The good years : MacArthur and Sutherland by Filipiniana Online

Photograph given to the author by MacArthur with inscription reading : " To ' Rogers' of GHQ with cordial regards and best wishes. Douglas MacArthur."

The Good Years MacArthur and Sutherland

Paul P. Rogers

New Yorl< Westport, Connecticut London

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

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Rogers, Paul P. The good years: MacArthur and Sutherland I Paul P. Rogers . p. cm . ). Includes bibliographical references (p . ISBN 0-275-92918-3 (alk. paper) I. World War, 1939-1945~ampaigns-Philippines . 2. MacArthur, Douglas, 1880-1964. 3. Sutherland, Richard K. 4. Rogers, Paul P. 5. World War, 1939- 1945-Personal narratives, American. 6. United States. Army-Biography . 7. Soldiers- United States-Biography . I. Title. 1990 D767.4 .R63 940.54'817~c20 89-27560 Copyright ÂŠ 1990 by Paul P. Rogers All rights reserved . No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 89-27560 ISBN: 0-275-92918-3 First published in 1990 Praeger Publishers, One Madison Avenue, New York , NY 10010 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc . Printed in the United States of America

9" The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984) . 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I

Arlene Friend, Lover, Helpmeet

Her insistence impelled me to undertake the task. Her encouragement held me to my course. Her understanding overcame the great emotional stress created by the task. Her serene acceptance of long labor converted my impossible handwriting into legible typed copy through three drafts. We shared this task as we have shared all other aspects of our marriage.

Contents

Maps

Acknowledgments Introduction

Xlll

Part I: To Action, September-October 1941

Tasker H. Bliss

One Calle Victoria

Part II: Beginnings, 1900-1941

Insurrection

Tutelage

Military Mission

Sutherland Arrives

We Will Defend

Part III: Command, July-November 1941

USAFFE

Land Forces

My Air Force

MacArthur' s Navy

Civil Affairs

Contents

Vl11

Part IV: "Orange Three," December 1941 13

Strike South

Attack

Invasion

101

Retreat

115

Part V: Citadel, January-March 1942

Corregidor

125

Malinta Tunnel

131

Soldier's Duty

141

Part VI: Alamo, February-April 1942

ABDACOM

151

Bitter End

159

Battling Bastards

170

Evacuation

182

Part VII: Hospitable, March-July 1942

I Shall Return

197

April in Melbourne

206

End of a Command

212

Part VIII: SWPA, March-July 1942 27

New Command

221

MacArthur's Headquarters

228

MacArthur as Commander

238

MacArthur's Men

243

Part IX: Settling in, April-September 1942

Censorship

253

Communique

259

Navy

267

Two Georges

274

Contents

Part X: Threat, July-September 1942 35

Brisbane

285

Australia Threatened

293

Down "The Slot"

309

Part XI: Buna, September-December 1942 38

Marshaling Forces

321

The Battle

332

Shades of Nelson

344

The MacArthur Files

349

Notes

357

Sources

371

Bibliography

373

Index

375

Photographs follow page 194.

Maps 1. The Philippines

2. Disposition of USAFFE, December 8, 1941

3. Japanese Plan and Disposition of the Armies, November 1941

4. Luzon

5. Lingayen Gulf Landings, December 22-24, 1941

107

6. Corregidor Island

126

7. Bataan

173

8. Pacific Areas

224

9. Solomon Sea

294

10. New Guinea Area

296

11. "Cartwheel" Area

303

12. Buna Trails

306

13. Buna Battle

333

Acknowledgments

It is not possible to identify and to acknowledge separately the numerous people who contributed directly or indirectly to this book . Arlene, my wife, takes first place. Roger Egeberg, LeGrande Diller, Weldon Rhoades, and Howard Christy all read the manuscript and furnished detailed information and careful and objective criticism. They provided a continuum of effort on my behalf, and the book thereby has been enhanced. Âˇ Other contributions have been identified and acknowledged by notes in the appropriate places. Natalie Carney, Sutherland's daughter, shared with me the memories of Sutherland as husband and father before and after the war. She permitted me to cite her letters. The story is broader, deeper, and far more human than it would have been without her help. Colonel Lyman Hammond, Mr. E. E. Boone, and Mr. Roger T. Crew of the MacArthur Memorial were unusually kind and helpful to me. Mr. Boone gave patient attention even to the most trivial and sometimes obviously foolish difficulties. Mr. Eulogio Leafio of the National Historical Institute of the Philippines must be thanked. There were many others.

Introduction

This book traces the relationship between MacArthur and his chief of staff in their joint exercise of the command function in MacArthur's headquarters during World War II. It is a sympathetic study written by an eyewitness observer of the events, and is corroborated by contemporary documents. By necessity it is the walking of an old trail. The story of MacArthur in World War II is now a familiar one, and the trail markers are obvious . This is a different journey, however. The book is not intended to shock but, rather, to illuminate and to establish perspective. It grew out of my determination to understand. It is the story of reasonable men performing rational duties in an activity that seemed to obliterate rationality. This book is based upon my experience as stenographer and chief clerk in the office of Douglas MacArthur and his chief of staff, Richard K. Sutherland. I was the only member of the office staff who served continuously for the full term of the war, and the only enlisted man taken from Corregidor by MacArthur at the time of the evacuation. As part of my duties I organized and supervised the office files, and managed a force of six men. Over the course of the war I was promoted from private to master sergeant to warrant officer. MacArthur himself commissioned me at Lingayen in January 1945. I am a professor and a scholar who has published widely in a very specialized area. In the writing of this book I have observed the established rules of my profession . I have used the official files of MacArthur's own office, many of which I typed and all of which I organized. I remember many of the circumstances that shaped the documents, and I doubt that anyone else will interpret those documents as accurately as I have. The books written by men who served as close to MacArthur, as I did, have been examined; I knew those men and am able to evaluate their records. I have gone to great lengths to confirm my recollections for use as a primary source, and have found a high level of reliability . I did not remember all of it, but what I remembered, I remembered accurately.

XVI

Introduction

The time span of the entire story covers the period of the war, 1941 through 1945. The Good Years deals with the period July 1941 through December 1945. A later book will cover the years 1943 through 1945 . In this volume , a section of introductory material establishes a sense of historical continuity and presents the major characters and events. My personal observation of events begins six weeks prior to the outbreak of the war and ends with the surrender. The book deals with the problems of command. One set of questions involves MacArthur's control of his theater of operations: To what extent did he influence strategy? How did he exert influence? How did he translate strategic concept into tactical execution? Another set deals with the organization and control of MacArthur's staff: To what extent did he exercise personal control? How did he organize his staff? How did he manage the flow of documents and reports that were an important aspect of the daily work load? Finally, the book goes to the very heart of the command function : What principles governed the division of work between MacArthur and his chief of staff? To what extent were the two men able to subordinate their personalities to the joint exercise of command? What impact did the joint effort have upon their private personalities? The cast of characters has been kept to an essential minimum. It reflects the hierarchy of relative importance that existed at the time. I have ignored those who made a transient appearance in the command. A 3D-minute visit with MacArthur did not lay the foundation for deep judgment. I have identified three separate entities. MacArthur the man and Sutherland the man are individuals with different backgrounds and psychological orientations, each moving with his own destiny. The third entity is MacArthur/Sutherland, a product of the dual efforts of both men acting jointly in the common command function. The problem of the book is to identify the precise nature of that common function, to examine the impact of the conflicting personalities of the two individuals on the joint activity , and to describe the impact of the exercise of the joint command on the personalities. Sutherland is the more interesting element in this problem . His involvement literally destroyed him. This book presumes the ultimate rationality of the men and of their decisions . Men were selected because of their demonstrated, predictable rational behavior. They were constrained by procedures that ensured rational discussion and rational solution of problems. It is doubtful that anyone was more egotistical or ambitious than any other. All had learned to behave rationally . This book deals with a MacArthur who is gentle, sensitive, and sympathetic. His behavior falls within the accepted variations allowed any reasonable man in the circumstances of that time and place. He was angry when other reasonable men would have been angry. The expression of his anger fell within the accepted modes of civil discourse. His anger dissipated quickly and was soon forgotten , never intruding into the decision-making process . His will and his intellect were the masters of his emotion. All of this is equally true of Sutherland, with one major failure to understand the impact of pride . That matter is what makes this book unique. MacArthur emerges as a disciplined man . His public image was consciously

Introduction

XVll

tailored to reflect his concept of the essential quality of military leadership, the appearance of complete self-assurance and self-control. He dominated men not only by assertion of strong personality but also by example. He displayed a strong sense of fairness and justice. He could be conspicuously emotional , but reason always overruled arbitrary passion. His first impulse in anger always gave way to disciplined reason . MacArthur was an anomaly in the command structure in World War II. He was a former chief of staff who had no equals in the army. All the rest knew he could outsmart and outthink them. They were afraid of him but could not set him aside. He had enough appeal with the public to challenge even Roosevelt on certain issues if he was forced to do so. I am convinced that MacArthur was recalled to active duty only so there would be a Republican general in charge of affairs when the campaign collapsed in the Philippines , thereby deflecting the criticism that otherwise could have overwhelmed the party in power. I have marked out instances when MacArthur coached George Marshall in what a chief of staff should and should not do . Marshall must have bit his tongue with displeasure. . Most of MacArthur's contribution to the war was intellectual-it was what he thought that counted. Most of his physical activity involved the working out of ideas, communicating them, and motivating others to implement them . It was the ideas themselves that gave shape to the war and that constitute his contribution to the war. I have traced back to MacArthur's appointment in July 1941 the development of certain basic themes that thread through the entire war. MacArthur's position on these themes did not change much although he himself did change. The instrument through which MacArthur worked was his chief of staff, Richard K. Sutherland, the most important man on his staff. Sutherland occupied a unique, commanding position with respect to MacArthur. No one else had comparable influence in the formulation or implementation of policy. The relationship between the two men began in 1938 and endured until the end of the war in 1945 . The most interesting part of the story is the development of the " war within a war" between MacArthur and Sutherland. It was far more complex than I realized. MacArthur and Sutherland played their own games of strategy with each other. There were many elements in the game, but basically it was a test of skill and determination . That story occupies a great deal of the last third of the book. In the winter of 1944, after six years of harmonious mutual respect, MacArthur and his chief of staff fell out. No one has attempted to explore the sources of the difficulty and to trace out the consequences of the explosion it produced, but there has been a general tendency to vilify Sutherland. I have delved deeply into the matter because I was involved in the explosion and shattered by it. This book is my attempt to reconstruct and to understand a tragedy in Sutherland's career that presented MacArthur with his greatest test of command authority. The career curves of the two men in this period are paradoxical . The joint

XVlll

Introduction

effort elevated MacArthur in a long, continuous, accelerating curve from the dark days of defeat to a final apotheosis at the end of the war. Sutherland's career followed the path of Greek tragedy. An initial elevation with MacArthur reached an apogee of pride with a fracturing of personal relations and a final disintegration of his potential. The problem is to understand Why. I have traced out the basic controversies that occupied MacArthur's attention during the war, following their development from origins in prewar Manila to the last days of the war, when they were still being debated. I have described the decision-making process in MacArthur's headquarters and in the higher echelons of authority, with emphasis on the essential rationality of the process and of the results. I have not attempted to accumulate every trivial anecdote about MacArthur and Sutherland but have selected those matters which give an uncluttered view. MacArthur comes out of it as an exceptionally rational person, complex but nevertheless rational. He had a rare ability to identify the essential facts and relationships of a situation, to anticipate possible outcomes, and to impose disciplined reason on very strong emotional reactions. The context in which the story is contained is the ebb and flow of the war that drew all of us together, carried us along on its roaring current over turbulent rapids, and finally dropped us like flotsam and jetsam as it slowed quietly over the last sandbar. Every tidbit in the book is there for a reason. Seemingly trivial items are there because I think they help portray MacArthur's or Sutherland's character. I have tried to give the book immediacy, to draw readers into the very heart of MacArthur's office, where they can watch MacArthur and Sutherland at work, read their ideas as they were worked out together, and experience a sense of participation in their efforts. I have tried to make the details precise and exact, and to show how MacArthur used the men who came to him, generally by chance, and impelled them to work for him to the very limit of their powers, frequently beyond any frontier they had ever crosse~ before. There is more to this book than meets the eye at first glance. On the surface it is a study of MacArthur as commander in chief of a theater of operations. It is also a fugue on George Kenney's remark that it was fun to work for MacArthur. Kenney was right, but he also was wrong, as the reader will learn. But this is the superficial side of the matter. In its most profound aspects the book is a theological inquiry. It is a literary expression of the idea that is embodied in Picasso's Guernica or in the comparable paintings of Goya. It portrays the savage, random, senseless brutality of war. Careful readers will find clues to the theology, but unless there is a pause to think they will most likely be set aside. A young man, as I was, who ignores an absolutely inviolable deferment to enlist for service in the Philippines on September 1, 1941, against the good advice of the recruiting sergeant, has made a deep, conscious moral choice. To explain this assertion would result in more sermonizing than a typical reader can suffer.

Introduction

XIX

The book is also an epic. The obvious hero is Douglas MacArthur, who evokes images of Cid Campeador, and EI Gran Capitan, and, more recently, "Marse Robert" and "Old Jack." The real epic hero, however, may be Corporal Mays of the 31 st Infantry Regiment, whose story is told in this book in a transcript of his own words. Mays is the infantry soldier who drove back the Persians at Marathon and the French at Waterloo, who took Grant to Richmond and Sherman to the sea. He is the best contemporary example I can find of MacArthur's enlisted counterpart, the epitome of what an infantry soldier should be. Behind this book is the great vision of Apocalypse and the troubled doubt of Job. Over it all is the majestic image of MacArthur, like Mays at Davao, climbing the long ridge to Malaybalay, kicking his stubborn donkey, filled with the joy of battle, hot as fire and cold as ice, eager for the next encounter, untroubled by doubt or scruple, firm in his holy vocation, certain that some undefined deity has marked him for glory. MacArthur is unique. He is the last great warrior. Modern war will never tolerate another of his kind. All that remains is universal, dehumanized massacre done ,at long range by impersonal machines. There will be no glory.

Index ABDACOM, 142, 151-58, 183-84,221 Adams, Henry, 13 Adelaide, 197, 20 I Adversario, Domingo, 15, 129 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 20-23, 61-62 Ah Chu, 189, 199 Aides, 34, 236. See also Diller, LeGrande; Egeberg, Roger; Huff, Sidney; Lehrbas, Lloyd; Morhouse; Romulo, Carlos; Wilson , Francis Air Force, 8,43,44,64-70,73-75,9399, 99, 100-101, 108, 115, 125, 144, 152, 153-54, 182-83,344, 191 - 94, 201,211,239,270,274,280,295-97, 298,300,301,304-5,309,311-12, 314, 316, 325, 329-30, 344-45, 34647 Akers, A. B., 190 Akin, Spencer, 53-54, 94-95, Ill, 112, 118, 171, 186, 187, 188,243,249-50 Alamo, 202 Alice Springs, 193-94,. 197, 201 AMP Building, 285-92 ANZAC Area, 152 April 1942,69-70 Arnold, Henry, 96-98, 311 Asiatic Fleet, 41-42, 71-76, 100, 151-52 Australia, 64, 66- 67, 70, 156, 182- 85, 193-94, 223-24, 293. See also Brisbane; Melbourne

Barbey, Daniel, 241, 271 Bataan, 62-63, 115- 17, 141-43, 157 , 170-82,198-99,201,212-16,21718 ,2 18 Bataan Boys, 209, 210, 243-44 Beebe, Lewis, 53 Biri [Beri], 185, 364 n.12 Blackburn, 210 Blarney, Thomas, 225-26, 297, 313, 314, 321-22, 334, 335, 336, 339, 341, 344- 46 Blockade Runners, 182 Bonus March, 29, 51 Bothne, Edwin, 168, 237 Brereton, Lewis, 67-68, 93-94, 94- 99, 183 Brett, George, 142, 153 , 185, 187, 191 92,225,244,274-80,298,299,3 14 Brisbane, 278, 285-92 British, 21-22, 43-44, 67, 74-75 , 141 43, 151-58 Brooke-Popham, Thomas, 151 Brougher, William, 218 Buna, 300, 312, 309-48 Bundy, 138-39 Canberra Incident, 269 Carney, Natalie (Sutherland), 37-38 Carpender, Arthur, 241, 345 Cartwheel, 300-304

376

Index

Casey, Hugh, 53, 94,105, III, 188, 243,300 Cavite, 73-74 Censorship, 253-58 Central Plain (Luzon), 44 Chamberlin, Stephen, 203, 230-31, 243, 245-46,277,285,300 Chattanooga, 37 Chief of Staff, 28, 29, 53, 72, 73, 78, 272, 301 China, 37-38, 72, 87-89 Churchill, Winston, 67, 156, 157-58, 222, 256-57, 258 Chynoweth, Bradford, 216-17 Claggett, Henry, 64-67 Clark Field, 41, 66, 67, 94-98, 99 Clawson, David, 95 Collins Street, 202-4, 210, 225 Commanding General of a Theater of Operations, 50-51, 52, 73, 79-80, 8184, 213, 228-29 Communique, 259-66 Coolidge, Calvin, 28 Coral Sea Battle, 295-98 Corregidor, 8, 21, 42, 63, 111-12, 113, 116, 117-18, 120-30, 159, 180-86, 187, 189,212-14,216-18,298 Curtin, John, 198, 221-23, 228-29, 24142, 253-54, 255-56, 256-62, 297, 304,365 n.l Darwin, 191, 193 Davao, 28, 101-6 Del Monte, 94, 96, 98, 99, 191-93, 221 Department of the Interior, 41, 166 Derringer, 83-84 Dewey, George, 19,20-22,41 Diller, LeGrande, 53, 94, 188, 190, 194, 248-49,263 Directive for SWPA, 221-27 Dominion Status, 25 Doolittle Strike, 299, 368 n.11 Egeberg, Roger, 53, 233, 236, 242-43, 362 n.1 Eichelberger, Robert, 317, 322, 326, 336-38, 341-43 Eisenhower, Dwight, 34, 39-40, 144

Evacuations: Quezon, 160-69; Sayre, 162-64, 169; MacArthur, 182-94, 197-202,364 n.5; New Guinea, 317, 325-26 Executive Order # I, 165-68 Field marshal general, 32-34 15th Infantry, 37 Fitch, Burdette, 205, 243, 276, 289 Flinders Street, 210 Formosa, 94-98 Fort Des Moines, 89 Fort McDowell, 4-5 Fort Santiago, 9-11 Fort Stotsenberg, 41 Fort William McKinley, 38 Funston, Frederick, 23 General Staff Corps, 37-38 George, Harold, 367 n.23 Germany, 21-22, 43 Godman, Henry, 191-93,204, 233,237, 277, 286, 307-8 Governor General of the Philippines, 25 GuadaIcanal, 309-12 Guam, 31, 42, 89 Guerrillas, 20, 106, 213-14 Haig, Douglas, 167-68 Haircuts, 329 Halsey, William, 241, 31 I Harding, Edwin, 326, 332, 336-37 Harris, Effie, 36 Harrison, Fred, 237 Hart, Thomas, 70-75, 77, 79, 92, 100, 117, 151, 153, 154, 159 Hawaii, 5, 66-67, 94 Headquarters USAFFE, 10, II , 48-56, 58-59,118-21,125-28,171-72,21213, 232-33, 243 High Commissioner, 32, 77-82, 118, 160. See also Sayre, Francis Hirohito, 87-89 Homma, Masaharu, 106-8, 137, 172-74, 179,216 Homosexuality, 6-8 Hoover, Herbert, 28-29, 51 Houston, Sam, 202

Index

Huff, Sidney, 34, 76, 118, 160, 165, 189, 194,236 Hunt, Frazier, 186 Ickes, Harold, 30, 32, 41 I Corps, 317, 336 Independence, for the Philippines, 20-21, 24-27 Insurrection, 19-24, 27 Interior Department, 40, 166 Intramuros, 9, 11-12, 19,35,41 Irwin, Constant, 53 "I Shall Return," 201-2 Jacoby, Melville, 181 Japan, 21-22, 24-25, 31, 37-38, 42, 4445,62-66,67-69,72,74, '77-78,8491, 92-100, 101-15, 118, 120, 12829, 130, 144, 154, 156-58, 159, 160, 170-71, 191, 193,201,205,213-15, 216,217,221-25,239,293-302,304, 305,307-21,325,332-36,337-41, 342-44,348 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 213, 229, 268 Jones Act, 25 Kenney, George, 239, 276, 278-80, 287, 289, 314, 325, 329-30, 344, 346-48 King, Edward, 139,215 King, Ernest, 202, 270-73, 310, 360 nA, 367 n,5 Kitka, John, 237 Kokoda Trail, 300, 304-7 Kozlowski, Joseph, 237 Krueger, Walter, 245 Lae, 297 Landing Craft, 312, 340, 345-47 Larkin, James, 237 Lehrbas, Lloyd, 203, 236, 249 Lewis, Vernon, 237 Lingayen Gulf, 106-16, 156 Luzon, 52, 63 MacArthur, Arthur, 1I, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27 MacArthur, Arthur, IV, 135-37, 183, 186, 194

377

MacArthur, Douglas: first contacts with Rogers, 4, 9-10, II, 12-13, 15-16; career 1903-1934, 27-30; Military Advisor, 31-35; Field Marshal General, 32-34; plan for defense, 33; staff, 33, 70; place in army, 34-35; resignation, 34-35; not optimistic, 115-17; leaves One Calle Victoria, 119; topside Corregidor, 127-28; air raid, 128-29; Lateral Three, 131; life on Corregidor, 134-37; demeanor, 138; visit to Bataan, 143, 174-75; reinforcements promised, 144; no surrender, 144-45; qualities of an officer, 146-47; Sayre and air raid, 147; limited strategic role, 151-52; Mindanao is the key, 153; asks Wavell for support, 153-54; asks for change of policy, 158; advice to civilian officals, 159-60, 162; Roosevelt proclamation, 160; Quezon evacuated, 160, 162-63, 164; neutralization proposal, 162-64; evaluation of situation, 163-64; Executive Order # 1, 165-68; Wainwright, 177-79; estimate of situation, 180-81; feasibility of reinforcement, 181; potential supreme commander, 182-83; evacuation of MacArthur, 183-94; arrival in Australia, 197-202; lost message, 204; elevator problem, 204; Sexy, 211; correspondence, 211; command complications, 212-14; surrender in the Philippines, 214-18; Bataan as symbol, 218; new situation, 221-23; offensive, 222-24; concept of GHQ, 225-27; title, 228-29; dual role, 228-31; as Commander, 232, 238-42; censorship, 253-58; situation in Australia, 253-54; MacArthur reluctant, 255-56; Churchill irritated, 256-57; communique, 25966; press releases, 262-63, 265-66; Unity of Command, 267-68; British agent, 268; Navy, 269-73; when I was chief of staff, 272; Brett debacle, 27478; Kenney, 279-80; move to Brisbane, 285-86; marriage, 35; replaces Eisenhower with Sutherland, 37, 3840; renews contact with army, 43-44;

378

Index

optimism, 44-45; recalled, 48-51; family life, 49-50; plans for land forces, 52; conception of Commanding General, 52-54; criticizes Philippine Division, 60; on training, 59-60; revision of Orange, 62-64, 68-69; Brereton's view of, 67-68; evaluation of Brereton, 70; Hart's view, 71-72; Navy usurpation, 72-73; Navy will not control Army air, 73-75; PT boats, 76; Sayre, 78-79, 82-82; civil defense, 79-80; military governor, 80-81; sends Huff to get ammunition for derringer, 83-84; war warning, 92-93; orders bombers south, 94; calls Sutherland re air operations, 95-96; calls Arnold, 98; fourth star, 100; open City, 118; office arrangements, 287-89; uniforms, 29091; increase naval forces, 297; very poor showing, 298; weak command structure, 298; counteroffensive, 300; I will take Rabaul, 301-4; stevedores, 304; more forces needed, 299; Assies won't fight, 313; prisoners of war, 314; lest it be too late, 316; plan for evacuation of New Guinea, 316; not optimistic, 313-14, 321; pushes Blamey, 321; permits Kenney to airlift troops, 325; MacArthur can be relieved, 325; Sutherland overrides MacArthur, 326; Rogers' books, 328; haircuts, 329; Kenney appreciated, 330; Rogers, 331; gloves, 331; Blarney smiles, 335-36; Harding relieved, 336; time is fleeting, 338-39; Navy moves tanks, 340; gives Sutherland I Corps, 341; I will relieve Sutherland, 341; confrontation with Navy, 344-45; Blarney chides Navy, 344-45; still in the game, 347-48 MacArthur, Jean Faircloth, 35, 129, 13435, 183, 186, 199 McMicking, Joseph, 243, 249 McNutt, Paul, 26 Malaya, 67, 84, 87, 153-58 Malinta Tunnel, 131-41,201 Manila, 9, 11-12, 19-21, 30-33, 35, 3738, 41-42, 44

Manila Bay, 19,20-21,35 Manila Hotel, 35, 48 Manila Symphony Orchestra, 93 Marines, 38, 62,127,301,309,311 Marquat, William, 55, 100, 188 Marshall, George, 41-43, 59, 75, 15860,164,166,180-81,183,192,21216,221,255,257,267,268,272-73, 277, 297-98, 300-304, 313-16 Marshall, Richard, 40, 53, 54-55, 99100, 120-21, 165-66, 177, 183, 186, 187, 189,200-203,243,304,364 n.5 Melbourne, 206-11 Midway Battle, 298-99 Miltary Governor, 79-82 Military Mission, 31-35, 53, 57 Milne Bay, 312-13 Mindanao, 63, 66-67, 70, 101-6, 18283, 300 Morhouse, 189, 193, 204 Motor Torpedo Boats, 76, 188-91, 341 Murfreesboro, 38 Nacionalista Party, 24 Nancy, 208-10 National Parks, 41 Navy, 20-22, 41-44, 71-76, 87,92-93, 99-100, 151-53, 193-94,221-23, 267-73, 295-304, 309, 313, 345-48 Netherlands, 88 Netherlands East Indies, 44, 67, 70, 87, 153 . Nimitz, Chester, 270-73, 295 , 299, 31112 One Calle Victoria, II, 14, 19,32,55, 68 Open City, 118, 120 Operations: Air War, 92-100; Davao (Mindanao), 101-6; Lingayen, 106-15; Malaya, 151-55; Bataan-Corregidor, 151-58, 212-17; Coral Sea, 295-98; Midway, 299-300; Providence, 300; Milne Bay, 312-13; Guadalcanal, 30912; Buna, 314-48 Optimism, 44-45, 84, 115-16, 138, 14547, 158

Index

Orange, 28,41-43,45,67,68-70, 142, 216 Ord, James, 39 Osmena, Sergio, 23-24, 26, 61, 159-60, 163, 161

Parker, George, 172-74 Pattaon, George, 37 Pearl Harbor, 89, 99 Pershing, John, 167 Philippine Air Corps, 64 Philippine Army, 52, 32-35, 57-62, 108-9, 110-11, 112-13 Philippine Civilian Authorities, 162 Philippine Commonwealth, 25-26 Philippine Defense, 26-29, 31-35, 41-45 Philippine Democracy, 26-27. Philippine Department, 9-10, 12-13, 14, 32-34, 43-44 Philippine Division, 38, 59 Philippine Dominion Status, 25 Philippine Scouts, 110-111 Philippine Statehood, 25 Pilots, staff, 237 Port Moresby, 285, 295-98, 300, 305, 307,314,327-31 Prisoners of war, 314 Providence, 306 PT Boats. See Motor Torpedo Boats Puritan, 56, 206 Quezon, Aurora, 38 Quezon, Manuel, 23-28, 30, 32-33, 159-69,203 Rabaul, 66, 152,276,277,295-97,301 Racism, 71, 24-25 Ramsey, Edwin, 365 n.5 Ray, Herbert, 189,216 Republican Party, 24-25 Resignation (MacArthur), 34-35, 186-87 Rhoades, Weldon, 233, 237 Rizal, Jose, 20 Rockwell, Francis, 189 Rogers, Paul: enlistment to Philippines, 1-15; meets Sutherland, 10-11; contacts with MacArthur, 43-46, 15-16; USAFFE staff, 54-56; war warnings,

379

92-93; promotion, 93; war, 94, 99100; Davao Report, 101-2; retreat, 119-20, Corregidor Topside, 125-30; Malinta Tunnel, 131-35, 139-43, 14647; Bataan, 170-71; Executive Order #1, 165-66, 167-68; evacuation, 18594; Melbourne, 197,203,204-6,20710,214-15,217-18; communique, 264; Kenney, 278; Brisbane, 246-93; Coral Sea, 298; Port Moresby, 307-8, 327-31; Buna, 336-37 Romulo, Carlos, 205, 362 n.2 Roosevelt, Franklin, 25, 29-30, 45, 51, 57,67,77,78,79-81, 144-45, 157, 158-59, 162-64, 166, 167-168, 18487,212-13,215-16,229-30,255,258 Roosevelt, Theodore, 21 Roxas, Manuel, 24, 166 Russia, 144, 222 San Bernardino Strait, 8 Sayre, Francis, 77-84, 118, 168-69 Seals, Carl, 10, 52, 53-54, 134 Selleck, Clyde, 5-8, 60-61, 110-11, 162-63 7th Australian Division, 307, 321, 334 Sexy, 211 Sharp, William, 216-17 Sherr, Joseph, 53 Shore Patrol, 72-73 Sibuyan Sea, 8 Singapore, 44, 66-67, 75, 79, 151-58 Sir Boss, 48 16th Naval District, 75-76 Solomon Sea, 295 Southwest Pacific Area, 221-27 Spain, 19-20 Staff, 32-34, 38-40, 52-56, 118, 186, 202-3, 230, 243-50, 274-80, 290 Stalin, 88, 222 Stark, Harold, 73, 360 nA Statehood for Philippines, 25 Stevedores, 304 Stimson, Henry, 32, 166-68 Stivers, Charles, 53, 232, 243 Strategic Policy: Orange, 41-45, 68-69, 170,201; Revised Orange, 43-45, 6869; Two-ocean War, 43; Singapore

380

Index

Bastion, 151-58; Air Domination, 64, 66-67; Europe First, 141, 143-44, 222,314-15,316; Cartwheel, 301-4 Submarines, 108, 164, 168-69 Supreme Commander, 228-29 Surrender, 144-45, 146-47,214,216-17 Sutherland, Howard, 36 Sutherland, Josephine, 37-38, 207 Sutherland, Natalie, 37-38 Sutherland, Richard: interviews Rogers, 10-12; plays golf, 14; career 18931941, 36-40; Chief of Staff USAFFE, 52-53; personality, 54-55; Brereton, 67-70; in China, 88; notice of war, 92-93; war, 93-96; George Marshall, 94; Center of Control, 101-2; Davao Report, 102; Lingayen Landing, 106, 110-12, 113-14; here goes Orange, 117-18; leaves One Calle Victoria, 119-20; Corregidor Topside, 127-29; Lateral Three, 131-32; 138-39; Quezon Evacuation, 164; Executive Order #1, 165, 168-69; to Bataan, 170-71; organizes Advance Echelon, 171; to Bataan with MacArthur, 174-75; point landings, 177; Wainwright, 171-79; Chynoweth, 179-80; Mindanao, 18283; evacuation, 185-86, 193-94; trip to Melbourne, 197-200; on MacArthur, 197-201; rebuilds Heaquarters, 202-4; educat6s Godman and Rogers, 204; romance, 207; delusions, 206-7; yields to Rogers, 208-9; congratulates Rogers, 209; Sexy, 211; role in GHQ, 230-35; MacArthur's vocabulary, 261; communique, 263-65; Brett, 275-78; Kenney, 279-80; office routine, 28892; Port Moresby visit, 307; Noumea Conference, 310; Blarney re Milne

Bay, 313; MacArthur can be relieved, 325; overrides MacArthur, 326; relieves Harding, 336; saves Eichelberger, 341-42; I will relieve Sutherland, 341; to Buna, 341-42 Taft, William Howard, 24, 41 Tagalogs, 20, 23 Telephone, 203, 209 39th Australian Battalion, 307 32nd Division, 322-26, 332-43 Thompson, Francis, 138, 140 Thulson, Roy, 140 Topside Corregidor, 125-30 Training, 59-60 Troopship, 4-8 Truman, Harry, 141 Turner, Sergeant, 9-12, 28, 55-56,119 Twain, Mark, 141 26th Cavalry, 108-10 Tydings-McDuffie Act, 25 Unity of Command, 267-73 USAFFE (United States Army Forces in the Far East), 48-56, 232, 243 Wainwright, Jonathan, 110-11, 172, 174-75, 176-79, 189,212-15,216-17 Wavell, Archibald, 142, 152-54, 157 Whitlock, Lester, 203, 243 Whitney, Courtney, 266 Willoughby, Charles, 53, 127, 188, 19091, 202-203, 223, 243, 264-65, 286, 328 n.5 Wilson, Francis, 53, 99, 127, 185-86, 193, 197,204,236,286,291 Yamamoto, 89, 293, 299, 310 Yamashita, 157,293

About the Author PAUL P. ROGERS, retired professor of economics and insurance, served as secretary and office manager for General Douglas MacArthur and his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Richard Sutherland, for the entire period of World War II . Rogers was the only enlisted man to be evacuated from Corregidor with the MacArthur party . He had intimate daily contact with the men, the events they dominated, and the documents they created. Rogers was an objective, perceptive observer and has brought to this memoir the mature judgment of critical scholarship. Rogers has published numerous articles and two books about the Soviet insurance system, which has held his scholarly interest for more than 40 years .

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