.A: An Americanization in Modern Art, the ‘50s & ‘60s, University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1987.

Lowery Stokes Sims and Lisa M.Messinger, The Landscape in Twentieth-Century American Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Federation of Arts, Rizzoli, New York, 1991.

John Szarkowski, American Landscapes, Photographs from the Collection of the Museum of Modern Art, Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York Graphic Society, Boston, 1981.

The New Yorker, The New Yorker 1937 Album, Random House, New York, 1937.

The New Yorker, The New Yorker 1942 Album, Hamish Hamilton, London and New York, 1942.

The New Yorker, The New Yorker 1950-1955 Album, Harper & Brothers, London and New York, 1955.

The New Yorker, The New Yorker 1955-1965 Album, Hamish Hamilton, London and New York, 1965.

The New Yorker, The New Yorker 1925-1975 Album of Drawings, Penguin Books,London and New York, 1975.

Tom Lehrer, Too Many Songs By Tom Lehrer: With Not Enough Drawings By Ronald Searle, Eyre Methuen, London, 1981.

Diane Waldman, Roy Lichtenstein, Solomon R Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1994.

John A.Walker, Art Since Pop, Thames and Hudson, London, 1975.

Simon Wilson, Pop, Thames and Hudson, London, 1974.

Deborah Wye, Thinking Print: Books to Billboards, 1980-95, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1996.

8:07

5 Literature

Conrad Aiken, Modern American Poets, Martin Secker, London, 1922.

Miriam Allott, Novelists on the Novel, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1965 [1959].

David D.Anderson, Sunshine and Smoke: American Writers and the American Environment, State University, J.B.Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1971.

Michigan

John Banville, The Untouchable, Picador, London, 1997.

L Frank Baum, The Wizard of Oz, World International Publishing Limited, Manchester, 1991 [1900].

Robert Bloch, Psycho, Bloomsbury Film Classics, London, 1997 [1959].

Malcolm Bradbury (Editor), Contemporary American Fiction, Edward Arnold, London, 1987.

Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep, Penguin Books, London, 1998 [1939].

Raymond Chandler, The Long Good-Bye, Penguin Books, London, 1998 [1953].

Raymond Chandler, “The Little Sister�, The Lady in The lake and Other Novels, [1949], pages 385-594.

Penguin Books, London, 2001

Leslie Charteris, The Saint in New York, Pan Books Ltd, London, 1950 [1935].

John Cheever, Bullet Park, Vintage, London, 1969 [1967].

John Cheever, The Journals of John Cheever, Alfred A.Knopf, New York, 1991.

John Cheever, The Stories Of John Cheever, Penguin Books, London, 1982 [1946].

Russell W.Davenport, My Country; A Poem of America, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1944.

Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man, Penguin Books, London, 1965 [U.S.A. 1952].

William Faulkner, Collected Stories, Chatto & Windus, London, 1951.

William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury, Vintage, London, 1995 [1929].

Leslie A. Fielder, Love and Death in the American Novel, Penguin Books, London, 1982 [1960].

Robert Frost, In the Clearing, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, London, 1962 [1942].

Peter George/Stanley Kubrick, Screenplay of Dr.Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb,Transworld Publishers, London [Bantam Books, 1963].

Paul Ginestier, The Poet and the Machine, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, London, Oxford, 1961.

Richard Gray (Editor), American Poetry of the Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, 1976.

Davis Grubb, Night of the Hunter, Mayflower Dell, London, 1964 [1953].

Joseph L. Heller, Catch-22, Vintage, London, 1994 [1962].

Jack Kerouac, On the Road, Penguin Books, London, [Firiking Press, 1957].

James Leo Herlihy, Midnight Cowboy, Jonathan Cape, London [1965].

Nelle Harper Lee, To Kill A Mocking Bird, Little Brown & Company, New York, 1998 [1960].

Herman Melville, The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984 [1857].

Kenneth Millard, Contemporary American Fiction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.

Arthur Miller, The Crucible, Penguin Classics, London, 2000 [1953].

Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman, Penguin London,1976 [1949].

Arthur Miller, Timebends, Methuen, London, 1987.

Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita, Penguin Books, London [McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1955].

Vladimir Nabokov, Pale Fire, Penguin Books, London [Harmondsworth, 1956].

Ogden Nash, Versus, Aldine, J M Dent & Sons, New York, 1962 [1949].

Hubert Nicholson, The Collected Poems of A.S.J Tessimond, Whitenights Press, Reading, 1985 [1930 et.seq.]

Sylvia Plath, The Bell Jar, Faber and Faber, London, 1963.

Edgar Allen Poe, “Some Words With A Mummy”, Tales of Mystery and Imagination, Wordsworth Editions, St.Ives, 1993 [c.1845].

Oleg Prudkov (Editor), Soviet Writers Look at America, Progress Publishers, Moscow 1977.

J.D.Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Penguin Books, London, 1998 [1951].

F.Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, Penguin Books, London, 1950 [1926].

Don Siegel, Director, Invasion of the Body Snatchers, Rutgers Films in Print, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick and London, 1989.

Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems, Faber and Faber, London Boston, 1984 [1954].

Tony Tanner, City of Words: A Study of American Fiction in the Mid-Twentieth Century, Jonathan Cape, London, 1979 [1971].

Kurt Vonnegut, Breakfast Of Champions, Johnathan Cape, London, 1973.

Kurt Vonnegut, Palm Sunday, Johnathan Cape, London, 1981.

Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse 5, Vintage, London, 2000 [1969].

Walt Whitman, “Starting From Paumanok (1860)”, p.14ff in The Works of Walt Whitman, Poetry Library, Wordsworth Editions, London, 1995.

Wordsworth

Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself (1881)”, p.26ff in The Works of Walt Whitman, Wordsworth Poetry Library, Wordsworth Editions, London, 1995.

8:08

6 Films

Ace in the Hole, Dir. Billy Wilder, 1951.

Belles of St.Trinians (The ), Dir. Frank Launder, 1954.

Blue Velvet, Dir. David Lynch, 1986.

Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Dir.Blake Edwards, 1961.

Catch-22, Dir.Mike Nichols, 1970.

City Slickers, Dir. Ron Underwood, 1991.

Cold Turkey, Dir. Norman Lear, 1971.

Deliverance, Dir. John Boorman, 1972.

Dr.No, Dir. Terence Young, 1962.

Dr.Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, Dir. Stanley Kubrick, 1964.

5,000 Finger’s of Dr.T (The), Dir.Roy Rowland, 1953.

Forbidden Planet, Dir. Fred McLeod, 1956.

Funny Face, Dir, Stanley Donen, 1957.

Gilda, Dir. Charles Vidor, 1946.

Goldfinger, Dir. Guy Hamilton, 1964.

Heavens Above! Dir.John Boulting, 1963.

Hills Have Eyes (The), Dir.Wes Craven, 1978.

How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, Dir. David Swift, 1967.

Invasion Of The Body Snatchers, Dir. Don Siegel, 1956.

It’s Always Fair Weather, Dir. Gene Kelly, Stanley Donen, 1955.

It’s A Wonderful Life, Dir. Frank Capra, 1946.

Lady in the Lake, Dir. Robert Montgomery, 1946.

Magic Town, Dir.William A.Wellman, 1947.

Night Of The Hunter, Dir.Charles Laughton, 1955.

Notorious, Dir. Alfred Hitchcock, 1946.

Oklahoma!, Dir. Fred Zinneman, 1955.

On The Town, Dir. Gene Kelly, Stanley Donen, 1949.

Pandora’s Box, Dir. G.W. Pabst, 1928.

Psycho, Dir. Alfred Hitchcock, 1960.

Rear Window, Dir. Alfred Hitchcock, 1954.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Dir. David Hand, Prod.Disney, 1937.

Southern Comfort, Dir. Walter Hill, 1981.

The Swimmer, Dir. Frank Perry, 1968.

Spellbound, Dir. Alfred Hitchcock, 1945.

Sweet Smell of Success (The), Dir: Alexander Mackendrick, 1957.

Texas Chainsaw Massacre (The), Dir.Tobe Hooper, 1974.

Vertigo, Dir. Alfred Hitchcock, 1958.

Wizard of Oz (The), Dir.Victor Flemming, 1939.

Written On The Wind, Dir. Douglas Sirk, 1956.

7 Political and Societal

Connie Alderson, Magazine Teenagers Read, Pergamon Press, Bath, 1968.

Anon,“How to build a family foxhole” Popular Science Monthly, March 1951, cover story, pages 113-119.

Anon, “If War Comes”, Pageant, September 1950 Vol.6, No.3, pages 4-19.

Anon, “RED”, LOOK Magazine, September 1952, pages 68-69.

Anon, “What The Twentieth Century Man Should Know”, Pageant, February 1958 Vol.13, No.8,

pp.136-140.

Max Atkinson, Our Masters’ Voices; The Language and Body Language of Politics, Methuen, London and New York, 1984.

Alan Axelrod and Charles Philips, What Every American Should Know About American History, Media Corporation, Holbrook, Massachusetts, 1992.

Adams

Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image or What Happened to the American Dream, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1961.

Jan Harold Brunvand, The Vanishing Hitchhiker: Urban Legends and their Meanings, London, 1983.

Picador, Pan Books,

Gorton Carruth, What Happened When. A chronology of Life and Events in America, Harpers & Row, New York, 1989.

Thomas R. Carskadon and George Soule, USA In New Dimensions, A Twentieth Century Fund Survey, Macmillian, New York, 1957.

Richard Carter, “Pellets That Will Stop Atomic Bombs Forever”, Pageant, Sep.1957 Vol.13, No.3, pp.7-13.

8:09

David Caute, The Great Fear, The Anti-Communist Purge under Truman and Eisenhower, Touchstone Book, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1978.

Samuel Chamberlain, Cape Cod in the Sun, Hastings House, New York City, 1937.

Samuel Chamberlain, Introduction by Donald Moffat, Fair Is Our Land, Hastings House, New York City, 1942.

Reo M. Christienson and Robert O. McWilliams, Voice of the People:Readings in Public Opinion and Propaganda, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1962.

Henry M. Christman (ed.), A View of the Nation, an Anthology: 1955-1959, Grove Press, New York, 1960.

Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins, Penguin Books, 1969 [New York, 1968].

Noam Chomsky, Deterring Democracy, Vintage, London, 1992.

Noam Chomsky, For Reasons of State, Fontana/Collins, London, 1973 [New York, 1970].

Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,

John Murray, London,1904 [1872].

Simone De Beauvoir, America Day By Day, Gerald Duckworth & Co., London, 1952 [1948].

Susan Kirsch Duncan, Levittown: The Way We Were, Maple Hill Press, New York, 1999.

James Elliot, “What Your Boss Owes You”, Pageant, October 1957 Vol.13, No.4, pages 20-25.

D.J. Enright, The Alluring Problem: An Essay on Irony, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988.

Elliot Erwitt, “Luckiest Boy”, Pageant, April 1957 Vol.12, No.10, pages 17-21.

Lawrence Galton, “The Figures In Your Life”, Pageant, April 1957, Vol.12, No.10, pages 102-107.

John Keats, “Who Needs Suburbia?”, Pageant, October 1958, Vol.14, No.4, pages 64-69.

Robert A. Kelly, “The Growing Menace of Work Addiction”, Pageant, May 1962 Vol.17, No.11, pages 8-14.

John Kenneth Galbraith, A Life in Our Times, Corgi Books, London, 1983 [1981].

Geoffrey Gorer, The American People; A study in national character, W.W.Norton, revised edition, New York, 1964, [1948].

Christopher Harve, Graham Martin and Aaron Scharf (Editors), Industrialisation & Culture 1830-1914, Open University, Macmillian, London, 1970.

J.Edgar Hoover, Masters of Deceit: What the Communist Bosses are Doing Now to Bring America to its Knees. Cardinal Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1970 [1958].

Harry Hopkins, The New Look, A Social History of the Forties and Fifties, Secker and Warburg London, 1964.

Don Iddon, Don Iddon’s America, Falcon Press, London, 1951.

Ilya Ilf and Eugene Petrov, Little Golden America, George Routledge, London, 1944 [Moscow 1936].

Fenno Jacobs, “A Landscape of Industry’s leavings” FORTUNE, March 1950, pp.87ff.

Michael C. Jaye and Ann Chalmers Watts (Editors), Literature and the American Urban Experience: Essays on the City and Literature, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1981 [Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, 1981].

John F.Kennedy, Profiles in Courage, Cardinal Pocket Books, New York, 1961 [1956] .

Karl Ludvigsen & David Burgess Wise, The Encyclopedia of the American Automobile, London, 1979 [1977].

Orbis Publishing,

Margaret Mead, The American Character, Pelican Books, Harmondsworth, 1944 [New York 1942].

H.L.Mencken, On Politics: A Carnival of Buncombe, Vintage Books, New York, 1960.

Tova Navarra, Margaret Lundrigan Ferrer, Levittown : The First 50 Years, Arcadia Tempus, New York 1997.

Kinsey, Pomeroy and Clyde, Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male, W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia and London, 1948.

Kinsey, Pomeroy and Clyde, Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female, W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia and London, 1948.

Louis Kronenberger, Company Manners, Mentor Book, New American Library, New York, 1955.

Philip Lesley, Everything And The Kitchen Sink, Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, New York, 1955.

Henry R. Luce (Editor-in-Chief), “The Chemical Century”, FORTUNE, March 1950.

LOOK (the Magazine editors), Look at America; the Country You Know - and Don’t Know, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, the Riverside Press, [undated c.1955].

Peter Lowe, The Origins of the Korean War, Longman, New York, 1986.

Robert S.Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown, Harvest Book, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 1956.

Lloyd Mallan, “Target: U.S.A”, Pageant, April 1957 Vol.12, No.10, pages 28-39.

Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden : Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1967.

James Metcalfe, “Could the Reds Seize Detroit?” LOOK Magazine, August 1948.

Marshall McLuhan, Forward Through the Rearview Mirror, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1996.

MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of technology,

Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenburg Galaxy, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1962.

Dwight Macdonald, Against the Grain; Essays on the Effects of Mass Culture, Random House, New York, 1962 [1952].

John Man, An Encyclopedia of Space Travel & Astronomy, Octopus, London, 1979.

George Mikes, How To Scrape Skies, Allan Wingate, London, 1954 [1948].

Melinda Muse, I’m Afraid You’re Afraid; 448 things to fear and why, Hyperion, New York, 2000.

Stephen Potter, Potter on America, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, 1956.

Charles Rycroft, Anxiety and Neurosis, Pelican Books, 1973 [1968].

Gerald Emanuel Stearn (Editor), McLuhan, Hot & Cold, Penguin Books, London, 1968.

Studs Terkel, American Dreams: Lost and Found, Granada, New York, 1981.

8:10

Jennifer McKnight-Tronz, The Good Citizen’s Handbook, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 2001.

Jennifer McKnight-Tronz, Yes You Can: Timeless Advice from Self-Help Experts, Francisco, 2000.

Chronicle Books, San

William M. Thayer, From Log Cabin To White House, James H.Earle, Boston, 1881.

James Trager, The Peoples Chronology, Aurum Press, London, 1992.

Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance (editors), The Faber Book of America, Faber and Faber, London, 1992.

Andrew Sinclair, A Concise History of the United States, Sutton, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999 [1967].

Fred Vanderschmidt, What the English Think of Us, Quality Press, Adelphi, London, 1951 [New York 1948]

E. John DeWaard, Fins & Chrome: American Automobiles of the 1950s, Arlington Press, London, 1990 [1982].

William H. Whyte, The Organization Man, Penguin, London, 1961 [New York 1956].

Glossary and Appendices

Glossary of Tobacco Related Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:11 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:14

Appendix 1:1 Further Information on Cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:14

Appendix 2:1 Audit of Cigarettes and Gum Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:17

Appendix 4:1 Advertising and Animals: The KOOL Penguin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:18

Appendix 6:1 Taxonomy of the Filter-Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:20

Glossary of Tobacco Related Words The Glossary consolidates reading contained within the Bibliography and References list.

Accu-Ray

Acetate ACS

Activated Charcoal See Appendix 6.1

ADD

See Appendix 6.1

AHA

Air-Curing ALA

AMA

American Blend ANR ASH

ASSIST BMJ

Brand Switching Bright Tobacco

Brown Sugar

Bonsack Rolling Machine Burley Butt Carbon Monoxide

Machine ensuring tobacco is correctly packed into a cigarette.

Any salt or ester of acetic acid. Used in the manufacture of Filter-Tips. See Cellulose Acetate.

American Cancer Society.

Also known as Activated Carbon, a porous, highly absorptive substance used to remove impurities from liquids and gases, a main ingredient in many filter-tips. It is called VPA when the filter’s coated with active charcoal or ADD when the filter contains active charcoal granules.

Filter-Tip that contains active charcoal granules. See Activated Charcoal.

American Heart Association.

Tobacco is suspended in barns for about five weeks and exposed to the flow of air. The leaves turn reddish-brown.

American Lung Association.

American Medical Association.

A mixture of flue-cured, burley, and oriental tobaccos; the most popular cigarette blend.

Americans for Non smokers' Rights, formally, GASP (Group Against Smoking Pollution).

Action on Smoking and Health.

The NCI and ACS together forming the American Stop Smoking Intervention Study.

British Medical Journal.

The act of stopping smoking one brand and changing to another.

Flue-Cured tobaccos, the main tobacco used in the U.S. and U.K. It forms mostly the contents of cigarettes and is a main ingredient in pipe tobaccos.There are many grades ranging from light lemon in colour to dark mahogany. Produced in the US, Rhodesia, Canada, India, Zambia and Malawi.

Added to cigarette tobacco. Promotes smoothness while providing a caramel taste to smoke.

Cigarette rolling machine invented by James Bonsack to which James Duke held exclusive rights in late 1880’s, rolling about 200 cigarettes per minute.

A type of air-cured tobacco grown among other countries in the US, Brazil, and Mexico. Golden leaf with mild flavour. Burley is used widely in the US for both cigarettes and pipe mixtures.

The discarded portion of the smoked cigarette, also a name for the end of the cigarette that goes into the mouth.

Smoking a cigarette produces between 3cc to 25cc of Carbon Monoxide.

8:11

Carload

Catador CDC

Cellulose Cellulose Acetate Tow See Appendix 6.1

Cellulose Embossed Paper Cellulose Fiber

Chain Smoking Charcoal

Chewing Tobacco (also Chew, Chaw, Dip) Chocolate Liquor Cigarillo

Cigarros

Cigarette

Corn Syrup

Coolant Agent ‘10’

Crepe Paper Filter Cuba

Curing

Dark-Fired Diammonium Phosphate

Approximately five million cigarettes packed as a unit.

Professional cigar taster who determines a cigar's qualities of aroma, taste, and texture.

Centres for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

A polysaccharide consisting of long unbranched chains of linked glucose units, the main constituent of plant cell walls and used in making paper, rayon, film and filter-tips.

See Cellulose Acetate Tow. Nonflammable material made by acetylating cellulose, used in the manufacture of filter-tips, lacquers and artificial fibres. Cellulose Acetate Tow is an extremely fine, continuous band of fibres, whose main characteristic is allowing the smoke to flow whilst apparently holding back its vapour-phase components. See Acetate.

This carries out the same function of Cellulose Acetate Tow, but being more fibrous it supposedly gives a greater degree of retention.

Added to cigarette tobacco, it helps in maintaining the integrity of the reconstituted tobacco during processing.

The act of lighting one cigarette after another.

A black amorphous form of carbon made by heating wood or other organic matter.

See Activated Charcoal.

Tobacco that is shredded (loose-leaf), pressed into cakes, or twisted into strands. Called smokeless because it is not burned like cigarettes, chewing tobacco is placed between the cheek and teeth by the consumer.

Added to cigarette tobacco. Provides the “roasted” character in smoke and enhances the tobacco taste.

Cigarette wrapped in tobacco leaf rather than paper.

Also known as Papelitos, 3” paper tubes containing tobacco.

Compacted tobacco rolled into a cylinder wrapped in thin paper.

Added to cigarette tobacco. Promotes smoothness of smoke. (or MPD). This compound has been used in cosmetics, soaps, dentifrices, mouthwashes, chewing gum, tobacco and medical plasters. Coolant agent ‘10’ resembles menthol in its ability to cause a subjective sensation of coolness but it differs in other respects being a colourless liquid with only a faint minty odour.

Used as an economic filter during the post-war cigarette shortage.

Country renowned for producing the best cigars, notably Maduros. Cuban cigars are not legal in the U.S. The process of drying freshly harvested tobacco leaves.

A large heavy tobacco leaf used in roll and shag giving off a strong smoke. Grown in the US principally Virginia and Tennessee.

Added to cigarette tobacco. In combination with sugar, enhances flavour. Reduces the harshness of the smoke.

DOC

DOD

Dog-End Drag

Dual Filter

See Appendix 6.1

English Blend EPA ETS

Exhale FDA

Filter-Tip

See Appendix 6.1

Fire-Curing

Flavour Thread See Appendix 6.1

Flip-Top Box Flue-Curing FORCES FOREST FTC

FTM FTT

GRAS

Glycerol HHS

JAMA

Doctors Ought to Care, American anti-smoking medical organisation.

Department of Defence, U.S. Another name for ‘Stub’ - the left over portion of a smoked cigarette.

The action of sucking smoke through the cigarette into the mouth.

A filter tip containing two elements e.g. charcoal granules and cellulose.

See Acetate.

A formulation or cigarette made predominantly of flue-cured tobacco.

Environmental Protection Agency.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (Passive Smoking).

Breathing spent cigarette smoke out of the lungs.

Food and Drug Administration, U.S. An attachment at the end of the cigarette that sits between the mouth and the tobacco so that it can remove problem chemicals from the smoke prior to inhalation.

Taking between one and six weeks, plants are hung in barns cured by wood fires lit in trenches across the floor. The smoke contacts the leaf, turning it a dark brown.

The thin core of menthol or other strong tasting matter running the length of a filter tip, used in the production of menthol cigarettes or other flavoured brands.

Cigarette packaging made from hard backed card with a top that flips open to reveal the contents. The packet retains its shape when empty.

Process of drying and treating tobacco leaves. Leaves are placed in barns and heated to dry the leaves, changing them from green to various yellows and browns.

Unlike fire-curing the smoke is not in contact with the leaf.

FORCES, Inc. is a non-profit educational corporation based in Virginia, U.S.A “We believe that tobacco is an adult consumer choice. It is lawful. It is not a choice to be ashamed of.” See FOREST. Freedom Organisation for the Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco, U.K. non-profit organisation based in London, See FORCES. Federal Trade Commission.

Flutes To Mouth. Fluted filter tip direction in cigarette, see appendix 6.1.

Flutes To Tobacco. Fluted filter tip direction in cigarette, see appendix 6.1.

FDA terminology, “Generally Recognised As Safe”.

Added to cigarette tobacco, it acts as a processing aid and reduces harshness of the smoke. It also helps retain moisture.

Federal Department of Health and Human Services.

The Journal of the American Medical Association.

8:12

Imperial-Size Inhale

Invert Sugar Syrup King-Size

Knight-Riders Latakia Lettuce Cigarette Lite

Marlboro-Cowboy Mainstream Menthol

See Flavour Thread

Micronite

Miracle-Tip

Meerschaum

Molins Rolling Machine Mono Filter NAB NCI

NCSH

Nicotine NIOSH OIG

The longest available mass-produced cigarette with a length of 105mm.

See King-Size and Regular Sucking mainsteam smoke through the cigarette and breathing it into the lungs.

Added to cigarette tobacco, promotes smoothness of smoke.

A Cigarette that is longer than the ‘regular’ cigarette. Approximately 98mm in length with a diameter of 8mm. The length of the King-Size supposedly enabled the smoke to be filtered by the tobacco inside the cigarette more effectively than the ‘regular’.

‘Imperial Size’ although uncommon are longest available size. See Imperial-Size and Regular.

Masked horsemen who burnt or destroyed warehouses of tobacco owned by the Tobacco Trust, assumed to be Kentucky planters protesting against the Trust during the 1890’s.

Tobacco dust used to make Turkish cigarettes and pipe mixtures, smallest of all the tobacco plants (from Latakia, Syria).

Cigarettes made from processed lettuce leaves instead of tobacco leaves.

Cigarettes promoted as lower in Nicotine and Tar than Regular cigarettes.

Concept created for Philip Morris by Chicago advertising agency Leo Burnett.

“Delivers the Goods on Flavour”.

The smoke produced when air is sucked through the partly burning tobacco in the cigarette into the mouth.

Green crystalline plant extract with a mint flavour. Menthol is a natural antiseptic and has a numbing effect. Menthol is added as a flavouring in mentholated brands such as, Salem and KOOL. Tradename for a blue-asbestos filter.

A filter made of ‘alpha cellulose’ used in L&M cigarettes.

A tobacco pipe made of a fine, light white clay-like mineral.

Cigarette making and packing machines, replacing the Bonsack.

A filter tip containing one element e.g. Cellulose acetate, See Appendix 6.1.

National Association of Broadcasters.

National Cancer Institute.

National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health, U.S Public Service Dpt. C10H14N2. Colourless oily acrid toxic liquid that turns yellowish-brown in contact with light and air. Principal alkaloid in tobacco, also used as an insecticide.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (a division of the CDC).

Office of the Inspector General (a division of the HSS).

Oriental OSH

OSHA PHS

Passive-Smoking Perique Plugwrap

Appendix 6.1

Propylene Glycol Pull

Regular Ring Gauge Sidestream Smoke

Smoke Shop

Smokeless Cigarette Smokeless Tobacco Soft-Pack

Specially Denatured Alcohol No.4 STAT

Stogie (also Heater, Stinker, Rope)

A small-leafed and aromatic tobacco grown primarily in Greece and Turkey and used in American and Oriental blend cigarettes.

Office on Smoking and Health (formerly National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health). See NCSH. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Public Health Services.

The description of someone who is not smoking themselves but who inhales smoke from someone else’s cigarette. See ETS. Air-cured tobacco cultivated by the Mississippi near New Orleans. A very strong tobacco with a powerful scent and flavour used for seasoning pipe mixtures.

The thin paper that encases the constituent parts of a filter tip that is then S e e contained within the outer paper of the cigarette. These thin strips of paper constitute the external covering of the filter rods which can have a wide range of porosity values. The plugwrap porosity permits ventilation, giving rise to controlled dilution of smoke inside the filter with external air.

Added to cigarette tobacco, this acts as a processing aid and reduces harshness of smoke. It also helps retain moisture and protects the tobacco from staleness.

The action of sucking smoke through the cigarette into the mouth.

A standard sized cigarette, the Industry ‘norm’. Approximately, 85mm in length and 8mm in diameter. See King-Size and Imperial Size.

A cigar's diameter, measured in 64ths of an inch.

Smoke that arises from a lit cigarette when at rest in the hand.

Smoke is composed of a vapour-phase and a gas-phase. The vapour-phase is composed of nicotine particles and tar. Filter-Tips are used to attempt to trap and stop these particles. The gas-phase requires a more complex filter capable of restricting the passage of gases. Only active charcoal is thought to carry out this process by means of a labyrinth of extremely porous granules that apparently fix the gases as they come in contact with them.

Retailer of tobacco products.

Often referring to fake cigarettes sold as aids to giving-up smoking. These contain small traces of nicotine but are not lit, they are just inhaled or left in the mouth.

Often referring to chewing (spit) tobacco.

A cigarette packet made of soft coated paper sealed in cellophane.

Added to cigarette tobacco, a processing aid and a carrier for flavours.

Stop Teenage Addiction to Tobacco, a U.S. anti-smoking organisation.

Slang for a cigar, from the term stoga (circa 1800) of the Conestoga Valley, Pennsylvania.

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Stub Sun-Curing T-Zone Tar

TIPS

TIRC

Turkish

Tobacco

Toothbreaker Torcedor Twist

Twisting-a-Dizzy USP

VPA

See Appendix 6.1

Water WHO

To put out the cigarette by rubbing out the lit end. Also a name for the portion of the end of the cigarette left over after being smoked.

Similar to air-curing but the leaves are laid outside daily for a period of weeks, weather-permitting .

A superimposed sans serif, T crossing the cheeks , covering the mouth and extending down to stop at the bottom of the throat in Camel advertisements.

Dark viscid substance obtained by the destructive distillation of organic matter.

Tobacco Information & Prevention Service, U.S. Government organisation.

Tobacco Industry Research Committee.

Latakia tobacco dust wrapped in yellow tissue paper with a cane mouthpiece.

Plant of the genus Nicotiana, having mildly narcotic properties. The species N.Tabacum is cultivated as the chief source of commercial tobacco. The leaves are dried and prepared for snuff, chewing and smoking. See Bright, Burley, Dark-Fired, Latakia, Oriental, Perique, and Turkish.

Slang for a smoking pipe (which is clenched between the teeth) Also called a “chimney” or “briar”.

A person who rolls cigars.

A cigar shaped into a twist by combining three cigars together.

US slang for rolling your own cigarette.

Unique Selling Proposition, an advertising term.

Filter tip that has been coated with active charcoal.

See Activated Charcoal.

Added to cigarette tobacco, acts as a processing aid and reduces harshness of smoke.

World Health Organisation.

Appendix 1:1 Further Information on Cigarettes Key Dates in Cigarette History Health issues from outside the Industry are in Grey.

1830

The processing of tobacco into chewing plug started by James Thomas.

1839

Charcoal-Curing begins.

1853

Lucky Strike first marketed as a smoking mixture by R.A. Patterson in Richmond, Virginia.

1860

Flue-Curing begins.

1877

Victorian manufacturers sought to distinguish their products from each other by using trade marks. John Player is the first to use an image as a product identity.

1883

Gloag Tobacco in UK has Bonsack II machines and can produce 80 to 100 thousand cigarettes a day as Gold Flake. A commissioned Artist used to draw the sailor for Player’s Navy Cut. A Lifebuoy is added to the image later in 1888 and two ships are added to the design in 1901.

1884

Cigarettes hold under 2% of the UK market.

1886

Earliest branded hand-made cigarettes from a London Tobacco house called Philip Morris using Turkish smoke cured tobacco. John Player introduces a mechanised plant reducing the number of factory of workers.

1887

Coloured advertisement appears for Player’s Three Castles showing a serving girl knocking on a door.

1890

Pictorial cigarette cards appear regularly in the UK.

1895

Molins’ machines make possible the packaging of cigarettes in cardboard containers.

1913

Camel introduced as RJR Tobacco’s first major brand.

Tareyton cigarette trademark was registered, a premium brand, sold at an expensive 25 cents for 20 cigarettes.

1916

Lucky Strike produced as a finished cigarette in a dark green pack by The American Tobacco Company.

1917

The Lucky Strike slogan “It's Toasted” was created, simply describing the manufacturing process of the era. L.S./M.F.T. was added to the package: Lucky Strike Means Fine Tobacco.

1920

The Tareyton blend changed and a cork tip was added.

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1925

Sir E. Kennaway proved pyrolysis of many organic materials within high temperature range produced carcinogenic tars.

1925

Pall Mall became leader in the premium cigarette market. Pall Mall advertising consistently featured the phrase “A Shilling in London, A Quarter Here”.

1931

Parliament featured the first commercial Filter-Tip - a wad of cotton, soaked in caustic soda.

1932

KOOL mentholated brand introduced.

1933

KOOL became the first nationally distributed menthol cigarette. The KOOL penguin was introduced by the BBDO advertising agency.

1936

Viceroy introduced.

New Pall Mall was launched as a modern blend of American Tobaccos.

1938

Dr. Alton Ochsner an American Thoratic Surgeon condemmed smoking before the Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons.

1939

Pall Mall introduced the first King-Size brand.

1940

The length of the Tareyton cigarette was increased to 85 millimeters.

1940-2 Lucky Strike produced in a non-menthol style only.

Menthol styles were only available for a short time during WWII. 1942

Lucky Strike’s pack color was changed from green to white, because the copper used in green dye was needed in the war effort - hence the slogan, “Lucky Strike Green Has Gone To War” but market research showed that white packaging would attract more female smokers.

1947

Pall Mall advertising campaign compared its longer cigarette to a regular sized cigarette, it claimed a higher “puff count” and a cigarette design that made the smoke “more gentle and smooth”.

1947

The KOOL penguin became “Willie the Penguin”, remaining as the symbol for KOOL until the 1960s.

1950

BMJ, 30th Sep. cited smoking as an important factor producing carcinoma of the lung (lung cancer).

1950

“Lucky Radio Shows”, began and featured George Gershwin, and the acclaimed “Hit Parade”.

1951

Dr. Alton Ochsner told an annual conference of the American Medical Association, “It is frightening to speculate the possible number of bronchogenic cancers that may develop because of tremendous numbers of cigarettes consumed in the two decades from 19301950”.

1952

Ligett & Myers commissioned a study from Arthur D.Little Organisation of the effects of Chesterfields on the nose and throat, much publicised results showed no harmful effects.

1953

Viceroy Filter Kings were introduced.

Tareyton became the seventh best selling product in the U.S. cigarette market.

1954

The International Cancer Conference in Brazil identified cigarettes as a major cause.

KOOL King-Size cigarette launched.

Tareyton introduced charcoal into its acetate filter.

RJR Tobacco introduces Winston, the first popular filtered cigarette.

1955

Viceroy was the first cigarette to feature the cellulose acetate filter, now an industry standard.

1956

KOOL Filters appear.

RJR Tobacco introduced Salem, the first Menthol Filter-Tip.

1960

Pall Mall became the number one cigarette brand in the U.S. KOOL package redesigned to reflect the menthol qualities of the brand.

1965

Pall Mall launched the first 100mm cigarette.

Philip Morris began using ammonia in its cigarette production. Ammonia transforms nicotine from a bound state to a free one, where it can be more rapidly absorbed by the smoker.

Ammonia technology is now used widely throughout the industry.

1966-9 By the late ’sixties companies were consciously defining “health orientated” cigarettes which had reduced biological activity compared to those termed “health reassurance”, which were marketed to reassure the customer about their health claims but actually offered no significant health benefit.

1967

KOOL 100's introduced.

1970-2 By the early ’seventies companies were discussing ‘compensation’, whereby smokers adjust their smoking pattern in order to get a specific level of nicotine; therefore a smoker using a low tar product “compensates” for the low nicotine delivery by smoking more, an effect not replicated in the official machine measurements. By the end of the decade, industry researchers were even postulating that “the effect of switching to a low tar cigarette may increase, not decrease, the risks of smoking”.

1975+

By the mid-’seventies, scientists at the U.S. company Liggett & Myers had developed a cigarette with a significantly reduced health hazard, however the research was supressed by lawyers and the product was never marketed.

1980+

By the early ’eighties, other manufacturers were told they could never market a “Safe Cigarette” because that would imply that other cigarettes were dangerous.

1990+

In the ’eighties and early ’nineties Brown & Williamson even started examining growing genetically engineered tobacco designed to double the nicotine in the plant. In the ’nineties tobacco companies have repeatedly denied manipulating the levels of nicotine in cigarettes.

8:15

Cigarette Brand Ownership

Ownership of the more popular brand names mentioned in this thesis

Philip Morris

Virginia Slims (1968).

Philip Morris (re-vitalised in 1933 as English-Blend).

Marlboro (1902, re-invented as ‘womens’ cigarette in 1924).

Cambridge (pre-1919).

Oxford Blues (pre-1919).

Players (pre-1919).

R J Reynolds

Salem (1956) -first menthol Filter-Tip. Winston (1951 with a Filter-Brand in 1954).

Camel (1913) - Said to be the first modern cigarette.

Prince Albert Pipe Tobacco (1906).

Liggett & Myers

L&M (1954).

Chesterfields (1912).

Fatima (1911) - First popular brand to be sold in 20-unit packs.

P. Lorillard

Kent (1952).

Old Gold (1926).

Helmar (Pre-1919).

Murad (Pre-1919).

Axton-Fisher Tobacco

Spud (1926) - First mentholated brand.

American Tobacco

Pall Mall (1939 re-launched in a scarlet packet) King-Size.

1899 Pall Mall introduced by Butler & Butler Tobacco Co. in New York City.

Tobacco Companies’ Selected Chronology 1889

Cigarette consumption stood at 2,188 million, the largest U.S. company Duke & Sons (run

by James Duke) served 837 million.

1890

James Duke merged with the 4 largest tobacco companies: Allen & Ginter, Kinney Tobacco, Kimball & Company and Goodwin & Company with his own to form the monopoly, American Tobacco. American Tobacco now owned; 90% of American cigarettes; 80% Snuff; 62% Plug and 60% Pipe Tobacco.

1901

Continental Tobacco and American Tobacco joined to form Consolidated Tobacco.

Consolidated then bought British Ogden tobacco. Imperial Tobacco was formed in U.K. to fight off U.S. take-over threats, headded by Wills. (There were over 500 manufacturers in the U.K. at this time).

1902

British American Tobacco Company (BAT) was formed to end the take-over threats, both companies agreed to stay in their own countries and promote each other’s brands.

1903

Consolidated and American & Continental mergedd to form American Tobacco.

1906

Brown & Williamson formed.

1907

American Tobacco purchased Butler & Butler and acquired the Pall Mall brand.

1911

“Trustbusters” broke up American Tobacco. The U.S. Supreme Court dissolved the trust as a monopoly in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890). The major companies to emerge were : American Tobacco, R.J. Reynolds, Liggett & Myers, Lorillard and BAT.

1919

George Whelan Tobacco Products picked up the small company Philip Morris, that included the brands Cambridge, Oxford Blues, English Ovals, Players, and Marlboro.

1927

British American Tobacco acquired Brown & Williamson.

1954

Philip Morris acquired Benson & Hedges.

1968

American Tobacco began buying into Britain's Gallaher's.

1969

American Tobacco dropped the word “Tobacco” to become, American Brands.

RJ Reynolds Tobacco dropped the word “Tobacco” to become, RJ Reynolds.

1994

Brown & Williamson acquired American Tobacco and with it the Pall Mall brand.

Brown & Williamson purchased domestic Lucky Strike rights.

8:16

Appendix 2:1 Audit of Cigarettes and Gum Characteristics The comparison between the selling of the two products could be an extended study in itself. As a contribution to this

I shall now list and compare cigarettes and chewing gum:

Both can be bought at a wide range of outlets including automated dispensing machines.

Both are cheap to buy, and available in larger units.

Both are easy to share with another person.

Both are used as inducements to the opposite sex.

Both appear as multiple items in one pocket-sized pack.

Both have been associated with health concerns.

Both are controversial products that have been seen by some as a bad habit.

Both have varieties available in mint flavours - peppermint/spearmint.

Both had war-time classification as an essential products.

Both are seen as leisure products with no nutritional value.

Both have claimed to increase efficiency at work.

Both have used members of the medical profession in their advertisements.

Both are ritualistic in their consumption.

Both are available in varieties containing nicotine, such as Nicorette gum.

I shall now list the characteristics of Chewing gum alone: Gum is more acceptable to a youth market.

Gum is longer lasting although the consumption of each can be readily stopped and re-started.

Gum is cheaper than cigarettes.

Gum does not lead to addiction but to an established habit.

Gum doesn’t require another device in order to consume (e.g. a lighter).

Gum did not appeal to as larger sector of the society as cigarettes.

Gum is not perceived as a glamorous product.

Gum has no ‘passive’ implications for people in the vicinity.

Gum was more associated as an accessible product with U.S. culture than its U.K equivalent.

Gum doesn’t require the use of the hands.

8:17

Appendix 4:1 Advertising and Animals:The KOOL Penguin

A brand that successfully used animal qualities was KOOL, launched in 1932, as a cheaper option for smokers during the Depression. It was an early ‘mildly mentholated’ brand, containing Menthol that has

the effect of making the mouth feel colder. It was also decided to choose a brand character to represent

the coolness of the flavour. Brown & Williamson chose to represent ‘coolness’ with the figure of a penguin (although polar bears and seals would also have been considered). The penguin concept was

developed into a brand character, in that the same recognisable penguin would always appear along with the product. Mr.Kool was originally the penguin’s name and since it was not a ‘real’ penguin but a

caricature, it could be modelled in many forms by the advertising agency, BBDO, to act as a style-guide

for all further images (fig 8:01).

The penguin is a popular and flexible motif in advertising. Dogs and Rabbits walk on all fours and

are usually subjected to their master’s will. The penguin stands upright. This vertical dynamic is more useful in visual terms and can mimic human consumption better. The markings of a penguin can be read

as evening dress giving the bird a smart appearance reminiscent of a ‘toff’. The lack of facial features

moreover can be used productively to show consumption without the embarrassment of registering

exaggerated expressions. Fig 8:03 shows an early KOOL advertisement from 1935, only a couple of years

after the brand’s introduction, but already Mr.Kool is presenting himself as the new successor to the Cigar Store Indian. Mr.Kool appears to have deliberately knocked over the wooden figurine and replaced

it with himself. However unlikely, the penguin is smoking while brandishing a packet of KOOL cigarettes

and is one of the few cigarette personifiers that appears with the cigarette actually in his mouth. Mr.Kool

developed into an adventurous brand character and, in the various advertisements, tackles diverse activities such as fishing or playing American football, always with a smoking cigarette in his beak.

Undertaking such activities as part of his anthropomorphism, he is depicted thus to support the fiction

of the bird as consumer. If the presence of health and throat anxieties suggested that keeping the cigarette presented as a ‘prop’ near the mouth rather than in it was more reassuring to the consumer,

Mr.Kool’s smoking suggested that penguins were not susceptible to throat irritations or health anxieties.

8:18

n

Fig 8:01

BBDO Advertisement, FOR, May 1937

n

Fig 8:03

KOOL Advertisement, FOR, March 1935

The indication that a smoking penguin might appear rather absurd to the consumer led to the

design decision where Mr.Kool becomes a much smaller element over time within the page. The problem with a brand character unlike a personifier is that once associated with the product a brand character is

much more difficult to alter. Mr.Kool developed into a much smaller and more cartoon-like character by

1958. KOOL still emphasised ‘hot’ verses ‘cool’ as a key strategy (fig 8:02), but Mr.Kool had quit smoking

and changed his name to Willie the Penguin, stripped of any aristocratic visual associations.

n

Fig 8:02

KOOL Advertisement, SEP, August 1958

8:19

Appendix 6:1 Taxonomy of the Fiter-Tip There follows a set of diagrams, drawn by the author, detailing the characteristics of the most popular Filter-Tips in production.

Mono - Acetate

Intended for medium tar delivery brands.

The filter is constructed from cellulose acetate.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or non-porous paper depending on the brand.

Cellulose Acetate

Mono – Paper

Intended for medium and low tar delivery brands.

Constructed from embossed pure cellulose.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or non-porous paper depending on brand.

Cellulose

Mono – CPF FTM

Acetate Core

Mono – CPF FTT

Acetate Core

FTM – Flutes To Mouth Intended for medium and low tar delivery brands with improved retention. The filter is constructed from cellulose acetate with a fluted cellulose inner wrap.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or non-porous paper depending on brand.

FTM – Flutes To Tobacco Intended for medium and low tar delivery brands with improved retention. The filter is constructed from cellulose acetate with a fluted cellulose inner wrap.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or non-porous paper depending on brand.

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White Dual

Cellulose/Acetate

Flavour Thread

Intended for medium to ultra low tar delivery brands. The filter is constructed in two sections, cellulose acetate combined with another filtration material. The tobacco end segment is cellulose and the mouth end segment is non wrapped acetate.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or non-porous paper depending on brand.

For menthol or other flavoured cigarette brands.

The filter is constructed from cellulose acetate, a flavour thread runs through the centre of the filter.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or non-porous paper depending on brand.

Acetate/Flavour Thread

Active Charcoal – VPA Dual

Intended for medium and Ultra low tar delivery.

The filter is a pure cellulose inner segment coated with active charcoal (VPA). There is a non wrapped acetate mouth segment.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or

Charcoal Coated Cellulose

Active Charcoal – AAD Dual

Charcoal Granules

non-porous paper depending on brand.

Intended for medium and Ultra low tar delivery.

The filter is constructed from cellulose acetate and acetate containing active charcoal granules (AAD).There is a non wrapped acetate mouth segment.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or non-porous paper depending on brand.

Active Charcoal – Triple Solid

Cellulose/Charcoal/Acetate

Active Charcoal – Triple Granular

Charcoal Coated Cellulose

Recessed – Mono

Intended for medium and Ultra low tar delivery.

Three section filter, Mouth segment is non wrapped acetate, middle segment is cellulose acetate containing charcoal granules, or cellulose coated with charcoal. Tobacco end segment is cellulose or cellulose acetate.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or non-porous paper depending on brand.

Intended for medium and Ultra low tar delivery.

Three section filter, Mouth segment is non wrapped acetate, middle segment is a cavity containing charcoal granules, or cellulose coated with charcoal.

Tobacco end segment is cellulose or cellulose acetate.

The Plugwrap is made from either porous or non-porous paper depending on brand.

Intended for medium tar delivery brands.

The filter is constructed from a cellulose acetate tube in a recessed position with a cellulose acetate inner segment placed at the tobacco facing end of the filter.

Cellulose Acetate

Recessed – Dual

Intended for medium and ultra low tar delivery brands. The filter is constructed from a cellulose acetate tube in a recessed position. There is a cellulose acetate inner segment at the mouth end of the filter and cellulose acetate coated in active charcoal granules at the tobacco end.

Charcoal/Acetate

8:21

The Safe Cigarette: Visual strategies of reassurance in American advertisements for cigarettes, 1945-1964.

Volume Number:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

The Safe Cigarette

Practice-Based Ph.D.

Jackie Batey

www.thesafecigarette.blogspot.com

The Safe Cigarette: Visual strategies of reassurance in American advertisements for cigarettes, 1945-1964.

Volume Number:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

The Safe Cigarette

Practice-Based Ph.D.

Jackie Batey

www.thesafecigarette.blogspot.com