Diplomacy and Technology
A Story of
Continuity and Change
is a non-profit organisation created in November 2002 by the governments of Malta and Switzerland. Diplo has received wide recognition for its work, including consultative status with the United Nations. It featured among the top 100 NGOs in the world in 2012 and has close to 3000 alumni (diplomats, officials, and academics) from 189 countries.
Diplo’s capacity development support begins with individuals, but through the actiÂvities of these individuals, our impact reaches into the larger systems of which they and their organisations are a part. Our approach includes online training, policy research, policy immersion, and the development of communÂities of practice, combined in various ways, as appropriate to each policy context. More info at www.diplomacy.edu/capacity We offer postgraduate-level academic courses and training workshops on a variety of diplomacy-related topics for diplomats, civil servants, staff of international organisations and NGOs, and students of international relations. Combining a highly developed learning methodology with our unique online learning platform, our diplomatic training courses are flexible, personal, interactive, and community-building. Courses are delivered online, face-to-face, and in blended format. More info at www.diplomacy.edu/courses We address the limitations of existing policy research through Internet-based techniques including crowdsourcing, trend analysis, and collaborative research. Topics include Internet governance, diplomacy of small states, e-diplomacy, and climate change diplomacy. More info at www.diplomacy.edu/resources
Diplomacy and Technology
The evolution of diplomacy has involved an interplay of continuity and change: continuity in the core diplomatic function, i.e. solving conflicts peacefully; change in the ways in which diplomacy is performed. Diplo’s 2014 calendar presents the evolution of diplomacy as seen through the changes in communication technology. The calendar aims to anchor current discussion about the impact of the Internet on diplomacy in a historical context dating back to the dawn of humanity. Each illustration is supported by monthly webinars on the evolution of diplomacy and technology. For details about monthly webinars and background information, please visit www.diplomacy.edu/2014/
When did diplomacy start? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/january
JANUARY2014 monday
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DECEMBER 2013
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FEBRUARY
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* Apply for online courses: • Humanitarian Diplomacy ** Apply for online courses: • Diplomatic Theory and Practice • Public Diplomacy • Language and Diplomacy • Internet Governance (www.diplomacy.edu/courses)
As the first full diplomatic system, what did Amarna diplomacy introduce in the fourteenth century BC? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/february
FEBRUARY2014 monday
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JANUARY
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MARCH
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How did the Ancient Greeks negotiate and deal with conflict? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/march
MARCH2014 monday
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FEBRUARY
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APRIL
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* Apply for online courses: • Bilateral Diplomacy • Diplomacy of Small States • E-Diplomacy • Multilateral Diplomacy: Current Issues in the United Nations (www.diplomacy.edu/courses)
Why did Ancient Rome prefer war and the Byzantine Empire diplomacy? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/april
APRIL2014 monday
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MARCH
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MAY
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How did Gutenberg’s invention trigger early public diplomacy? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/may
MAY2014 monday
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APRIL
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JUNE
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How did railways facilitate more frequent meetings among leaders and introduce summit diplomacy in the nineteenth century? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/june
JUNE2014 monday
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MAY
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JULY
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Application deadline*
* Apply for online courses: • Multilateral Diplomacy • Diplomatic Law: Privileges and Immunities • 21st Century Diplomacy • Infrastructure and Critical Internet Resources (www.diplomacy.edu/courses)
Did the (mis)use of the telegraph contribute to the start of the First World War? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/july
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JUNE
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AUGUST
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How did the telephone affect diplomacy? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/august
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JULY
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SEPTEMBER
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How did radio-broadcasting help ‘to win the hearts and minds’ of people worldwide (one of functions of public diplomacy)? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/september
SEPTEMBER2014 monday
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OCTOBER
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* Apply for online courses: • Development Diplomacy • Language and Diplomacy • Consular and Diaspora Diplomacy • Economic Diplomacy • Cybersecurity (www.diplomacy.edu/courses)
TV brought global issues into every home. How has the “CNN effect” affected diplomacy? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/october
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How has the Internet changed the core diplomatic function of information gathering? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/november
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Twitter and other social media opened diplomacy to the public. How has this affected the way diplomats negotiate and search for compromise? www.diplomacy.edu/2014/december
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JANUARY 2015
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Milestones in the evolution of diplomacy and technology Amarna diplomacy (Ancient Egypt) – the first full diplomatic system with a diplomatic archive (Amarna letters), elaborate communication system, diplomatic protocol, and diplomatic envoys Hittiti era – the first written international treaty Ancient Greece – advanced use of cipher protection, emergence of public diplomacy Byzantine diplomacy – use of elaborate protocol and rituals Papal diplomacy (Middle Ages) – use of parchment for diplomatic communication Renaissance diplomacy – first resident mission between Milan and Genoa (1455), well-developed cipher protection for diplomatic messages Reformation era – the end of the ‘parchment era’ and the start of the ‘printed documents era’ in diplomatic communication (invention of the Gutenberg press) Pavel Schilling (Russian diplomat) conducts an early successful experiment in electric telegraphy (1835) Lord Palmerston receives first diplomatic note by electric telegraph and reacts: ‘My God, this is the end of diplomacy’ (1860s) International Telegraph Union (ITU) established (1868)
Three important telegrams in the history of diplomacy: Ems Telegram – 1870 (French-Prussian War and German Unification); Kruger Telegram – 1896 (Germany’s role in South Africa and start of Anglo-German antagonism); Zimmerman Telegram (United States enters the First World War) Regulation radio communication – first conventions adopted after the sinking of the Titanic Red phone – hot-line between Moscow and Washington during the Cold War, more direct lines between capitals Radio broadcasting – extensive use during the Second World War by Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin Teleconferencing by the ITU between New York and Geneva (1963) CNN effect – the Impact of TV on global public opinion during the Gulf War (1990/1991) Mailing lists used in multilateral meetings at the Rio Earth Summit (1992) Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) established (1998) Diplomatic services websites start to appear (1990s) World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) (2003-2005) Social media used in diplomacy (2010+)
For more information and discussion on the evolution of diplomacy and technology please visit: