BAT TEN BR IEFI N G IMPROVING THE WORLD THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION
SEP 2013
Managing Your Innovation Portfolio INNOVATORS' ROUNDTABLE REPORT, SPRING 2013. CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT contributor
Malgorzata Glinska Senior Researcher, Batten Institute glinskam@darden.virginia.edu
Any company engaged in new-product development (NPD) faces a series of high-
stakes decisions—which ideas to pursue, how many to keep in the pipeline, and how to allocate scarce innovation dollars.
Portfolio management, therefore, is critical to successful NPD. It is about resource
allocation—how a company invests its capital and people. It is also about project selection—choosing which projects to invest in and ensuring that there is a pipeline of big
new-product winners. And, most significantly, portfolio management is about strategy.1 Executives find that innovation portfolio management is helping them to: •
Maximize their returns on R&D spending
•
Allocate scarce resources
• • 1
Cooper, R.G., Edgett, S.J., and Kleinschmidt, E.J.
2000. “New Problems, New Solutions: Making Portfolio Management More Effective.” Research Technology
• • •
Management. 2
Ibid.
INNOVATORS’ ROUNDTABLE REPORT
•
Maintain their company’s competitive position Create a link between project selection and business strategy Achieve a stronger focus
Achieve the right mix of projects
Communicate project priorities both vertically and horizontally within the organization
Provide greater objectivity in project selection 2
The Challenges of Portfolio Management BACKGROUND
The management of NPD project portfolios is a critical but often frustrating chal-
To compete in today’s fast-changing global
inadequate attention to strategy are common problems.3
environment, companies are under increasing pressure to innovate—and to do it at a breakneck speed. This challenge, with a focus on managing an innovation portfolio, was the main theme of the spring 2013 Innovators’ Roundtable, a periodic conversation among senior leaders from some of the world’s largest and most innovative
lenge for many companies. Poor planning, lack of discipline in project screening and The issue is that all R&D, by definition, is uncertain. Managers must make deci-
sions about projects that may not be technically or commercially feasible. Product engineers aren’t always sure about the technical and commercial attractiveness of
various design options. And customers’ preferences, competitors’ responses and other external factors may be difficult to predict.4
The five sources of decision complexity outlined below highlight the difficulties as-
firms.
sociated with NPD portfolio management.5
The fourth gathering of the Innovators’
Strategic alignment. An NPD portfolio allows a company to operationalize and
Roundtable, hosted by the Batten Institute for Entrepreneurship and Innovation on 2 May 2013 at the Robert H. Smith Center at Montalto, in Charlottesville, Virginia, brought together innovation executives from Corning, CSC, DuPont, MeadWestvaco and Siemens. This Batten Briefing was prepared to serve as background material for a candid daylong discussion facilitated by Darden faculty members Mike Lenox, Ed Hess and Jeremy Hutchison-Krupat.
implement strategy over time. This implies that NPD portfolio management entails a large component of ambiguity and complexity, since the determinants of firm
success and their interactions are rarely known. Moreover, successful NPD portfolio
management depends on the ability to effectively communicate strategy down to the level of individual projects.6
Resource scarcity. Companies often pursue many projects in parallel in order to
achieve broader product lines and higher market share. In such environments, decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources are a critical factor for success.
Project interactions. Companies often develop multiple products and services
in closely related market segments. Hence, the products may exhibit synergies or
incompatibilities in their technical aspects. Similarly, on the market side, products may substitute or complement one another. 3
Wheelwright, S.C. and Clark, K.B. 1992. Revolution-
izing Product Development: Quantum Leaps in Speed, Efficiency, and Quality. Free Press: New York. 4
Pisano, G. and Gino, F. 2005. “Holding or Folding? R&D
Portfolio Strategy under Different Information Regimes.” Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 05-072. 5
Adapted from Kavadias, S. and Chao, R.O. 2007. “Re-
source Allocation and New Product Development Portfolio Management,” in Loch, C.H. and Kavadias, S. Handbook of Product Development Management, 135-164, Elsevier/BH, Oxford, UK. 6
Loch, C.H. and Tapper, S. 2002. “Implementing a
Strategy-Driven Performance Measurement System for an Applied Research Group.” Journal of Product Innovation Management. 7
2
Kavadias, S. and Chao, R.O.
BATTEN BRIEFING
Outcome uncertainty. It’s impossible to know the outcome of an NPD project.
Consequently, managers face risks related to the overall functionality of the product (technical risk) and to the adoption of the product by end customers (market risk).
Dynamic nature of the problem. Decision makers must allocate resources over time, and NPD programs evolve over time. Therefore, managers must take into account future values and risks when allocating resources to a promising idea. How-
ever, it is often difficult to quantify the potential of an idea or precisely measure the risks involved.7
The Bottom-Up Approach Some companies use a “bottom-up” approach to portfolio management. It starts
with a broad range of ideas that bubble up from within the organization and are screened and evaluated. The best ones are funded.8
The problem is that techniques for evaluating and selecting projects are often weak or inadequate.
Project valuation is a typical approach. In it, projects are ranked on the basis of their
expected financial results. The n best projects, according to their score, “make it” into the portfolio. Projects are typically ranked using discounted cash flow (DCF), net present value (NPV) and return on investment (ROI) metrics.
One of the most popular ways to evaluate an innovation project—in order to determine its ranking—is to use DCF to calculate the project’s NPV.9 NPV calculations are always suspect in the early stages of new-product development. Managers who
have “pet” projects know how to manipulate the numbers to make their projects look attractive. As one manager put it, “What number do you want to hear? The project team always delivers the right number to get their project approved!”10
The misguided use of various financial-analysis tools to evaluate and rank projects in an innovation portfolio is often cited as one of the reasons companies find it impossible to innovate successfully.11 In addition to DCF and NPV, other usual suspects are the use of sunk costs and the emphasis on earnings per share as the driver of
share price.12 For example, the myopic focus on earnings per share diverts resources
away from investments whose payoff lies beyond the immediate horizon.13 That attitude results in a very incremental portfolio that lacks potentially disruptive products and business models that could enhance the underlying value of the enterprise.14
Academic research demonstrates that generic criteria, such as scores based on risk
or return, are not sufficient for effective NPD portfolio management. Rather, NPD activities must reflect an R&D strategy, which is linked to the company’s overall business strategy.15
8
Cooper, G.R. and Edgett, S.J. 2002. Portfolio Manage-
ment for New Products. Basic Books. 9
Christensen, C.M., et al. 2008. “Innovation Killers: How
Financial Tools Destroy Your Capacity to Do New Things.” Harvard Business Review. 10
Cooper, R.G., Edgett, S.J., and Kleinschmidt, E.J. 2000.
11
Christensen, C.M., et al.
12
Ibid.
13
Ibid.
14
Ibid.
15
Wheelwright, S.C. and Clark, K.B. 1992. “Creating
Project Plans to Focus Product Development.” Harvard Business Review.
3
Top-Down Approaches The best portfolio management practices are top-down rather than bottom-up. They start with the organization’s vision and strategy, and new-product initiatives and resource allocation flow from there. In other words, companies that innovate successfully start at a high level by developing their business and technology strategy: Who
is our customer? What is the product or service we want to offer? How should we do this in a cost-efficient way?16 Then they make sure that their innovation portfolios reflect those strategies.
One example of a top-down approach is the “strategic buckets” model. It starts by considering the organization’s vision, goals and strategy and then asks, •
How should we be spending our development funds?
•
What areas do I need to be in?
•
Which markets, technologies and customer segments should I invest in?
The answers to those questions result in the setting aside of funds—buckets of
money—across various dimensions, such as product line, type of market, technology area, project type or geography.17
Once the buckets are defined, each with its allocated resources, various development projects are sorted into them.18 Projects are then ranked within each bucket and
funded in rank order until that bucket runs out of resources. Ranking is often done using a financial index, the expected commercial value (ECV) or a scoring model
(projects are rated or scored on a number of questions or criteria). However, many businesses have no formal ranking method.19 16
Markides, C. 1999. “Six Principles of Breakthrough
Strategy.” Business Strategy Review. The “Who-WhatHow” framework was originally developed by Derek Abell in Defining the Business: The Starting Point of Strategic Planning. Prentice Hall, 1980. 17
Cooper, R., Edgett, S.J., and Kleinschmidt, E. 2001.
“Portfolio Management for New Product Development. R&D Management. 18
Cooper, R.G. and Edgett, S.J. 2010. “Developing a Product
Innovation and Technology Strategy for Your Business.” Research Technology Management. 19
Cooper, R.G. and Edgett, S.J. 1997. “Portfolio Manage-
ment in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders.” Research Technology Management.
4
20
Ibid.
21
Cooper, R.G. and Edgett, S.J. 2010.
BATTEN BRIEFING
The major strength of the “strategic buckets” approach is that development projects
and spending are aligned with the company’s strategy.20 It also helps senior management achieve the right balance and mix of projects. Earmarking specific amounts to each bucket ensures that projects in one bucket—for example, “new products”—do
not compete for funding against projects in another bucket—for example, “improvements and modifications.”21
Risk and Reward in Your Innovation Portfolio Managers making resource allocation and NPD portfolio decisions face a difficult
THE INNOVATORS’ ROUNDTABLE
products and markets, which are inherently risky, or improve existing technologies,
The Innovators’ Roundtable is a mem-
choice: allocate resources to the development of fundamentally new technologies,
extend product lines and entrench existing market positions without taking exces-
sive risk. The former investments have the lure of potentially high payoffs, while the latter often result in smaller returns.22
70-20-10—The Winning Ratio? A recent study of companies in the industrial, technology and consumer goods sectors demonstrated that the high-performing ones directed about 70% of their innovation resources to “safe” core initiatives
(enhancements to their core offerings—optimizing existing products for existing
customers), 20% to adjacent initiatives (expanding from existing business into business that’s new to the firm) and 10% to transformational opportunities (developing
breakthroughs for markets that do not yet exist). The companies that maintained the 70-20-10 balance outperformed their peers, typically realizing a P/E premium of 10% to 20%. 23
One of the reasons many organizations fail to generate the growth they seek is that they don’t strike the right balance between risk and reward. They focus too much on safe, incremental innovations in familiar markets. These may be necessary for
continuous improvement, but they fail to give these companies a competitive edge or significantly contribute to their profitability. The kind of projects they need are those that are often shunned: big innovations that have potentially huge payoffs, perhaps far in the future.
bership network of senior innovation executives from some of the world’s most innovative companies. The purpose of the network is to share best practices, discuss common challenges and push the state of the art in corporate innovation in a highly interactive and candid forum. To encourage frank discussion and to motivate interdisciplinary learning, members are selected from among non-competing firms and diverse industrial sectors. The Batten Institute, a leading center for research in entrepreneurship and innovation at the University of Virginia’s Darden School of Business, convenes the Roundtable executives once or twice a year for conversations facilitated by the world’s top scholars in innovation. Participating members have included Accenture, Alcoa, Corning, CSC, Bank of America, MeadWestvaco, Northrop Grumman, Salesforce.com and Siemens. For further information about opportunities for membership, please contact: batten@darden.virginia.edu.
22
Tushman, M. and O’Reilly, C. 1996. “Ambidextrous
Organizations Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change.” California Management Review. 23
Nagji, B. and Tuff, G. 2012. “Managing Your Innovation
Portfolio.” Harvard Business Review.
5
Risk Matrix and R-W-W (REAL-WIN-WORTH IT) PROBABILITY OF FAILURE
So, how can companies take the big—yet smart—innovation risks they need in
order to succeed today? The solution lies in a disciplined process that distributes
projects in a company’s innovation portfolio more evenly across the spectrum of risk. Two tools can help: the Risk Matrix and the R-W-W screen.24
The Risk Matrix is a visual representation of the company’s mix of projects and their
fit with its overall strategy and risk tolerance. It reveals the distribution of risk across a company’s ensemble of innovations, showing each project’s probability of suc-
cess or failure based on how big a stretch it is for the company. The less familiar the intended market and the product or technology, the higher the risk.25
The R-W-W (“real, win, worth it”) screen is a powerful tool that can help compa-
THE RISK AND REVENUE MATRIX This matrix represents an innovation portfolio of an imaginary company. Each dot represents one innovation, with the size reflecting that innovation’s estimated revenue. Each innovation is positioned on the matrix by determining its score on two dimensions—how familiar to the company the intended market is (X axis) and how familiar the product or technology is (Y axis). Familiar products aimed at the company’s current markets fall in the bottom left of the matrix, indicating a low probability of failure. New products aimed at unfamiliar markets are located in the upper right, indicating a high probability of failure. This portfolio, dominated by relatively low-risk, low-reward projects, is
nies look at each product concept’s prospects in the market. It helps to evaluate the
risks and potential of individual projects by answering questions in three broad topic areas.
“IS IT REAL?” explores the nature of the potential market and the feasibility of
building the product by asking a development team to ponder questions such as: Is
the market real? Is there a need for the product? Will anyone buy it? Is the product real? Can it be made? Will the final product satisfy the market?
“CAN WE WIN?” considers whether the innovation and the company can be
competitive by digging deeper and asking the following questions: Can the product be competitive? Can the product’s competitive advantage be sustained? Can our
company be competitive? Do we have superior resources? Can we understand and respond to the market?
“IS IT WORTH DOING?” examines the profit potential and whether developing the innovation makes strategic sense by asking the following questions: Will the product be profitable at an acceptable risk? Does launching the product make strategic sense? Will top management support it?26
typical in its distribution of risk. Source: George S. Day
copyright BATTEN BRIEFINGS, September 2013. Special Edition, published by the Batten Institute at the Darden School of Business, 100 Darden Boulevard, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903. batten@darden.virginia.edu | www.batteninstitute.org ©2013 The Darden School Foundation. All rights reserved.
6
BATTEN BRIEFING
24
Day, G.S. 2007. “Is It Real? Can We Win? Is It Worth Doing? Managing Risk and Reward in an Innovation Portfo-
lio.” Harvard Business Review 25
Ibid.
26
Ibid.
The Many Ways to Innovate When most people think about innovation, the first thing that comes to mind is
product innovation. However, by definition, innovation is any novel creation—any project, not just a product or service—that produces value.27
The Doblin Group, a Chicago-based innovation consultancy, identified ten types of
innovation: business model, networks and alliances, enabling process, core processes, product performance, product system, service, channel, brand and customer experience.28
ing across its entire value chain without side parties to bring products to its stores. Zappos is one of the greatest examples of service innovation.
Doblin Group also found that instead of focusing purely on product performance,
Source: The Doblin Group innovation type + description
1 Business Model How you make money
Networks and alliances 2 How you join forces with other
FINANCE
Target, for example, is particularly adept at networks and alliances innovation, work-
DOBLIN GROUP’S TEN TYPES OF INNOVATION® FRAMEWORK
companies for mutual benefit
the best way for an organization to become more innovative is to start with its
business model or customer experience. When you set out to change your business along the way.
Business model innovation almost always requires the sophisticated integration of multiple innovation types—at least six or more—to succeed. When you start with
business model innovation, you are forced to think about your core process, product
performance, product system, channel and brand. As a result, you may come up with a breakthrough business model that involves six different types of innovation. In its
Enabling process 3 How you support the company’s core processes and workers
Core processes 4 How you create and add value to your offerings
research on thousands of innovations from hundreds of companies, Doblin found
5 Product performance
more types of innovation.29
Product system 6 How you link and/or provide a plat-
What implications do Doblin Group’s findings have for managing an innovation portfolio? It is important to remember that most value is generated around the
business model, not around the new product. Therefore, focusing solely on products in the innovation portfolio is unlikely to yield the kind of breakthrough innovation most companies seek.
How you design your core offering
form for multiple products
Service
OFFERING
that the most successful innovators are companies that combined at least five or
PROCESS
model or customer experience, you automatically spark multiple types of innovation
7 How you provide value to customers and consumers beyond and around your products
8 Channel
How you get your offerings to market
Nagji, B. and Tuff, G.
28
Tuff, G. “The Ten Types of Innovation.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DMJ8cHwD0I (Accessed on 20 April
2013.) Similarly, authors of the following article identified 12 different ways companies innovate: Sawhney, M., Wolcott, R.C., and Arroniz, I. 2006. “The 12 Different Ways for Companies to Innovate.” MIT Sloan Management Review. 29
Ibid.
9 Brand
How you communicate your offerings
DELIVERY
27
Customer experience
How your customers feel when they
10 interact with your company and its offerings
7
Essential Reading ARTICLES “Best Practices in the Idea-to-Launch Process and Its Governance.” Robert G. Cooper and Scott J. Edgett. 2012. Research Technology Management. 55 (2): 43-54.
“Creating Bold Innovation in Mature Markets.” Robert G. Cooper. 2012. IESE Insight. (14): 28-35. “Creating Project Plans to Focus Product Development.” Steven C. Wheelwright and Kim B. Clark. 1992. Harvard Business Review. 70 (2): 70-82.
“Developing a Product Innovation and Technology Strategy for Your Business.” Robert G. Cooper and Scott J. Edgett. 2010. Research Technology Management. 53 (3): 33-40.
“Innovation Killers: How Financial Tools Destroy Your Capacity to Do New Things.” Clayton M. Christensen, Stephen P. Kaufman, and Willy C. Shih. 2008. Harvard Business Review. 86 (4):129-130.
“Is It Real? Can We Win? Is It Worth Doing? Managing Risk and Reward in an Innovation Portfolio.” George S. Day. 2007. Harvard Business Review. 85 (12): 110-120.
“Managing Your Innovation Portfolio.” Bansi Nagji and Geoff Tuff. 2012. Harvard Business Review. 90 (5): 66-74. “New Problems, New Solutions: Making Portfolio Management More Effective.” Robert G. Cooper, Scott J. Edgett and Elko J. Kleinschmidt. 2000. Research Technology Management. 43 (2): 18-33.
“Responses to Disruptive Strategic Innovation.” Constantinos D. Charitou and Constantinos C. Markides. 2003. MIT Sloan Management Review. 44 (2): 55-63.
“Strategic Innovation.” Constantinos C. Markides. 1997. Sloan Management Review. 38 (3): 9-23.
BOOKS Handbook of New Product Development Management. Christoph Loch and Stylianos Kavadias, eds. 2007. Elsevier/B-H: Oxford, U.K.
Portfolio Management for New Products. Robert G. Cooper, Scott J. Edgett and Elko J. Kleinschmidt. 2001. Perseus Books: Cambridge, MA.
Revolutionizing Product Development: Quantum Leaps in Speed, Efficiency, and Quality. Steven C. Wheelwright and Kim B. Clark. 1992. Free Press: New York, NY.
Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation. Robert A. Burgelman, Clayton M. Christensen and Steven C. Wheelwright. 2008. McGraw-Hill/Irwin: New York, NY.
TECHNICAL NOTES “Creating a Growth Portfolio.” Edward D. Hess. 2011. (UVA-S-0199) “Learning Launches: Growth Results from Experimental Learning.” Edward D. Hess. 2011. (UVA-S-0198)
8
BATTEN BRIEFING