Life in Work by AA School

Life in Work

Dedeepya Yadlapalli Kushal Darda Shalaka Sancheti Vilee Wagh Wanquan Feng Yan Tong Yingnan Jin (Kenji) Zhaohan Li Zhengyong Cheng Zixiao Zheng Housing and Urbanism 2021-2022 Design Workshop Assignment Lawrence Barth | Dominic Papa

Contents Live-Work Emerging Concepts of Neighbourhood The New Mobility Streets and Blocks Deep Urban Blocks Continuity and Integration Eames House Work-Live Linear Typologies Size and Grouping Event Life in Work Appendix

04 06 10 16 20 22 46 48 66 68 104 124 126

Live-Work

With the changing dynamics of the city, there is an increasing emphasis on working closer to home, local supply chains, and an emerging economy of entrepreneurship that challenges the traditional notions of domesticity and builds capacity in our neighbourhoods. In a post-pandemic world, there is a growing need to understand the factors leading to an overall reconceptualization of an urban way of life that identifies the opportunities of architecture to accommodate the new emerging patterns of working and living. Today, the growing emphasis on distributed work alters one’s conception of work environments to the extent that it can redefine and absorb into a more upgraded residential life better suited to support these systems. A ‘living environment’ is a starting point for an individual’s association with learning and knowledge sharing, both stated and tacit and untraded interdependencies. Neighbourhood life is important to forming these knowledge networks that are valuable for business. At the same time, some people prefer bringing work

into their everyday life and their homes, just like Charles and Ray Eames. The Eames House is a classic example of two people entirely devoted to absorbing design into every aspect of how they worked and lived. Therefore, the challenge is set for architects and urbanists to create multi-residential living environments with a working life that inculcates the qualities of Eames house, keeping in mind a larger urban vision. The growth patterns of crossovers between working and living enable one to reconceive the rigid formations of urban areas that separate the private realm of work and live while creating a new civic attitude. There is a growing need to envision networking, cooperative and collaborative systems based on a shared sense of common culture and cultivate moral affinities and trust-based relationships. This approach to living and working can contribute to a broader area of strategic importance to the city, thus, redefining the central city living associated with the increasing importance of mobility. and knowledge economy.

Spaces encouring live-work environments 4

Figure 1.1 Schiecentrale 4B, Rotterdam

Figure 1.2 IBeB, Berlin

Figure 1.3 Kölner Brett, Germany

Figure 1.4 Superlofts, Netherlands

Figure 1.5 Schiecentrale 4B, Rotterdam 5

Emerging Concepts of Neighbourhood

Knowledge Neighbourhood & Knowledge Economy The concept of a neighbourhood is about a sense of being complete parcels of urban areas that can host an individual’s daily routines and cater to their needs. A self-sufficient neighbourhood specifies a bundle of spatial attributes associated with clusters of residences in conjunction with education, health and well-being facilities. The ideal scenario aims to bring in a social aspect that promotes interactions between its inhabitants and occupies the open spaces it offers. Neighbourhoods today demand a more integrated civic realm based on notions of productive differentiation and an attitude Clarence Perry’s neighbourhood concept tried of complementarity of contrasting elements to distinguish between areas that supported within urban areas. business development and multi-residential housing and other quieter areas. However, As a starting point, one needs to evaluate today, traditional neighbourhood ties the possible influence of changing lifestyles have diminished because of increased on urban areas. Furthermore, the co-living, mobility, changing working patterns, and co-working approach shapes individuals by the diversification of lifestyles, requiring introducing a sense of belonging to a larger us to reconceive the traditional concept of society and a shared responsibility for the community. neighbourhood. In 1929, as part of the design for the New York regional plan, Clarence Perry suggested a notion of a neighbourhood unit as an attempt to escape from the station, the place of employment and the city streets. “Each neighbourhood unit is 60 to 80 hectares in size, housing 5000 to 9000 residents with schools and associated facilities such as meeting rooms, community centres and small public green spaces laid out in the centre of the neighbourhood for the whole community to access.”1 This promoted social cohesion and a sense of identity within its environment.

Figure 2.1. The concept imagines cities where everything is accessible within 15 minutes.

Figure 2.2 F&B

Figure 2.3 Knowledge

Figure 2.4 Leisure

Figure 2.5 Education

Figure 2.6. King’s Cross as an emerging knowledge economy

A knowledge neighbourhood can be defined as a place of inclusivity, democracy, and culture creation in a sociallyoriented view, a place of economic talent and creative industries in the productive sense.2 The knowledge neighbourhood comes with development opportunities that include integrating services in the existing residential neighbourhood. A knowledge neighbourhood based in a Knowledge economy could be understood as “based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advancement”.3 A knowledge economy has more to do with the facilities that support development within an urban area, or a neighbourhood based on the intellectual capacities and innovation of those involved in meaningful collaboration.

Over the past few years, there have been some emerging knowledge corridors that are significant to allow one to rethink the central city living and working. In London, particularly the area of Kings Cross holds international links, becoming a part of a global network of knowledge economies. Due to the presence of the stations, knowledge enterprises are making use of the nature of the corridor. These urban areas begin to activate moility and bring in movement from across the city. There is a growing trend of increasing life science floor spaces at the scale of the urban area around these upcoming station districts, developing industries such as Biomedical and Research and New Media. There is a shift in identifying them as knowledge clusters rather than a neighbourhood.

As small-scale enterprises expand, their surrounding areas begin to transform with more business development. Such areas begin to reflect opportunities for people in a range of occupations and businesses and take advantage of the presence of services, where one can see the kinds of synergies that ought to exist between business development and community life. While the areas to the south of the Euston corridor, such as Bloomsbury and Fitzrovia, have started to form knowledge clusters and neighbourhoods, the north is dominated by housing estates and residential neighbourhoods with immense potential to transform into knowledge districts that can contribute to the broader knowledge economy.

These factors have led people to believe strongly in the pattern and crossovers between working and living, breaking barriers. The key armatures and the infrastructure work together to create a more extensive system of expanded central city living to provide wider urban benefits.

The New Mobility

Figure 3.1. Mobility network, London 10

The Euston corridor acts as a significant armature in the comprehensive urban network of London’s mobility pattern. The weaving of the different modes of transport through the road, rail, and the canal creates continuity while also accommodating differentiated environments along its length and breadth. These major armatures run along the North-South and East-West, extending as parallel lines to the Thames, creating a divide between the North and the South. One can locate the Euston corridor in the wider urban fabric of streets, running parallel to the canal and the river Thames. The importance of this corridor from a broader perspective is seen beyond the extents of the major stations that position themselves as events that change the urban grid of blocks to the North and South of the corridor.

Figure 3.2. King’s Cross - Euston corridor urban area 12

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The urban armature is not just a linear space but a multi-level public superstructure, an extension of influence, and an urban framework. It may look linear, but a purposeful armature is transverse. The influence permeates into a typological system related to civic engagement, public realm, street-block relationship, urban diversity, and urban dynamic. While Armatures give a structure, assembly and patterns of activities, shearing of grid systems informed by topography lays an underlying foundation for an urban framework of infrastructure. However, an unreasonable morphological organization or infrastructure

placement can disrupt and obstruct public access, micro-mobility, and connectivity of urban armature. This study aims to understand and explore the urban armature from multiple scales, from an urban corridor to a street block. The topography, stations, and mobility patterns across the North of the Euston corridor resulted in perturbations in the grid system that broke the logic of the east-west movement observed in the South. This shearing of the grid system brings us to investigate what changes it brings to the urban clusters and patterns of an area emerging into knowledge neighbourhoods, considering the structural and spatial forms influenced by the urban condition.

Figure 3.3. Topography influencing formation of urban grids and clusters 14

Overlapping clusters

Topography and armature

Shearing of the grid

Disruptions of the topography

Streets and Blocks Consistency and Variation

Figure 4.1. Blocks and Grids, King’s Cross 16

With an emphasis on population and economic growth, urban development is continually focused on cities, resulting in fast urbanisation and growing degrees of urbanisation. The advent of the private automobile and the transportation system has fundamentally altered the logic of urban design, with expressways serving as the backbone of modernist cities. The south of the Euston Corridor follows a certain grid of streets and blocks that are shallower in their dimension. They also depict a regular system of an urban arrangement. The three major stations to the north of the Euston corridor create a divergence where the streets adjust themselves to run along their perimeters. This has led to irregularities within the shapes and sizes of the blocks. The north also consists of deepened urban

blocks that do not respond to the streets or help in requalifying them in any manner. The street pattern in the larger area of Kings Cross portrays a sense of a dense urban fabric and regularity to the south of the Euston Corridor, with more regular blocks. But as one moves to the north, the streets are diverted as a result of the location of the three main stations that create a divergence of pathways and create multiple hierarchies of streets leading to highly irregular blocks. The interior streets function in a fragmented way, creating patterns of variation with different interior environments along with the housing estates. The quality of these streets affects the edge condition of the blocks and their relationship with the wider urban fabric.

50m

Regents Park Estate

100m

The Regents Park estate to the west of Euston station is a post-war housing estate with deep regular urban blocks identified by a strong hierarchy of streets running along the North-south on either side. A consistent morphology can be observed within each block with a dominant North-south orientation of the buildings. In contrast, the framework of the internal streets in each deep block is distinctive. While accepting the consistency in the existing morphology of the deep blocks allows one to think about the possible transformation of the area into a knowledge neighbourhood, taking advantage of the existing urban conditions.

Mornington Crescent Camley Street Area The North of the Kings cross station, areas around the Mornington-crescent station and the Camley street are surrounded by important armatures like canals and railways and resulting in a repeating urban condition of deep irregular blocks. The orientation of the buildings follows no persistent logic of orientation, and the spatial organization resulted in a poor land-use pattern compared to that of the successful redevelopment on the east side of the canal. The question then arises of how we can introduce an integrated use in these irregular blocks and improve the condition.

Pentonville Area The Pentonville Road acts as the primary street that extends itself from the Euston Road, carrying the heavy vehicular traffic and creating distinguished environments on either side. The intriguing grain of blocks and streets can be perceived as vertical strips sharing a sense of continuity and coherence. Pentonville carries a peculiar quality that brings infrastructure, housing topography, and mobility together in a unique combination. The variation in the topography highly influences the surface transport corridor. This juxtaposition of layering of mobility infrastructure creates a subtle weave between the topographical changes. The question that one can begin to address is how can Pentonville Road function to integrate the north and the south and create synergy in the immediate urban area. Figure 4.2. Morphology 18

100m

Figure 4.3. Street Network

Figure 4.4. Propositions 19

Deep Urban Blocks Continuity & Integration, Size & Grouping and Events The quality of deep blocks lies in the elements of absorptivity, permeability, and the capacity of generating space. The existing deep regular blocks in the Kings Cross area to the north of the Euston corridor, which are currently dominated by residential estates, hold immense opportunities for future expansion and redevelopment. Taking inspiration from some of the exemplars that are based on deep blocks, one can understand the advantages of the depth that these blocks provide to create assemblages that benefit the wider urban area. The Institute of Education and the wider masterplan that dominates the knowledge neighbourhood portray the nature of the deep block to permit a kind of assemblage that works on principles based on variation, circulation, and freedom to cluster spaces in multiple ways. In this case, particularly, the deep block encompasses the linear typology in a way that allows layering of spaces and differentiation in the façade. The way Piazza Ceramique addresses the notion of a deep block is through its relationship with the street. The building takes a step back as the deep block allows it to create a

frontage through a landscape, broadening the circulatory pattern and encouraging pedestrian movement through the wider urban area. The deep blocks provide a complex porous approach to streets and blocks, with more variation and opportunity for differentiation. The Wohnprojekt in Vienna, on the other hand, is a type of linear segmented building that has the opportunity to have a collective environmental dual approach towards the built and the unbuilt. Here, the deep block enables the association of different landscape strategies at the front and back of the building. The Wohnprojekt offers several communal spaces and the possibility for exchange and communication, while the individual apartment units can be spaces for retreat. It promotes free and spontaneous encounters while curating spaces for diverse user groups. In this manner, the deep blocks provide an extensive range of possibilities for the circulation, clustering, and grouping of spaces; orientation; and opportunities for exploring both linear and atrium typologies.

Figure 5.1 Piazza Ceramique

Figure 5.2. Denys Lasdun’s Institute of Education

Figure 5.3. Wohnprojekt, Vienna

Continuity and Integration Figure 6.0

Rossi’s (1982), Architecture of the city presents the notion that responding to or creating in context is different from building a Monument.4 The parts that endure over time contribute to the sense of continuity and progression of time within a place. The deep urban blocks of Regent’s Park estate provide the opportunity to establish a spatial organization that allows for a sense of continuity while moving through the block. Following the existing morphology of dominant North-South orientated buildings, the street forms a continuous strip of mobility pattern with a notion of consistency and variation in the street-block relationship. The linear buildings are organized into strips, with some interlocking elements that help us find clear block organizations to give us various kinds of environments. These strips can then further be connected to their surroundings, making better use of the interior of the blocks and transforming the lives of the streets simultaneously. This spatial strategy thus can be adopted for the neighbourhood’s transformation that allows for an integrated east-west movement. Part of the idea behind the transformation of blocks like these is to bring a little more intensity to the streets while accepting that there is a hierarchy where some streets have more traffic and are noisier, other streets are quieter, have more emotion and character, and most importantly trying to bring to life, the interior of the blocks in such a way that we can call upon the power of landscape and how these buildings address that landscape quite immediately, to have a greater synergy between the overall system of civic spaces and the new buildings themselves.

Figure 6.1.1 Continuation through consistent morphology and layering, Regents Park Estate

Figure6.1.2 Sectional articulation across the deep block 25

The post-war building spatial organization in the estate consists of alternating orientations to create kinds of elves and courtyards and squares that don’t seem to have a real purpose and end up being leftover space or under-utilized landscape patches. This brings to question how the consistency in orientation and alignment of buildings with slight variations as required can help reconceive a meaning purpose of voids. Figure 6.1.3 Buildings with under used landscape, Regents Park Estate

Figure 6.1.4 Netley campus school building, Regents Park Estate

Figure 6.1.5. Dominant linear typology, Regents Park Estate

Figure 6.1.6. Local services, Regents Park Estate

The recently constructed school campus in the area is starting to indicate the acceptance of possible crossovers between education institutions, libraries, housing and communal facilities. This idea however minimal currently starts to generate a thesis of integrated network of housing, working and services.

Figure 6.2.1 Continuity through layering of spaces, Re-qualification of the Barnsbury Estate, Pentonville Area 28

Figure 6.2.2. Visual continuity from inside to outside, shared grounds for promoting work and live envrionments

The concept of continuity is employed in this proposition by using the consistent logic of North-south orientation. The building helps in rethinking a positive change in the Caledonian Road and the Copenhagen Street which currently do nothing to offer a potential of change in the larger urban area. The intervention at the canal also withdraws the reluctance of the wider population to filter through the interior of the block.

of the urban transformation. The repeated conditions of social housing estates in the wider urban area along the Euston Corridor can begin to accommodate similar approaches to the way in which the Barnsbury proposal design investigates variation, and privacy and at the same time address various street environments by addressing a dominant logic of orientation.

Thus, the proposition aims at requalifying the Therefore, the building begins to spark up relationship of the deep block of Barnsbury a change in its adjacent urban conditions. with the street environment of Caledonian This change is, however, just a starting point road, Copenhagen street and the Canal.

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FIG 6.3.1. - Proposed pairing irregular This design proposal rethinks the trend of the knowledge-driven economy morphologically, at the same time, imagines the future of the knowledge campus and central-city living around the King’s Cross area, where people could live nearby the workspace in Camden. The design project develops approaches to urban transformation to accommodate the northward expansion of the Bloomsbury knowledge cluster across the Euston corridor. Meanwhile connected the east and west through a set of built environments. The new knowledge campus will provide more working opportunities and living and services to generate value for a wider urban area as the qualities of the knowledge economy are driving approaches to reconsider the importance of central city living. Furthermore, explore the linear typology in integrating irregular blocks in a wider urban area to deepen the grid and block to accommodate a broader range of knowledge economic actors while enhancing the residential environment’s qualities in the knowledge-driven working area.

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Pairing irregular blocks The irregular paddle-shaped land can be quite common once we look at the map of wider London, some of them are facing each other while separated by a road. This can be considered a result of historical, geographical reasons and the major armatures that constructed the city. This irregular shape could present some difficulties in generating the maximum land value if the building typology and its scale are not being proposed in a proper way. Take the Camden area as an example (FIG.), the most common arrangements that can be seen are the Georgian terrace houses that wrapped around the perimeter of the block with a minimum setback and an enclosed private space to form a compound, or a shed form like the previous ugly brown building in Camley, or buildings located in a random orientation. It almost feels like we were not sure what to do about this shape of

the block and these solutions are the most achievable outcome at that time. The trend of encouraging having fewer vehicles in Camden embraces the concept of promoting a vivid life of the street in the central city, at the same time aiming to requalify the inner blight area. However, either the compound, warehouse or the random approaches contribute to or engage with this notion. Both morphology and typology are facing difficulties in facilitating today’s working and living change and adapting along to the evolving development of the urban area. The Mornington Crescent area and the NHS site on St Pancras Way has a similar condition, thus, here comes a thought, what if pairing irregular blocks with assemblage linear building typology to become an urban deep block that assists the development of media, science, health and its related industry with the supported service and housing in a mix of working and living style.

FIG.6.3.2 - Irregular blocks at Camden area

FIG.6.3.3 - Grid system

50m

The grid is the most common system with a long history of constructing an urban area or a city, the grid itself and the nature it contains can work with multi scales and multi-direction. Its regularity offers high productivity in land development for block owners. Since the introduction of infrastructure and innovative building design under the development of modern technology, the rigour gird system has become varied. It is a tool that provides the base as a starting point and then can be altered over time while allowing the new system to be inserted, overlapped, or layered at multiple levels. 35

The conjunction of a series of urban armatures such as railways, canals and streets fragmented the area between Euston and St. Pancras station, which forms a set of deep and irregular blocks that suffers from the blight reflecting its industrial history.

FIG.6.3.4 - The opportunity of mobility

FIG.6.3.5 - Street as a seperation

FIG.6.3.6 - Irregular block & corner expression

FIG.6.3.7 - Existing morphology

FIG.6.3.8 - Proposed morphology

The irregularity within the blocks presents some challenges in generating maximum land value and results in difficulties in proposing certain building typologies and its scale.

FIG.6.3.9 - Overlapping history

FIG.6.3.10 - Extendable armature links the city

FIG.6.3.11 - Linear typologies priorities efficiency

FIG.6.3.12 - Existing morphology

FIG.6.3.13 - Proposed morphology 37

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FIG.6.3.14 - Masterplan 38

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The proposal aims to integrate the two irregular blocks by slowing down the speed of the street between the blocks to bring a better quality of life to the area through the variation brought by the deep ground floor and landscape infilled strategy, accommodating the richness of street life and continuity and permeability, weakening the barriers between the blocks, at the same time coordinating the varies typology, density, and connection with the public realm and the interior of the blocks. The diagrams explore the morphology and typology approaches in terms of integrating the two blocks. The parallel linear buildings in the same orientation as the streets will only intensify the isolation between grids and blocks in the urban area. The relations between immediate adjacencies create different hierarchies in the deep urban block and benefit the wider urban area.

FIG.6.3.15 -Pairing options in block 39

FIG.6.3.16 - Progressive layering from street to block

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Hampstead Rd

FIG.6.3.17 - Sectional continuity 40

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FIG.2.4 - The extendable segmented linear types are able to accommodate multi functions and events in terms of variation, accumulation and separation. Moreover, the deepening ground with the layers of transparent façade, cantilevered space and a dynamic landscape creates qualities of life. The sectional continuity accommodates the interior urbanity meanwhile integrate the two blocks into a deep block.

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FIG.6.3.18 - Masterplan 42

St. Pancras Gardens

The diagrams below shows the exploration of the integration and grouping of the blocks. The single horizontal division presents limited and monotonous access with rigid and introverted building typology that is hard to operate independently with high productivity. More than one horizontal access starts to soften the block division with the flexibility in building arrangement and orientation in order to better utilize the natural elements such as sunlight and proper response to the context, topography, and morphology. There are flexibilities and variations in density and scope based on the adjustment in building height and detailed layout. It can be a homogeneous approach or a mix of different and multiple scales followed by ambitions and vision of this area. Similarly, the frontality and the rhythm of the public realm can be tested. The diagonal road within the orthogonal parcel reveals more like an opportunity through its “constraint” . The indication becomes expandable irradiation that can be pushed and pulled into either side of the sites followed by the absorption and hierarchy of each pocket. Pairing irregular blocks into a deep block as a knowledge campus will be able to serve the knowledge economy that requests crossdiscipline and incorporates wider and multiple actors which are able to benefit the wider urban area.

King’s Cross

FIG.6.3.19 -Pairing options in block 43

FIG.6.3.20 - Layering facade

St Pancras Way

Royal College St

FIG.6.3.21 - Intergration by public realm 44

St Pancras Way

Integration is one of the goals of pairing, this is not by altering the road or a proposed sky bridge and tunnel, instead, it is by provoking a wondering through purpose and meaningful paths with the choice. Sectional continuity starts from the extendable and segmented linear to define the street of the campus. Deep floor plan host multiple-working modes and strengthen the team based working environment with the celebration of collaboration. The roof terrace gradually steps down to allow a diagonal conversation across multiple levels. Repeating linear in difference to accumulate and emphasize an improved central city living qualities. Levels transfer down and gently touch back to the NHS site to achieve a balance between volume and domestic quality. Double volume space at various levels is flexible for diverse sizes of working modes. The landscape driven approach with civic realm continued and extended to the canal benefits the wider urban area and improves the continuity and extension from urban west to east.

Regent Canal

King’s Cross

Eames House As a Way of Life Exploring the possibilities of work-life balance, the Eames House is an early classic example. In contrast to many house museums, this home retains the personality of its long-term occupants. Charles and Ray Eames developed an open, flowing floor concept in which the areas seamlessly flow into one another. Designed to have an intimate connection with the site, it addresses aesthetic dimensions, efficiency, and effectiveness of a work environment. It functions as an orienteer and shock absorber in its free relationship to the earth, the trees, and the sea - with continual proximity to the entire wide order of nature - and should give the essential relaxations from the daily complexities.

as a continuous living space. The plan has dimension as well as uniformity. It is a very active ground, with the bedroom and storage areas elevated above. The workshop, living area, and cooking space all seem like they are part of the same environment, which is what makes being there so incredible.

The blank canvas, which is an extension of the retaining wall, serves as an equipment wall that extends throughout the home and houses all their cultural learnings. There is continuity in the house structures, but there is also a great deal of care paid to the variance of aesthetic experience within that continuity. There is an armature that runs through there, right through the courtyard. The The house has two primary sections, the armature distinguishes yet unifies the spaces. residential block, and the studio block, which are separated by an outdoor space that serves It truly is a work of “poetry in motion.”

6.0m

12m

6.0m

Figure 7.1 Ground level plan

Figure 7.2 Section

Figure 7.3 Existing Eucalyptus tress on site 46

6.5m

8.5m

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Stills from the Eames House showing Charles and Ray Eames living and working together 47

Work-Live Figure 8.0

Figure 8.1.1. Layered recreational spaces integrated into intensified typologies supporting work and life.v

Figure 8.1.2. Consistency in elevation and dimensions of the loft allows a wide variation in how the interior can be configured 50

Figure 8.1.3. Unit configurations to accommodate different lifestyles

Figure 8.1.4. Rich lifestyles reveal through facade 51

Figure 8.1.5. Extend work environments and shared spaces on the ground floor

Figure 8.1.6. Layered public spaces accessible to the broader community

Figure 8.1.7 Shared kitchen for co-living

Figure 8.1.8 Shared kitchen for co-living

Figure 8.1.9. Thickened ground, greater courtyards, and circulation serve as collectors and separators of living and working spaces. 54

The notion of thickening ground, the open ground floor, and the succession of spaces from street to plaza to courtyard may all be used to extend into the depths of a project. In order to provide transparent, permeable, and open areas for the community, the buildings adopt the open ground floor or thickened ground idea. Permeable space on the ground is created by an open floor plan with flexible workplaces and windows on both ends. The podium is elevated and connected to the ground through a grand staircase, resulting in a permeable yet exclusive environment. This also opens the possibility of renting retail outlets apart from the accommodation.

A shift in the typology of a traditional residential building, the proposition explores the idea of events by cultivating spaces that cater to both the living and working environments. The wider urban area is benefitted through the assemblage of the linear blocks that redefine ways of spatial arrangement in order to accommodate more services in the depth of the block.

Figure 8.2.2 56

Figure 8.2.1 Nesting spaces that [provide spatial variation to have living and working environments

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FIG.8.3.1 - Standard floor

FIG.8.3.2 & 8.3.3 - The project explores the further potential of the set of segmented linear types as concepts to create a new knowledge campus. The repetition, accumulation, variation and segmentation of linear types are able to accommodate a sequence of hierarchy in space. The characteristic of the extendable segmented linear with the richness of spatial is able to accommodate potentiality and possibilities of the combination and separation of living and working environment. Each of the individual wings that are plugged into the main space is able to accommodate different functions with independence. Each segment serves as co-working, co-living space, communal area, and services etc. The campus will provide small scale startup studios for young graduates who want to start their own business. Nevertheless, a teambased headquarter could also be accommodated cause of the potentiality of the extendable segmented linear typology.

FIG.8.3.4 - Typology

FIG.8.3.5 - Interior 60

FIG.8.3.6

FIG.8.3.7 FIG.8.3.6 & 8.3.7 - With a width of 3.6 meters, two interlocking lofts and each three-floor

as basic unit, Le Corbusier accommodated families with different structures in such a type. Is it possible to use this type in a 7-story building with mixed use of work and life? It can be public event spaces on the ground floor and two three-story basic units above, while the domestic space with different high can accommodate the combination of work and life. 61

Level 5

Level 7

Level 4

Level 6

FIG.8.3.8 - Variation in modular floor plans

FIG.8.3.9 - Inventive collective gallery 62

FIG.8.3.10 - Natural light take turns

Type1 - Studio

Type3 - 3 beds loft

Type2 - 2 beds

Type4 - 3 beds

FIG.8.3.11 - The repetition and variation create the hierarchy and rhythm of the space sequence. Taking IBed as an example, the variation and accumulation of the linear circulation and individual studios accommodate a suitable working space for individual talents while bringing a good quality of life. The doubleheight space creates a flexible space for creative design. One can work in an independent space without interruption, while others could have a conversation in the common area. The circulation both horizontally and vertically links all the individual studios and apartments together. The variation of the linear circulation is able to conduct events for all the stakeholders to communicate and information exchange.

above and below. The 2.5m widths allows it to serve more than just a corridor, it is an option area that hosts everyone here for either formal or informal activities. It could be a seminar to share the latest ideas that are given by the invited speakers or tenants, or a dinner party for an event. Moreover, because of the deep depth of the slab building, patios bring light to the doubleloaded corridor or the communal space and the interior of the apartments. The patio allows the expansion of the depth of the building.

The double volume on the ground floor allows the occupation of various programmes that further assist the diversity of an urban area with the contribution to both inside the building and its The innovative additional gallery on the second floor serves as immediate surroundings. a sectional transition space by uniting the gathering from levels 63

FIG.8.3.12 - The integration of housing and workspace that is offered by the vivid typology enriches the character of a building and its surroundings, becoming a critical element in making the area sustainable for the future.

FIG.8.3.13 - Interior urbanity 64

Linear Typologies

Linear

1. Superloft 2. Schiecentrale 4B

Limited

3. Kölner Brett 4. Wohnprojekt Wien

Segment

5. H20 Hafencity 6. ABB Areal Power Tower 7. IOE 8. IBEB

Atrium

9. ANZ Centre 10. Unilever Haus 11. Airbnb 888 Brannan St 12. Angel Building 13. Piazza Céramique

10m

10 11

13 Figure 9.0 67

Size and Grouping Figure 10.0

The layered sequencing of buildings of different sizes and landscapes in the form of these strips gain different characters by virtue of the organizational principle. The kind of shearing, interlocking and rotation of blocks and streets that we see in Fitzrovia is seen here in the language of the block itself rather than being a principle of the street organization. 12 post-war residential buildings ranging from the linear type of 4 floors to point block towers of 12 floors, which are 10m and got a spatial organization that does not support today’s lifestyles, are replaced with five intensive linear buildings with distinct characteristics that offer an integrated lifestyle for families, single person living, intensive workspaces and work-live studios.

Figure 10.1.1. Visual continuity from inside to outside, shared grounds for promoting work and live envrionments 71

Figure 10.1.2. Proposed Ground Level Plan, Regents Park Estate 72

Figure 10.1.3 . Extendable linear typology and coherent landscape 74

The deep block allows for a diversity of scale and typology. The linear building on the Regent’s Park edge is an 11-storey high building. In contrast to the point towers of similar height in the estate, this building groups two parallel linear slabs supported by a double-height podium. The linear slabs articulate various activities along their sections. The podium base acts as a thickened ground accommodating neighbourhood services like supermarkets, retail and other commercial spaces. The gallery access linear slab’s structural grid allows for the extension of living and working spaces or primary working studios or offices.

Figure 10.1.4. Variations in floor plans showing unit configurations 75

Figure 10.1.5. Limited linear slab typologies with variation in scale and unit configurations 76

The spatial organization of these buildings in the deep block allowed building frontality that has no primary obligation to the street. Each building sets a variety of thresholds on either side of the building that integrates the outside and the inside. The ground floor’s openness, permeability, and intensity make it an ideal place to negotiate, which also extends to becoming multileveled. This forms a continuous line of block-street relationship with consistency and variation. The buildings on the SE corner of the site show double-height studios on the ground, which can be used as makerspaces, where the workspace is extended to the outdoors with a semi-private yard in infront of each

studio. Across these yards is a building by Stanhope Street, which hosts a display area on the ground floor that can be used by the multiple actors of the neighbourhood (the residents, the primary school, and artists across London) to display talent. The building typology allows for modular housing units that accommodate various lifestyles from a single person to co-living family environments with shared spaces with the residents and the wider community. The buildings are systematic, and each involves the possibility of habitation variations in the handling of carriers and the configuration of the unit itself, and we get massive differentiation in size.

Figure 10.1.6 Modular unit configurations, Superlofts 77

Figure 10.1.7. Grouping atrium buildings and linear segmented slab with the existing school campus 78

The atrium buildings grouped here depict the idea of a thicker ground where the structures begin to interact and generate crossovers. Active ground and thickened ground are used to generate positive crossovers between buildings, in this case, between the current residential building and the atrium building. These typologies with fuller parts can establish these interactions and layered spaces between them. There is an attempt to recognize the experiences that each of these buildings creates, which have dual street orientation on the exterior and the inside and how these begin to generate a different ambience within this.

Figure 10.1.9. Atrium building, Piazza Ceramique

Figure 10.1.8 Structuring of new & existing blocks

Figure 10.1.10. Structure and Circulation, IBeB 79

Figure 10.2.1. Exploration of grouping and size, Pentonville Area

Figure 10.2.2. Site images - Caledonian Road - street condition 80

Figure 10.2.3. Site plan, Re-qualification of Barnsbury 82

Figure 10.2.4. Sectional perspective, differentiation and grouping of spaces through a thickened ground 84

The grouping of the extendable linear typology is something that can be incorporated into similar regular deep blocks along the length of the canal, which themselves comprise of spatial elements grouped together, forming a whole that is bigger than the sum of their parts. The grouping of different volumes creates a variation while also following a formal consistency through the employment of linearity as a principle. The variation in the façade along the length of the building creates opportunities for collective environments and individualised spaces for living and working. A multidirectional and multiscale approach is used to rethink the relationship between the old residential estate and its immediate surroundings. 85

Figure 10.2.6. Volumetric and spatial grouping 86

Figure 10.2.5. Detail at ‘A’

‘A’

Figure 10.2.7 88

Flexible blocks with adequate void space for people to walk through and gather are the starting point for the fundamental logic. The goal is to create a link between the street-block area and the atrium of a large headquarter building, which will serve as a hub for the neighborhood’s other structures. The entire site and the surrounding urban area may be revitalised with the help of an open main headquarters and a street-block public space.

Figure 10.2.8 89

Figure 5.6. Ground level plan Figure 10.2.9 90

Figure 10.2.10 92

To realise and focus public openness, collaborative working, communication, and the cohabitation of multipurpose purposes, a central atrium space is developed for better spatial vibrancy and appropriate spatial construction.

pst ead Ham

olt S

FIG.10.3.1 - Variation in sizing and grouping

rsh Eve

h St Camden Hig

Harrington Square

Due to the limitations of the geographical character of the irregular blocks including their size and building orientation, it is impossible to accommodate a series of linear buildings with east and west orientation inside the blocks. However, the limitations could also become potential opportunities. The trend from narrow to wide is able to create a deep floor plan and interior urbanity. The irregular blocks on the east side are relatively deep and thus have the potential to create more diversity in terms of density, height and orientation with the linear typology meanwhile accommodating rich public realms that respond to

inhabitant’s daily life and work. With the variation in size and grouping in the interior of the building, the deepened ground floor has the potential to create a hierarchy of space. For instance, the small and abundant services on one side bring a vibrant vibe to the street. On the other side, the co-working space accommodates creative design and multi-actors in the knowledge-driven economy value chain providing a platform for information exchange and a more efficient quality working environment.

Crowndale Rd

e ar

ley

u Sq

k Oa

FIG.10.3.2 - Combination in heights 96

The west block creates a variation of space due to its geometric nature, leading directly to public Realms enclosing the building from north to south and from small to large. The differences in size and immediate adjacencies lead to different tasks. For example, the small square and multiple exits filter out people in the subway station. The middle-scale atrium space creates the interior urbanity of crossover of work and life. The large-scale courtyard space is combined with the public realm in the south of the site to become a place for people to rest.

FIG.10.3.3 - Public realms responds to adjacency

FIG.10.3.4 - Rhythm following geometry feature

FIG.10.3.5 - Accessibility on the ground floor 97

Regent Canal

St as cr

n Pa ay W

Roy al C

olle

FIG.10.3.6-Scale is the key instrument of block and building design and presents importance to the success of nowadays hybrid working environment. The change in the evolution of today’s cross-disciplined, collaborative working model has been presented in programmes and reflected through architectural and typological treatment. Each scale brings active impact and accumulating them could generate a persistent force that drives urban change. The large-scale building provides a base character for a block and catalyst for future cooperation. Medium-scale building starts addressing the approachability to the general public with a mixed function that can be understood as a relationship, rather than just a programmatic layout or an organizational scheme of use. Small-scale innovative buildings become the unique and active element that is critical in interacting and balancing with artefacts FIG.2.4 Masterplan in larger- portions. 98

ge S

King’s Cross

St. Pancras Gardens

Pancras Rd

Level 7

Level 6

Level 5

FIG.10.3.7 - Upper level plans

100

Level 4

FIG.10.3.8 - Diverse usage

Level 5

Level 7

Level 4

Level 6

FIG.10.3.9 - Flexibility in typologies The variation in sizing and grouping also reveals through the building and unit layout. There are some linear buildings with intensive typology that could accommodate both living and working under one roof. At the same time, it has the flexibility to be extended and assembled for future adjustment. Take Ibeb as an example, the modular grid with the hybrid construction

system of column and shear wall has offered spatial flexibility. The units are either on a single level or loft that occupies different building depths and area. The wide range of unit typology, areas, and heights has allowed domestic living and working space for various numbers of users from individual professionals to small and medium-sized companies in one building.

101

FIG.10.3.10 - Integration between the buildings and blocks by thickening and deepening the ground with various scales and cantilever spaces to promote permeability. The linear structure works well in terms of defining the street and the knowledge campus by using the continuous linear façade on the ground floor. The continuous ground floor from the interior to the exterior from the street to the plaza on the campus is able to integrate the building with the other part of the campus. The thickening and deepening ground of the building hold multi-events for the

FIG.2.4 - Masterplan

FIG.10.3.11 - Sizing and grouping in users and funtions 102

inhabitants. Compared with other morphology, a long linear repetition façade that sticks parallel with the boundary of the street defines the streets. The artifact acts as a gate that filters through the campus and provides a sense of belonging to the residents and multi actors. The result will be a shifted rhythm and speed with the absorption from the civic realm. Thus, the diagonal road is no longer a barrier, it is the line of integration.

103

Event Figure 11.0

Figure 11.1.1 Coherent strips of linear typologies and landscape, Regents Park Estate

Figure 11.1.2. Proposed section, Regents Park Estate 106

With the active ground and facade, the public realm can have a hierarchy with a different rhythm to host events and activities on multiple scales and cultivate a possible new lifestyle and urban pattern.

the street and allow to layer and superimpose different orthogonal orders following the logic of phenomenal transparency introduced by Colin Rowe. [ Rowe, C, 1997]5

The pursuit is to improve integration and permeability, distribute services better, and build on the idea that the landscape needs to work harder to deliver more services to improve an ability to absorb the people’s everyday lifestyle. The variation in landscape strips in the forms of private yards, child play areas and new civic spaces start to better integrate the life of the block and the neighbourhood. This arrangement aims The block could begin to have the distinct to unfold the full potential of the deep block with characteristics of a campus with a set of the combination of elements that better serve the buildings that do not directly engage with needs of the growing knowledge economy. The spatial organization in strips can also be conceived as events, as a strategic intervention in the assemblage that starts to bind the internal and external environments of the building. The intervention of these hard-working ground landscapes is not ornamental to the building but directly embedded in it.

107

Figure 11.2.1. Proposed podium, Pentonville Area 108

Podium as a platform for creating a privileged environment for living and working , while encompassing spatial variation on different levels through stacking and creating punctures while thickening the ground. The linear typology also enables multiple nodes of contact which enhance the relationship with the street environment. 109

Figure 11.2.2. The changing lifestyles and growing demands of living and working create a series of events that become a part of the daily life, enhanced by the micro-environments created on a larger platform.

110

111

nH de

m Ca d

igh

le R

a wnd Cro

olt

sh er Ev St

e ar

ley

Hampstead Rd

k Oa

ton ring

Har

10m

112

FIG.11.3.1 - Ground floor

are

Squ

u Sq

FIG.11.3.2 & 11.3.3 - The design proposal accommodates the new media industry, creative industry, art facilities, residents, and supportive services for both the local community and the working environment. We can start to imagine the TV recording hall be can be used by the producer and at the same time serve the local residents as a lecture hall; a public realm with a well-designed landscape can serve both children after school, parents who want to take a rest on the bench, and also the content producer that want to have a pop-up closed to their workspace. Some events can also be held in the active street. The streets create certain kinds of continuity by the segmented linear building, which nevertheless have rhythm and variation. At the same time, through the transparency of the ground floor facade, the richness of the interior urbanity and the landscaping of the roof, the value of the interior of the block is conveyed by all kinds of events that happen here.

113

Event

114

All at once. A wide variety of activities and people live and work in this area, holding various events. FIG.11.3.4 & 11.3.5

115

FIG.11.3.6 - Visual interaction with events and activities 116

117

ana

C nt

e Reg

St P anc ra

sW ay

Royal College St

St. Pancras Gardens

10m

118

FIG.11.3.7 - Ground floor

FIG.11.3.8 & 11.3.9 - The layering of the space, façade and landscape accommodate the activities between the building and the block. The transparency of the façade and large openings allow visual interaction between inside and outside. This layering of activities creates richness and diversity to the deep block in which the individual actors are connected by a network of public realm and permeable ground. An area for walkers and cyclists would be ideal to have a vivid visual diversity in its street, pavement patterns, and the artefacts along because the pace is slower and that offers opportunities for the human mind to desire variety. The square, plaza, and planting elements that constitute the public realm are part of the diversity. Similarly, building components will also be examined from elevations, corner treatments, rooflines, materials, colour and texture. The angled building corner treatment is a sign that gives the implication of what might come next with a wider view opening up for the visual connectivity.

119

Public FIG.11.3.10 - Events in time

120

Realm FIG.11.3.11 - Daily pattern

121

FIG.11.3.12 - Visual interaction with events and activities 122

123

Life in Work

The concept of an urban block that might aid the rise of the knowledge economy while living beside them is geared toward a long-term change with a balance of rigour and a high degree of variance in living and working juxtaposed with one another. The transition is not limited to a particular industry but extends to other city areas that face similar challenges. The architectural and urban design provides chances for civic involvement. The transition might benefit current and future tenants while allowing many actors to engage with one another, investigate and share strengths, needs, interests, and fundamental beliefs, and even impact political and planning policies. In the unpredictable nature of urban growth, a planning strategy that allows for innovation-led development, rather than a zoning plan with specific measures, might open new options. These proposals thus allow for some planning ahead of time in terms of how to use and produce value from a deep urban block and potentially requalify a less developed region. Allocating the knowledge economy business on a domestic scale into the neighbourhood can use the industry’s nature to attract and connect with other domains and manufacturers that function in varied sizes and hierarchies. It gives

124

employment possibilities in various industries, such as housing and domestic services. Meanwhile, the local economy will benefit from a well-balanced urban environment by recruiting and maintaining talent. The propositions help the local population by allowing them to participate in more physical or visual contact activities. This situation will encourage an urban area’s social ecology to shift toward a learning landscape that spans generations. It provides more alternatives and choices from a younger age, intending to involve most people to profit from and contribute to creating a sustainable, high-quality metropolitan region that makes life worth living. Through intensive morphological transformations in these areas of potential, the shift in the growing demands of the workplace can be accommodated. At the same time, we bridge the gap between the working and living environments. Thus, as Charles and Ray Eames created a world of the living and working together at the periphery, the same questions of crossovers and blurring of boundaries can be thought of in the central city environment. This would result in a more collective, collaborative and associative approach to emerging knowledge neighbourhoods in the wider urban area.

Figure 12.1 Domestic neighbourhood

Figure 12.2 Civic realm

Figure 12.3 Interior urbanity 125

Appendix

These linear buildings kind of feel like they could go on forever. One of them is because it has a repetitive core, the other because of gallery access. These two different versions, each of them incredibly systematic, each of them involves the possibility of habitation variations in the handling of carriers as well as the configuration of the unit itself and to get massive differentiation in size. They have an overall rigorous form with high degrees of variation.

Linear

Superloft Schiecentrale 4B

6.0m

5.4m

10m

Superloft

Figure 13.1 128

13m

18m

Schiecentrale 4B

Figure 13.2

129

14m

16m

Limited

The limitation of these linear types have specific qualities that dwell on themselves, and they are limited by the overall structure. The main circulation of the building forms a collective space that the residents can share. The sense of a collective space for a small community will disappear if the main circulation of the building were extended for a long length.

16m

22m

Kölner Brett Wohnprojekt Wien

10m

45m 30m

Wohnprojekt Wien

Kölner Brett

Figure 13.3 130

Figure 13.4

Segment

There are some linear buildings that have the flexibility to be extended and assembled with a suitable dimension that can be introduced and incorporated with what a knowledge economy environment might need. The modular grid with the hybrid construction system has offered spatial flexibility. The wide range of unit typology, areas, and heights has allowed domestic living and working space for various numbers of users from individual professionals to small, medium, and large-sized companies.

H20 am Hafencity ABB Areal Power Tower IOE IBEB

20m

15m

25m

15m

25m

15m

30m

15m

70 m

15m

10.5m

30m

H20 am Hafencity

Figure 13.5

ABB Areal Power Tower

Figure 13.6 131

14.4m

33.6m

4.8m

11m

IOE

Figure 13.7 132

14.4m

133

8m 17.6m

9.6m

10m 2m

IBEB

Figure 13.8 134

22m

6m 2.5m 7.5m

14m

ANZ Centre Unilever Haus Airbnb 888 Brannan St Angel Building Piazza Céramique

The public realm can also be enclosed within the building in the form of the atrium, providing space and light to the structure while the event takes advantage of the elevation’s variation to add value to the space. On the ground floor, the Atrium achieves accessibility and integration, maximising the potential of the deep urban block and encouraging people to move from the single street space outside to the rich interior urbanity within.

22m

Atrium

8.4m

ANZ Centre

Figure 13.9 135

12m

Unilever Haus

Airbnb 888 Brannan St

Figure 13.10

Figure 13.11

136

12m

10m

12m

11m

12m

24m 12m

8.7m

13m

25m

11m

7.5m

Angel Building

Piazza Céramique

Figure 13.12

Figure 13.13 137

Bibliography & Citation Cover Cover: Drawing by Yingnan Jin and Zhaohan Li. Live-Work Fig 1.1: https://mei-arch.eu/en/projects/schiecentrale-4b/ Fig 1.2: https://heidevonbeckerath.com/single/ibeb Fig 1.3: https://www.architectuur.nl/project/loft-robert-winkel-in-schiecentrale/ Fig 1.4: 1.5 https://bplus.xyz/projects/0019-kolner-brett

Emerging Concepts of Neighbourhood Sources 1. Perry, Clarence Arthur. The Neighbourhood Unit. Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1998. 2. Chapain, Caroline, and Peter Lee. “Can We Plan the Creative Knowledge City? Perspectives from Western and Eastern Europe.” Built Environment 35, no. 2 (2009): 157–64. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.35.2.157. 3. Powell, Walter W., and Kaisa Snellman. “The Knowledge Economy.” Annual Review of Sociology 30, no. 1 (2004): 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100037. Figures Fig 2.1: https://www.dezeen.com/2021/10/26/15-minute-city-carlos-moreno-obel-award/ Fig 2.2: https://www.galliardhomes.com/guides/fitzrovia/living-in-fitzrovia-london-w1 Fig 2.3: https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/books/best-independent-bookshops-in-london-a4393251.html Fig 2.4: https://www.stampthewax.com/2016/03/31/take-a-look-inside-lion-vibes/ Fig 2.5: https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/medium-shot-of-male-elementary-school-teacher-sitting-crosslegged-under-tree-in-park-and-teaching-schoolchildren-kids-listening-to-him-attentively-and-raising-hands-to-answerquestion-rb1tctlnpkevwia02 Fig 2.6: Apple Maps.

The New Mobility Fig 3.1: Drawing by Vilee Wagh. Fig 3.2: Drawing by group. Fig 3.3: Drawing by Zhengyong Chengand Wanquan Feng modified based on the diagrams from booklet ‘Knowledge Industries and the City’.

Streets and Blocks Fig 4.1: Drawing by Vilee Wagh. Fig 4.2: Drawing by Wanquan Feng and Zhengyong Cheng. Fig 4.3: Drawing by Dedeepya Yadlapalli. Fig 4.4: Drawing by group.

Deep Urban Blocks Fig 5.1: Drawing by Wanquan Feng and Yan Tong. Fig 5.2: Drawing by Yingnan Jin. Fig 5.3: Drawing by Vilee Wagh.

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Continuity and Integratation Source 4. Rossi, Aldo. The Architecture of the City. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2007. Figures Fig 6.0: Drawing by Shalaka Sancheti. Fig 6.1.1-6.1.2: Drawings by Dedeepya Yadlapalli, Kushal Darda, Zhengyong Cheng. Fig 6.1.3-6.1.6: Pictures taken by Kushal Darda. Fig 6.2.1: Drawing by Vilee Wagh and Shalaka Sancheti. Fig 6.2.2: Drawing by Vilee Wagh. Fig 6.3.1-6.3.2: Drawing by subgroup Yingnan Jin, Zhaohan Li, Zixiao Zheng, Wanquan Feng. Fig 6.3.3: Drawing by Zhaohan Li. Fig 6.3.4-6.3.6: Pictures taken by Wanquan Feng. Fig 6.3.7-6.3.8: Drawing by Zixiao Zheng. Fig 6.3.9-6.3.10: Pictures taken by Yingnan Jin. Fig 6.3.11: https://www.linkedin.com/in/joyce-ncube-b3641860/recent-activity/posts/ Fig 6.3.12-6.3.13: Drawing by Zhaohan Li. Fig 6.3.14-6.3.15: Drawing by Wanquan Feng and Zixiao Zheng. Fig 6.3.16: Drawing by Zixiao Zheng. Fig 6.3.17: Drawing by Wanquan Feng and Zixiao Zheng. Fig 6.3.18-6.3.19: Drawing by Yingnan Jin and Zhaohan Li. Fig 6.3.20: Drawing by Yingnan Jin. Fig 6.3.21: Drawing by Yingnan Jin and Zhaohan Li.

Eames House Fig 7.1-7.3: Drawing by Kushal Dardaand Shalaka Sancheti. Fig 7.4, 7.7, 7.8: Pictures provided by Dominic Papa. Fig 7.5, 7.6, 7.9: https://www.instagram.com/eameshouse/

Work-Live Fig 8.0: Drawing by Yingnan Jin. Fig 8.1.1, 8.1.3-8.1.9: Drawing by Dedeepya Yadlapalli. Fig 8.1.2: https://www.archdaily.com/892160/superlofts-marc-koehler-architects Fig 8.1.3-8.1.7: Drawing by Dedeepya Yadlapalli. Fig 8.1.8: Drawing by Kushal Darda. Fig 8.1.9: Drawing by Kushal Dardaand Zhengyong Cheng. Fig 8.2.1: Drawing by Vilee Wagh. Fig 8.2.2: Drawing by Vilee Wagh and Shalaka Sancheti. Fig 8.3.1: Drawing by Yingnan Jin and Zhaohan Li. Fig 8.3.2-8.3.3: Drawing by Yingnan Jin. Fig 8.3.4, 8.3.6-8.3.7: Drawing by Wanquan Feng. Fig 8.3.5: Drawing by Zixiao Zheng. Fig 8.3.8, 8.3.10-8.3.11: Drawing by Yingnan Jin. Fig 8.3.9: Drawing by Yingnan Jin and Wanquan Feng. Fig 8.3.12: Drawing by Zhaohan Li. 139

Fig 8.3.13: Drawing by Yingnan Jin.

Linear Typologies Fig 9.0: Drawing by Yingnan Jin.

Size and Grouping Fig 10.0: Drawing by Kushal Darda. Fig 10.1.1: Drawings by Dedeepya Yadlapalli. Fig 10.1.2: Drawings by Dedeepya Yadlapalli, Kushal Darda, Zhengyong Cheng. Fig 10.1.3: Drawings by Dedeepya Yadlapalli. Fig 10.1.4: Drawing by Vilee Wagh. Fig 10.1.5: Drawings by Dedeepya Yadlapalli. Fig 10.1.6,10.1.8: Drawings by Dedeepya Yadlapalli, Kushal Darda, Zhengyong Cheng. Fig 10.1.7: Drawings by Kushal Darda, Zhengyong Cheng. Fig 10.1.9: Drawings by Zhengyong Cheng. Fig 10.1.9: Drawing by Zhengyong Chengand Yan Tong. Fig 10.1.10: https://miesarch.com/work/3950 Fig 10.2.1-10.2.6: Drawings by Vilee Wagh. Fig 10.2.7-10.2.10: Drawings by Yan Tong. Fig 10.3.1-10.3.2: Drawings by Wanquan Feng and Zixiao Zheng. Fig 10.3.3-10.3.4: Drawings by Zixiao Zheng. Fig 10.3.5: Drawing by Wanquan Feng. Fig 10.3.6: Drawings by Yingnan Jin and Zhaohan Li. Fig 10.3.7-10.3.11: Drawings by Yingnan Jin.

Event Source 5. Rowe, Colin, and Fred Koetter. Collage City. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2009. Figures Fig 11.0: Drawing by Yingnan Jin. Fig 11.1.1: Drawings by Dedeepya Yadlapalli, Kushal Darda, Zhengyong Cheng. Fig 11.1.2: Drawings by Kushal Darda, Zhengyong Cheng. Fig 11.2.1: Drawing by Vilee Wagh. Fig 11.2.2: Drawing by Vilee Wagh. Fig 11.3.1-11.3.6: Drawings by Zixiao Zheng. Fig 11.3.7, 11.3.10-11.3.11: Drawings by Yingnan Jin and Zhaohan Li. Fig 11.3.8-11.3.9: Drawings by Yingnan Jin. Fig 11.3.12: Drawing by Zhaohan Li.

Life in Work Fig 12.1: Drawing by Vilee Wagh. Fig 12.2: Drawing by Zhaohan Li. Fig 12.3: Drawings by Yingnan Jin.

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Appendix Fig 13.1: https://marckoehler.com/project/superlofts-houthavens/ Fig 13.2: https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/06/schiecentrale-4b-by-mei-architecten-en-stedenbouwers/ Fig 13.3: https://collectivehousingatlas.net/2013/08/20/kolner-brett-by-bk/ Fig 13.4: https://plans.arch.ethz.ch/archives/plan/wohnprojektwien_og Fig 13.5: https://www.db-bauzeitung.de/allgemein/home-and-office/#slider-intro-6 Fig 13.6: From the document provided by Dominic. Fig 13.7: https://www.ribapix.com/University-of-London-Bloomsbury-London-plan-of-proposed-redevelopmentwith-the-School-of-African-and-Oriental-Studies-SOAS-and-the-Institute-of-Education-at-upper-level-Stage-1_RIBA8 0276?ribasearch=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmliYXBpeC5jb20vc2VhcmNoP2Fkdj1mYWxzZSZjaWQ9MCZtaWQ9M CZ2aWQ9MCZxPSUyMEluc3RpdHV0ZSUyMG9mJTIwRWR1Y2F0aW9uLCUyMFVuaXZlcnNpdHklMjBvZiU yMExvbmRvbiZzaWQ9ZmFsc2UmaXNjPXRydWUmb3JkZXJCeT0wJnBhZ2VudW1iZXI9Mg==# sustainable-architecture.html Fig 13.8: https://heidevonbeckerath.com/single/ibeb Fig 13.9: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/hassell-anz-centre-best-interiors-and-fit-out-project-atwaf-2010/ Fig 13.10: https://www.mgsarchitecture.in/architecture-design/projects/538-new-unilever-headquarters-hamburg-asustainable-architecture.html Fig 13.11: Drawing by subgroup Yingnan Jin, Zhaohan Li, Zixiao Zheng, Wanquan Feng. Fig 13.12: https://www.ahmm.co.uk/projects/office/angel-building/ Fig 13.13: https://www.archdaily.com/508089/piazza-ceramique-jo-janssen-architecten?ad_medium=gallery

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